Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Seed Oil: A Functional Food from the Winemaking Industry

Absolute kinetics of peroxidation and antioxidant protection of intact triglyceride vegetable oils

To verfy their difference from isolated fatty acids, the absolute kinetics of peroxidation was studied for seven triglyceride-based oils of olive (OLI-1, OLI-2), high-oleic sunflower (SUN-HO), high-oleic and high-linoleic safflower (SAF-HO, SAF-HL) grapeseed (GRA) and borage (BOR), by oxygen uptake monitoring, using 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol and 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-chromanol as reference inhibitors. Propagation constants (kp/M-1 s-1 at 303 K in PhCl) were respectively 34.8 ± 2.3, 35.1 ± 1.8, 40.6 ± 5.5, 36.0 ± 7.7, 160.8 ± 5.1, 145.1 ± 24.5, 275.1 ± 63.8, while oxidizability responded to empirical equation kp(2kt)-½/M-½s-½ = 1.63 × 10-3[allyl >CH2/M] + 1.82 × 10-2[bisallyl >CH2/M], based on fatty acids residues assessed by GC-MS. Peroxidation kinetics was markedly different from that of isolated fatty acids. The H-bond basicity of all oils was measured by FT-IR affording Abraham's βH2 values in the range 0.55 ± 0.03. H-bonding explained the protection of oils measured for seven reference phenolic antioxidants, except for the catechols quercetin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester, which were 2-to-4-folds more effective than expected, supporting a proposed different mechanism.

Fabrication, characterization and application of Pickering emulsion gels stabilized by defatted grape seed powder

The feasibility of defatted grape seed powder (DGSP) stabilizing Pickering emulsion gels as butter substitute was investigated. The Pickering emulsion gel was constructed using DGSP through high-speed homogenization, and the effects of particle concentration (c) and oil-phase (Medium chain triglyceride) volume fraction (φ) on its structure and properties were investigated. Its application as a butter substitute was also evaluated. The results showed that DGSP had various particle shapes, a wide particle size distribution (3-130 μm), and a three-phase contact angle of 128.9 ± 2.3°. The O/W Pickering emulsion gels with φ ≥ 60% could be obtained at c ≥ 2%. The droplet diameter was negatively correlated with c and positively correlated with φ, while the gel strength was positively related to c and φ. The resulting emulsion gel demonstrated solid-like viscoelastic behavior and pseudoplasticity, and had the potential to serve as a butter substitute. The results can promote the application of grape seeds in food.

Looking into the lipid profile of avocado and byproducts: Using lipidomics to explore value-added compounds

Consumer priorities in healthy diets and lifestyle boosted the demand for nutritious and functional foods as well as plant-based ingredients. Avocado has become a food trend due to its nutritional and functional values, which in turn is increasing its consumption and production worldwide. Avocado edible portion has a high content of lipids, with the pulp and its oil being rich in monounsaturated fatty acids and essential omega - 3 and omega - 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). These fatty acids are mainly esterified in triacylglycerides, the major lipids in pulp, but also in minor components such as polar lipids (phospholipids and glycolipids). Polar lipids of avocado have been overlooked despite being recently highlighted with functional properties as well. The growth in the industry of avocado products is generating an increased amount of their byproducts, such as seed and peels (nonedible portions), still undervalued. The few studies on avocado byproducts pointed out that they also contain interesting lipids, with seeds particularly rich in polar lipids bearing PUFA, and thus can be reused as a source of add-value phytochemical. Mass spectrometry-based lipidomics approaches appear as an essential tool to unveil the complex lipid signature of avocado and its byproducts, contributing to the recognition of value-added lipids and opening new avenues for their use in novel biotechnological applications. The present review provides an up-to-date overview of the lipid signature from avocado pulp, peel, seed, and its oils.

Rapid quantification of grapeseed oil multiple adulterations using near-infrared spectroscopy coupled with a novel double ensemble modeling method

As a high-quality edible oil, grapeseed oil is often adulterated with low-price/quality vegetable oils. A novel ensemble modeling method is proposed for quantitative analysis of grapeseed oil adulterations combined with near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The method combines Monte Carlo (MC) sampling and whale optimization algorithm (WOA) to build numerous partial least squares (PLS) sub-models, named MC-WOA-PLS. A total of 80 adulterated grapeseed oil samples were prepared by mixing grapeseed oil with soybean oil, palm oil, cottonseed oil, and corn oil with the designed mass percentages. NIR spectra of the 80 samples were measured in a transmittance mode in the range of 12,000-4000 cm-1. Parameters in MC-WOA-PLS including the number of latent variables (LVs) in PLS, iteration number of WOA, whale number, number of PLS sub-models, and percentage of training subsets were optimized. To validate the prediction performance of the model, root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC), root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV), root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP), correlation coefficient (R), residual predictive deviation (RPD), and standard deviation (S.D.) were used. Compared with PLS, standard normal variate-PLS (SNV-PLS), uninformative variable elimination-PLS (UVE-PLS), Monte Carlo uninformative variable elimination-PLS (MCUVE-PLS), randomization test-PLS (RT-PLS), variable importance in projection-PLS (VIP-PLS), and WOA-PLS, MC-WOA-PLS achieves the best prediction accuracy and stability for quantification of the five pure oils in adulterated grapeseed oil samples.

Evaluation of synergistic/antagonistic antibacterial activities of fatty oils from apricot, date, grape, and black seeds

The increasing antimicrobial resistance requires continuous investigation of new antimicrobial agents preferably derived from natural sources. New powerful antibacterial agents can be produced by simply combining oils that are known for their antibacterial activities. In this study, apricot seed oil (ASO), date seed oil (DSO), grape seed oil (GSO), and black seed oil (BSO) alone and in binary mixtures were assessed. Fatty acid profiles of individual oils and oil mixtures showed linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linolenic acid contents. Linoleic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in all samples except for ASO, where oleic acid was the dominant one. GSO showed the highest total phenolic content while ASO showed the lowest one. Antibacterial screening was performed against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Results showed antibacterial activity in all oils against tested strains except for ASO against S. aureus. Highest antibacterial activity recorded was for ASO against P. mirabilis. ASO-GSO mixture (AG) was the best mixture where it showed synergistic interactions against all strains except P. aeruginosa. In conclusion, seed oil mixtures are likely to show promising antibacterial activities against specific strains.

Effects of κ-carrageenan on the emulsifying ability and encapsulation properties of pea protein isolate-grape seed oil emulsions

This work investigated the characteristics of pea protein isolate and κ-carrageenan complexes in stabilizing curcumin-loaded emulsions. The complexes structured by electrostatic attraction exhibited biphasic wettability with increased three-phase contact angles close to 90°. Morphological differences in the complexes were the critical factor influencing their emulsifying ability at various pH. As a steric barrier via increasing net negative charge (up to -54.7 ± 2.4 mV) and adsorbed protein content (92.57 %-97.61 %), the interfacial layer could retard droplet coalescence and improve emulsions stability. Rheological tests verified the higher viscoelasticity of emulsions by raising the oil fraction. After 4 weeks of heating treatment, the chemical stability of curcumin was prominently enhanced from 18.6 ± 0.2 % to 64.3 ± 5.7 %. The confirmed synergistic antioxidant activity between grape seed oil and curcumin in emulsions might facilitate the development of specific functional delivery systems in foods.

Enzymatic production process of capric acid-rich structured lipids: Development of formulation as a new therapeutic approach

The present work reports an optimization of the synthesis of MLM-type (medium, long, medium) structured lipids (SL) through an acidolysis reaction of grape seed oil with capric acid catalyzed by Rhizopus oryzae lipase immobilized. At first, tests were carried out by preparing the biocatalysts using enzyme loadings (0.15 to 1 g of enzymatic powder) for each gram of support. Enzyme loading was used 0.3 g of enzymatic powder, and hydrolytic activity of 1860 ± 23.4 IU/g was reached. Optimized conditions determined by the Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) revealed that the acidolysis reaction reached approximately 59 % incorporation degree (%ID) after 24 h, in addition to the fact that the biocatalyst could maintain the incorporation degree in five consecutive cycles. From this high incorporation degree, cell viability assays were performed with murine fibroblast cell lines and human cervical adenocarcinoma cell lines. Concerning the cytotoxicity assays, the concentration of MLM-SL to 1.75 and 2 % v/v were able to induce cell death in 56 % and 64 % of adenocarcinoma cells, respectively. Human cervical adenocarcinoma cells showed greater sensitivity to the induction of cell death when using emulsions with MLM-SL > 1.75 % v/v compared to emulsions with lower content indicating a potential for combating carcinogenic cells.

Nutraceutical Potential of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Seed Oil in Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Obesity and Metabolic Alterations

Vitis vinifera L. (grapevine) is a perennial plant of the Vitaceae family that is widely used to produce grapes and wines. Grape seed oil is rich in fatty acids such as linoleic acid (65-75%), vitamin E (50 mg), and phytosterols in addition to phenolic compounds, such as catechins (414 mg), epicatechins (130.4 mg), and gallic acid (77 µg), shows promise as a nutritional compound and is outstanding as a therapeutic substance with active properties for health, detected mainly by in vitro studies, as well as some in vivo studies. The benefits of consuming this oil include modulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory effects, and protection against oxidative cell damage and some types of cancer. However, experimental findings confirm that therapeutic functions remain scarce; thus, more studies are needed to determine the mechanisms of action involved in the indicated therapeutic qualities.

Essential Components from Plant Source Oils: A Review on Extraction, Detection, Identification, and Quantification

Oils derived from plant sources, mainly fixed oils from seeds and essential oil from other parts of the plant, are gaining interest as they are the rich source of beneficial compounds that possess potential applications in different industries due to their preventive and therapeutic actions. The essential oils are used in food, medicine, cosmetics, and agriculture industries as they possess antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Plant based oils contain polyphenols, phytochemicals, and bioactive compounds which show high antioxidant activity. The extractions of these oils are a crucial step in terms of the yield and quality attributes of plant oils. This review paper outlines the different modern extraction techniques used for the extraction of different seed oils, including microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), cold-pressed extraction (CPE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), and pulsed electric field-assisted extraction (PEF). For the identification and quantification of essential and bioactive compounds present in seed oils, different modern techniques-such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy (GC-IR), atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS), and electron microscopy (EM)-are highlighted in this review along with the beneficial effects of these essential components in different in vivo and in vitro studies and in different applications. The primary goal of this research article is to pique the attention of researchers towards the different sources, potential uses and applications of oils in different industries.

The Potential of Natural Oils to Improve Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disorder that includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), the exact cause of which is still unknown. Numerous studies have confirmed that diet is one of the major environmental factors associated with IBD, as it can regulate the gut microbiota and reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. Since the consumption of oil is essential in the diet, improving IBD through oil has potential. In this article, we first briefly reviewed the current treatment methods for IBD and introduce the role of natural oils in improving inflammatory diseases. We then focused on the recent discovery of the role of natural oils in the prevention and treatment of IBD and summarized their main mechanisms of action. The results showed that the anti-inflammatory activity of oils derived from different plants and animals has been validated in various experimental animal models. These oils are capable of improving the intestinal homeostasis in IBD animal models through multiple mechanisms, including modulation of the gut microbiota, protection of the intestinal barrier, reduction in colonic inflammation, improvement in oxidative stress levels in the intestine, and regulation of immune homeostasis. Therefore, dietary or topical use of natural oils may have potential therapeutic effects on IBD. However, currently, only a few clinical trials support the aforementioned conclusions. This review emphasized the positive effects of natural oils on IBD and encouraged more clinical trials to provide more reliable evidence on the improvement of human IBD by natural oils as functional substances.

Oxidative Stability and Genotoxic Activity of Vegetable Oils Subjected to Accelerated Oxidation and Cooking Conditions

The oxidative stability and genotoxicity of coconut, rapeseed and grape seed oils were evaluated. Samples were submitted to different treatments: 10 days at 65 °C, 20 days at 65 °C (accelerated storage) and 90 min at 180 °C. Peroxide values and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values were altered as a function of storage time, but their greatest changes were recorded in samples subjected to 180 °C. Fatty acid profiles did not show significant changes from the nutritional point of view. Volatile compounds showed the highest increases at 180 °C for 90 min (18, 30 and 35 fold the amount in unheated samples in rapeseed, grape seed and coconut oils, respectively), particularly due to the increment in aldehydes. This family accounted for 60, 82 and 90% of the total area in coconut, rapeseed and grapeseed oil, respectively, with cooking. Mutagenicity was not detected in any case in a miniaturized version of the Ames test using TA97a and TA98 Salmonella typhimurium strains. Despite the increment in the presence of lipid oxidation compounds in the three oils, they were not compromised from the safety perspective.

Vitis vinifera (Vine Grape) as a Valuable Cosmetic Raw Material

This review refers to botanical, ecological and phytochemical characteristics of Vitis vinifera L. (vine grape)-a species, the valuable properties of which are widely exploited in the food industry and in recent times in medicine as well as in phytocosmetology. The general characteristic of V. vinifera, followed by the chemical composition and biological activities of different extracts obtained from the plant (fruit, skin, pomace, seed, leaf and stem extracts), are provided. A concise review of the extraction conditions of grape metabolites and the methods of their analysis are also presented. The biological activity of V. vinifera is determined by the presence of high contents of polyphenols, mainly flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol), catechin derivatives, anthocyanins and stilbenoids (e.g., trans-resveratrol, trans-ε-viniferin). The review pays particular attention to the application of V. vinifera in cosmetology. It has been proven that V. vinifera possesses strong cosmetological-related properties, such as anti-ageing properties, anti-inflammatory properties and skin-whitening properties. Moreover, a review of studies on V. vinifera biological activities, which are of particular interest for dermatologic problems, are disclosed. Furthermore, the work also emphasises the importance of biotechnological studies on V. vinifera. The last part of the review is addressed to the safety of the use of V. vinifera.

Cancer chemo-preventive role of grape seed oil and cisplatin as a combination adjuvant therapy in the treatment of tongue squamous cell carcinoma: A biological in-vitro study

OBJECTIVES

Grape seed oil (GSO) has recently gained popularity due to its anticancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of combining cisplatin (CP) and GSO in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) treatment.

METHODS

In this study, human tongue carcinoma cell line (HNO-97) was treated with CP and GSO alone or in combination. The effects of CP and GSO on cytotoxicity and cell cycle arrest were studied using the MTT assay and flowcytometry, respectively. The apoptotic markers, including p53 and caspase 8, were assessed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), caspase 3 using immunohistochemistry, and the angiogenic marker vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTS

The IC50 drug concentrations were found to be 16.4 ug/mL of GSO and 2.18 ug/mL of CP. When compared to the untreated control group, the percentage of S phase cells and apoptotic cells was significantly higher in the GSO, CP, and GSO/CP combination therapy groups. Furthermore, p53, caspase 8, caspase 3 expression were significantly upregulated in the GSO-and CP-treated groups, with evident upregulation with GSO/CP combination therapy. However, VEGF levels were significantly lower in the GSO-, CP-, and combined GSO/CP-treated groups.

CONCLUSIONS

GSO has both an apoptotic and antiangiogenic effect in the treatment of TSCC, suggesting a new strategy for phytochemical-based combination therapy.

A Systematic Quantitative Determination of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Grape Seed Extract against Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens

Concerns regarding the role of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in disease outbreaks are growing due to the excessive use of antibiotics. Moreover, consumers are demanding food products that are minimally processed and produced in a sustainable way, without the use of chemical preservatives or antibiotics. Grape seed extract (GSE) is isolated from wine industry waste and is an interesting source of natural antimicrobials, especially when aiming to increase sustainable processing. The aim of this study was to obtain a systematic understanding of the microbial inactivation efficacy/potential of GSE against Listeria monocytogenes (Gram-positive), Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium (Gram-negative) in an in vitro model system. More specifically, for L. monocytogenes, the effects of the initial inoculum concentration, bacterial growth phase and absence of the environmental stress response regulon (SigB) on the GSE microbial inactivation potential were investigated. In general, GSE was found to be highly effective at inactivating L. monocytogenes, with higher inactivation achieved for higher GSE concentrations and lower initial inoculum levels. Generally, stationary phase cells were more resistant/tolerant to GSE as compared to exponential phase cells (for the same inoculum level). Additionally, SigB appears to play an important role in the resistance of L. monocytogenes to GSE. The Gram-negative bacteria under study (E. coli and S. Typhimurium) were less susceptible to GSE as compared to L. monocytogenes. Our findings provide a quantitative and mechanistic understanding of the impact of GSE on the microbial dynamics of foodborne pathogens, assisting in the more systematic design of natural antimicrobial-based strategies for sustainable food safety.

Evaluation of the Phytochemistry-Therapeutic Activity Relationship for Grape Seeds Oil

Seeds' abundant biologically active compounds make them a suitable primary platform for the production of natural extracts, innovative foods, medicines, and cosmetics. High levels of industrial and agricultural residues and byproducts are generated during the processing of grapes, although some parts can also be repurposed. This paper examines the phytochemical composition, manufacturing processes, and health-improving attributes of many varieties of grape oil derived using various extraction methods. Since the results are influenced by a range of factors, they are expressed differently among studies, and the researchers employ a variety of measuring units, making it difficult to convey the results. The primary topics covered in most papers are grape seed oil's lipophilic fatty acids, tocopherols, and phytosterols. In addition, new methods for extracting grape seed oil should therefore be designed; these methods must be affordable, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly in order to increase the oil's quality by extracting bioactive components and thereby increasing its biological activity in order to become part of the overall management of multiple diseases.

Targeting apoptosis in MCF-7 and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells by saponifiable fractions from green and black Vitis vinifera seed oil

Grape seed (GS) oil is one of the potential functional foods. For the first time, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of GS oil saponifiable (Sap)-fraction from black (BSap) and green (GSap) grapes on MCF-7 cells and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in mice. The fatty acid composition of BSap and GSap was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Approximately twelve distinct fatty acids were detected in BSap and eleven in GSap. BSap showed a greater cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells than GSap did by inducing apoptosis and reducing inflammation, while both grape fractions had superior potency to 5-FU. Furthermore, BSap massively boosted apoptosis and lowered redox potential (E_h) and CD44⁺ cells in EAC cells of EAC-bearing mice more than GSap, and both fractions were more efficient than 5-FU. Blood tests and liver histopathology revealed significant improvement in EAC-induced pathological alterations with these fractions. The in silico analysis implied the competitive inhibitory impacts of the most abundant fatty acid composites in BSap and GSap on cancer-metastasis-associated proteases (cathepsin B and MMP9). Also, this analysis predicted that the apoptotic action of these Sap fractions is independent of the 5'AMP-activated protein kinase. Therefore, grape Sap-fraction, especially BSap, may be a useful agent for cancer prevention.

The Protective Role of Grape Seed in Obesity and Lipid Profile: An Updated Narrative Overview of Preclinical and Clinical Studies

Obesity and dyslipidemia are common disorders universally. According to the acquired outcomes of recent studies, dietary supplementations which have great content of phenolic compounds exert protective effects against obesity and dyslipidemia. Grape [Vitis vinifera] seeds are considered attractive sources of phenolic compounds with anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects. There are also various experimental studies describing hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-aging, cardioprotective, and anti-carcinogenic effects of polyphenols isolated from grape seed, highlighting the therapeutic and biological aspects of proanthocyanidins. The present review article first discusses pharmacological, botanical, toxicological, and phytochemical characteristics of Vitis vinifera seeds and afterward designates the protective properties which are attributed to the intake of grape seeds in obesity and hyperlipidemia. Overall valuable and updated findings of this study display that polyphenol of grape seeds has meaningful impacts on the regulation of lipid profile levels and management of obesity.

Chardonnay Marc as a New Model for Upcycled Co-products in the Food Industry: Concentration of Diverse Natural Products Chemistry for Consumer Health and Sensory Benefits

Research continues to provide compelling insights into potential health benefits associated with diets rich in plant-based natural products (PBNPs). Coupled with evidence from dietary intervention trials, dietary recommendations increasingly include higher intakes of PBNPs. In addition to health benefits, PBNPs can drive flavor and sensory perceptions in foods and beverages. Chardonnay marc (pomace) is a byproduct of winemaking obtained after fruit pressing that has not undergone fermentation. Recent research has revealed that PBNP diversity within Chardonnay marc has potential relevance to human health and desirable sensory attributes in food and beverage products. This review explores the potential of Chardonnay marc as a valuable new PBNP ingredient in the food system by combining health, sensory, and environmental sustainability benefits that serves as a model for development of future ingredients within a sustainable circular bioeconomy. This includes a discussion on the potential role of computational methods, including artificial intelligence (AI), in accelerating research and development required to discover and commercialize this new source of PBNPs.

Bioaccessibility and Intestinal Transport of Tebuconazole in Table Grape by Using In Vitro Digestion Models

In this study, the effects of various digestive models, influencing factors and dietary supplements on the bioaccessibility of tebuconazole in table grapes were compared. The Caco-2 cell model was employed to reveal the transfer behavior of tebuconazole. The results indicated that digestion time is the main factor affecting bioaccessibility. With an increase in time, the tebuconazole in grapes was almost completely dissolved, with bioaccessibility reaching 98.5%, whereas dietary fiber reduced bioaccessibility. Tebuconazole undergoes carrier-free passive transport in permeable cells in the Caco-2 cell model. These findings have practical application value for correctly evaluating the harmful level of pollutants in the matrix to human body.

Multi-Step Biomass Fractionation of Grape Seeds from Pomace, a Zero-Waste Approach

Grape seeds are the wineries' main by-products, and their disposal causes ecological and environmental problems. In this study seeds from the pomace waste of autochthonous grape varieties from Lebanon, Obeidi (white variety) and Asswad Karech (red variety) were used for a multi-step biomass fractionation. For the first step, a lipid extraction was performed, and the obtained yield was 12.33% (w/w) for Obeidi and 13.04% (w/w) for Asswad Karech. For the second step, polyphenols' recovery from the defatted seeds was carried out, resulting in 12.0% (w/w) for Obeidi and 6.6% (w/w) for Asswad Karech, with Obeidi's extract having the highest total phenolic content (333.1 ± 1.6 mg GAE/g dry matter) and antioxidant activity (662.17 ± 0.01 µg/mL of Trolox equivalent). In the third step, the defatted and dephenolized seeds were subsequently extracted under alkaline conditions and the proteins were isoelectric precipitated. The recovered protein extract was 3.90% (w/w) for Obeidi and 4.11% (w/w) for Asswad Karech seeds, with Asswad Karech's extract having the highest protein content (64 ± 0.2 mg protein/g dry matter). The remaining exhausted residue can be valorized in cosmetic scrubs formulations as a replacement for plastic microbeads. The designed zero-waste approach multi-step biomass fractionation has the potential to improve the valorization of the side products (grape seeds) of these two Lebanese autochthonous grape varieties.

Functional and chemical qualities of Vitis labrusca grape seed oil extracted by supercritical CO2

Grape seed oil, which is extracted with highly toxic organic solvents that are harmful to human health, is produced from tons of grape pomace waste, generated during winemaking. Sometimes, this waste is used to make compost or is burnt, which causes environmental contamination. The functional qualities, antioxidant capacity (AC), α-tocopherol and total phenolic compounds content (TPC) of Black Borgoña (Vitis labrusca) grape seed oil, extracted by supercritical CO2, were evaluated. The high content of linoleic acid (w-6) and monounsaturated fatty acids contributed to the beneficial effect on ​​the functional quality indices, which were 0.20, 0.23, 11.80 for IA, IT and H:H, respectively. In addition, a POV of 6.23 ± 0.08 milliequivalents of peroxide/kg oil and an anisidine index of 2.70 ± 0.05 indicated a good quality oil. Also, a high concentration of α-tocopherol (9.82 ± 0.02 mg/100 g oil) and a high TPC (114.14 ± 3.24 mg GAE/kg oil) were obtained. This study demonstrated that supercritical CO2 extraction is a suitable method for the delivery of a high-quality grape seed oil.  

Hydrolysis of Edible Oils by Fungal Lipases: An Effective Tool to Produce Bioactive Extracts with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential

Hydrolysis of olive, rapeseed, linseed, almond, peanut, grape seed and menhaden oils was performed with commercial lipases of Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus niveus, Rhizomucor miehei and Candida rugosa. In chromogenic plate tests, olive, rapeseed, peanut and linseed oils degraded well even after 2 h of incubation, and the R. miehei, A. niger and R. oryzae lipases exhibited the highest overall action against the oils. Gas chromatography analysis of vegetable oils hydrolyzed by R. miehei lipase revealed about 1.1 to 38.4-fold increases in the concentrations of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids after the treatment, depending on the fatty acids and the oil. The major polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by R. miehei lipase treatment from menhaden oil were linoleic, α-linolenic, hexadecanedioic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, with yields from 12.02 to 52.85 µg/mL reaction mixture. Folin-Ciocalteu and ferric reducing power assays demonstrated improved antioxidant capacity for most tested oils after the lipase treatment in relation to the concentrations of some fatty acids. Some lipase-treated and untreated samples of oils, at 1.25 mg/mL lipid concentration, inhibited the growth of food-contaminating bacteria. The lipid mixtures obtained can be reliable sources of extractable fatty acids with health benefits.

Exploring Lignans, a Class of Health Promoting Compounds, in a Variety of Edible Oils from Brazil

Lignans, a group of polyphenols, have been identified in eight cold pressed oils from fruits, nuts, and seeds, retrieved from the Brazilian market. The oils under investigation were avocado, Brazilian nut, canola, coconut, grapeseed, macadamia, palm, and pequi. Olive oil was selected as a reference oil, since numerous data on its lignan content are available in literature. The qualitative and quantitative profiles were obtained, after extraction, by means of UFLC-ESI-MS/MS analyses. The total lignan content showed a high variability, ranging from 0.69 mg·Kg-1 (pequi) to 7.12 mg·Kg-1 (grapeseed), with the highest content registered for olive oil. Seven lignans were quantified, matairesinol and pinoresinol being the most abundant. The LC-MS/MS method was validated, showing linearity in the range of 12.5-212.5 mg·Kg-1, LOD in the range of 0.18-11.37 mg·Kg-1, and LOQ in the range of 0.53-34.45 mg·Kg-1. Additionally, part of the study was focused on the evaluation of the flavor profile, this being a key element in consumers' evaluations, by means of HS-SPME-GC. In total, 150 volatile compounds were determined in the eight oils, with identified fractions ranging from 91.85% (avocado) to 96.31% (canola), with an average value of 94.1%. Groups of components contributed characteristically to the flavour of each oil.

Tamjanika, a Balkan native variety of Vitis vinifera L.: Chemical characterization, antibacterial, and anti-dermatomycosis potential of seed oil

This study was designed to explore functional food properties of edible seed oil obtained from Tamjanika seeds—autochthonous grape variety of Balkan Peninsula. In order to accomplish our goals, seed oil was isolated by Soxhlet apparatus and chemically characterized regarding fatty acids, carotenoids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols. Antimicrobial activity of the isolated oil was tested by microdilution method. For that purposes, six bacterial species were used, belonging to human infectious agents and food contaminants. Furthermore, the activity of the oil was investigated against clinical isolates of dermatomycetes. Our study has shown that oil of Vitis vinifera L. Tamjanika variety was an abundant source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (81.43%) with predominant linoleic acid. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of carotenoid lutein (0.15 mg/100 g). The seed oil was rich in tocotrienols (85.04 mg/100 g) predominating over tocopherols (8.37 mg/100 g). The oil possessed microbicidal activity against all the tested microbes. Bacteria were more sensitive to the effect of the oil (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] 7.7–15.4) when compared with oil effect on tested dermatomycetes (MIC 20–40). Our investigation has shown for the first time that grape oil could be active against wide spectrum of bacteria and clinically isolated dermatomycetes. The significance of this study lies in the fact that it pointed out the functional food properties of grape seed oil that was fully chemically characterized.

Chemical Diversity of Flavan-3-Ols in Grape Seeds: Modulating Factors and Quality Requirements

Grape seeds are a rich source of flavan-3-ol monomers, oligomers, and polymers. The diverse profile of compounds includes mainly B-type procyanidins (especially C4→C8 linked molecules) and the key monomers, catechin, and epicatechin that are positively implicated in the 'French Paradox'. Today grape seed nutraceuticals have become a multi-million-dollar industry. This has created incentives to elucidate the variations in chemistry across cultivars, to identify signs of adulteration, and to understand the intrinsic and extrinsic factors controlling the expression of metabolites in the seeds' metabolome. This review provides a critical overview of the existing literature on grape seed chemistry. Although the biosynthetic pathways for polymeric procyanidins in seeds have not yet been explained, abiotic factors have been shown to modulate associated genes. Research of extrinsic factors has demonstrated that the control of procyanidin expression is strongly influenced, in order of importance, by genotype (species first, then variety) and environment, as claimed anecdotally. Unfortunately, research outcomes on the effects of abiotic factors have low certainty, because effects can be specific to genotype or variety, and there is limited control over physical metrics in the field. Thus, to gain a fuller understanding of the effects of abiotic factors and biosynthetic pathways, and realise potential for optimisation, a more fundamental research approach is needed. Nevertheless, the current synthesis offers insight into the selection of species or varieties according to the profile of polyphenols, as well as for optimisation of horticultural practices, with a view to produce products that contain the compounds that support health claims.

Aquaculture and agriculture-by products as sustainable sources of omega-3 fatty acids in the food industry

The valorization of by-products is currently a matter of great concern to improve the sustainability of the food industry. High quality by-products derived from the food chain are omega-3 fatty acids, being fish the main source of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. The search for economic and sustainable sources following the standards of circular economy had led to search for strategies that put in value new resources to obtain different omega-3 fatty acids, which could be further employed in the development of new industrial products without producing more wastes and economic losses. In this sense, seeds and vegetables, fruits and crustaceans by products can be an alternative. This review encompasses all these aspects on omega-3 fatty acids profile from marine and agri-food by-products together with their extraction and purification technologies are reported. These comprise conventional techniques like extraction with solvents, cold press, and wet pressing and, more recently proposed ones like, supercritical fluids fractionation and purification by chromatographic methods. The information collected indicates a trend to combine different conventional and emerging technologies to improve product yields and purity. This paper also addresses encapsulation strategies for their integration in novel foods to achieve maximum consumer acceptance and to ensure their effectiveness.

Angioprevention of Urologic Cancers by Plant-Derived Foods

The number of cancer cases worldwide keeps growing unstoppably, despite the undeniable advances achieved by basic research and clinical practice. Urologic tumors, including some as prevalent as prostate, bladder or kidney tumors, are no exceptions to this rule. Moreover, the fact that many of these tumors are detected in early stages lengthens the duration of their treatment, with a significant increase in health care costs. In this scenario, prevention offers the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the global control of these diseases. Although specialized diets are not the only way to decrease the chances to develop cancer, epidemiological evidence support the role of certain plant-derived foods in the prevention of urologic cancer. In many cases, these plants are rich in antiangiogenic phytochemicals, which could be responsible for their protective or angiopreventive properties. Angiogenesis inhibition may contribute to slow down the progression of the tumor at very different stages and, for this reason, angiopreventive strategies could be implemented at different levels of chemoprevention, depending on the targeted population. In this review, epidemiological evidence supporting the role of certain plant-derived foods in urologic cancer prevention are presented, with particular emphasis on their content in bioactive phytochemicals that could be used in the angioprevention of cancer.

Grape bioactive molecules, and the potential health benefits in reducing the risk of heart diseases

Grapes are a rich source of bioactive molecules including phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, stilbenes, and lipids. These are the compounds which contribute to the health benefits of grape and grape-derived products. They possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic activities and have wide applications in food and nutraceutical industries. Use of grape extracts rich in these bioactive compounds are linked to reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease and its major risk factors including hypertension (high blood pressure); a clinical condition associated with high mortality worldwide. Therefore, considerable attention has been given to grape-based products to alleviate and treat hypertension. The aim of this review is to summarize the bioactive compounds of grapes, composition changes in different grape extracts and the potential benefits in reducing hypertension.

Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols Profiles from Sicilian (Cold Pressed vs. Soxhlet) Grape Seed Oils

Among the Sicilian economic productive sectors, that of wine production has today a considerable economic value. However, with the growth of this sector, notable was the increase in the production of waste, which to date is not only an economic damage for companies, but also a threat to the environment. It is known that waste from wine production has properties (e.g., antioxidants) which have potential reuse at cosmetic, pharmaceutical and nutritional levels to obtain economically sustainable applications. A new goal is given by the recovery of added value compounds from agri-food wastes and by-products. Grape seed oil is a promising vegetable fat and cold pressing does not involve the use of chemicals, which are harmful to health. It implies that cold-pressed seed oils may contain phytochemicals, as well as natural antioxidants, more than refined oils. In this context, this works aims at studying the chemical characterization (triglycerides profile and composition in fatty acids) of grape seed oils obtained from Soxhlet and cold pressed extraction from Sicilian red grape seeds and white grape seeds. The possibility of obtaining high yields of triglycerides and fatty acids from the waste of wine production through new extraction methods would open up new perspectives for the reuse of waste in a human and animal food context. The results of this work allow the opening up of new perspectives to reuse and then reduce these wastes, helping not only to reduce the damage to the environment and costs for companies but also to create a new product that is environmentally sustainable and with an important economic value.

Emerging Non-Thermal Technologies for the Extraction of Grape Anthocyanins

Anthocyanins are flavonoid pigments broadly distributed in plants with great potential to be used as food colorants due to their range of colors, innocuous nature, and positive impact on human health. However, these molecules are unstable and affected by pH changes, oxidation and high temperatures, making it very important to extract them using gentle non-thermal technologies. The use of emerging non-thermal techniques such as High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP), Ultra High Pressure Homogenization (UHPH), Pulsed Electric Fields (PEFs), Ultrasound (US), irradiation, and Pulsed Light (PL) is currently increasing for many applications in food technology. This article reviews their application, features, advantages and drawbacks in the extraction of anthocyanins from grapes. It shows how extraction can be significantly increased with many of these techniques, while decreasing extraction times and maintaining antioxidant capacity.

Phenolic Analysis and In Vitro Biological Activity of Red Wine, Pomace and Grape Seeds Oil Derived from Vitis vinifera L. cv. Montepulciano d'Abruzzo

Grape pomace is commonly considered a waste product of monovarietal red wine production. Methods: HPLC-DAD analysis was performed to determine the polyphenol and flavonoid contents of all the extracts obtained from Montepulciano d’Abruzzo red wine and grape skins whereas, GC-MS was applied to the determination of fatty acid composition in grape seeds oil. Biological characterization involves antioxidant and antimicrobial assays for all the extracts and seeds oil; Their ability to inhibit α-glucosidase, α-amylase, α-tyrosinase, and ChE enzymes was also detected, together with anti-inflammatory activity on wine, grape skin extracts, and seeds oil by lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and LPS-stimulated macrophage release assays. Data indicate significative polyphenols content (199.31 ± 7.21 mgGAE/g), antioxidant (CUPRAC assay (1036.98 mgTE/g)), enzymatic inhibition (α-tyrosinase: 151.30 ± 1.20 mgKAE/g) and anti-inflammatory activities for wine-organic extract 2, while the antimicrobial activity of grape skin decoction is higher than those reported by wine extracts on three bacterial strains. Interestingly only dealcoholized wine and wine-aqueous extract exerts inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase (20.62 ± 0.23 mmolACAE/g and 19.81 ± 0.03 mmolACAE/g, respectively), while seeds oil is rich in oleic and linoleic acids. These results confirm the strong antioxidant properties of Montepulciano d’Abruzzo grape pomace, suggesting the potential use of this waste product as functional food supplements in the human diet and in cosmeceutics.

Fatty acids, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of the seeds from nine grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.)

Seeds are one of the main parts of the grapes, and they contain important constituents such as polyphenols, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. In this study, oil contents, fatty acid composition, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, monomeric flavan-3-ols and antioxidant capacities of nine grape seeds from nine cultivars were investigated. The correlations between the analyzed parameters were also examined. The oil contents of seeds ranged from 4.96 to 13.35%. Linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in the seeds, and it was followed by oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linolenic acid, 11-eicosenoic acid and arachidic acid. Total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were 646.50-1120.78 mg GAE/g and 336.69-589.85 mg CE/g, respectively. ‘Italia’ seeds had the highest antioxidant capacity for DPPH and CUPRAC assays while ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ seeds had the lowest one. The (-)-epigallocatechin, (+)-catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epicatechin gallate contents in the seeds varied from 1.23 to 6.53 mg/g, 11.61 to 80.20 mg/g, 0.21 to 0.51 mg/g, 2.78 to 48.26 mg/g and 0.08 to 1.50 mg/g, respectively. The (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin were the major flavan-3-ol compounds in the grape seeds. Significant correlations were found between total phenolic content, total flavonoid, RSA (DPPH Radical scavenging activity), CUPRAC (Cupric reducing antioxidant capacity) and flavan-3-ols. Consequently, the current study findings support previous information that grape seeds are an important source of antioxidants as well as unsaturated fatty acids, which have positive effects on human health.

Natural Ingredients Common in the Trás-os-Montes Region (Portugal) for Use in the Cosmetic Industry: A Review about Chemical Composition and Antigenotoxic Properties

The natural cosmetics market has grown since consumers became aware of the concept of natural-based ingredients. A significant number of cosmetics have an ecological impact on the environment and carry noxious and chemically potent substances. Thus, the use of natural and organic cosmetics becomes increasingly important since it is clear that topical treatment with cosmeceuticals can help improve skin rejuvenation. A substantial investigation into the benefits that fruits and plants can bring to health is required. Studies have shown that antigenotoxic properties are linked to anti-aging properties. Several studies have shown potential antigenotoxicity in natural ingredients such as Almonds (Prunus dulcis), Elderberry (Sambucus nigra), Olives (Olea europaea), and Grapes (Vitis vinifera). This review presents an overview of research conducted on these natural ingredients, the most common in the Northeast of Portugal. This region of Portugal possesses the most organic farmers, and ingredients are easily obtained. The Northeast of Portugal also has climatic, topographic, and pedological differences that contribute to agricultural diversity.

High-Throughput Quantification of 32 Bioactive Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds in Grapes, Wines and Vinification Byproducts by LC-MS/MS

The well-established, health-benefitting effects of grapevines and derivatives (wines and vinification byproducts) are attributed to their antioxidant phenolic content. The dearth of an efficient method for the simultaneous quantitation of antioxidant phenolics prompted us to develop a novel method utilizing triple quadrupole LC-MS/MS for the accurate, fast, simultaneous quantitation of the 32 most abundant grapevine phenolics. The fully validated, novel method is capable to simultaneously record the quantitative presence of 12 phenolic acids, 19 polyphenols and coniferyl aldehyde (a phenolic compound extracted from cork stoppers into wines) and is applicable for the determination of antioxidant phenolics content of grape berries, pomace, stems and wines. Its utility was demonstrated for three native Greek grapevine varieties, two red (Mandilaria and Aidani mavro) and one white (Monemvassia). Results herein highlighted the stems of the Monemvassia white variety as particularly rich in antioxidant phenolics such as the flavonol monomer (+)-catechin (387 mg/kg) and the dimer procyanidin B1 (400 mg/kg) along with stilbene phytoalexin trans-resveratrol (24 mg/kg). These results are in line with the TPC, TFC and TTC content of stems and the determined antioxidant capacities, highlighting the stems of this Vitis vinifera variety as potentially exploitable source of antioxidant phenolics.

Correlations between Total Antioxidant Capacity, Polyphenol and Fatty Acid Content of Native Grape Seed and Pomace of Four Different Grape Varieties in Hungary

Grape pomace is a valuable source of various bioactive compounds such as plant-derived polyphenols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The commercial demand of grape skin and seed powders as nutraceuticals is still growing. However, no distinction is currently made between unfermented native grape seed and grape seed pomace powders regarding their antioxidant activities. Our aim was to find the relationship between the polyphenol and fatty acid content as well as the antioxidant capacity of native and fermented grape seeds of four different grape varieties harvested in the Villány wine region. According to our results, none of the three investigated polyphenols (resveratrol, rutin, quercetin) could be detected in native grape seed samples in correlation with their significantly lower total antioxidant capacities compared to fermented seed samples. Pinot Noir (PN) grape seed pomace samples with the highest resveratrol and oil content showed significantly higher total antioxidant capacity than Cabernet Sauvignon (CS), Syrah (S) and Blue Portugal (BP) samples. Based on the statistical analysis, positive correlation was found between the fatty acid content and the resveratrol concentration in the pomace samples of different grape varieties. In contrast, rutin concentrations were negatively proportional to the fatty acid content of the fermented samples. No significant correlation was found considering the quercetin content of the samples. According to our findings, grape pomace seems a more promising source in the production of nutraceuticals, since it contains polyphenols in higher concentration and exerts significantly higher antioxidant activity than native grape seeds.

Plant Phenolics and Extracts in Animal Models of Preeclampsia and Clinical Trials-Review of Perspectives for Novel Therapies

The current health requirements set the direction in pharmacological research, especially as regards diseases that require improvement of existing therapeutic regimens. Such diseases include preeclampsia, which is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy during which there occurs progressive increasing activation of the immune system through elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antiangiogenic factors, which is dangerous for the mother and fetus. A promising field of research for new drugs to treat this disease is the study of natural phenolic compounds of plant origin and herbal extracts, which are complex matrices of chemical compounds with broad biological activities. Many plant substances with anti‑inflammatory and anti‑hypertensive properties are known, but studies in animal models of preeclampsia and clinical trials concerning this disease constitute a new and developing research trend of significant medical importance. The aim of our research review was to identify and analyze the results of already available studies on baicalin, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, punicalagin, quercetin, resveratrol, salvianolic acid A (danshensu), silibinin, and vitexin, as well as plant extracts from Brassica oleracea L., Euterpe oleracea Mart., Moringa oleifera Lam., Punica granatum L., Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner, Thymus schimperi Ronniger, Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil., and Vitis vinifera L., which are potential and promising candidates for further research and for potential new therapies.

Exploitation of Vitis vinifera, Foeniculum vulgare, Cannabis sativa and Punica granatum By-Product Seeds as Dermo-Cosmetic Agents

In the current study, by-product seed pastes (VSPs) from Vitis vinifera, Foeniculum vulgare, Cannabis sativa and Punica granatum, generated during the oil production process, were investigated for their potential exploitation as dermo-cosmetic agent. The extraction pipeline of all the raw materials was developed with emphasis on green methodologies and employed on laboratory scale based on industry-adopted techniques. Two different protocols were applied, Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE); the by-product pastes were defatted with supercritical CO2 and n-Hexane, respectively. Then, two SFE extracts (CO2 with 10% and 20% of ethanol as co-solvent) and two UAE extracts (with ethanol and ethanol/water 1:1 v/v) were obtained from each raw material. The providing yield range was between 2.6 to 76.3 mg/g raw material. The extracts were analyzed with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and Liquid Chromatography coupled with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometer (LC-HRMS), and the major compounds, were identified. All the extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant and inhibition activity against collagenase, elastase and tyrosinase enzymes. Grapevine by-product extracts found rich in proanthocyanidins and presented the higher inhibition activity. A holistic green experimental methodology is proposed for the obtainment of extracts from significant medicinal plants by-products that provides us with promising results concerning dermo-cosmetic properties, especially for grape seeds extracts.