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Li YY, Liu Y, Liu SQ, He YG, Lin XR, Li Y, Yang T, Feng M, Zhang HT, Wang XY, Yao RY, Zhou MH, Zhao CJ. Comprehensive genomic analysis of genetic diversity, body size, and origins of the Hetian Gray donkey. BMC Genomics 2025; 26:428. [PMID: 40307691 PMCID: PMC12042642 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-025-11595-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2025] [Accepted: 04/10/2025] [Indexed: 05/02/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hetian Gray donkey, characterized by its large stature and gray coat color, is a relatively recently identified breed. This breed plays an important role in local agricultural practices and cultural heritage. However, with the widespread adoption of mechanization, its use as a draft animal has gradually diminished. Additionally, the insufficient development of its meat and milk products has contributed to a continuous decline in its population, making its conservation increasingly urgent. Despite its significance, research on the origin and ancestral composition of the Hetian Gray donkey remains limited, which is essential for developing effective conservation strategies. To address this, whole-genome resequencing data of 208 donkeys from seven Chinese indigenous donkey breeds, Equus africanus somaliensis, and Equus kiang were analyzed to investigate the relationships between the Hetian Gray donkey and other breeds in the present study. The findings of this study will provide valuable scientific evidence for preserving the genetic diversity and unique characteristics of the Hetian Gray donkey. RESULTS The analysis revealed that wild donkeys had no significant impact on the formation of the Hetian Gray donkey. Among the breeds studied, the Xinjiang donkey and the Guanzhong donkey exhibit the closest genetic affinity with the Hetian Gray donkeys. Additionally, genome-wide selection signature analysis between the Hetian Gray donkey and the Xinjiang donkey identified positive selection for genes associated with body size traits. CONCLUSION In summary, the results confirm that geographical distance plays a crucial role in determining the genetic relationships among the Hetian Gray donkey and other populations. The Xinjiang donkey and the Guanzhong donkey played an important role in the formation of the Hetian Gray donkey, and genes related to body size were positively selected during development of the breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Beijing, 100193, China
- Equine Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Beijing, 100193, China
- Equine Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shu-Qin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- Shandong Equine Genetic Resource Gene Bank, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yu-Gang He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Ran Lin
- Beijing General Station of Animal Husbandry, Beijing, 100107, China
| | - Ying Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Beijing, 100193, China
- Equine Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mo Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Beijing, 100193, China
- Equine Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - He-Tong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Beijing, 100193, China
- Equine Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Beijing, 100193, China
- Equine Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ru-Yu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Beijing, 100193, China
- Equine Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meng-Han Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Beijing, 100193, China
- Equine Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chun-Jiang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Equine Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Ma R, Lu Y, Li M, Gao Z, Li D, Gao Y, Deng W, Wang B. Whole-Genome Resequencing in Sheep: Applications in Breeding, Evolution, and Conservation. Genes (Basel) 2025; 16:363. [PMID: 40282323 PMCID: PMC12026845 DOI: 10.3390/genes16040363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2025] [Revised: 03/15/2025] [Accepted: 03/20/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Sheep (Ovis aries) were domesticated around 10,000 years ago and have since become an integral part of human agriculture, providing essential resources, such as wool, meat, and milk. Over the past century, advances in communication and agricultural productivity have driven the evolution of selective breeding practices, further enhancing the value of sheep in the global economy. Recently, the rapid development of whole-genome resequencing (WGR) technologies has significantly accelerated research in sheep molecular biology, facilitating the discovery of genetic underpinnings for critical traits. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the evolution of whole-genome resequencing and its application to sheep genetics. It explores the domestication and genetic origins of sheep, examines the genetic structure and differentiation of various sheep populations, and discusses the use of WGR in the development of genetic maps. In particular, the review highlights how WGR technology has advanced our understanding of key traits, such as wool production, lactation, reproductive performance, disease resistance, and environmental adaptability. The review also covers the use of WGR technology in the conservation and sustainable utilization of sheep genetic resources, offering valuable insights for future breeding programs aimed at enhancing the genetic diversity and resilience of sheep populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshan Ma
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (R.M.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ying Lu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (R.M.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Mengfei Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (R.M.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Zhendong Gao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (R.M.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Dongfang Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (R.M.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuyang Gao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (R.M.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Weidong Deng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (R.M.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Y.G.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resource in Yunnan, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (R.M.); (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Y.G.)
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Guo M, Zhao X, Zhao X, Wang G, Ren X, Chen A, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Yu X, Wang H, Li F, Ning Z, Qu L. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the genetic basis of leg diseases in laying hens. Poult Sci 2025; 104:104887. [PMID: 39970519 PMCID: PMC11880710 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2025.104887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2025] [Accepted: 02/04/2025] [Indexed: 02/21/2025] Open
Abstract
In recent years, while monitoring commercial laying hens during the brooding period, we noticed that some chicks exhibited an abnormal lameness phenomenon. Systematic tests were carried out for pathogens including, but not limited to, common diseases such as viral arthritis, mycoplasma synoviae, Marek's disease and encephalomyelitis. However, the absence of these pathogens in these chicks rules out these common diseases as a direct cause of limping and points to genetic factors. Leg disorders in laying hens pose significant welfare challenges and result in considerable economic losses within the poultry industry. To address this issue, we conducted a comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic analysis to uncover the genetic basis of leg diseases in laying hens. Our study involved 74 laying hens with leg diseases and 60 healthy controls from three different strains. Radiographic identification and resequencing were performed to analyze genetic loci and candidate genes. Transcriptomic analysis was also conducted on cartilage tissues from both groups. Four potential single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci located on chromosomes 4 and 33 were identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Notably, the functional candidate gene SORCS2 has been particularly implicated in the pathogenesis of leg disease. A total of 1,515 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified through transcriptomic analysis. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed significant enrichment in pathways such as cytoskeletal protein binding, cell cycle regulation, and muscle cell cytoskeleton organization. Notably, the calcium signaling and the extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction pathways were associated with the development of leg diseases. The integration of genomic and transcriptomic data identified key genetic loci and candidate genes associated with leg health, providing a genetic foundation for improving disease resistance in laying hens. Our findings offer valuable insights for the development of selective breeding strategies to reduce the incidence of leg disorders in laying hens, thereby enhancing their welfare and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghan Guo
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Xingrui Agricultural Stock Breeding, Baoding 072550, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiurong Zhao
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xufang Ren
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Anqi Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yalan Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue Cheng
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaofan Yu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huie Wang
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Fugui Li
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Zhonghua Ning
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lujiang Qu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Lu Y, Li M, Gao Z, Ma H, Chong Y, Hong J, Wu J, Wu D, Xi D, Deng W. Advances in Whole Genome Sequencing: Methods, Tools, and Applications in Population Genomics. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:372. [PMID: 39796227 PMCID: PMC11719799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26010372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2024] [Revised: 12/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2025] [Indexed: 01/13/2025] Open
Abstract
With the rapid advancement of high-throughput sequencing technologies, whole genome sequencing (WGS) has emerged as a crucial tool for studying genetic variation and population structure. Utilizing population genomics tools to analyze resequencing data allows for the effective integration of selection signals with population history, precise estimation of effective population size, historical population trends, and structural insights, along with the identification of specific genetic loci and variations. This paper reviews current whole genome sequencing technologies, detailing primary research methods, relevant software, and their advantages and limitations within population genomics. The goal is to examine the application and progress of resequencing technologies in this field and to consider future developments, including deep learning models and machine learning algorithms, which promise to enhance analytical methodologies and drive further advancements in population genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (H.M.); (Y.C.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Mengfei Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (H.M.); (Y.C.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Zhendong Gao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (H.M.); (Y.C.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Hongming Ma
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (H.M.); (Y.C.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Yuqing Chong
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (H.M.); (Y.C.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Jieyun Hong
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (H.M.); (Y.C.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Jiao Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (H.M.); (Y.C.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Dongwang Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (H.M.); (Y.C.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Dongmei Xi
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (H.M.); (Y.C.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
| | - Weidong Deng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (Y.L.); (M.L.); (Z.G.); (H.M.); (Y.C.); (J.H.); (J.W.); (D.W.)
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resource in Yunnan, Kunming 650201, China
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Rostamzadeh Mahdabi E, Esmailizadeh A, Han J, Wang M. Comparative Analysis of Runs of Homozygosity Islands in Indigenous and Commercial Chickens Revealed Candidate Loci for Disease Resistance and Production Traits. Vet Med Sci 2025; 11:e70074. [PMID: 39655377 PMCID: PMC11629026 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.70074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Runs of homozygosity (ROH) are contiguous stretches of identical genomic regions inherited from both parents. Assessment of ROH in livestock species contributes significantly to our understanding of genetic health, population genetic structure, selective pressure and conservation efforts. In this study, whole genome re-sequencing data from 140 birds of 10 Iranian indigenous chicken ecotypes, 3 commercial chicken breeds and 1 red junglefowl (RJF) population were used to investigate their population genetic structure, ROH characteristics (length and frequency) and genomic inbreeding coefficients (FROH). Additionally, we examined ROH islands for selection footprints in the indigenous chicken populations. Our results revealed distinct genetic backgrounds, among which the White Leghorn breed exhibited the greatest genetic distance from other populations, while the gamecock populations formed a separate cluster. We observed significant differences in ROH characteristics, in which the commercial breeds showed a higher number of ROH compared to indigenous chickens and red junglefowls. Short ROH ranging from 0.1 to 1 Mb were dominant among the populations. The Arian line had the highest mean length of ROH, while the White Leghorn breed showed the highest number of ROH. Among indigenous chickens, the Lari-Afghani ecotype exhibited the highest FROH, but the Sari inherited the richest genetic diversity. Interestingly, GGA16 carried no ROH in the red junglefowls, whereas GGA22 had the highest FROH across all populations, except in the Isfahan ecotype. We also identified ROH islands associated with genetic adaptations in indigenous ecotypes. These islands harboured immune-related genes contributing to disease resistance (TLR2, TICAM1, IL22RA1, NOS2, CCL20 and IFNLR1), heat tolerance and oxidative stress response (NFKB1, HSF4, OSGIN1 and BDNF), and muscle development, lipid metabolism and reproduction (MEOX2, CEBPB, CDS2 and GnRH-I). Overall, this study highlights the genetic potential of indigenous chickens to survive and adapt to their respective environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Esmailizadeh
- Department of Animal ScienceFaculty of AgricultureShahid Bahonar University of KermanKermanIran
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal ModelsState Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Jianlin Han
- CAAS‐ILRI Joint Laboratory on Livestock and Forage Genetic ResourcesInstitute of Animal ScienceChinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Ming‐Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal ModelsState Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnanChina
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Deng C, Li M, Wang T, Duan W, Guo A, Ma G, Yang F, Dai F, Li Q. Integrating genomics and transcriptomics to identify candidate genes for high-altitude adaptation and egg production in Nixi chicken. Br Poult Sci 2024; 65:652-664. [PMID: 38922310 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2367228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
1. This study combined genome-wide selection signal analysis with RNA-sequencing to identify candidate genes associated with high altitude adaptation and egg production performance in Nixi chickens (NXC).2. Based on the whole-genome data from 20 NXC (♂:10; ♀:10), the population selection signal was analysed by sliding window analysis. The selected genes were screened by combination with the population differentiation statistic (FST). The sequence diversity statistic (θπ). RNA-seq was performed on the ovarian tissues of NXC (n = 6) and Lohmann laying hens (n = 6) to analyse the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two groups. The functional enrichment analysis of the selected genes and differentially expressed genes was performed.3. There were 742 genes under strong positive selection and 509 differentially expressed genes screened in NXC. Integrated analysis of the genome and transcriptome revealing 26 overlapping genes. The candidate genes for adaptation to a high-altitude environment, as well as for egg production, disease resistance, vision and pigmentation in NXC were preliminarily screened.4. The results provided theoretical guidance for further research on the genetic resource protection and utilisation of NXC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Deng
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - M Li
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Yunnan Nationalities University, Kunming, China
| | - T Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - W Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - A Guo
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - G Ma
- Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Gejiu County, Honghe, China
| | - F Yang
- Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Gejiu County, Honghe, China
| | - F Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Q Li
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Kunming Xianghao Technology Co. Ltd., Kunming, China
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Lin P, Yu Y, Bao Z, Li F. Optimization of Whole-Genome Resequencing Depth for High-Throughput SNP Genotyping in Litopenaeus vannamei. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:12083. [PMID: 39596153 PMCID: PMC11593832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252212083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2024] [Revised: 10/24/2024] [Accepted: 10/28/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of whole-genome resequencing in genetic research is rapidly expanding, yet the impact of sequencing depth on data quality and variant detection remains unclear, particularly in aquaculture species. This study re-sequenced 31 Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei) samples at over 28× sequencing depth using the Illumina NovaSeq system and down-sampled the data to simulate depths from 0.5× to 20×. Results showed that when the sequencing depth was below 10×, the number of SNP identifications increased sharply with the rise in depth, with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected at 10× accounting for approximately 69.16% of those detected at 20×. The genotyping accuracy followed a similar trend to SNP detection results, being approximately 0.90 at 6×. Further analyses showed that the main cause of genotyping errors was the misidentification of heterozygous variants as homozygous variants. Therefore, considering both the quantity and quality of SNPs, a sequencing depth of 10× is recommended for whole-genome studies and genetic mapping, while a depth of 6× is more cost-effective for population structure analysis. This study underscores the importance of selecting optimal sequencing depth to ensure reliable variant detection and high data quality, providing valuable guidance for whole-genome resequencing in shrimp and other aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (P.L.); (Z.B.); (F.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (P.L.); (Z.B.); (F.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenning Bao
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (P.L.); (Z.B.); (F.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture (CAS), Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (P.L.); (Z.B.); (F.L.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Wang S, Wu L, Zhu Q, Wu J, Tang S, Zhao Y, Cheng Y, Zhang D, Qiao G, Zhang R, Lei F. Trait Variation and Spatiotemporal Dynamics across Avian Secondary Contact Zones. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:643. [PMID: 39194581 DOI: 10.3390/biology13080643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
A secondary contact zone (SCZ) is an area where incipient species or divergent populations may meet, mate, and hybridize. Due to the diverse patterns of interspecific hybridization, SCZs function as field labs for illuminating the on-going evolutionary processes of speciation and the establishment of reproductive isolation. Interspecific hybridization is widely present in avian populations, making them an ideal system for SCZ studies. This review exhaustively summarizes the variations in unique traits within avian SCZs (vocalization, plumage, beak, and migratory traits) and the various movement patterns of SCZs observed in previous publications. It also highlights several potential future research directions in the genomic era, such as the relationship between phenotypic and genomic differentiation in SCZs, the genomic basis of trait differentiation, SCZs shared by multiple species, and accurate predictive models for forecasting future movements under climate change and human disturbances. This review aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of speciation processes and offers a theoretical foundation for species conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianghui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiahao Wu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Shiyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yalin Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Dezhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gexia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Runzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fumin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Wang R, Wang X, Qi Y, Li Y, Na Q, Yuan H, Rong Y, Ao X, Guo F, Zhang L, Liu Y, Shang F, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Genetic diversity analysis of Inner Mongolia cashmere goats (Erlangshan subtype) based on whole genome re-sequencing. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:698. [PMID: 39014331 PMCID: PMC11253418 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inner Mongolia cashmere goat (IMCG), renowned for its superior cashmere quality, is a Chinese indigenous goat breed that has been developed through natural and artificial selection over a long period. However, recently, the genetic resources of IMCGs have been significantly threatened by the introduction of cosmopolitan goat breeds and the absence of adequate breed protection systems. RESULTS In order to assess the conservation effectiveness of IMCGs and efficiently preserve and utilize the purebred germplasm resources, this study analyzed the genetic diversity, kinship, family structure, and inbreeding of IMCGs utilizing resequencing data from 225 randomly selected individuals analyzed using the Plink (v.1.90), GCTA (v.1.94.1), and R (v.4.2.1) software. A total of 12,700,178 high-quality SNPs were selected through quality control from 34,248,064 SNP sites obtained from 225 individuals. The average minor allele frequency (MAF), polymorphic information content (PIC), and Shannon information index (SHI) were 0.253, 0.284, and 0.530, respectively. The average observed heterozygosity (Ho) and the average expected heterozygosity (He) were 0.355 and 0.351, respectively. The analysis of the identity by state distance matrix and genomic relationship matrix has shown that most individuals' genetic distance and genetic relationship are far away, and the inbreeding coefficient is low. The family structure analysis identified 10 families among the 23 rams. A total of 14,109 runs of homozygosity (ROH) were identified in the 225 individuals, with an average ROH length of 1014.547 kb. The average inbreeding coefficient, calculated from ROH, was 0.026 for the overall population and 0.027 specifically among the 23 rams, indicating a low level of inbreeding within the conserved population. CONCLUSIONS The IMCGs exhibited moderate polymorphism and a low level of kinship with inbreeding occurring among a limited number of individuals. Simultaneously, it is necessary to prevent the loss of bloodline to guarantee the perpetuation of the IMCGs' germplasm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Xinle Wang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Yunpeng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Yanbo Li
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Qin Na
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Technology Extension Center, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Huiping Yuan
- Bayannur Forestry and Grassland Career Development Center, Bayannur, 015006, China
| | - Youjun Rong
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Xiaofang Ao
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Furong Guo
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Lifei Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Vocational and Technical, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Baotou, 014109, China
| | - Fangzheng Shang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mutton Sheep Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hohhot, 010018, China.
- Key Laboratory of Goat and Sheep Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot, 010018, China.
- Northern Agriculture and Livestock Husbandry Technology Innovation Center, Hohhot, 010018, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China.
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10
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Gu L, Wu F, Zheng X, Zhang X, Chen Y, Lu L, Liu X, Mo S, Chao Z, He Z, Shang Y, Wei D, Wei S, Chen Y, Xu T. Molecular genetic identification of Wuzhishan ant chicken, a newly discovered resource in China. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1319854. [PMID: 38962700 PMCID: PMC11221338 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1319854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Wuzhishan ant (MY) chicken exhibits significant differences from other chicken breeds. However, the molecular genetic relationship between the MY breed and other chicken breeds has not been assessed. Methods Whole-genome resequencing was used to compare genetic diversity, nucleotide diversity, the fixation index, the linkage disequilibrium coefficient, and phylogenetic tree relationships between the MY breed and the Wenchang (WC), Danzhou (DZ), Bawangling (BW), and Longsheng Feng (LF) breeds. Results A total of 21,586,378 singlenucleotide polymorphisms and 4,253,341 insertions/deletions were screened out among the five breeds. The MY breed had the second highest genomic genetic diversity and nucleotide diversity and the lowest LD coefficient among the five breeds. Moreover, the phylogenetic tree analysis showed that individual birds of each breed clustered together with those of their respective breeds. Discussion Our data indicated that the MY breed is distinct from the other breeds and can be considered a new genetic resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Gu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Fanghu Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xinli Zheng
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yanmin Chen
- Wuzhishan Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine and Fishery Service Center, Wuzhishan Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Wuzhishan, China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangxiang Liu
- Wuzhishan Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine and Fishery Service Center, Wuzhishan Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Wuzhishan, China
| | - Shuhui Mo
- Wuzhishan Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine and Fishery Service Center, Wuzhishan Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Wuzhishan, China
| | - Zhe Chao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Zhongchun He
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Wuzhishan Ant Chicken Cooperative, Wuzhishan, China
| | - Sheng Wei
- Wuzhishan Ant Chicken Cooperative, Wuzhishan, China
| | - Youyi Chen
- Wuzhishan Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine and Fishery Service Center, Wuzhishan Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Wuzhishan, China
| | - Tieshan Xu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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11
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Wu X, Xiang D, Zhang W, Ma Y, Zhao G, Yin Z. Identification of Breed-Specific SNPs of Danish Large White Pig in Comparison with Four Chinese Local Pig Breed Genomes. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:623. [PMID: 38790252 PMCID: PMC11120843 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation facilitates the evolution, environmental adaptability, and biodiversity of organisms. Danish Large White (LW) pigs have more desirable phenotypes compared with local Chinese pigs, which have difficulty adapting to the modern swine industry. However, the genome-wide mutational differences between these pig breeds are yet to be evaluated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate genomic variation and identify breed-specific SNPs in Danish LW pigs. Here, 43 LW, 15 Diqing Tibetan (DQZ), and 15 Diannan small-ear (DN) pigs whose genomes were re-sequenced with 5× depth were selected. This was followed by a conjoined analysis of our previous resequencing data of 24 Anqing six-end white (AQ) and six Asian wild (SS) pigs. In total, 39,158,378 SNPs and 13,143,989 insertion-deletions were obtained in all breeds. The variation number of LW pigs was the lowest, with 287,194 breed-specific and 1289 non-synonymous SNPs compared with Chinese breeds. Functional analysis of the breed-specific non-synonymous SNPs indicated that these mutations were mainly associated with the reproductive performance, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio of LW pigs. These findings provide a theoretical basis for genetic improvements in the Chinese swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Wu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Decai Xiang
- Yunnan Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Yu Ma
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Guiying Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zongjun Yin
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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12
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Sheet S, Jang SS, Kim JH, Park W, Kim D. A transcriptomic analysis of skeletal muscle tissues reveals promising candidate genes and pathways accountable for different daily weight gain in Hanwoo cattle. Sci Rep 2024; 14:315. [PMID: 38172605 PMCID: PMC10764957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cattle traits like average daily weight gain (ADG) greatly impact profitability. Selecting based on ADG considering genetic variability can lead to economic and genetic advancements in cattle breeding. This study aimed to unravel genetic influences on ADG variation in Hanwoo cattle at the skeletal muscle transcriptomic level. RNA sequencing was conducted on longissimus dorsi (LD), semimembranosus (SB), and psoas major (PM) muscles of 14 steers assigned to same feed, grouped by low (≤ 0.71 kg) and high (≥ 0.77 kg) ADG. At P ≤ 0.05 and log2fold > 1.5, the distinct pattern of gene expression was identified with 184, 172, and 210 differentially expressed genes in LD, SB, and PM muscles, respectively. Tissue-specific responses to ADG variation were evident, with myogenesis and differentiation associated JAK-STAT signaling pathway and prolactin signaling pathways enriched in LD and SB muscles, while adipogenesis-related PPAR signaling pathways were enriched in PM muscle. Key hub genes (AXIN2, CDKN1A, MYC, PTGS2, FZD5, SPP1) were upregulated and functionally significant in muscle growth and differentiation. Notably, DPP6, CDKN1A, and FZD5 emerged as possible candidate genes linked to ADG variation. These findings enhance our understanding of genetic factors behind ADG variation in Hanwoo cattle, illuminating skeletal muscle mechanisms influencing ADG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunirmal Sheet
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Sik Jang
- Hanwoo Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Pyeongchang, 25342, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Kim
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Woncheoul Park
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dahye Kim
- Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, Rural Development Administration, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Huang X, Zhao R, Xu Z, Fu C, Xie L, Li S, Wang X, Zhang Y. gjSOX9 Cloning, Expression, and Comparison with gjSOXs Family Members in Gekko japonicus. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9328-9341. [PMID: 37998761 PMCID: PMC10670703 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45110584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
SOX9 plays a crucial role in the male reproductive system, brain, and kidneys. In this study, we firstly analyzed the complete cDNA sequence and expression patterns for SOX9 from Gekko japonicus SOX9 (gjSOX9), carried out bioinformatic analyses of physiochemical properties, structure, and phylogenetic evolution, and compared these with other members of the gjSOX family. The results indicate that gjSOX9 cDNA comprises 1895 bp with a 1482 bp ORF encoding 494aa. gjSOX9 was not only expressed in various adult tissues but also exhibited a special spatiotemporal expression pattern in gonad tissues. gjSOX9 was predicted to be a hydrophilic nucleoprotein with a characteristic HMG-Box harboring a newly identified unique sequence, "YKYQPRRR", only present in SOXE members. Among the 20 SOX9 orthologs, gjSOX9 shares the closest genetic relationships with Eublepharis macularius SOX9, Sphacrodactylus townsendi SOX9, and Hemicordylus capensis SOX9. gjSOX9 and gjSOX10 possessed identical physicochemical properties and subcellular locations and were tightly clustered with gjSOX8 in the SOXE group. Sixteen gjSOX family members were divided into six groups: SOXB, C, D, E, F, and H with gjSOX8, 9, and 10 in SOXE among 150 SOX homologs. Collectively, the available data in this study not only facilitate a deep exploration of the functions and molecular regulation mechanisms of the gjSOX9 and gjSOX families in G. japonicus but also contribute to basic research regarding the origin and evolution of SOX9 homologs or even sex-determination mode in reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingze Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, Life and Environmental Science College, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Ruonan Zhao
- Department of Bioscience, Life and Environmental Science College, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Zhiwang Xu
- Department of Bioscience, Life and Environmental Science College, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Chuyan Fu
- Department of Biotechnology, Life and Environmental Science College, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Bioscience, Life and Environmental Science College, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325003, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Shuran Li
- Department of Bioscience, Life and Environmental Science College, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325003, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Life and Environmental Science College, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325003, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325003, China
| | - Yongpu Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology, Life and Environmental Science College, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325003, China
- Department of Bioscience, Life and Environmental Science College, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325003, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325003, China
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