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Losurdo NA, Bibo A, Bedke J, Link N. A novel adipose loss-of-function mutant in Drosophila. Fly (Austin) 2024; 18:2352938. [PMID: 38741287 PMCID: PMC11095658 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2024.2352938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
To identify genes required for brain growth, we took an RNAi knockdown reverse genetic approach in Drosophila. One potential candidate isolated from this effort is the anti-lipogenic gene adipose (adp). Adp has an established role in the negative regulation of lipogenesis in the fat body of the fly and adipose tissue in mammals. While fat is key to proper development in general, adp has not been investigated during brain development. Here, we found that RNAi knockdown of adp in neuronal stem cells and neurons results in reduced brain lobe volume and sought to replicate this with a mutant fly. We generated a novel adp mutant that acts as a loss-of-function mutant based on buoyancy assay results. We found that despite a change in fat content in the body overall and a decrease in the number of larger (>5 µm) brain lipid droplets, there was no change in the brain lobe volume of mutant larvae. Overall, our work describes a novel adp mutant that can functionally replace the long-standing adp60 mutant and shows that the adp gene has no obvious involvement in brain growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Bibo
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, USA
| | - Jacob Bedke
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, USA
| | - Nichole Link
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT, USA
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2
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Sterling NA, Cho SH, Kim S. Entosis implicates a new role for P53 in microcephaly pathogenesis, beyond apoptosis. Bioessays 2024:e2300245. [PMID: 38778437 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Entosis, a form of cell cannibalism, is a newly discovered pathogenic mechanism leading to the development of small brains, termed microcephaly, in which P53 activation was found to play a major role. Microcephaly with entosis, found in Pals1 mutant mice, displays P53 activation that promotes entosis and apoptotic cell death. This previously unappreciated pathogenic mechanism represents a novel cellular dynamic in dividing cortical progenitors which is responsible for cell loss. To date, various recent models of microcephaly have bolstered the importance of P53 activation in cell death leading to microcephaly. P53 activation caused by mitotic delay or DNA damage manifests apoptotic cell death which can be suppressed by P53 removal in these animal models. Such genetic studies attest P53 activation as quality control meant to eliminate genomically unfit cells with minimal involvement in the actual function of microcephaly associated genes. In this review, we summarize the known role of P53 activation in a variety of microcephaly models and introduce a novel mechanism wherein entotic cell cannibalism in neural progenitors is triggered by P53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle A Sterling
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Seo-Hee Cho
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sydney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Blayney GV, Laffan E, Jacob PA, Baptiste CD, Gabriel H, Sparks TN, Yaron Y, Norton ME, Diderich K, Wang Y, Chong K, Chitayat D, Saini N, Aggarwal S, Pauta M, Borrell A, Gilmore K, Chandler NJ, Allen S, Vora N, Noor A, Monaghan C, Kilby MD, Wapner RJ, Chitty LS, Mone F. Monogenic conditions and central nervous system anomalies: A prospective study, systematic review and meta-analysis. Prenat Diagn 2024; 44:422-431. [PMID: 38054560 PMCID: PMC11044826 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine the incremental diagnostic yield of prenatal exome sequencing (pES) over chromosome microarray (CMA) or G-banding karyotype in fetuses with central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. METHODS Data were collected via electronic searches from January 2010 to April 2022 in MEDLINE, Cochrane, Web of Science and EMBASE. The NHS England prenatal exome cohort was also included. Incremental yield was calculated as a pooled value using a random-effects model. RESULTS Thirty studies were included (n = 1583 cases). The incremental yield with pES for any CNS anomaly was 32% [95%CI 27%-36%; I2 = 72%]. Subgroup analysis revealed apparent incremental yields in; (a) isolated CNS anomalies; 27% [95%CI 19%-34%; I2 = 74%]; (b) single CNS anomaly; 16% [95% CI 10%-23%; I2 = 41%]; (c) more than one CNS anomaly; 31% [95% Cl 21%-40%; I2 = 56%]; and (d) the anatomical subtype with the most optimal yield was Type 1 malformation of cortical development, related to abnormal cell proliferation or apoptosis, incorporating microcephalies, megalencephalies and dysplasia; 40% (22%-57%; I2 = 68%). The commonest syndromes in isolated cases were Lissencephaly 3 and X-linked hydrocephalus. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal exome sequencing provides a high incremental diagnostic yield in fetuses with CNS abnormalities with optimal yields in cases with multiple CNS anomalies, particularly those affecting the midline, posterior fossa and cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian V. Blayney
- Fetal Medicine Department, Royal Jubilee Maternity Service, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Eoghan Laffan
- Department of Radiology, Children’ Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Teresa N. Sparks
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yuval Yaron
- Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis Unit, Genetic Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mary E. Norton
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Karin Diderich
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yiming Wang
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Chong
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Chitayat
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neelam Saini
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shagun Aggarwal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nizam’s Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Montse Pauta
- Insitut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), BCNatal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Borrell
- Insitut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), BCNatal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kelly Gilmore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Stephanie Allen
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, South and Central Genomic Laboratory Hub, Birmingham, UK
| | - Neeta Vora
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abdul Noor
- Division of Diagnostic Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caitriona Monaghan
- Fetal Medicine Department, Royal Jubilee Maternity Service, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Mark D. Kilby
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Fetal Medicine Centre, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Lyn S. Chitty
- North Thames Genomic Laboratory Hub, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Fionnuala Mone
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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4
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Husen SC, Visser EF, Srebniak MI, Diderich KEM, Groenenberg IAL, Steegers-Theunissen RPM, Go ATJI. Prenatal counseling of an isolated fetal small head circumference during the second trimester expert ultrasound examination. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2024; 294:58-64. [PMID: 38218159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate perinatal and postnatal outcomes of fetuses with an isolated small head circumference (HC) on expert ultrasound examination in the second trimester for further recommendations in prenatal care. STUDY DESIGN In a retrospective cohort we included singleton-pregnancies with a fetal HC > -3.0 SD and ≤ -1.64 SD determined on expert ultrasound examination between 18 and 24 weeks of gestational age. Three subgroups were determined: "isolated small HC (ISHC)", "small HC plus abdominal circumference (AC) ≤ p10 (SHC+)" and "small HC plus AC ≤ p10 and Doppler abnormalities (SHC + D)". After ultrasound examination, genetic testing was sometimes offered and postnatally genetic tests were performed on indication. RESULTS We included 252 pregnancies: 109 ISHC, 104 SHC+, and 39 SHC + D. In the ISHC and SHC+ subgroup, 96 % of the fetuses were born alive and did not die neonatal. In the SH + D group this was only 38 %. In the SHC+ subgroup, less fetuses were delivered vaginal (non-instrumental) compared to the ISHC subgroup (61 % vs. 73 %, p < 0.01). In the ISHC and SHC+ subgroup s some fetuses were diagnosed with congenital defects (4 % vs. 10 %, p = 0.08) and with a genetic anomaly (6.4 % vs. 7.7 %, p = 0.13) after 24 weeks or postnatally. In SHC + D subgroups 5 % presented with congenital defects and 2.6 % with a genetic anomaly. CONCLUSION We conclude that fetuses with a small HC without structural anomalies on second trimester expert ultrasound require follow-up and special medical attention. We recommend differentiating between ISHC, SHC+, and SHC + D for prenatal counseling. Genetic testing and referral to a clinical geneticist should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie C Husen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Eline F Visser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Malgorzata I Srebniak
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin E M Diderich
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irene A L Groenenberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Attie T J I Go
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Sarli A, Al Sudani ZM, Vaghefi F, Motallebi F, Khosravi T, Rezaie N, Oladnabi M. Second report of TEDC1-related microcephaly caused by a novel biallelic mutation in an Iranian consanguineous family. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:181. [PMID: 38252227 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary autosomal recessive microcephaly (MCPH) is a rare developmental disorder characterized by cognitive impairment, delayed neurodevelopment, and reduced brain size. It is a genetically heterogeneous condition, and several genes have been identified as associated with MCPH. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we utilized whole-exome sequencing (WES) to identify disease-causing variations in two brothers from an Iranian family affected by MCPH, who had consanguineous parents. In the patients, we detected a novel homozygous missense mutation (c.806A > G, p.Gln269Arg) in the TEDC1 gene in one of the patients. Co-segregation analysis using Sanger sequencing confirmed that this variant was inherited from parents. The identified variant was evaluated for its pathogenicity and novelty using various databases. Additionally, bioinformatics tools were employed to predict the three-dimensional structure of the mutant TEDC1 protein. CONCLUSIONS This study presents the second documented report of a mutation in the TEDC1 gene associated with MCPH. The identification of this novel biallelic mutation as a causative factor for MCPH in the proband further underscores the utility of genetic testing techniques, such as WES, as reliable diagnostic tools for individuals with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolazim Sarli
- Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Vaghefi
- Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Motallebi
- Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Teymoor Khosravi
- Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Nahid Rezaie
- Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Morteza Oladnabi
- Gorgan Congenital Malformations Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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6
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Aslam K, Saeed A, Jamil I, Saeed HI, Khan R, Hassan S, Rafiq S, Asif M, Makhdoom EUH, Bashir R, Hussain MS, Baig SM, Anjum I. Investigating the effects of a single ASPM variant (c.8508_8509) on brain architecture among siblings in a consanguineous Pakistani family. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:104. [PMID: 38224417 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal Recessive Primary Microcephaly (MCPH) is a rare, neurodevelopmental disorder associated with mild to severe mental retardation. It is characterized by reduced cerebral cortex that ultimately leads to reduction in skull size less than - 3 S.D below the mean for normal individuals having same age and sex. Till date, 30 known loci have been reported for MCPH. METHODS In the present study, Sanger sequencing was performed followed by linkage analysis to validate the mutation in ASPM gene of the consanguineous Pakistani clans. Bioinformatics tools were also used to confirm the pathogenicity of the diseased variant in the gene. MRI scan was used to compare the brain structure of both the affected individuals (Aslam et al. in Kinnaird's 2nd International Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation, Lahore, 2023). RESULTS Our study described a consanguineous family with two patients with a known ASPM (MCPH5) variant c.8508_8509delGA causing a frameshift mutation in exon 18 which located in calmodulin-binding IQ domain of the ASPM protein. The salient feature of this study is that a single variant led to significantly distinct changes in the architecture of brain of both siblings which is further confirmed by MRI results. The computation analysis showed that the change in the conservation of this residue cause this variant highly pathogenic. Carrier screening and genetic counselling were also remarkable features of this study (Aslam et al. in Kinnaird's 2nd International Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation, Lahore, 2023). CONCLUSION This study explores the extraordinary influence of a single ASPM variant on divergent brain structure in consanguineous siblings and enable us to reduce the incidence of further microcephalic cases in this Pakistani family (Aslam et al. in Kinnaird's 2nd International Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation, Lahore, 2023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Aslam
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women, University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aysha Saeed
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, School of biomedical engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Iffat Jamil
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan
- School of Nursing and Healthcare Leadership, University of Bradford, Bradford, England
| | - Hafiza Iqra Saeed
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ramisha Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samina Hassan
- Department of Botany, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Maria Asif
- Faculty of Medicine, Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ehtisham Ul Haq Makhdoom
- Neurochemical Biology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rasheeda Bashir
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women, University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajid Hussain
- Faculty of Medicine, Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shahid Mahmood Baig
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Iram Anjum
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan.
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7
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Rodrigues CDS, Souza RKS, Rocha Neto CV, Otani RH, Batista DDM, Maia AKNDO, Filho KPDO, de Andrade TD, de Andrade Almeida E, Maciel LHG, Castro LDFAAP, Abtibol-Bernardino MR, Baia-da-Silva DC, Benzecry SG, Castilho MDC, Martínez-Espinosa FE, Alecrim MDGC, Santos RS, Botto-Menezes C. Clinical and Acoustic Alterations of Swallowing in Children Exposed to Zika Virus during Pregnancy in a Cohort in Amazonas, Brazil: A Case Series Study. Viruses 2023; 15:2363. [PMID: 38140604 PMCID: PMC10747239 DOI: 10.3390/v15122363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) is a swallowing disorder that involves difficulty in safely passing the food bolus from the oral cavity to the stomach. OD is a common problem in children with congenital Zika virus syndrome (CZS). In this case series, we describe the clinical and acoustic alterations of swallowing in children exposed to the Zika virus during pregnancy in a cohort from Amazonas, Brazil. From July 2019 to January 2020, 22 children were evaluated, 6 with microcephaly and 16 without microcephaly. The mean age among the participants was 35 months (±4.6 months). All children with microcephaly had alterations in oral motricity, mainly in the lips and cheeks. Other alterations were in vocal quality, hard palate, and soft palate. Half of the children with microcephaly showed changes in cervical auscultation during breast milk swallowing. In children without microcephaly, the most frequently observed alteration was in lip motricity, but alterations in auscultation during the swallowing of breast milk were not observed. Regarding swallowing food of a liquid and pasty consistency, the most frequent alterations were incomplete verbal closure, increased oral transit time, inadequacy in capturing the spoon, anterior labial leakage, and increased oral transit time. Although these events are more frequent in microcephalic children, they can also be seen in non-microcephalic children, which points to the need for an indistinct evaluation of children exposed in utero to ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina de Souza Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), University of Amazonas State (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (C.d.S.R.); (L.H.G.M.); (L.d.F.A.A.P.C.); (M.R.A.-B.); (F.E.M.-E.); (M.d.G.C.A.)
| | | | - Cosmo Vieira Rocha Neto
- School of Health Sciences, University of Amazonas State, Manaus 69065-001, Brazil; (C.V.-R.N.); (R.H.O.); (D.d.M.B.); (A.K.N.d.O.M.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Rodrigo Haruo Otani
- School of Health Sciences, University of Amazonas State, Manaus 69065-001, Brazil; (C.V.-R.N.); (R.H.O.); (D.d.M.B.); (A.K.N.d.O.M.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Daniel de Medeiros Batista
- School of Health Sciences, University of Amazonas State, Manaus 69065-001, Brazil; (C.V.-R.N.); (R.H.O.); (D.d.M.B.); (A.K.N.d.O.M.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Ana Karla Nelson de Oliveira Maia
- School of Health Sciences, University of Amazonas State, Manaus 69065-001, Brazil; (C.V.-R.N.); (R.H.O.); (D.d.M.B.); (A.K.N.d.O.M.); (S.G.B.)
| | | | | | | | - Luiz Henrique Gonçalves Maciel
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), University of Amazonas State (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (C.d.S.R.); (L.H.G.M.); (L.d.F.A.A.P.C.); (M.R.A.-B.); (F.E.M.-E.); (M.d.G.C.A.)
| | | | - Marília Rosa Abtibol-Bernardino
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), University of Amazonas State (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (C.d.S.R.); (L.H.G.M.); (L.d.F.A.A.P.C.); (M.R.A.-B.); (F.E.M.-E.); (M.d.G.C.A.)
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Medical School, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus 69020-160, Brazil
| | - Djane Clarys Baia-da-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), University of Amazonas State (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (C.d.S.R.); (L.H.G.M.); (L.d.F.A.A.P.C.); (M.R.A.-B.); (F.E.M.-E.); (M.d.G.C.A.)
- School of Health Sciences, University of Amazonas State, Manaus 69065-001, Brazil; (C.V.-R.N.); (R.H.O.); (D.d.M.B.); (A.K.N.d.O.M.); (S.G.B.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Nilton Lins, Manaus 69058-030, Brazil; (K.P.d.O.F.); (T.D.d.A.)
- Leônidas & Maria Deane Institute, Fiocruz Amazonia, Manaus 69057-070, Brazil
| | - Silvana Gomes Benzecry
- School of Health Sciences, University of Amazonas State, Manaus 69065-001, Brazil; (C.V.-R.N.); (R.H.O.); (D.d.M.B.); (A.K.N.d.O.M.); (S.G.B.)
| | | | - Flor Ernestina Martínez-Espinosa
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), University of Amazonas State (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (C.d.S.R.); (L.H.G.M.); (L.d.F.A.A.P.C.); (M.R.A.-B.); (F.E.M.-E.); (M.d.G.C.A.)
- Leônidas & Maria Deane Institute, Fiocruz Amazonia, Manaus 69057-070, Brazil
- Tropical Medicine Foundation Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, Brazil;
| | - Maria das Graças Costa Alecrim
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), University of Amazonas State (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (C.d.S.R.); (L.H.G.M.); (L.d.F.A.A.P.C.); (M.R.A.-B.); (F.E.M.-E.); (M.d.G.C.A.)
- Medical Course Coordination at Manaus Metropolitan College/FAMETRO, Manaus 69050-000, Brazil
| | - Rosane Sampaio Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Communication Disorders (PPGDIC), University of Tuiuti do Paraná (UTP), Paraná 82010-210, Brazil;
| | - Camila Botto-Menezes
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine (PPGMT), University of Amazonas State (UEA), Manaus 69040-000, Brazil; (C.d.S.R.); (L.H.G.M.); (L.d.F.A.A.P.C.); (M.R.A.-B.); (F.E.M.-E.); (M.d.G.C.A.)
- School of Health Sciences, University of Amazonas State, Manaus 69065-001, Brazil; (C.V.-R.N.); (R.H.O.); (D.d.M.B.); (A.K.N.d.O.M.); (S.G.B.)
- Tropical Medicine Foundation Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, Brazil;
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8
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Sterling NA, Terry BK, McDonnell JM, Kim S. P53 independent pathogenic mechanisms contribute to BubR1 microcephaly. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1282182. [PMID: 37900274 PMCID: PMC10602889 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1282182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The mosaic variegated aneuploidy (MVA)-associated gene Budding Uninhibited by Benzimidazole 1B (BUB1B) encodes BUBR1, a core member of the spindle assembly checkpoint complex that ensures kinetochore-spindle attachment for faithful chromosome segregation. BUB1B mutation in humans and its deletion in mice cause microcephaly. In the absence of BubR1 in mice, massive cell death reduces cortical cells during neurogenesis. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms triggering cell death are unknown. In this study, we performed three-dimensional imaging analysis of mitotic BubR1-deficient neural progenitors in a murine model to show profound chromosomal segregation defects and structural abnormalities. Chromosomal defects and accompanying DNA damage result in P53 activation and apoptotic cell death in BubR1 mutants. To test whether the P53 cell death pathway is responsible for cortical cell loss, we co-deleted Trp53 in BubR1-deficient cortices. Remarkably, we discovered that residual apoptotic cell death remains in double mutants lacking P53, suggesting P53-independent apoptosis. Furthermore, the minimal rescue of cortical size and cortical neuron numbers in double mutant mice suggests the compelling extent of alternative death mechanisms in the absence of P53. This study demonstrates a potential pathogenic mechanism for microcephaly in MVA patients and uncovers the existence of powerful means of eliminating unfit cells even when the P53 death pathway is disabled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelle A. Sterling
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bethany K. Terry
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Julia M. McDonnell
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatrics Research Center, Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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9
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Belonis A, Saenz Ayala S. Genetics 101: When to Refer. Pediatr Clin North Am 2023; 70:895-904. [PMID: 37704348 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Although genetics has traditionally been associated with pregnancy, birth defects, and newborn screening, almost every disease is influenced in part by an individual's genetic makeup. Therefore, it is important to consider the impact of genetics in health and disease throughout an individual's lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce Belonis
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 4006, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Sofia Saenz Ayala
- Division of Human Genetics, University of Maryland Medical Center, 737 West Lombard Street, Room 199, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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10
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Nielsen MR, Jørgensen C, Ahring K, Lund AM, Ørngreen MC. The impact of phenylalanine levels during pregnancy on birth weight and later development in children born to women with phenylketonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis 2023. [PMID: 36843352 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Strict metabolic control with dietary treatment during pregnancy is essential for women with phenylketonuria (PKU), as elevated levels of phenylalanine (Phe) are toxic to the developing fetus. Maternal delay in achievement of the recommended Phe level during pregnancy is associated with delayed development of the child. However, the extent to which risk is changed by later or less stringently performed dietary treatment is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of Phe levels and time of initiation of a Phe-restricted diet in pregnant women with PKU on birth weight, head circumference and later development of their children. Birth data were obtained from the medical records of women with PKU giving birth in the period 1980-2020. Later development was investigated by interviewing the mothers about their children's development and health. We included 79 children of 41 women with PKU. The women showed good adherence with the diet and had mean blood Phe levels within target range (248 ± 62 μmol/L). The children's development was not affected by fluctuations in the women's Phe levels, that occurred especially in first trimester. Despite maternal Phe levels being within target range, 19 children (26.8%) had low birth weight below 10th percentile. This study indicates that with dietary treatment, the children are born with the same prospect for normal development and health as children born to non-PKU mothers. This is despite maternal fluctuations in the Phe levels during first trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Risager Nielsen
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Genetics and of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Jørgensen
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Genetics and of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Ahring
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Genetics and of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Allan Meldgaard Lund
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Genetics and of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Cathrine Ørngreen
- Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Genetics and of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Costa MDCN, Cardim LL, Moore CA, de Jesus EDS, Carvalho-Sauer R, Barreto ML, Rodrigues LC, Smeeth L, Schuler-Faccini L, Brickley EB, Oliveira WK, Carmo EH, Pescarini JM, Andrade RFS, Rodrigues MMS, Veiga RV, Costa LC, França GVA, Teixeira MG, Paixão ES. Causes of death in children with congenital Zika syndrome in Brazil, 2015 to 2018: A nationwide record linkage study. PLoS Med 2023; 20:e1004181. [PMID: 36827251 PMCID: PMC9956022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) have severe damage to the peripheral and central nervous system (CNS), greatly increasing the risk of death. However, there is no information on the sequence of the underlying, intermediate, immediate, and contributing causes of deaths among these children. The aims of this study are describe the sequence of events leading to death of children with CZS up to 36 months of age and their probability of dying from a given cause, 2015 to 2018. METHODS AND FINDINGS In a population-based study, we linked administrative data on live births, deaths, and cases of children with CZS from the SINASC (Live Birth Information System), the SIM (Mortality Information System), and the RESP (Public Health Event Records), respectively. Confirmed and probable cases of CZS were those that met the criteria established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The information on causes of death was collected from death certificates (DCs) using the World Health Organization (WHO) DC template. We estimated proportional mortality (PM%) among children with CZS and among children with non-Zika CNS congenital anomalies (CA) by 36 months of age and proportional mortality ratio by cause (PMRc). A total of 403 children with confirmed and probable CZS who died up to 36 months of age were included in the study; 81.9% were younger than 12 months of age. Multiple congenital malformations not classified elsewhere, and septicemia unspecified, with 18 (PM = 4.5%) and 17 (PM = 4.2%) deaths, respectively, were the most attested underlying causes of death. Unspecified septicemia (29 deaths and PM = 11.2%) and newborn respiratory failure (40 deaths and PM = 12.1%) were, respectively, the predominant intermediate and immediate causes of death. Fetuses and newborns affected by the mother's infectious and parasitic diseases, unspecified cerebral palsy, and unspecified severe protein-caloric malnutrition were the underlying causes with the greatest probability of death in children with CZS (PMRc from 10.0 to 17.0) when compared to the group born with non-Zika CNS anomalies. Among the intermediate and immediate causes of death, pneumonitis due to food or vomiting and unspecified seizures (PMRc = 9.5, each) and unspecified bronchopneumonia (PMRc = 5.0) were notable. As contributing causes, fetus and newborn affected by the mother's infectious and parasitic diseases (PMRc = 7.3), unspecified cerebral palsy, and newborn seizures (PMRc = 4.5, each) were more likely to lead to death in children with CZS than in the comparison group. The main limitations of this study were the use of a secondary database without additional clinical information and potential misclassification of cases and controls. CONCLUSION The sequence of causes and circumstances involved in the deaths of the children with CZS highlights the greater vulnerability of these children to infectious and respiratory conditions compared to children with abnormalities of the CNS not related to Zika.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria da Conceição N. Costa
- Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Collective Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luciana Lobato Cardim
- Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cynthia A. Moore
- Goldbelt Professional Services, LLC, Chesapeake, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Eliene dos Santos de Jesus
- Collective Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Municipal Health Department, Department of Health Information, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rita Carvalho-Sauer
- Collective Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- East Regional Health Center, State Health Secretariat of Bahia, Santo Antonio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mauricio L. Barreto
- Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Collective Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Laura C. Rodrigues
- Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Smeeth
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lavínia Schuler-Faccini
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Wanderson K. Oliveira
- Technical Directorate of Education and Research, Ministry of Defense Hospital das Armed Forces, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Hage Carmo
- Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Julia Moreira Pescarini
- Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto F. S. Andrade
- Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Physics Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Moreno M. S. Rodrigues
- Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rafael V. Veiga
- Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Larissa C. Costa
- Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Giovanny V. A. França
- Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Maria Gloria Teixeira
- Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Collective Health Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Enny S. Paixão
- Center of Data and Knowledge Integration for Health (CIDACS), Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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12
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An entosis-like process induces mitotic disruption in Pals1 microcephaly pathogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:82. [PMID: 36604424 PMCID: PMC9816111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35719-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Entosis is cell cannibalism utilized by tumor cells to engulf live neighboring cells for pro- or anti-tumorigenic purposes. It is unknown whether this extraordinary cellular event can be pathogenic in other diseases such as microcephaly, a condition characterized by a smaller than normal brain at birth. We find that mice mutant for the human microcephaly-causing gene Pals1, which exhibit diminished cortices due to massive cell death, also exhibit nuclei enveloped by plasma membranes inside of dividing cells. These cell-in-cell (CIC) structures represent a dynamic process accompanied by lengthened mitosis and cytokinesis abnormalities. As shown in tumor cells, ROCK inhibition completely abrogates CIC structures and restores the normal length of mitosis. Moreover, genetic elimination of Trp53 produces a remarkable rescue of cortical size along with substantial reductions of CIC structures and cell death. These results provide a novel pathogenic mechanism by which microcephaly is produced through entotic cell cannibalism.
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13
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Lu X, Yang J, Xiang Y. Modeling human neurodevelopmental diseases with brain organoids. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 11:1. [PMID: 34982276 PMCID: PMC8727646 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Studying the etiology of human neurodevelopmental diseases has long been a challenging task due to the brain's complexity and its limited accessibility. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs)-derived brain organoids are capable of recapitulating various features and functionalities of the human brain, allowing the investigation of intricate pathogenesis of developmental abnormalities. Over the past years, brain organoids have facilitated identifying disease-associated phenotypes and underlying mechanisms for human neurodevelopmental diseases. Integrating with more cutting-edge technologies, particularly gene editing, brain organoids further empower human disease modeling. Here, we review the latest progress in modeling human neurodevelopmental disorders with brain organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiang Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jiajie Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yangfei Xiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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14
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Berezina N, Buzhilova A. Rare cases of rare diseases: Re-examining early 20th century cases of anencephaly from the collection of the Moscow State University, Russia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2021; 34:12-19. [PMID: 34098226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Documented cases of anencephaly were used to increase differential criteria of this rare disease. MATERIAL Two skulls from a 20th-century documented medical collection at the Moscow State University diagnosed with anencephaly. METHODS The skulls were evaluated based on macroscopic qualitative and quantitative morphological signs and X-ray analyses. RESULTS Metric values and morphological features differ between the two cases of anencephaly noted in the collection and the published data based on normal fetal and neonatal remains. CONCLUSIONS Analyses of medical collections helps to increase the number of diagnostic criteria for recognition and diagnosis of anencephaly in archaeological skeletons. SIGNIFICANCE Improvement in the recognition of skeletal alterations associated with anencephaly is key towards improving our understanding of rare diseases in the past. LIMITATIONS The fragility of skeletal elements of fetal and neonate individuals can complicate thorough analyses. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Continue to identify cases of anencephaly cases in medical collections and in archaeological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Berezina
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Mokhovaya 11, 109029, Moscow, Russia.
| | - A Buzhilova
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Mokhovaya 11, 109029, Moscow, Russia
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15
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A Fetus with Congenital Microcephaly, Microphthalmia and Cataract Was Detected with Biallelic Variants in the OCLN Gene: A Case Report. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091576. [PMID: 34573918 PMCID: PMC8472215 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcephaly and microphthalmia are both rare congenital abnormalities, while concurrently, these two are even rarer. The underlying etiology would be complex interplaying between heterogeneous genetic background and the environmental pathogens, particularly during critical periods of early tissue development. Here, we reported a prenatal case with microcephaly, microphthalmia, and bilateral cataracts detected by ultrasonography and confirmed by autopsy. Various routine infection-related tests and invasive genetic testing were negative. Whole genome sequencing of fetus and parents revealed OCLN gene defects may be associated with these multiple congenital abnormalities.
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16
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Cauley KA, Hu Y, Fielden SW. Head CT: Toward Making Full Use of the Information the X-Rays Give. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2021; 42:1362-1369. [PMID: 34140278 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although clinical head CT images are typically interpreted qualitatively, automated methods applied to routine clinical head CTs enable quantitative assessment of brain volume, brain parenchymal fraction, brain radiodensity, and brain radiomass. These metrics gain clinical meaning when viewed relative to a reference database and expressed as quantile regression values. Quantitative imaging data can aid in objective reporting and in the identification of outliers, with possible diagnostic implications. The comparison to a reference database necessitates standardization of head CT imaging parameters and protocols. Future research is needed to learn the effects of virtual monochromatic imaging on the quantitative characteristics of head CT images.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Cauley
- From the Department of Radiology (K.A.C.), Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Y Hu
- Department of Biomedical & Translational Informatics (Y.H.), Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - S W Fielden
- Geisinger Autism & Developmental Medicine Institute (S.W.F.), Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
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17
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Siskos N, Stylianopoulou E, Skavdis G, Grigoriou ME. Molecular Genetics of Microcephaly Primary Hereditary: An Overview. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050581. [PMID: 33946187 PMCID: PMC8145766 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroCephaly Primary Hereditary (MCPH) is a rare congenital neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a significant reduction of the occipitofrontal head circumference and mild to moderate mental disability. Patients have small brains, though with overall normal architecture; therefore, studying MCPH can reveal not only the pathological mechanisms leading to this condition, but also the mechanisms operating during normal development. MCPH is genetically heterogeneous, with 27 genes listed so far in the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. In this review, we discuss the role of MCPH proteins and delineate the molecular mechanisms and common pathways in which they participate.
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18
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Aragón N, Díaz C, Contreras A. Dental, Occlusal, and Craniofacial Features of Children With Microcephaly Due to Congenital Zika Infection: 3 Cases Report From Valle del Cauca, Cali-Colombia-2020. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2021; 58:1318-1325. [PMID: 33563005 DOI: 10.1177/1055665621990978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describes dental, occlusal, and craniofacial characteristics of 3 children aged 3 to 4 years with microcephaly due to congenital Zika infection in Cali Valle del Cauca, 2020. DESIGN Three children case report with congenital Zika virus microcephaly. SETTING Institutional. PATIENTS Three children with maternal viral infection confirmed by polymerase chain reaction during first trimester of pregnancy were included and were born from 2016 to 2017. INTERVENTIONS Oral and mouth functional examination was performed including soft tissue examination; lingual and labial frenulum; evaluation of swallowing and chewing; craniofacial analysis; dimension of dental arch; intercanine and intermolar distance, palate form; relationship and growth of maxilla, mandible, and facial dental midline using plaster models; and complementary image analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Child and mother sociodemographic features, craniofacial measurements; dental and oral features; maxillary and mandibular measures; and speech, swallowing, and chewing disorders. RESULTS Small head circumference at birth and at the time of clinical evaluation was compared to normal children of approximately their age. Upper third of the face was short, and presence of hypertonic masticatory muscles with hypotonic swallowing muscles, dysphagia, dyslalia, bruxism, lip incompetence, tongue interposition, and hypersalivation and epilepsy were the main medical problem. They have complete primary dentition with normal dental morphology, tooth eruption altered, dental caries, and dental malocclusion was identified. CONCLUSION There are no changes in the dental formula and dental morphology in the deciduous dentition. They present severe chewing and speaking limitation, facial disproportion, and occlusal problems that warrant dental and medical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Aragón
- Dentistry School, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.,Group Periodontal Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Catalina Díaz
- Dentistry School, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Adolfo Contreras
- Dentistry School, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.,Group Periodontal Medicine, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
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19
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Wang L, Li Z, Sievert D, Smith DEC, Mendes MI, Chen DY, Stanley V, Ghosh S, Wang Y, Kara M, Aslanger AD, Rosti RO, Houlden H, Salomons GS, Gleeson JG. Loss of NARS1 impairs progenitor proliferation in cortical brain organoids and leads to microcephaly. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4038. [PMID: 32788587 PMCID: PMC7424529 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase1 (NARS1) is a member of the ubiquitously expressed cytoplasmic Class IIa family of tRNA synthetases required for protein translation. Here, we identify biallelic missense and frameshift mutations in NARS1 in seven patients from three unrelated families with microcephaly and neurodevelopmental delay. Patient cells show reduced NARS1 protein, impaired NARS1 activity and impaired global protein synthesis. Cortical brain organoid modeling shows reduced proliferation of radial glial cells (RGCs), leading to smaller organoids characteristic of microcephaly. Single-cell analysis reveals altered constituents of both astrocytic and RGC lineages, suggesting a requirement for NARS1 in RGC proliferation. Our findings demonstrate that NARS1 is required to meet protein synthetic needs and to support RGC proliferation in human brain development. Asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase1 (NARS1) is required for protein synthesis. Here, the authors identify biallelic NARS1 mutations in individuals with microcephaly and neurodevelopmental delay. Cortical brain organoid modeling recapitulates microcephaly characteristics and scRNA-seq reveals a role for NARS1 in radial glial cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - David Sievert
- Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Desirée E C Smith
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marisa I Mendes
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dillon Y Chen
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Division of Child Neurology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Shereen Ghosh
- Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Yulu Wang
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Majdi Kara
- University of Tripoli, Tripoli Children's Hospital, Tripoli, Libya
| | | | - Rasim O Rosti
- Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Gajja S Salomons
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,Division of Child Neurology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, 92123, USA.
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20
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Pavone P, Pappalardo XG, Praticò AD, Polizzi A, Ruggieri M, Piccione M, Corsello G, Falsaperla R. Primary Microcephaly with Novel Variant of MCPH1 Gene in Twins: Both Manifesting in Childhood at the Same Time with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. J Pediatr Genet 2020; 9:177-182. [PMID: 32714618 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1710046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study is a clinical report on twin females affected by primary microcephaly who displayed at molecular analysis of heterozygous novel MCPH1 variant. The twins at the age of 10 years developed, in coincidental time, a diagnosis of autoimmune juvenile thyroiditis. The main clinical features presented by the twins consisted of primary microcephaly with occipitofrontal circumference measuring -2 or -3 standard deviation, facial dysmorphism, typical nonsyndromic microcephaly, and mild intellectual disability. Molecular analysis of the major genes involved in primary microcephaly was performed and the following result was found in the twins: MCPH1 ; chr8.6357416; c.2180 C > T (rs 199861426), p.Pro727. Leu; heterozygous; missense; variant of uncertain significance (class 3). At the age of 10 years, the twins started to have, in coincidental time, marked asthenia and episodes of emotiveness, and laboratory exams disclosed a high level of antithyroid peroxidase leading to the diagnosis of autoimmune juvenile thyroiditis with normal thyroid function. The novel heterozygous MCPH1 variant found in the twins may be directly or indirectly involved in the onset of the primary microcephaly. The thyroid disorder in the twins and its onset, in a coincidental time, confirmed the effect of genetic predisposition on the pathogenesis of the immune thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Pavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatric Clinic, University Hospital, A.U.O. "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele," Catania, Italy
| | - Xena Giada Pappalardo
- National Council of Research, Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), Unit of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Domenico Praticò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatric Clinic, University Hospital, A.U.O. "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele," Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Polizzi
- Department of Educational Sciences, Chair of Pediatrics, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Martino Ruggieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pediatric Clinic, University Hospital, A.U.O. "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele," Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Piccione
- Operative Unit of Pediatrics and Neonatal Intensive Therapy, Department of Mother and Child, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- Operative Unit of Pediatrics and Neonatal Intensive Therapy, Department of Mother and Child, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Raffaele Falsaperla
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital, A.U.O. "Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele," Catania, Italy
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21
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Winkler CW, Evans AB, Carmody AB, Peterson KE. Placental Myeloid Cells Protect against Zika Virus Vertical Transmission in a Rag1-Deficient Mouse Model. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:143-152. [PMID: 32493813 PMCID: PMC8328348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Zika virus (ZIKV) to cross the placenta and infect the fetus is a key mechanism by which ZIKV causes microcephaly. How the virus crosses the placenta and the role of the immune response in this process remain unclear. In the current study, we examined how ZIKV infection affected innate immune cells within the placenta and fetus and whether these cells influenced virus vertical transmission (VTx). We found myeloid cells were elevated in the placenta of pregnant ZIKV-infected Rag1-/- mice treated with an anti-IFNAR Ab, primarily at the end of pregnancy as well as transiently in the fetus several days before birth. These cells, which included maternal monocyte/macrophages, neutrophils, and fetal myeloid cells contained viral RNA and infectious virus, suggesting they may be infected and contributing to viral replication and VTx. However, depletion of monocyte/macrophage myeloid cells from the dam during ZIKV infection resulted in increased ZIKV infection in the fetus. Myeloid cells in the fetus were not depleted in this experiment, likely because of an inability of liposome particles containing the cytotoxic drug to cross the placenta. Thus, the increased virus infection in the fetus was not the result of an impaired fetal myeloid response or breakdown of the placental barrier. Collectively, these data suggest that monocyte/macrophage myeloid cells in the placenta play a significant role in inhibiting ZIKV VTx to the fetus, possibly through phagocytosis of virus or virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton W Winkler
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Alyssa B Evans
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
| | - Aaron B Carmody
- Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840; and
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22
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Yu L, Li G, Deng J, Jiang X, Xue J, Zhu Y, Huang W, Tang B, Duan R. The UFM1 cascade times mitosis entry associated with microcephaly. FASEB J 2019; 34:1319-1330. [PMID: 31914610 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901751r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications enhance the functional diversity of the proteome by modifying the substrates. The UFM1 cascade is a novel ubiquitin-like modification system. The mutations in UFM1, its E1 (UBA5) and E2 (UFC1), have been identified in patients with microcephaly. However, its pathological mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we observed the disruption of the UFM1 cascade in Drosophila neuroblasts (NBs) decreased the number of NBs, leading to a smaller brain size. The lack of ufmylation in NBs resulted in an increased mitotic index and an extended G2/M phase, indicating a defect in mitotic progression. In addition, live imaging of the embryos revealed an impaired E3 ligase (Ufl1) function resulted in premature entry into mitosis and failed cellularization. Even worse, the embryonic lethality occurred as early as within the first few mitotic cycles following the depletion of Ufm1. Knockdown of ufmylation in the fixed embryos exhibited severe phenotypes, including detached centrosomes, defective microtubules, and DNA bridge. Furthermore, we observed that the UFM1 cascade could alter the level of phosphorylation on tyrosine-15 of CDK1 (pY15-CDK1), which is a negative regulator of the G2 to M transition. These findings yield unambiguous evidence suggesting that the UFM1 cascade is a microcephaly-causing factor that regulates the progression of the cell cycle at mitosis phase entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangxu Li
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jin Xue
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingbao Zhu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ranhui Duan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
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23
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Scher MS. Fetal neurology: Principles and practice with a life-course perspective. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 162:1-29. [PMID: 31324306 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64029-1.00001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Clinical service, educational, and research components of a fetal/neonatal neurology program are anchored by the disciplines of developmental origins of health and disease and life-course science as programmatic principles. Prenatal participation provides perspectives on maternal, fetal, and placental contributions to health or disease for fetal and subsequent neonatal neurology consultations. This program also provides an early-life diagnostic perspective for neurologic specialties concerned with brain health and disease throughout childhood and adulthood. Animal models and birth cohort studies have demonstrated how the science of epigenetics helps to understand gene-environment interactions to better predict brain health or disease. Fetal neurology consultations provide important diagnostic contributions during critical or sensitive periods of brain development when future neurotherapeutic interventions will maximize adaptive neuroplasticity. Age-specific normative neuroinformatics databases that employ computer-based strategies to integrate clinical/demographic, neuroimaging, neurophysiologic, and genetic datasets will more accurately identify either symptomatic patients or those at risk for brain disorders who would benefit from preventive, rescue, or reparative treatment choices throughout the life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Scher
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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24
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Albuquerque MDFPMD, Souza WVD, Araújo TVB, Braga MC, Miranda Filho DDB, Ximenes RADA, de Melo Filho DA, Brito CAAD, Valongueiro S, Melo APLD, Brandão- Filho SP, Martelli CMT. Epidemia de microcefalia e vírus Zika: a construção do conhecimento em epidemiologia. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2018; 34:e00069018. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00069018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Em agosto de 2015, neuropediatras de hospitais públicos do Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, observaram um aumento do número de casos de microcefalia desproporcional associado a anomalias cerebrais. Esse fato gerou comoção social, mobilização da comunidade acadêmica e levou o Ministério da Saúde a decretar emergência de saúde pública nacional, seguida pela declaração de emergência de saúde pública de interesse internacional da Organização Mundial da Saúde. A hipótese formulada para o fenômeno foi a infecção congênita pelo vírus Zika (ZIKV), com base na correlação espaço-temporal e nas características clínico-epidemiológicas das duas epidemias. Evidências se acumularam e no âmbito do raciocínio epidemiológico preencheram critérios que deram sustentação à hipótese. Sua plausibilidade está ancorada no neurotropismo do ZIKV demonstrado em animais, atingindo neurônios progenitores do cérebro em desenvolvimento, e em seres humanos devido às complicações neurológicas observadas em adultos após a infecção. O isolamento do RNA e antígenos virais no líquido amniótico de mães infectadas e em cérebros de neonatos e fetos com microcefalia contribuíram para demonstrar a consistência da hipótese. O critério de temporalidade foi contemplado ao se identificar desfechos desfavoráveis em uma coorte de gestantes com exantema e positivas para o ZIKV. Finalmente, o primeiro estudo caso-controle conduzido demonstrou existir uma forte associação entre microcefalia e infecção congênita pelo ZIKV. O conhecimento construído no âmbito do paradigma epidemiológico recebeu a chancela da comunidade científica, construindo o consenso de uma relação causal entre o ZIKV e a epidemia de microcefalia.
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25
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Kakooza-Mwesige A, Mohammed AH, Kristensson K, Juliano SL, Lutwama JJ. Emerging Viral Infections in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Developing Nervous System: A Mini Review. Front Neurol 2018. [PMID: 29527187 PMCID: PMC5829034 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The global public health concern is heightened over the increasing number of emerging viruses, i.e., newly discovered or previously known that have expanded into new geographical zones. These viruses challenge the health-care systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries from which several of them have originated and been transmitted by insects worldwide. Some of these viruses are neuroinvasive, but have been relatively neglected by neuroscientists. They may provide experiments by nature to give a time window for exposure to a new virus within sizeable, previously non-infected human populations, which, for instance, enables studies on potential long-term or late-onset effects on the developing nervous system. Here, we briefly summarize studies on the developing brain by West Nile, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses, which are mosquito-borne and have spread worldwide out of SSA. They can all be neuroinvasive, but their effects vary from malformations caused by prenatal infections to cognitive disturbances following perinatal or later infections. We also highlight Ebola virus, which can leave surviving children with psychiatric disturbances and cause persistent infections in the non-human primate brain. Greater awareness within the neuroscience community is needed to emphasize the menace evoked by these emerging viruses to the developing brain. In particular, frontline neuroscience research should include neuropediatric follow-up studies in the field on long-term or late-onset cognitive and behavior disturbances or neuropsychiatric disorders. Studies on pathogenetic mechanisms for viral-induced perturbations of brain maturation should be extended to the vulnerable periods when neurocircuit formations are at peaks during infancy and early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Kakooza-Mwesige
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences and Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Sharon L Juliano
- Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Julius J Lutwama
- Arbovirology Laboratory, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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26
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Orioli IM, Dolk H, Lopez-Camelo JS, Mattos D, Poletta FA, Dutra MG, Carvalho FM, Castilla EE. Prevalence and clinical profile of microcephaly in South America pre-Zika, 2005-14: prevalence and case-control study. BMJ 2017; 359:j5018. [PMID: 29162597 PMCID: PMC5696624 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j5018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective To describe the prevalence and clinical spectrum of microcephaly in South America for the period 2005-14, before the start of the Zika epidemic in 2015, as a baseline for future surveillance as the Zika epidemic spreads and as other infectious causes may emerge in future.Design Prevalence and case-control study.Data sources ECLAMC (Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations) database derived from 107 hospitals in 10 South American countries, 2005 to 2014. Data on microcephaly cases, four non-malformed controls per case, and all hospital births (all births for hospital based prevalence, resident within municipality for population based prevalence). For 2010-14, head circumference data were available and compared with Intergrowth charts.Results 552 microcephaly cases were registered, giving a hospital based prevalence of 4.4 (95% confidence interval 4.1 to 4.9) per 10 000 births and a population based prevalence of 3.0 (2.7 to 3.4) per 10 000. Prevalence varied significantly between countries and between regions and hospitals within countries. Thirty two per cent (n=175) of cases were prenatally diagnosed; 29% (n=159) were perinatal deaths. Twenty three per cent (n=128) were associated with a diagnosed genetic syndrome, 34% (n=189) polymalformed without a syndrome diagnosis, 12% (n=65) with associated neural malformations, and 26% (n=145) microcephaly only. In addition, 3.8% (n=21) had a STORCH (syphilis, toxoplasmosis, other including HIV, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex) infection diagnosis and 2.0% (n=11) had consanguineous parents. Head circumference measurements available for 184/235 cases in 2010-14 showed 45% (n=82) more than 3 SD below the mean, 24% (n=44) between 3 SD and 2 SD below the mean, and 32% (n=58) larger than -2 SD.Conclusion Extrapolated to the nearly 7 million annual births in South America, an estimated 2000-2500 microcephaly cases were diagnosed among births each year before the Zika epidemic began in 2015. Clinicians are using more than simple metrics to make microcephaly diagnoses. Endemic infections are important enduring causes of microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iêda M Orioli
- Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) at Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21944-001, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Helen Dolk
- Maternal Fetal and Infant Research Centre, Institute of Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Jorge S Lopez-Camelo
- National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- ECLAMC at Center for Medical Education and Clinical Research (CEMIC-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Mattos
- Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) at Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21944-001, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Poletta
- National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- ECLAMC at Center for Medical Education and Clinical Research (CEMIC-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria G Dutra
- National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- ECLAMC at Laboratory of Congenital Malformations Epidemiology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia M Carvalho
- National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- ECLAMC at Laboratory of Congenital Malformations Epidemiology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo E Castilla
- National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INAGEMP), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- ECLAMC at Center for Medical Education and Clinical Research (CEMIC-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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