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Wang Y, He Q, Li X. The Effect of Information Exposure on Stigma Toward the COVID-19 Patient Mediated by Perceived Risk, Attribution of Blame and Protection Norm Conformity. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38600660 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2024.2335424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
This study employed the model of stigma communication (MSC) to analyze how exposure to COVID-19-related information affected stigma-related information sharing about people who contracted COVID-19 during the pandemic and examined the cognitive process of the MSC in a collectivist culture. Based on a survey of 526 social media users during the COVID-19 pandemic in China, the study found that exposure to contact tracing information and pandemic control information had different impact on stigma-related information sharing through a series of cognitive variables. A dual-path model showed that perceived personal risk influenced stigma-related information sharing through attribution of blame toward the infected (the personal path), while perceived social risk influenced stigma-related information sharing through protection norm conformity (the social path). Compared to the personal path, the social path is more salient in shaping stigmatized attitudes and behaviors. The findings and discussions added to our understanding of the intricate stigma communication process in a collectivist culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Wang
- School of Journalism and Communication, Shanghai University
| | - Qijun He
- School of Journalism and Communication, Shanghai University
| | - Xigen Li
- School of Journalism and Communication, Shanghai University
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2
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Xiong Y, Rose Parasath P, Zhang Q, Jeon L. International students' perceived discrimination and psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:869-880. [PMID: 35471854 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2022.2059376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological distress among international students during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A total of 188 international students from two large U.S. universities participated in the study. Perceived discrimination, psychological distress, and demographic information were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. RESULTS COVID-related variables and perceived discrimination were significantly associated with international students' psychological distress. Their COVID-related anxiety mediated the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological distress. CONCLUSION Initiatives to mitigate the perceived discrimination experienced by international students may improve their mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Xiong
- Johns Hopkins School of Education, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Priscilla Rose Parasath
- College of Education and Human Development, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Qiyang Zhang
- Johns Hopkins School of Education, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lieny Jeon
- Johns Hopkins School of Education, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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Koştu N, İnci FH, Arslan S. Compassion fatigue and the meaning in life as predictors of secondary traumatic stress in nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Nurs Pract 2024:e13249. [PMID: 38404192 DOI: 10.1111/ijn.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the relationship among secondary traumatic stress, compassion fatigue, and meaning in life in nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. BACKGROUND Changes in working conditions during the pandemic also changed the needs of nurses. In addition to physical health, the COVID-19 pandemic led to many psychosocial health problems such as sleep disturbances, depression, and traumatic stress. This makes nurses vulnerable to psychological side effects of the pandemic. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted. METHODS This study was conducted with 166 nurses. Data were collected online at May-June 2021. A Personal Information Form, the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale, Compassion Fatigue Scale, and Meaning in Life Scale were used. The STROBE reporting checklist was followed. RESULTS As secondary traumatic stress levels increase, compassion fatigue increases, meaning in life decreases, and the search for meaning in life increases. CONCLUSION Predictors of secondary traumatic stress were shown to be compassion fatigue, change in sleep habits, meaning in life, marital status, and having a chronic illness. This suggested that working during the pandemic posed significant risks in terms of manifesting negative consequences on mental health in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazan Koştu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nursing Department, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Fadime Hatice İnci
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nursing Department, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Sümeyye Arslan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Nursing Department, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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4
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Sood L, Gurvich C, Lavale A, Thomas N, Kulkarni J, Thomas EH. Perceived Discrimination in Australia During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Longitudinal Study. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01798-w. [PMID: 37768538 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01798-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There have been global reports of increased discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic relative to the pre-pandemic era, though this has not been well explored within Australia. The aim of the study was to characterise discriminatory behaviour experienced by groups previously identified as most at risk of experiencing discrimination (i.e. those of Asian descent or healthcare workers) both from pre-pandemic to pandemic and during the pandemic era in Australia. METHODS From April 2020 to September 2021, 1479 Australian adults completed the everyday discrimination scale (EDS). Initially, participants were asked to retrospectively consider discrimination experienced pre-COVID-19 pandemic and then to consider experiences in the past month during the pandemic. Participants were invited to repeat the latter every 2 months. RESULTS Collectively, there was a reduction in EDS scores from pre-pandemic to pandemic. Within the pandemic era, mean trajectory graphs across time revealed that changes in EDS scores in the 'non-Asian healthcare workers' and 'Asian healthcare workers' subgroups tended to mirror onto fluctuations in Australian COVID-19 case numbers. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest social solidarity amongst the general Australian population during the pandemic, but still highlight a need to dedicate resources towards groups with heightened risk of experiencing discrimination during future public health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lomash Sood
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline Gurvich
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra Lavale
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jayashri Kulkarni
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Hx Thomas
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University and The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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5
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Tang HY, Xiong Y, Snow K. Discrimination experienced among Asian/Asian American students amid the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37399529 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2225631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective: With the increasing incidents of discrimination toward Asian and Asian Americans (A/AA) in the United States amid the COVID-19 pandemic, this study explored A/AA university students' lived experiences of discrimination during this time and their reactions toward discrimination. Participants: Ten A/AA university students from a major research university in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States participated in the study. Methods: We utilized a phenomenology approach in this study. Results: Two primary structural themes were identified: (1) examples of discrimination and (2) personal reactions to discrimination and microaggression. Conclusion: A/AA university students experienced overt/open discrimination and microaggression amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Their responses to discrimination and microaggressions highlighted the challenges and opportunities presented by the COVID-19-related anti-Asian racism. Implications for university personnel were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ya Tang
- Department of Counseling and Educational Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yiying Xiong
- Department of Counseling and Educational Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin Snow
- Department of Counseling and Human Services, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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6
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Schlicht IB, Fernandez E, Chulvi B, Rosso P. Automatic detection of health misinformation: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE AND HUMANIZED COMPUTING 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37360776 PMCID: PMC10220340 DOI: 10.1007/s12652-023-04619-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The spread of health misinformation has the potential to cause serious harm to public health, from leading to vaccine hesitancy to adoption of unproven disease treatments. In addition, it could have other effects on society such as an increase in hate speech towards ethnic groups or medical experts. To counteract the sheer amount of misinformation, there is a need to use automatic detection methods. In this paper we conduct a systematic review of the computer science literature exploring text mining techniques and machine learning methods to detect health misinformation. To organize the reviewed papers, we propose a taxonomy, examine publicly available datasets, and conduct a content-based analysis to investigate analogies and differences among Covid-19 datasets and datasets related to other health domains. Finally, we describe open challenges and conclude with future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Berta Chulvi
- Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paolo Rosso
- Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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Chung JB, Yeon D, Kim MK. Characteristics of victim blaming related to COVID-19 in South Korea. Soc Sci Med 2023; 320:115668. [PMID: 36640702 PMCID: PMC9827734 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the victim-blaming tendency of patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) and the worry of being blamed because of COVID-19 infection. This study utilized two methodologies based on the theory of defensive attribution and information processing. First, a media analysis was conducted to determine the characteristics of the two representative COVID-19 victim blaming cases (the Itaewon Club case and the Omicron-infected pastor case). The results show that from the viewpoint of defensive attribution theory, the victim blaming of patients infected with COVID-19 is related to social identity and moral violations committed by the patients. The Korean public emphasized their social identity and believed that the patients were different from them from an ego-defensive viewpoint. Second, we conducted three longitudinal online panel surveys (N1 = 1569; N2 = 1037; N3 = 833). The samples were selected by stratified random sampling based on sex, age, and 17 metropolitan regions in Korea. The results showed that as the number of COVID-19 cases increased, the respondents' level of risk perception decreased significantly. As the information processing theory explains, people who are familiar with the frequent risks of COVID-19 are less worried about being blamed by others. Meanwhile, the regression analysis found that victim blaming of the pastor was significantly related to the respondent's religion. We can conclude that the Korean people may blame the victims of COVID-19 because they believe that the victims are very different from an ego-defensive viewpoint. Furthermore, the trust variable appeared to be important: the more the respondents trusted the government, the more they blamed the victims of COVID-19. We term this phenomenon the "trust paradox."
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Bum Chung
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology. 50, UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dahye Yeon
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology. 50, UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Kim
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology. 50, UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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8
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Budhwani H, Maragh-Bass AC, Tolley EE, Comello MLG, Stoner MCD, Adams Larsen M, Brambilla D, Muessig KE, Pettifor A, Bond CL, Toval C, Hightow-Weidman LB. Tough Talks COVID-19 Digital Health Intervention for Vaccine Hesitancy Among Black Young Adults: Protocol for a Hybrid Type 1 Effectiveness Implementation Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e41240. [PMID: 36689557 PMCID: PMC9930921 DOI: 10.2196/41240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interventions for increasing the uptake of COVID-19 vaccination among Black young adults are central to ending the pandemic. Black young adults experience harms from structural forces, such as racism and stigma, that reduce receptivity to traditional public health messaging due to skepticism and distrust. As such, Black young adults continue to represent a priority population on which to focus efforts for promoting COVID-19 vaccine uptake. OBJECTIVE In aims 1 and 2, the Tough Talks digital health intervention for HIV disclosure will be adapted to address COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and tailored to the experiences of Black young adults in the southern United States (Tough Talks for COVID-19). In aim 3, the newly adapted Tough Talks for COVID-19 digital health intervention will be tested across the following three southern states: Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina. METHODS Our innovative digital health intervention study will include qualitative and quantitative assessments. A unique combination of methodological techniques, including web-based surveys, choose-your-own-adventures, digital storytelling, user acceptability testing, and community-based participatory approaches, will culminate in a 2-arm hybrid type 1 effectiveness implementation randomized controlled trial, wherein participants will be randomized to the Tough Talks for COVID-19 intervention arm or a standard-of-care control condition (N=360). Logistic regression will be used to determine the effect of the treatment arm on the probability of vaccination uptake (primary COVID-19 vaccine series or recommended boosters). Concurrently, the inner and outer contexts of implementation will be ascertained and catalogued to inform future scale-up. Florida State University's institutional review board approved the study (STUDY00003617). RESULTS Our study was funded at the end of April 2021. Aim 1 data collection concluded in early 2022. The entire study is expected to conclude in January 2025. CONCLUSIONS If effective, our digital health intervention will be poised for broad, rapid dissemination to reduce COVID-19 mortality among unvaccinated Black young adults in the southern United States. Our findings will have the potential to inform efforts that seek to address medical mistrust through participatory approaches. The lessons learned from the conduct of our study could be instrumental in improving health care engagement among Black young adults for several critical areas that disproportionately harm this community, such as tobacco control and diabetes prevention. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05490329; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05490329. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/41240.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Budhwani
- Intervention Research and Implementation Science Lab, College of Nursing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Allysha C Maragh-Bass
- Behavioral, Epidemiological, Clinical Sciences Division, FHI360, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth E Tolley
- Behavioral, Epidemiological, Clinical Sciences Division, FHI360, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Maria Leonora G Comello
- Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | | | | | | | - Kathryn E Muessig
- Institute on Digital Health and Innovation, College of Nursing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Audrey Pettifor
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, United States
| | - Christyenne L Bond
- Intervention Research and Implementation Science Lab, College of Nursing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Christina Toval
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, United States
| | - Lisa B Hightow-Weidman
- Institute on Digital Health and Innovation, College of Nursing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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9
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Yu CC, Tang B, Low JA, Mathew M, Straus S, Fahim C. A qualitative study on health stigma and discrimination in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learnt from a public health perspective. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1143640. [PMID: 36935669 PMCID: PMC10014793 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1143640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stigmatisation, misinformation and discrimination have been magnified globally due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The healthcare sector was not spared from this. We conducted a transnational study, using the Health Stigma and Discrimination framework (HSDF) to explore public perception and reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic in a multicultural context. Findings from the Asian arm of the study, sited in Singapore, are reported in this paper. Methods This phenomenological research deployed semi-structured informant interviews using non-probability sampling approaches to recruit members of the public. Interviews were coded independently by two researchers and thematic analysis was used to analyse the responses. Results Twenty-nine members of the public (23-80 years old) were interviewed between Oct 2020 to Feb 2021. Five major themes were identified: (i) perception of stigma amongst respondents, (ii) experiences of stigma amongst respondents, (iii) views on what drove stigma and misinformation, (iv) facilitators in preventing and reducing stigma and misinformation, and (v) ageist attitudes towards older adults. Overall, construction workers living in dormitories, healthcare workers, and to some extent tourists from China, were perceived to have been stigmatised and shunned by the public. Place-based stigmatisation was common; participants responded by avoiding places that had confirmed cases of COVID-19. Perceived stigma was temporary and not enduring, driven at the outset by fear of being infected. This study also identified the role played by trust in reducing stigmatisation. The relative absence of politicising of issues and high-quality information readily disseminated to the public were reported as factors that could have reduced and prevented stigma and misinformation on the various groups. Ageist attitudes were observed in some participants with older adults being labelled as vulnerable, susceptible to misinformation and being less able to cope during the pandemic. Conclusion Through the lens of the HSDF, this study provided an exploratory account of the nature of stigma that resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic in an Asian context. It also shed light on facilitators in preventing and reducing stigma during an outbreak especially the role of trust and communications during a public health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chou Chuen Yu
- Geriatric Education and Research Institute Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Chou Chuen Yu
| | - Bernard Tang
- Geriatric Education and Research Institute Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - James Alvin Low
- Geriatric Education and Research Institute Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mathews Mathew
- Institute of Policy Studies, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sharon Straus
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christine Fahim
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Chebil D, Ben Hassine D, Melki S, Nouira S, Kammoun Rebai W, Hannachi H, Merzougui L, Ben Abdelaziz A. Place of distancing measures in containing epidemics: a scoping review. Libyan J Med 2022; 17:2140473. [DOI: 10.1080/19932820.2022.2140473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dhekra Chebil
- Infection Prevention Control Department, Ibn Al Jazzar University Hospital, Kairouan, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory, LR19SP01, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Donia Ben Hassine
- Research Laboratory, LR19SP01, Sousse, Tunisia
- Information System Direction (DSI), Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sarra Melki
- Research Laboratory, LR19SP01, Sousse, Tunisia
- Information System Direction (DSI), Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Sarra Nouira
- Research Laboratory, LR19SP01, Sousse, Tunisia
- Information System Direction (DSI), Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Kammoun Rebai
- Regional Training Center supported by WHO-TDR for East Mediterranean Region (EMR), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hajer Hannachi
- Infection Prevention Control Department, Ibn Al Jazzar University Hospital, Kairouan, Tunisia
- Faculty of medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Latifa Merzougui
- Infection Prevention Control Department, Ibn Al Jazzar University Hospital, Kairouan, Tunisia
- Faculty of medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Ben Abdelaziz
- Research Laboratory, LR19SP01, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
- Information System Direction (DSI), Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
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11
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Murakami M, Hiraishi K, Yamagata M, Nakanishi D, Miura A. Belief in just deserts regarding individuals infected with COVID-19 in Japan and its associations with demographic factors and infection-related and socio-psychological characteristics: a cross-sectional study. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14545. [PMID: 36570010 PMCID: PMC9774003 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prejudice related to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a social issue worldwide. A possible psychological factor that promotes prejudice is the belief in just deserts (BJD) regarding individuals infected with COVID-19 (i.e., the belief that the infected individual deserves to be infected). The BJD is based on the belief in immanent justice. It is reportedly higher in Japan than in other countries. Therefore, we conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the BJD among Japanese individuals and clarify its associations with demographic factors or infection-related and socio-psychological characteristics. To this end, we conducted an online questionnaire survey in Japan from August 7-8, 2020, with 1,207 respondents aged 20-69 years. We performed screening to exclude inappropriate responses. We investigated the association between the BJD and demographic factors such as gender and age. We also investigated the association between the BJD and infection-related and socio-psychological characteristics, including risk perception of COVID-19 infection and human rights restrictions (i.e., the degree of agreement with government restrictions on individuals' behavior during emergencies). Among the surveyed items, human rights restrictions showed a strong association with BJD, followed by risk perception of COVID-19 infection. Men had a slightly higher BJD than women. Our study is significant in that it is the first to investigate the items associated with the BJD, thereby providing foundational information for revising individual perceptions of justice related to COVID-19 and solving prejudice-related issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Murakami
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kai Hiraishi
- Faculty of Letters, Keio University, Minatoku, Japan
| | - Mei Yamagata
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakanishi
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima Shudo University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Asako Miura
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan,Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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12
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Zhou X, Chen C, Yao Y, Xia J, Cao L, Qin X. The scar that takes time to heal: A systematic review of COVID-19-related stigma targets, antecedents, and outcomes. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1026712. [PMID: 36533056 PMCID: PMC9752089 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1026712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, as a crucial public health crisis, has affected our lives in nearly every aspect. Besides its major health threats, COVID-19 brings severe secondary impacts, one of which is the rise of social stigma. Although numerous studies have examined the antecedents and outcomes of COVID-19-related stigma, we still lack a systematic understanding of who is being stigmatized during the COVID-19 pandemic, what exacerbates COVID-19-related stigma, and what impacts COVID-19-related stigma has on victims. Therefore, this review aims to provide a systematic overview of COVID-19-related stigma. With 93 papers conducted with 126,371 individuals in more than 150 countries and territories spanning five continents, we identify three targets that have received the most research: Chinese/Asian people, (suspected) patients and survivors, and healthcare workers. Furthermore, we find that for each stigma target, characteristics of the stigmatized, stigmatizer, and context contribute to COVID-19-related stigma and that this stigma negatively influences victims' health and non-health outcomes. We call for future research to provide a more integrative, balanced, and rigorous picture of COVID-19-related stigma via conducting research on neglected topics (e.g., contextual factors that contribute to stigma toward HCWs) and stigma interventions and using a longitudinal design. In practice, we urge governments and institutions (e.g., ministries of public health, hospitals) to pay close attention to stigma issues and to promote safe and inclusive societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Business Administration, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Business Administration, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuewei Yao
- Department of Business Administration, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingtian Xia
- Department of Business Administration, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limei Cao
- Department of Business Administration, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Qin
- Department of Business Administration, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Zhang MX, Lv XY, Shi GF, Luo C, Wu XY, Wang WZ, Cheng FM, Chen HX, Tung TH. Effect of ontological insecurity on vaccination behavior against COVID-19: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Public Health 2022; 211:157-163. [PMID: 36122529 PMCID: PMC9288961 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought great uncertainty to our society and it may have disrupted people's ontological security. Consequently, this hospital-based study concerns the impact of ontological insecurity on vaccination behavior against COVID-19. STUDY DESIGN This cross-sectional study was conducted among hospital inpatients. METHODS A questionnaire survey addressing inpatient ontological insecurity and vaccination behavior against COVID-19 was administered in Taizhou, China. A total of 1223 questionnaires were collected; specifically, 1185 of them were credible, for a validity rate of 96.9%. RESULTS The score of ontological insecurity was 13.27 ± 7.84, which was higher in participants who did not recommend vaccination for others than those who did (12.95 ± 8.25 vs 14.00 ± 6.78, P = 0.022). There was no difference between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups (13.22 ± 7.96 vs 13.35 ± 7.67, P = 0.779). Lower ontological insecurity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-1.81) and being inoculated with COVID-19 vaccines (OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.67-2.82) were significantly associated with recommendation of COVID-19 vaccines to others after adjusting for sex, age, education, and occupation. Associations between low ontological insecurity and recommendations for COVID-19 vaccines were observed in men, adults aged 18-59 years, non-farmers, and vaccine recipients. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the ontological insecurity of participants affects their behavior of recommending the COVID-19 vaccination to others rather than getting vaccinated themselves. This promotion of vaccination can be considered from the perspective of improving ontological security in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-X Zhang
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - X-Y Lv
- Department of Hematology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, China.
| | - G-F Shi
- Department of Preventive Health Care, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - C Luo
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - X-Y Wu
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - W-Z Wang
- Department of Nursing, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - F-M Cheng
- Department of Nursing, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - H-X Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - T-H Tung
- Evidence-based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai 317000, Zhejiang, China.
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Mihatsch L, von der Linde M, Knolle F, Luchting B, Dimitriadis K, Heyn J. Survey of German medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic: attitudes toward volunteering versus compulsory service and associated factors. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2022; 48:630-636. [PMID: 34021060 PMCID: PMC8142677 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2020-107202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the spread of COVID-19, a key challenge was to reduce potential staff shortages in the healthcare sector. Besides recruiting retired healthcare workers, medical students were considered to support this task. Commitment of medical students in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic was evaluated using an online survey, with particular focus on their burdens and anxieties. This survey was distributed to students within a 2-week period in April and May 2020. Ultimately, 1241 participants were included in the analysis. During the pandemic, 67.9% (65.3% to 70.5%) of the participants reported that they had volunteered. Furthermore, 88.9% (86.9% to 90.5%) stated that they were against compulsory recruitment in this context. Students who volunteered (committed students) had a significantly lower anxiety index than non-committed students. Additionally, students were more concerned about infecting other patients and relatives than themselves. Higher levels of anxiety were related to lower levels of commitment. A mandatory assignment during the pandemic was rejected by the students and does not seem to be necessary due to the large number of volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Mihatsch
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Franziska Knolle
- Department of diagnostic and interventional Neuroradiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin Luchting
- Department of Pain Medicine, Landsberg am Lech Clinic, Landsberg am Lech, Germany
| | | | - Jens Heyn
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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15
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Peters L, Burkert S, Brenner C, Grüner B. Experienced stigma and applied coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: a mixed-methods study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059472. [PMID: 36002206 PMCID: PMC9412038 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Health-related stigma is considered a social determinant of health equity and a hidden burden of disease. This study aimed to assess the level and dimensions of stigma and respective coping mechanisms in COVID-19 survivors. METHODS A mixed-methods study with sequential explanatory design was conducted at the University Hospital of Ulm, Germany. Stigma was assessed using the Social Impact Scale (SIS) including adult COVID-19 survivors with mild-to-severe disease. Subsequently, 14 participants were sampled with regard to gender, age and severity of disease for in-depth interviews to understand how stigma was experienced and coping strategies were applied. The questionnaire was analysed using descriptive statistics, t-test and analysis of variance. Content analysis was used for qualitative data. RESULTS From 61 participants, 58% were men and mean age was 51 years. The quantitative analysis of the SIS indicated an intermediate level of experienced stigma. Participants experienced stigma mainly as 'social rejection' (M=14.22, SD=4.91), followed by 'social isolation' (M=10.17, SD=4.16) and 'internalised shame' (M=8.39, SD=3.32). There was no significant difference in experienced stigma regarding gender, education, occupational status or residual symptoms. However, participants between 30 and 39 years of age experienced higher levels of stigma than other age groups (p=0.034). The qualitative analysis revealed how stigma seemed to arise from misconceptions creating irrational fear of infection, leading to stereotyping, vilification, discrimination and social exclusion of COVID-19 survivors, leaving them feeling vulnerable. Stigma cut through all social levels, from the individual level at the bottom to the institutional and societal level at the top. Social networks protected from experiencing stigma. CONCLUSION COVID-19-related stigma is a relevant burden in the ongoing pandemic. Providing accurate information and exposing misinformation on disease prevention and treatment seems key to end COVID-19-related stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Peters
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sanne Burkert
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cecilia Brenner
- Regional Office of Communicable Diseases, The Public Health Agency of Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Beate Grüner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Niu GF, Shi XH, Yao LS, Yang WC, Jin SY, Xu L. Social Exclusion and Depression among undergraduate students: the mediating roles of rejection sensitivity and social self-efficacy. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-10. [PMID: 35935745 PMCID: PMC9345737 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, depression has been a prominent mental health problem throughout the world. A common but negative social experience, social exclusion (also known as ostracism) is a great risk factor for individuals' health and adaptation. Undergraduate students are in a development period of challenges and transitions, so they are vulnerable to suffering from depression and negative social experiences. Against this background, the present study aimed to examine the association between social exclusion and undergraduate students' depression as well as the underlying mechanism - the mediating roles of rejection sensitivity and social self-efficacy. Seven hundred sixty-two undergraduate students were recruited to participate in this study, who were asked to complete a set of questionnaires measuring social exclusion, depression, rejection sensitivity, and social self-efficacy. After controlling for gender, social exclusion was positively associated with undergraduate students' depression. And rejection sensitivity and social self-efficacy could significantly mediate this relation through three mediating paths - the separate mediating effects of rejection sensitivity and social self-efficacy, as well as the serial mediating effect of rejection sensitivity and social self-efficacy. These results could not only deepen our understanding of this theme, but also have several practical implications for the intervention of depression, for example, relevant social skill training and cognitive therapy could be adopted to intervene the rejection sensitivity and social self-efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-feng Niu
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, 430079 Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, 430079 Wuhan, China
- Center for Research on Internet Literacy and Behavior, Central China Normal University, 430079 Wuhan, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Central China Normal University Branch, 430079 Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-han Shi
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, 430079 Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, 430079 Wuhan, China
| | - Liang-shuang Yao
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, 430079 Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, 430079 Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-cheng Yang
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, 430079 Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, 430079 Wuhan, China
| | - Si-yu Jin
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, 430079 Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, 430079 Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Xu
- School of Education, Jianghan University, 430056 Wuhan, China
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Ma L, Liu Y, Cao J, Ye R. The impact of perceived racism on walking behavior during the COVID-19 lockdown. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH. PART D, TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT 2022; 109:103335. [PMID: 35726271 PMCID: PMC9200073 DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2022.103335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown has had a significant impact on people's travel behavior. The level of this impact has been unevenly distributed among different population groups. The recent rise in anti-Asian racism implies that Asians have faced increased stress during the pandemic. As a result, the impact on their travel behavior is likely to differ from other ethnic groups. We examined this hypothesis by focusing on the impact of the pandemic on walking behavior. We collected survey data in Melbourne, Australia, during the pandemic lockdown, and analyzed the data using a Structural Equation Model approach. The results suggest that Asians experienced a significantly higher level of discrimination than other racial groups and were less likely to increase walking than White people. We also found that neighborhood cohesion helped alleviate perceived discrimination and promote walking. This study offers new insights into the role of racism in travel behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ma
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yage Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jason Cao
- Humphrey School of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, 301 19th Ave. S., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
| | - Runing Ye
- Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Age Differences in Psychological Antecedents and Behavioral Consequences of Stigmatization Associated with COVID-19 among Koreans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148594. [PMID: 35886444 PMCID: PMC9316940 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The first goal of this study is to develop a conceptual model of the causal relationship between psychological antecedents (internal attribution, anger, dangerousness, fear) of stigmatization, stigmatization (public stigma, anticipated stigma), and the behavioral consequences (compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines, COVID-19 testing intention) of stigmatization associated with COVID-19. The second goal of the study is to investigate the age differences in the conceptual model between younger and older adults unconfirmed with COVID-19 in Korea. After building the model based on previous studies, an online survey was conducted with Koreans in their 20s (n = 300, females: 50%) and 60s (n = 300, females: 50%) who had not been confirmed with COVID-19. The results revealed that for participants in their 20s and 60s, their internal attribution of COVID-19 infection to individuals confirmed with COVID-19 enhanced their anger at the individuals. Afterward, their anger increased their anticipated stigma of being confirmed with COVID-19 through enhancing the public stigma of the individuals confirmed with COVID-19. Unexpectedly, the fear of individuals confirmed with COVID-19 elicited by the dangerousness of the individuals had no effect on the public stigma of the individuals among participants in their 20s and 60s. The fear directly enhanced their compliance with the COVID-19 prevention guidelines. Next, for participants in their 20s, their anticipated stigma increased their compliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines, but not their COVID-19 testing intention. However, the anticipated stigma did not affect both the compliance with the COVID-19 prevention guidelines and COVID-19 testing intention among participants in their 60s. The implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.
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Gupta R, Rathore B, Srivastava A, Biswas B. Decision-making framework for identifying regions vulnerable to transmission of COVID-19 pandemic. COMPUTERS & INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 2022; 169:108207. [PMID: 35529174 PMCID: PMC9052709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cie.2022.108207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
At the beginning of 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified an unusual coronavirus and declared the associated COVID-19 disease as a global pandemic. We proposed a novel hybrid fuzzy decision-making framework to identify and analyze these transmission factors and conduct proactive decision-making in this context. We identified thirty factors from the extant literature and classified them into six major clusters (climate, hygiene and safety, responsiveness to decision-making, social and demographic, economic, and psychological) with the help of domain experts. We chose the most relevant twenty-five factors using the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) screening from the initial thirty. We computed the weights of those clusters and their constituting factors and ranked them based on their criticality, applying the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP). We found that the top five factors were global travel, delay in travel restriction, close contact, social cohesiveness, and asymptomatic. To evaluate our framework, we chose ten different geographically located cities and analyzed their exposure to COVID-19 pandemic by ranking them based on their vulnerability of transmission using Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity To Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS). Our study contributes to the disciplines of decision analytics and healthcare risk management during a pandemic through these novel findings. Policymakers and healthcare officials will benefit from our study by formulating and improving existing preventive measures to mitigate future global pandemics. Finally, we performed a sequence of sensitivity analyses to check for the robustness and generalizability of our proposed hybrid decision-making framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Gupta
- Operations Management Area, Indian Institute of Management Ranchi, 834008, India
| | - Bhawana Rathore
- Institute of Business Management, GLA university, Mathura, 281406, India
| | - Abhishek Srivastava
- Operations Management Area, Indian Institute of Management Kashipur, 244713, India
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Association between Social Integration, Social Exclusion, and Vaccination Behavior among Internal Migrants in China: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137915. [PMID: 35805576 PMCID: PMC9265632 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cross-sectional studies about the association between social integration, social exclusion, and vaccination behavior among internal migrants in China are lacking. In this study, we aimed to explore the association between the influenza vaccination behavior and social integration as well as social exclusion in China based on a cross-sectional study. We included 12,467 participants aged 15 years old or above from the 2017 Migrant Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey (MDMS). We used univariate analysis and logistic regression models to access the association between social integration, exclusion status, and influenza vaccination rates. Results suggested that the association between social integration and the vaccination rate was significantly positive. Moving between different districts impact on people’s mental health and their health performance. Significant association between influenza vaccination behavior and education attainment, income status, health record, and awareness of basic public health services program was reported. Therefore, in order to reduce the incidence of influenza disease and increase the vaccination rate, policymakers and the public should promote social integration for internal migrants. Meanwhile, our finding also implies possible strategies to promote COVID-19 vaccination.
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Development and psychometric validation of new questionnaires assessing experienced discrimination and internalised stigma among people with Covid-19. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2022; 31:e37. [PMID: 35616053 PMCID: PMC9158394 DOI: 10.1017/s204579602200021x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To develop and validate two new standardised measures assessing, respectively, experienced discrimination (Covid-19 Experienced DISCrimination scale, CEDISC) and internalised stigma (COvid-19 INternalised Stigma scale, COINS) in people who had been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or had developed coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) disease. METHODS Both the CEDISC and the COINS were developed in Italian and tested for ease of use, comprehension, acceptability, the relevance of items and response options within a focus group session. Online cross-sectional validation survey was conducted among adults infected with SARS-CoV-2 or who developed Covid-19 disease, members of a closed Facebook discussion group in Italy. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with Promax oblique rotation; the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy and the Bartlett's test of sphericity were used to assess the suitability of the sample for factor analysis. Reliability was assessed as internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha and as test-retest reliability using weighted kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Precision was examined by Kendall's tau-b coefficient. RESULTS Overall, 579 participants completed the CEDISC, 519 also completed the COINS, 155 completed the retest for both scales after two weeks. The 12 items of the CEDISC converged over a 2-factor solution ('social life' and 'close relations') accounting for 49.2% of the variance (KMO = 0.894; Bartlett's test p < 0.001); the 13 items of the COINS converged over a 3-factor solution ('self-perception', 'close relations' and 'social life') accounting for 67.7% (KMO = 0.827; Bartlett's test p < 0.001). Cronbach's α was 0.848 for the CEDISC, and 0.837 for the COINS. The CEDISC showed three items (25%) with kappa between 0.61 and 0.80 and seven (58.4%) between 0.41 and 0.60, with only two items scoring 0.21 and 0.40; the COINS had ten items (76.9%) with kappa ranging from 0.41 to 0.60, and three items below 0.31. ICC was 0.906 (95% CI, 0.871-0.932) for the, CEDISC and 0.860 (95% CI, 0.808-0.898) for the COINS. Kendall's tau-b ranged from 0.360 to 0.556 (p < 0.001) for the CEDISC and from 0.290 to 0.606 (p < 0.001) for the COINS. CONCLUSIONS Both the CEDISC and the COINS are two valid and reliable scales to be used in studies examining the role of stigma and discrimination of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Covid-19 patients, and in research evaluating interventions designed to mitigate stigma in this population.
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22
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Luo C, Wu X, Wang W, Zhang MX, Cheng F, Chen H, Tung TH. Patients' Responses to COVID-19 Pandemic: The Relationship Between Potential Pandemic-Induced Disruptions, Ontological Security, and Adaptive Responses in Taizhou, China. Front Public Health 2022; 10:865046. [PMID: 35664116 PMCID: PMC9160831 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.865046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has changed the social environment of most individuals around the world and has profoundly impacted people's lives, ontological security, and behavior. Among them, the patients are one of the groups most influenced by the pandemic.ObjectiveThe present research aimed to study the relationship of COVID-19 pandemic-induced disruption to patients' daily lives, ontological security, and patients' responses to prevent the spread of COVID-19, and explore the role of ontological security.MethodsThis article was based on an online structured questionnaire study conducted among hospitalized patients in Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou, China, from 8 July to 11 August 2021. We analyzed the data using the multivariate regression model and mediation analysis method.ResultsThe results showed that the higher the pandemic-induced disruption to inpatients' lives, the better behavior would be taken by hospitalized patients to prevent the spread of COVID-19, and the perceived scarcity of ontological security played a mediating role in this process. Higher pandemic-induced disruption to patients' lives increased the ontological insecurity which further, in turn, reduced patients' good practice toward measures to prevent the novel coronavirus.ConclusionThese findings provided direct evidence for the relationship between pandemic-induced disruption, scarcity of ontological security, and patients' prevention behavior. It suggested that there was a need to emphasize patients' ontological security. Overall, these findings suggested that it is important to emphasize the mental health among patients during the COVID-19 pandemic, and implement strategies to offer psychological support when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwen Luo
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Weizhen Wang
- Department of Nursing, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Mei-Xian Zhang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Fengmin Cheng
- Department of Nursing, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
| | - Haixiao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
- *Correspondence: Haixiao Chen
| | - Tao-Hsin Tung
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, China
- Tao-Hsin Tung
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Lloret-Pineda A, He Y, Haro JM, Cristóbal-Narváez P. Types of Racism and Twitter Users' Responses Amid the COVID-19 Outbreak: Content Analysis. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e29183. [PMID: 35446780 PMCID: PMC9122024 DOI: 10.2196/29183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND When the first COVID-19 cases were noticed in China, many racist comments against Chinese individuals spread. As there is a huge need to better comprehend why all of these targeted comments and opinions developed specifically at the start of the outbreak, we sought to carefully examine racism and advocacy efforts on Twitter in the first quarter of 2020 (January 15 to March 3, 2020). OBJECTIVE The first research question aimed to understand the main type of racism displayed on Twitter during the first quarter of 2020. The second research question focused on evaluating Twitter users' positive and negative responses regarding racism toward Chinese individuals. METHODS Content analysis of tweets was utilized to address the two research questions. Using the NCapture browser link and NVivo software, tweets in English and Spanish were pulled from the Twitter data stream from January 15 to March 3, 2020. A total of 19,150 tweets were captured using the advanced Twitter search engine with the keywords and hashtags #nosoyunvirus, #imNotAVirus, #ChineseDon'tComeToJapan, #racism, "No soy un virus," and "Racismo Coronavirus." After cleaning the data, a total of 402 tweets were codified and analyzed. RESULTS The data confirmed clear sentiments of racism against Chinese individuals during the first quarter of 2020. The tweets displayed individual, cultural, and institutional racism. Individual racism was the most commonly reported form of racism, specifically displaying physical and verbal aggression. As a form of resistance, Twitter users created spaces for advocacy and activism. The hashtag "I am not a virus" helped to break stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination on Twitter. CONCLUSIONS Advocacy efforts were enormous both inside and outside the Chinese community; an allyship sentiment was fostered by some white users, and an identification with the oppression experienced by the Chinese population was expressed in the Black and Muslim worldwide communities. Activism through social media manifested through art, food sharing, and community support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Lloret-Pineda
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yuelu He
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Haro
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Mental Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Cristóbal-Narváez
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Mental Health, Madrid, Spain
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van Mulukom V, Pummerer LJ, Alper S, Bai H, Čavojová V, Farias J, Kay CS, Lazarevic LB, Lobato EJC, Marinthe G, Pavela Banai I, Šrol J, Žeželj I. Antecedents and consequences of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs: A systematic review. Soc Sci Med 2022; 301:114912. [PMID: 35354105 PMCID: PMC8920084 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories can have severe consequences; it is therefore crucial to understand this phenomenon, in its similarities with general conspiracy belief, but also in how it is context-dependent. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the available research on COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and to synthesise this research to make it widely accessible. METHODS We present a synthesis of COVID-19 conspiracy belief research from 85 international articles, identified and appraised through a systematic review, in line with contemporary protocols and guidelines for systematic reviews. RESULTS We identify a number of potential antecedents of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs (individual differences, personality traits, demographic variables, attitudes, thinking styles and biases, group identity, trust in authorities, and social media use), their consequences (protective behaviours, self-centred and misguided behaviours such as hoarding and pseudoscientific health practices, vaccination intentions, psychological wellbeing, and other negative social consequences such as discrimination and violence), and the effect sizes of their relations with the conspiracy beliefs. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that understanding both the potential antecedents and consequences of conspiracy beliefs and how they are context-dependent is highly important to tackle them, whether in the COVID-19 pandemic or future threats, such as that of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lotte J Pummerer
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Schleichstraße 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | - Hui Bai
- Stanford University, United States
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Zhu J, Yan L, Mu Y. Comparisons Between COVID-19 Stigma and Other Stigmas: Distinct in Explicit Attitudes and Similar in Implicit Process. Front Psychol 2022; 13:848993. [PMID: 35558720 PMCID: PMC9087195 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.848993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the public stigma associated with COVID-19 has emerged. To better understand the COVID-19 stigma, the present research conducted three studies on 1,493 Chinese participants from the outbreak to the recovery period of the COVID-19 pandemic to examine the psychological mechanisms of COVID-19 stigma by comparing it with other disease-related stigmas in terms of their explicit and implicit processes. Study 1 and Study 2 jointly demonstrated that the public endorsed more stigma toward the COVID-19 related people (i.e., the COVID-19 patients) relative to the other disease-related people (i.e., the SARS patients, people with flu) in multiple explicit aspects, including emotional, motivational, cognitive, and social processing. Using the implicit association test (IAT), Study 3 found no significant difference in the implicit measures of the COVID-19 vs. the SARS groups, which further revealed that the pandemic stigmas (i.e., COVID-19 and SARS) were similar at the implicit level. These findings suggest common (implicit level) but distinct (explicit level) psychological processes of the pandemic-related stigmas, which provide reference to policymakers in formulating suitable interventions to deal with COVID-19 stigma and a newly generated potential stigma and provide psychological support for the public in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Yan Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Yan Mu,
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Zhang YSD, Noels KA, Young-Leslie H, Lou NM. "Responsible" or "Strange?" Differences in Face Mask Attitudes and Use Between Chinese and Non-East Asian Canadians During COVID-19's First Wave. Front Psychol 2022; 13:853830. [PMID: 35369147 PMCID: PMC8968171 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.853830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, journalists and scholars noted differences between Asians and North Americans in their support for public mask use. These differences were primarily assumed to be due d to variations in ethnocultural norms and practices. To better ascertain people's motives for wearing masks and potential cultural differences in these rationales, this comparative, mixed-methods research examines Chinese and non-East Asian Canadians' mask use attitudes utilizing online group interviews (Study 1) and a nation-wide survey (Study 2) Study 1, conducted in the early stages of the pandemic, captured an ambivalent, yet evolving attitude toward public mask use among the non-East Asian Canadians, which differed from their Chinese counterparts who more uniformly perceived mask use favorably. Study 2, conducted 2 months later, suggests that both groups primarily wore masks for disease protection- and prevention-related reasons. However, age and education appeared to influence the mask wearing frequency of the non-East Asian Canadians, for whom public mask use was less prevalent and normative. The attitudinal differences in public mask use call for targeted strategies to support mask wearing for different ethnocultural groups, which may be achieved partially through enhancing interethnic understanding on the diversified use of and opinions about masks. The findings suggest that favorable social norms, along with evidence-based information campaigns involving personal appeals may encourage greater mask use by the non-East Asian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly A. Noels
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Nigel Mantou Lou
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Xiong Y, Prasath PR, Zhang Q, Jeon L. A mindfulness‐based well‐being group for international students in higher education: A pilot study. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jcad.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Xiong
- School of Education Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Priscilla Rose Prasath
- College of Education and Human Development University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio Texas USA
| | - Qiyang Zhang
- School of Education Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Lieny Jeon
- School of Education Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland USA
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Saha R, Kumar G, Kumar N, Kim TH, Devgun T, Thomas R, Barnawi A. Internet of Things Framework for Oxygen Saturation Monitoring in COVID-19 Environment. IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL 2022; 9:3631-3641. [PMID: 35582520 PMCID: PMC8956365 DOI: 10.1109/jiot.2021.3098158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic/epidemic of COVID-19 has affected people worldwide. A huge number of lives succumbed to death due to the sudden outbreak of this corona virus infection. The specified symptoms of COVID-19 detection are very common like normal flu; asymptomatic version of COVID-19 has become a critical issue. Therefore, as a precautionary measurement, the oxygen level needs to be monitored by every individual if no other critical condition is found. It is not the only parameter for COVID-19 detection but, as per the suggestions by different medical organizations such as the World Health Organization, it is better to use oximeter to monitor the oxygen level in probable patients as a precaution. People are using the oximeters personally; however, not having any clue or guidance regarding the measurements obtained. Therefore, in this article, we have shown a framework of oxygen level monitoring and severity calculation and probabilistic decision of being a COVID-19 patient. This framework is also able to maintain the privacy of patient information and uses probabilistic classification to measure the severity. Results are measured based on latency of blockchain creation and overall response, throughput, detection, and severity accuracy. The analysis finds the solution efficient and significant in the Internet of Things framework for the present health hazard in our world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Saha
- School of Computer Science and EngineeringLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara144411India
| | - Gulshan Kumar
- School of Computer Science and EngineeringLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara144411India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringThapar UniversityPatiala147004India
- Department of Computer Science and Information EngineeringAsia UniversityTaichung City413Taiwan
- School of Computer ScienceUniversity of Petroleum and Energy StudiesDehradun248007India
| | - Tai-Hoon Kim
- Konkuk University (Glocal Campus)Seoul27478South Korea
| | | | - Reji Thomas
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical SciencesLovely Professional UniversityPhagwara144411India
| | - Ahmed Barnawi
- Faculty of Computing and Information TechnologyKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
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Arora S, Bø B, Tjoflåt I, Eslen-Ziya H. Immigrants in Norway: Resilience, challenges and vulnerabilities in times of COVID-19. J Migr Health 2022; 5:100089. [PMID: 35280118 PMCID: PMC8897975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmh.2022.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immigrants experience social, economic and structural challenges during the pandemic. Pre-existing vulnerabilities may be further exacerbated during crisis. Need for better support in navigating healthcare and welfare services during COVID-19. Important to consider both short-term and long-term impacts of the pandemic.
Immigrants have been found to be disproportionately impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic across the world. Our study, exploring the experiences of immigrants in Norway during the pandemic, is based on interviews and focus group discussions with 10 and 21 immigrants, respectively. Our analysis showed that participants perceived the circumstances induced by the pandemic to be difficult and voiced the challenges experienced. Their experiences encompassed social, economic, and the public sphere, where immigrants felt themselves to be in more vulnerable positions than before the pandemic. Our analysis identified four main themes: 1) Feeling stagnated, 2) Perceptions towards government and health authorities, 3) Boundaries of us vs them, and 4) Coping. We conclude our paper by stating that government and health authorities should consider both short-term and long-term consequence of the pandemic to mitigate impact on communities at risk.
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Fukuda Y, Fukuda K. Educators' Psychosocial Burdens Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Predictive Factors: A Cross-Sectional Survey of the Relationship with Sense of Coherence and Social Capital. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042134. [PMID: 35206324 PMCID: PMC8872629 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to identify the social and psychological burdens placed on educators during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan and to propose an optimal form of support. We investigated educators' perceptions of psychological and socioeconomic anxieties and burdens, sense of coherence, and social capital using a questionnaire survey of 1000 educators in January 2021. Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to analyze the associations between the variables. Results: Approximately 80% of the respondents considered COVID-19 a formidable, life-threatening illness. Our results revealed that the higher the social capital, the greater the fear of COVID-19, and the higher the sense of coherence, the lower this fear. Conclusions: The anxiety burden of implementing infection prevention was higher than the anxiety burden associated with distance learning. The predictive factors for educators' perceptions of burden included sense of coherence, gender, and age. Our findings suggest the importance of having the government and educational institutions provide multidimensional assistance that matches educators' individual characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasue Fukuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 513-8670, Mie, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-59-373-7030
| | - Koji Fukuda
- Faculty of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan;
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Zhou W, He L, Nie X, Wuri T, Piao J, Chen D, Gao H, Liu J, Tubden K, He M, He J. Accuracy and Timeliness of Knowledge Dissemination on COVID-19 Among People in Rural and Remote Regions of China at the Early Stage of Outbreak. Front Public Health 2022; 9:554038. [PMID: 35087779 PMCID: PMC8787119 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.554038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread throughout China in January 2020. To contain the virus outbreak, the Chinese government took extraordinary measures in terms of public policy, wherein accurate and timely dissemination of information plays a crucial role. Despite all of the efforts toward studying this health emergency, little is known about the effectiveness of public policies that support health communication during such a crisis to disseminate knowledge for self-protection. Particularly, we focus on the accuracy and timeliness of knowledge dissemination on COVID-19 among people in remote regions—a topic largely omitted in existing research. In February 2020, at the early-stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, a questionnaire survey was carried out. In total, 8,520 participants from seven less economically developed provinces situated in the borderlands of China with large ethnic minority groups responded. We analyzed the data through poisson regression and logistic regression analyses. We found that (1) people in remote regions of China obtained accurate information on COVID-19. Further, they were able to take appropriate measures to protect themselves. (2) Result from both descriptive analysis and multivariable regression analysis revealed that there is no large difference in the accuracy of information among groups. (3) Older, less educated, and rural respondents received information with a significant delay, whereas highly educated, younger, urban residents and those who obtained information through online media were more likely to have received the news of the outbreak sooner and to be up to date on the information. This research provides evidence that disadvantage people in remote regions obtained accurate and essential information required to act in an appropriate manner in responses to the COVID-19 outbreak. However, they obtained knowledge on COVID-19 at a slower pace than other people; thus, further improvement in the timely dissemination of information among disadvantage people in remote regions is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- School of Ethnology and Sociology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Leshui He
- Department of Economics, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, United States
| | - Xuanhua Nie
- School of Ethnology and Sociology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Taoketaohu Wuri
- College of Ethnology and Anthropology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jinhai Piao
- Institute of Ethnic Studies, Yanbian University, Yanbian, China
| | - Dunshan Chen
- Center for Collaborative Innovation in the Heritage and Development of Xizang Culture, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Hui Gao
- School of Political Science and Laws, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jianmin Liu
- College of Ethnology and Sociology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Kyedrub Tubden
- Tibet's Economic and Cultural Research Center, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Ming He
- School of Ethnology and Sociology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun He
- School of Ethnology and Sociology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Impact of infectious disease epidemics on xenophobia: a systematic review. J Migr Health 2022; 5:100085. [PMID: 35252912 PMCID: PMC8891690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmh.2022.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenophobia has a significant impact on the health of international migrants. During an infectious disease outbreak, stigma and prejudice are highly pronounced. Migrants, often seen as disease carriers, are socially rejected during epidemics. Ensure an equal treatment and healthcare assistance for migrants is imperative. Educational interventions are urgently needed to prevent xenophobic tendencies.
Background Globally, xenophobia towards out-groups is frequently increased in times of economic and political instability, such as in infectious disease outbreaks. This systematic review aims to: (1) assess the xenophobic attitudes and behaviors towards migrants during disease outbreaks; and (2) identify adverse health outcomes linked to xenophobia. Methods We searched nine scientific databases to identify studies measuring xenophobic tendencies towards international migrants during disease outbreaks and evaluated the resulting adverse health effects. Results Eighteen articles were included in the review. The findings were grouped into: (1) xenophobia-related outcomes, including social exclusion, out-group avoidance, support for exclusionary health policies, othering, and germ aversion; and (2) mental health problems, such as anxiety and fear. Depending on the disease outbreak, different migrant populations were negatively affected, particularly Asians, Africans, and Latino people. Factors such as perceived vulnerability to disease, disgust sensitivity, medical mistrust individualism, collectivism, disease salience, social representation of disease and beliefs in different origins of disease were associated with xenophobia. Conclusions Overall, migrants can be a vulnerable population frequently blamed for spreading disease, promoting irrational fear, worry and stigma in various forms, thus leading to health inequities worldwide. It is urgent that societies adopt effective support strategies to combat xenophobia and structural forms of discrimination against migrants.
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Ugidos C, López-Gómez A, Castellanos MÁ, Saiz J, González-Sanguino C, Ausín B, Muñoz M. Evolution of intersectional perceived discrimination and internalized stigma during COVID-19 lockdown among the general population in Spain. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2022; 68:55-63. [PMID: 33274660 PMCID: PMC8793305 DOI: 10.1177/0020764020975802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stigma and discrimination have been associated with different diseases and pandemics, with negative consequences for the people who suffered them and for their communities. Currently, COVID-19 has become a new source of stigmatization. AIMS The aim of the present study is to analyze longitudinally the evolution of intersectional perceived discrimination and internalized stigma among the general population of Spain, at three points in time throughout the confinement. METHOD Participants completed an online survey. RESULTS Results show an increase in both variables from the first to the second evaluation, and a slight decrease from the second to the third evaluation. Moreover, these changes are explained by depression, anxiety and family support. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the factors that need to be considered to reduce the perception of discrimination and the internalization of stigma, and their detrimental consequences, during an especially stressful event such as the current pandemic outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ugidos
- Chair Against Stigma Grupo 5-Complutense University of Madrid, School of Psychology, Department of Social, Labor and Differential Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aída López-Gómez
- Chair Against Stigma Grupo 5-Complutense University of Madrid, School of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Castellanos
- Chair Against Stigma Grupo 5-Complutense University of Madrid, School of Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology in Behavioral Sciences Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Saiz
- Chair Against Stigma Grupo 5-Complutense University of Madrid, School of Psychology, Department of Social, Labor and Differential Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara González-Sanguino
- Chair Against Stigma Grupo 5-Complutense University of Madrid, School of Psychology, Personality, Evaluation and Clinical Psychology Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Berta Ausín
- Chair Against Stigma Grupo 5-Complutense University of Madrid, School of Psychology, Personality, Evaluation and Clinical Psychology Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Muñoz
- Chair Against Stigma Grupo 5-Complutense University of Madrid, School of Psychology, Personality, Evaluation and Clinical Psychology Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Why women avoid sexting: Mediating role of depression and guilt. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02766-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Aslan G, Kant E. Relationship between social exclusion and anxiety in older people during the COVID-19 pandemic. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22:240-245. [PMID: 35045588 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aims to determine the relationship between social exclusion and anxiety in older people during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS This descriptive research was conducted with individuals aged ≥65 years who were registered with Family Health Centers between July and September 2021. The sample size was calculated using a sampling method with an unknown population and was determined as 400 individuals; a random sampling method was utilized for selecting the participants. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Social Exclusion Scale in the Elderly and the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. RESULTS Social exclusion level was found to be significantly higher in those who were illiterate who were single/widowed, who lived in rural areas, who reportedly had a low income, who had a chronic disease, who used an assistive device and who perceived their health as bad (P < 0.05). The geriatric anxiety level was found to be significantly higher in those who had an education level of university and above, who were married, who lived with their spouse and children, who worked, who had a good income, who lived in urban areas, who did not use an assistive device, who were dependent in their daily activities, who did not have a chronic disease, who perceived their health condition as good, and who did exercises regularly (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study found a negative and significant relationship between the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory and the Social Exclusion Scale. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; ••: ••-••.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülpınar Aslan
- Department of Midwifery, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University School of Health, Agri, Turkey
| | - Elif Kant
- Aged Care Department, Ataturk University Health Services Vocational School, Erzurum, Turkey
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Passini S, Speltini G. Cleanliness and prejudice in times of pandemic. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Passini
- Department of Education Studies University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Wong LP, Alias H, Danaee M, Lee HY, Tan KM, Tok PSK, Muslimin M, AbuBakar S, Lin Y, Hu Z. Assessment of Impact of Containment During the COVID-19 Epidemic and Coping Behaviours Using Newly Developed Assessment Tools. Front Public Health 2022; 9:787672. [PMID: 35004587 PMCID: PMC8728738 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.787672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The confinement measures during COVID-19 had a massive effect on physical and psychological health in public. This study assessed the impact of containment and coping behaviour among the Malaysia public during the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions assessing the impact of containment and coping behaviours were developed and psychometrically tested. Methods: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted with the items using principal component analysis extraction and Varimax rotation. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to determine the relationship between coping and impact. Results: The 13-item of impact and 10-item coping instruments were developed with three dimensions identified through EFA. Both scales demonstrated excellent composite reliability and good convergent validity. The survey findings revealed that the impact on individual psychological aspects was prominent, followed by well-being and lifestyle. Mindfulness and physical coping strategies were most commonly reported. Coping through seeking help from health professionals and hotlines had a positive direct effect on well-being and lifestyle (b = 0.231, p < 0.001), psychological (B = 0.132, p < 0.001), and employment-related (0.194, p < 0.001) impacts. Coping through mindfulness practise had a negative effect on well-being and lifestyle-related impact (B = -0.180, p < 0.001) and employment-related impact (B = -0.096, p = 0.008). Conclusions: Despite some limitation, the scales for measuring impact and coping behaviours have the potential to be used as a measurement tool in future studies. Findings highlight the enormous impact of the pandemic on psychological well-being and lifestyles. Health authorities should support individual coping as it was found to be an important resilience-related factor to mitigate the impacts of containment during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ping Wong
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Practice, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haridah Alias
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Practice, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mahmoud Danaee
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Practice, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hai Yen Lee
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kit Mun Tan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Practice, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Peter Seah Keng Tok
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Practice, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Institute for Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Mustakiza Muslimin
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Science & Technology, PICOMS International University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yulan Lin
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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Yuan K, Huang XL, Yan W, Zhang YX, Gong YM, Su SZ, Huang YT, Zhong Y, Wang YJ, Yuan Z, Tian SS, Zheng YB, Fan TT, Zhang YJ, Meng SQ, Sun YK, Lin X, Zhang TM, Ran MS, Wong SYS, Rüsch N, Shi L, Bao YP, Lu L. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of stigma in infectious diseases, including COVID-19: a call to action. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:19-33. [PMID: 34580416 PMCID: PMC8475479 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases, including COVID-19, are crucial public health issues and may lead to considerable fear among the general public and stigmatization of, and discrimination against, specific populations. This meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of stigma in infectious disease epidemics. We systematically searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases since inception to June 08, 2021, and reported the prevalence of stigma towards people with infectious diseases including SARS, H1N1, MERS, Zika, Ebola, and COVID-19. A total of 50 eligible articles were included that contributed 51 estimates of prevalence in 92722 participants. The overall pooled prevalence of stigma across all populations was 34% [95% CI: 28-40%], including enacted stigma (36% [95% CI: 28-44%]) and perceived stigma (31% [95% CI: 22-40%]). The prevalence of stigma in patients, community population, and health care workers, was 38% [95% CI: 12- 65%], 36% [95% CI: 28-45%], and 30% [95% CI: 20-40%], respectively. The prevalence of stigma in participants from low- and middle-income countries was 37% [95% CI: 29-45%], which is higher than that from high-income countries (27% [95% CI: 18-36%]) though this difference was not statistically significant. A similar trend of prevalence of stigma was also observed in individuals with lower education (47% [95% CI: 23-71%]) compared to higher education level (33% [95% CI: 23-4%]). These findings indicate that stigma is a significant public health concern, and effective and comprehensive interventions are needed to counteract the damaging effects of the infodemics during infectious disease epidemics, including COVID-19, and reduce infectious disease-related stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yuan
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Huang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yan
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Xin Zhang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Miao Gong
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Zhen Su
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Tong Huang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Jie Wang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Yuan
- grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shan-Shan Tian
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Bo Zheng
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Teng-Teng Fan
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Jian Zhang
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Qiu Meng
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Kun Sun
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Ming Zhang
- grid.39436.3b0000 0001 2323 5732Department of Social Work, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Ran
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Samuel-Yeung-Shan Wong
- grid.10784.3a0000 0004 1937 0482JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nicolas Rüsch
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Department of Psychiatry II, Ulm University and BKH Günzburg, Ulm, Germany
| | - Le Shi
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yan-Ping Bao
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lin Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No.2018RU006), Peking University, Beijing, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Brance K, Chatzimpyros V, Bentall RP. Perceived Discrimination and Mental Health: The Role of Immigrant Social Connectedness during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Migr Health 2022; 6:100127. [PMID: 36092246 PMCID: PMC9443618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmh.2022.100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 public health emergency has led to changes in people's attitudes towards minority groups, increasing prejudice and discriminatory behaviors, especially towards migrants. These prejudicial attitudes and discrimination negatively influence migrants’ mental health increasing anxiety and depression and loneliness. However, the sense of belonging can be beneficial in mitigating these mental health issues especially in adverse social situations. Within this context, the aim of the study was to examine to what extent overall social connectedness plays a role in immigrant mental health during the COVID-19 crisis, hypothesizing that reduced sense of belonging to the social world will be part of the pathway from the negative effects of perceived discrimination on mental health during the pandemic. We recruited 104 immigrants from Greece who completed online self-report measures of perceived discrimination, social connectedness, depression, anxiety, paranoia, and loneliness, and conducted mediation analyses to test our predictions. Mediation models indicated that perceived discrimination has a negative impact on sense of belonging, which in turn increases anxiety and paranoia symptoms. Findings suggest that while perceived discrimination has a negative impact on mental health, this effect is less severe if participants remain socially connected. Results are discussed with regard to the need for social inclusion practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Brance
- Department of Psychology, the University of Sheffield, UK
- South East European Research Center, SEERC, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Corresponding author at: South East European Research Center, Proxenou Koromila 24, Thessaloniki, Greece, 54622
| | - Vasileios Chatzimpyros
- Department of Psychology, CITY college, University of York Europe Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece
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40
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Caricati L, D’Agostino G, Sollami A, Bonetti C. A study on COVID-19-related stigmatization, quality of professional life and professional identity in a sample of HCWs in Italy. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2022; 93:e2022150. [PMID: 35545987 PMCID: PMC9534206 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v93is2.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Perceived COVID-19-related stigmatizations have a strong impact on healthcare workers' wellbeing and quality of professional life, decreasing satisfaction and increasing fatigue. This work aims to investigate the role of professional identification in moderating the impact of COVID-19-related stigma on quality of professional life in a sample of healthcare professionals working in hospital. METHODS A cross-sectional design in which a web-based questionnaire was sent to professionals was used to collect answers from 174 participants, most of whom women and nurses. RESULTS Perceived stigma was negatively related with compassion satisfaction and positively related with an increase in both burnout and secondary traumatic stress. Professional identification had a positive correlation with satisfaction and a negative correlation with burnout, but this was not directly related with secondary traumatic stress. Importantly, stigma and identification interacted so that stigma decreased compassion satisfaction only when identification was low, and increased secondary traumatic stress only when identification was high. No interaction effect appeared with respect to burnout. CONCLUSIONS Experience of stigmatization has the potential to decrease the quality of professional life of healthcare professionals. Professional identification seems to help professional to maintain higher level of compassion satisfaction and reduced burnout. However, professional identification seems also be associated with vicarious trauma experienced following stigma. (www.actabiomedica.it).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Caricati
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Grazia D’Agostino
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Bonetti
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Cumulative and independent effects of experiences of social adversity on support for violent radicalization during the COVID-19 pandemic: the mediating role of depression. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:1221-1233. [PMID: 35149881 PMCID: PMC9091156 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Social adversity experiences have increased during the pandemic and are potential risk factors for both depression and support for violent radicalization (VR). However, the cumulative and independent effects of various social adversity experiences on support for VR have yet to be explored. This paper examines the cumulative and independent effects of COVID- and non-COVID-related discrimination, exposure to violence, traditional and cyberbullying victimization on support for VR. In addition, we investigate whether depression mediates the relationship between these forms of social adversity and support for VR. METHODS A total of 6003 young adults (Mage = 27, SDage = 4.40, range 18-35) living in metropolitan areas in Canada responded to an online survey. We used multivariable regression models, controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, to infer covariate adjusted associations between social adversity measures and support for VR. Additionally, we conducted a formal mediation analysis to estimate the proportion mediated by depression. RESULTS There was a cumulative relationship between experiences of social adversity and support for VR (β = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.32, 1.72). COVID-related discrimination and cyberbullying victimization were independently associated with stronger support for VR. Depression partially mediated the effect of cumulative social adversity, COVID-related discrimination and cyberbullying on support for VR. CONCLUSION Prevention programs during the present pandemic should prioritize decreasing discrimination and providing psychosocial support to depressed young adults who experience social adversity. Practitioners should prioritize developing programs that foster digital literacy skills and critical thinking among young adults to address the concerning impact of cyberbullying on support for VR.
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42
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Koroma D, Pestalozzi MI, Znoj H. How Social Exclusion, Embitterment, and Conspiracy Beliefs Mediate Individual's Intention to Vaccination against COVID-19: Results from a Moderated Serial Mediation Analysis. Psychopathology 2022; 55:93-103. [PMID: 35016189 PMCID: PMC8805074 DOI: 10.1159/000521016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As Switzerland faced the "second wave" of COVID-19 incidences, a discussion of a potential vaccine against the virus emerged. While some individuals accept vaccines, others challenge or refuse to be vaccinated, a phenomena called vaccine hesitancy. Here, trust plays a vital role in vaccination intention. Embitterment not only goes along with the sense of being treated unjust but also innates a distrust in others. Thus, embitterment may influence individuals' vaccination intention against COVID-19. In the present study, we investigate how feelings of being socially excluded and the perceived negative impact of the pandemic are associated with embitterment and in turn, how embitterment is related to individuals' vaccination intention and the tendency to hold COVID-19-related conspiracy beliefs (CCBs). This is in regard of the perceived communication style by the government. METHOD A convenience sample of 281 individuals completed an online survey developed on Qualtrics. In this cross-sectional, nonexperimental designed study, indirect effects of a moderated serial mediation were analyzed using Jamm (Jamovi, Version 0.9; 2019). RESULTS Results indicated that embitterment went along with increased feelings of social exclusion (β = 0.45, p < 0.001). Further, individuals high in embitterment generally indicated a higher vaccination intention against COVID-19 (β = 0.15, p < 0.01). However, embittered individuals holding CCBs had a decreased vaccination intention against COVID-19 (β = -0.71, p < 0.001). Thus, whether or not embittered individuals develop CCBs might be a crucial determinant for their vaccination intention. Noteworthy, the relationship between embitterment and the tendency to hold CCBs was reinforced by the notion of an unsatisfactory style of communication by the government. CONCLUSION Taken together, results suggest that embitterment not only plays a relevant role in vaccination intention against COVID-19 but also for the susceptibility to engage in conspiracy beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Koroma
- Department of Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine, Institute of Psychology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Maria I Pestalozzi
- Department of Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine, Institute of Psychology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Hansjörg Znoj
- Department of Health Psychology and Behavioural Medicine, Institute of Psychology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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43
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Huang X, Liu L, Eli B, Wang J, Chen Y, Liu Z. Mental Health of COVID-19 Survivors at 6 and 12 Months Postdiagnosis: A Cohort Study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:863698. [PMID: 35463490 PMCID: PMC9026183 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.863698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As COVID-19 persists around the world, it is necessary to explore the long-term mental health effects in COVID-19 survivors. In this study, we investigated the mental health outcomes of survivors of COVID-19 at 6 and 12 months postdiagnosis. METHODS Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD checklist for the DSM-5, PCL-5), depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale, GAD-7), resilience (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, CD-RISC-10), perceived social support (PSSS), personality traits (Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory-15, CBF-PI-15), and sociodemographic information were examined among 511 survivors of COVID-19 (48.1%, females; M age = 56.23 years at first assessment) at 6 and 12 months postdiagnosis. The data were analyzed with Wilcoxon signed rank tests and multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS The prevalence of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at 6 and 12 months after diagnosis was 13.31% and 6.26%; 20.35% and 11.94%; and 13.11% and 6.07%, respectively. The risk factors for all symptoms were as follows: higher neuroticism; lower openness, extraversion, agreeableness, and resilience; greater life disruptions due to COVID-19; poorer living standards; and increased symptoms of PTSD or depression at 6 months postdiagnosis. CONCLUSION The mental health of COVID-19 survivors improved between 6 and 12 months postdiagnosis. Mental health workers should pay long-term attention to this group, especially to survivors with risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Buzohre Eli
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaru Chen
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengkui Liu
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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44
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Huang F, Chen WT, Sun W, Zhang L, Lu H. Chinese infection-control strategies for COVID-19 prevention: A qualitative study with confirmed cases. Public Health Nurs 2021; 39:683-692. [PMID: 34862663 PMCID: PMC9090943 DOI: 10.1111/phn.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to describe how the prevention and controlling strategies have been experienced by COVID-19 patients in China, especially those who had passed through the suspected, diagnosed, hospitalized, and recovery stages of the disease. DESIGN A descriptive qualitative study followed the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research guidelines. SAMPLES COVID-19 patients were recruited from a COVID-19-designated facility in Shanghai, China, from April to June 2020, by the purposive sampling method. METHODS Semi-structured, in-depth interviews by cell phone were used and transcriptions were analyzed using inductive qualitative content analysis method. RESULTS We recruited 26 COVID-19 patients. Three theme categories emerged from the data analysis. The first was "Consciously adhere to COVID-19-related controlling strategies." The second category was "Positive experiences of the COVID-19-related controlling strategies." These patients experienced a quick and adequate medical response, confident in the medical system, or received help from community workers. The third category was "Negative experiences of the COVID-19-related controlling strategies." These patients experienced psychological distress, stigma, privacy exposures, and inconveniences from the controlling strategies. CONCLUSIONS It is urgent to develop a culturally sensitive intervention to eliminate the psychological distress and stigma of patients with COVID-19 and to protect their privacy during and after the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Huang
- School of Nursing, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ti Chen
- School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wenxiu Sun
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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45
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Fan W, Qian Y, Jin Y. Stigma, Perceived Discrimination, and Mental Health during China's COVID-19 Outbreak: A Mixed-Methods Investigation. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 62:562-581. [PMID: 34605700 PMCID: PMC8637388 DOI: 10.1177/00221465211040550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Research on stigma and discrimination during COVID-19 has focused on racism and xenophobia in Western countries. In comparison, little research has considered stigma processes, discrimination, and their public health implications in non-Western contexts. This study draws on quantitative survey data (N = 7,942) and qualitative interview data (N = 50) to understand the emergence, experiences, and mental health implications of stigma and discrimination during China's COVID-19 outbreak. Given China's history of regionalism, we theorize and use a survey experiment to empirically assess region-based stigma: People who lived in Hubei (the hardest hit province) during the outbreak and those who were socially associated with Hubei were stigmatized. Furthermore, the COVID-19 outbreak created stigma around people labeled as patients by the state. These stigmatized groups reported greater perceived discrimination, which-as a stressor-led to psychological distress. Our interview data illuminated how the stigmatized groups perceived, experienced, and coped with discrimination and stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Fan
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill,
MA, USA
| | - Yue Qian
- University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yongai Jin
- Renmin University of China,
Beijing, China
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46
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Raynor K, Panza L. Tracking the impact of COVID-19 in Victoria, Australia: Shocks, vulnerability and insurances among residents of share houses. CITIES (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 117:103332. [PMID: 34924669 PMCID: PMC8664763 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2021.103332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is re-shaping cities and regions, as residents respond to large disruptions to employment and social interaction and threats to public health. While the impacts of COVID-19 are extensive, certain groups are more vulnerable than others. Our research examines the impact of COVID-19 on members of share houses in the state of Victoria, Australia. This cohort is more likely to be young, casually employed, living in informal arrangements and at risk of homelessness than the broader population. We propose a conceptual framework for investigating the factors driving vulnerability to shocks and the resources most likely to support individuals to respond to or recover from these shocks. We surveyed 1052 share house occupants in June 2020. We found dramatic results, with 74% losing their job or having their hours reduced, 47% experiencing a reduction in their financial situation and 50% reporting that their mental health had deteriorated. These outcomes were worse for young people, casual employees or immigrants. Our research highlights the positive influence of social support for low-income individuals. We find that government social welfare payments are the most impactful form of insurance, calling for a greater appreciation of the role of social welfare in supporting resilience following a disaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Raynor
- Faculty of Architecture, Building and Planning, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura Panza
- Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
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47
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Goda K, Kenzaka T, Yahata S, Kumabe A, Katsurada M, Nishisaki H. Concerns and Anxieties of Patients During Hospitalization for COVID-19. Cureus 2021; 13:e18202. [PMID: 34584819 PMCID: PMC8458784 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the concerns and anxieties of hospitalized coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients. Methods A questionnaire was distributed to patients on discharge. The responses were analyzed once they were returned by mail. Results Responses were received from 27 of 39 patients (average age, 50 ± 17 years). Among the participants, 16 were male (59.3%), 19 were symptomatic (70.4%), and two required a ventilator (7.4%). Anxiety about symptom exacerbation was reported by 36.0% of participants. Quarantine-associated stress was experienced by 60.0% of participants, and 72.0% of participants supported the change in federal policy that allows asymptomatic patients and patients with mild conditions to isolate themselves at a hotel or their home. Following discharge, 44.0% of participants experienced anxieties regarding their lives after discharge, and 56.0% were anxious regarding discrimination and rumors. During hospitalization, 68.0% of participants re-evaluated their attitude toward health, 44.0% regretted the preventative measures they took before contracting COVID-19, and 44.0% felt guilty for becoming infected. Conclusions Participants experienced various kinds of stress related to hospitalization for COVID-19. There was a trend of people being more concerned about their relationships than their own health. Therefore, as asymptomatic participants and participants with mild symptoms also experienced psychological stresses, it is also necessary to consider the psychological and social effects of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Goda
- Division of Community Medicine and Career Development, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, JPN
| | - Tsuneaki Kenzaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, Tanba, JPN.,Division of Community Medicine and Career Development, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, JPN
| | - Shinsuke Yahata
- Division of Community Medicine and Medical Education, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, JPN
| | - Ayako Kumabe
- Division of Community Medicine and Career Development, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, JPN
| | - Masahiro Katsurada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, Tanba, JPN
| | - Hogara Nishisaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, Tanba, JPN
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48
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Goda K, Kenzaka T, Yahata S, Kumabe A, Katsurada M, Nishisaki H. Changes in patients' outlook, behaviors, and attitudes toward COVID-19 after hospitalization and their experiences of discrimination and harassment. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:362. [PMID: 34535190 PMCID: PMC8447803 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05780-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to examine changes in patients’ perspectives and outlooks regarding the disease and their health after hospitalization for COVID-19 and investigate their discrimination and harassment experiences. This prospective observational study surveyed discharged patients who had been admitted to Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center in Japan for COVID-19. Patient characteristics, changes in outlook and behaviors after discharge, and incidents of discrimination and harassment were examined. The study was conducted in two waves: March–June 2020 and July–September 2020. Results Responses were obtained from 27 patients aged 50 ± 17 years, including 16 men (59.3%). We found most patients feared infection before hospitalization (88.5%) and had taken some preventive measures (96.3%), however after discharge, all (100%) practiced social distancing and infection prevention. Twenty patients (80%) considered changing their lifestyles, and 19 (79.2%) decided to use sick leave when they felt ill; these trends were more prominent during the second wave. Six patients (23.1%) reported experiencing discrimination or harassment after discharge. While most patients with COVID-19 had a strong fear of infection before hospitalization, their views about health and health behaviors changed after hospitalization. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05780-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Goda
- Division of Community Medicine and Career Development, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-5, Arata-cho, Hyogo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 652-0032, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, Tanba, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Kenzaka
- Division of Community Medicine and Career Development, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-5, Arata-cho, Hyogo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 652-0032, Japan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, Tanba, Japan.
| | - Shinsuke Yahata
- Division of Community Medicine and Medical Education, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ayako Kumabe
- Division of Community Medicine and Career Development, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-5, Arata-cho, Hyogo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 652-0032, Japan
| | - Masahiro Katsurada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, Tanba, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hogara Nishisaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Tamba Medical Center, Tanba, Japan
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Suzuki R, Iizuka Y, Lefor AK. COVID-19 related discrimination in Japan: A preliminary analysis utilizing text-mining. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27105. [PMID: 34516501 PMCID: PMC8428692 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the general Japanese population's thoughts on coronavirus disease of 2019 related discrimination by Tweets.Tweets were retrieved from search queries using the keywords "health care providers and discrimination (no hashtags)" and "corona and rural area (no hashtags)" via the Twitter application programming interface. Subsequently, a text-mining analysis was conducted on tokenized text data. R version 4.0.2 was used for the analysis.In total, 51,906 tweets for "corona and health care providers", 59,560 tweets for "corona and rural" were obtained between the search period of July 29, 2020 and September 30, 2020. The most common 20 words from the tokenized text data were translated to English. Word clouds with the original Japanese words are presented.Tweets for corona and health care providers did not suggest significant evidence of discrimination toward health care providers on Twitter. Results for corona and rural area, however, showed the unexpected word "murahachibu" (an outmoded word meaning ostracism), suggesting persistent strong social pressure to prevent bringing the disease to the community. This kind of pressure may not be supported by scientific facts. These results demonstrate the need for continued educational efforts to disseminate factual information to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Suzuki
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Yusuke Iizuka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan
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A cross-sectional study of COVID-19-related bullying in a sample of Lebanese adults: scale validation, correlates, and mediating effect of fear and anxiety. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:137. [PMID: 34496963 PMCID: PMC8425023 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00643-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has led to prolonged exposure to stress and anxiety, raising concerns about a large spectrum of psychological side effects. The primary objective of the study was to validate the COVID-19 Bullying Scale (CBS-11). The second objective was to explore factors associated with COVID-19-related bullying and evaluate the mediating effect of fear and anxiety between knowledge and COVID-19-related bullying.
Methods A cross-sectional online survey conducted between December 20, 2020, and January 5, 2021, recruited 405 Lebanese adults using a snowball sampling technique. The CBS-11, an 11-item tool specifically created for this study, was used to measure bullying behaviors towards COVID-19 patients. Results All items of the CBS-11 converged over a 1-factor solution with an eigenvalue over 1, accounting for a variance of 75.16%. The scale has a high Cronbach’s alpha (.974), indicating excellent reliability. A positive correlation was found between the COVID-19 bullying scale and fear, anxiety, and stigma discrimination. The logistic regression showed that higher fear of COVID-19 (ORa = 1.04), a positive attitude toward COVID-19 preventive measures and hygiene recommendations (ORa = 1.18), higher stigma discrimination scores (ORa = 1.09), and having a health professional family member (ORa = 2.42) were significantly associated with bullying. Conclusion Our main findings showed that the CBS-11 could be an efficient tool to measure bullying behaviors toward COVID-19 patients. Stigma discrimination and fear from COVID-19 were associated with higher bullying attitudes. Future prospective studies are needed to understand better the factors related to bullying among adults during a pandemic, such as COVID-19. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-021-00643-1.
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