1
|
Ma X, Ma R, Zhang M, Qian B, Wang B, Yang W. Recent Progress in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Using Immune Cells as Targets. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030728. [PMID: 36986586 PMCID: PMC10057470 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The main pathological features are inflammatory reaction, demyelination, axonal disintegration, reactive gliosis, etc. The etiology and pathogenesis of the disease have not been clarified. The initial studies believed that T cell-mediated cellular immunity is the key to the pathogenesis of MS. In recent years, more and more evidence has shown that B cells and their mediated humoral immune and innate immune cells (such as microglia, dendritic cells, macrophages, etc.) also play an important role in the pathogenesis of MS. This article mainly reviews the research progress of MS by targeting different immune cells and analyzes the action pathways of drugs. The types and mechanisms of immune cells related to the pathogenesis are introduced in detail, and the mechanisms of drugs targeting different immune cells are discussed in depth. This article aims to clarify the pathogenesis and immunotherapy pathway of MS, hoping to find new targets and strategies for the development of therapeutic drugs for MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Rong Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mengzhe Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Baicheng Qian
- Department of Neuroscience, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Baoliang Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (W.Y.)
| | - Weijing Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Henan Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (W.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shen D, Liu K, Wang H, Wang H. Autophagy modulation in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:140-150. [PMID: 35641229 PMCID: PMC9390842 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), a white matter demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), is characterized by neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a commonly used animal model for investigating pathogenic mechanisms of MS, representing the destruction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the activation of T cells, and the infiltration of myeloid cells. An increasing number of studies have documented that autophagy plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of both MS and EAE. Autophagy maintains CNS homeostasis by degrading the damaged organelles and abnormal proteins. Furthermore, autophagy is involved in inflammatory responses by regulating the activation of immune cells and the secretion of inflammatory factors. However, the specific mechanisms of autophagy involved in MS and EAE are not completely understood. In this review, we will summarize the complex mechanisms of autophagy in MS and EAE, providing potential therapeutic approaches for the management of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Shen
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266000, Shan Dong Province, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266000, Shan Dong Province, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266000, Shan Dong Province, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Correspondence: Haifeng Wang, Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shan Dong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Li L, Li J, Zhao B, Huang G, Li X, Xie Z, Zhou Z. The Emerging Role of m6A Modification in Regulating the Immune System and Autoimmune Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:755691. [PMID: 34869344 PMCID: PMC8635162 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.755691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past several decades, RNA modifications have rapidly emerged as an indispensable topic in epitranscriptomics. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), namely, methylation at the sixth position of an adenine base in an RNA molecule, is the most prevalent RNA modification in both coding and noncoding RNAs. m6A has emerged as a crucial posttranscriptional regulator involved in both physiological and pathological processes. Based on accumulating evidence, m6A participates in the pathogenesis of immune-related diseases by regulating both innate and adaptive immune cells through various mechanisms. Autoimmune diseases are caused by a self-destructive immune response in the setting of genetic and environmental factors, and recent studies have discovered that m6A may play an essential role in the development of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we focus on the important role of m6A modification in biological functions and highlight its contributions to immune cells and the development of autoimmune diseases, thereby providing promising epitranscriptomic targets for preventing and treating autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lifang Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguo Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Meena M, Van Delen M, De Laere M, Sterkens A, Costas Romero C, Berneman Z, Cools N. Transmigration across a Steady-State Blood-Brain Barrie Induces Activation of Circulating Dendritic Cells Partly Mediated by Actin Cytoskeletal Reorganization. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11090700. [PMID: 34564517 PMCID: PMC8472465 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11090700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is considered to be an immunologically unique site, in large part given its extensive protection by the blood–brain barrier (BBB). As our knowledge of the complex interaction between the peripheral immune system and the CNS expands, the mechanisms of immune privilege are being refined. Here, we studied the interaction of dendritic cells (DCs) with the BBB in steady–state conditions and observed that transmigrated DCs display an activated phenotype and stronger T cell-stimulatory capacity as compared to non-migrating DCs. Next, we aimed to gain further insights in the processes underlying activation of DCs following transmigration across the BBB. We investigated the interaction of DCs with endothelial cells as well as the involvement of actin cytoskeletal reorganization. Whereas we were not able to demonstrate that DCs engulf membrane fragments from fluorescently labelled endothelial cells during transmigration across the BBB, we found that blocking actin restructuring of DCs by latrunculin-A significantly impaired in vitro migration of DC across the BBB and subsequent T cell-stimulatory capacity, albeit no effect on migration-induced phenotypic activation could be demonstrated. These observations contribute to the current understanding of the interaction between DCs and the BBB, ultimately leading to the design of targeted therapies capable to inhibit autoimmune inflammation of the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megha Meena
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.M.); (M.V.D.); (M.D.L.); (A.S.); (C.C.R.); (Z.B.)
| | - Mats Van Delen
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.M.); (M.V.D.); (M.D.L.); (A.S.); (C.C.R.); (Z.B.)
| | - Maxime De Laere
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.M.); (M.V.D.); (M.D.L.); (A.S.); (C.C.R.); (Z.B.)
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Ann Sterkens
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.M.); (M.V.D.); (M.D.L.); (A.S.); (C.C.R.); (Z.B.)
- Department of Dermatology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Coloma Costas Romero
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.M.); (M.V.D.); (M.D.L.); (A.S.); (C.C.R.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zwi Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.M.); (M.V.D.); (M.D.L.); (A.S.); (C.C.R.); (Z.B.)
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (M.M.); (M.V.D.); (M.D.L.); (A.S.); (C.C.R.); (Z.B.)
- Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Made to Measure: Patient-Tailored Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis Using Cell-Based Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147536. [PMID: 34299154 PMCID: PMC8304207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is still no cure for multiple sclerosis (MS), which is an autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. Treatment options predominantly consist of drugs that affect adaptive immunity and lead to a reduction of the inflammatory disease activity. A broad range of possible cell-based therapeutic options are being explored in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including MS. This review aims to provide an overview of recent and future advances in the development of cell-based treatment options for the induction of tolerance in MS. Here, we will focus on haematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, regulatory T cells and dendritic cells. We will also focus on less familiar cell types that are used in cell therapy, including B cells, natural killer cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We will address key issues regarding the depicted therapies and highlight the major challenges that lie ahead to successfully reverse autoimmune diseases, such as MS, while minimising the side effects. Although cell-based therapies are well known and used in the treatment of several cancers, cell-based treatment options hold promise for the future treatment of autoimmune diseases in general, and MS in particular.
Collapse
|
6
|
Misrielal C, Mauthe M, Reggiori F, Eggen BJL. Autophagy in Multiple Sclerosis: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:603710. [PMID: 33328897 PMCID: PMC7714924 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.603710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex auto-immune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that involves a range of CNS and immune cells. MS is characterized by chronic neuroinflammation, demyelination, and neuronal loss, but the molecular causes of this disease remain poorly understood. One cellular process that could provide insight into MS pathophysiology and also be a possible therapeutic avenue, is autophagy. Autophagy is an intracellular degradative pathway essential to maintain cellular homeostasis, particularly in neurons as defects in autophagy lead to neurodegeneration. One of the functions of autophagy is to maintain cellular homeostasis by eliminating defective or superfluous proteins, complexes, and organelles, preventing the accumulation of potentially cytotoxic damage. Importantly, there is also an intimate and intricate interplay between autophagy and multiple aspects of both innate and adaptive immunity. Thus, autophagy is implicated in two of the main hallmarks of MS, neurodegeneration, and inflammation, making it especially important to understand how this pathway contributes to MS manifestation and progression. This review summarizes the current knowledge about autophagy in MS, in particular how it contributes to our understanding of MS pathology and its potential as a novel therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chairi Misrielal
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mario Mauthe
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart J L Eggen
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pinke KH, Zorzella-Pezavento SFG, Lara VS, Sartori A. Should mast cells be considered therapeutic targets in multiple sclerosis? Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1995-2007. [PMID: 32394947 PMCID: PMC7716037 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.282238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are immune cells of the myeloid lineage that are found throughout the body, including the central nervous system. They perform many functions associated with innate and specific immunity, angiogenesis, and vascular homeostasis. Moreover, they have been implicated in a series of pathologies (e.g., hypersensitivity reactions, tumors, and inflammatory disorders). In this review, we propose that this cell could be a relevant therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis, which is a central nervous system degenerative disease. To support this proposition, we describe the general biological properties of mast cells, their contribution to innate and specific immunity, and the participation of mast cells in the various stages of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis development. The final part of this review is dedicated to an overview of the available mast cells immunomodulatory drugs and their activity on multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, including our own experience related to the effect of ketotifen fumarate on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Henriette Pinke
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Bauru School of Dentistry, Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandrina Sartori
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ferrara G, Benzi A, Sturla L, Marubbi D, Frumento D, Spinelli S, Abbotto E, Ivaldi F, von Holtey M, Murone M, Nencioni A, Uccelli A, Bruzzone S. Sirt6 inhibition delays the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by reducing dendritic cell migration. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:228. [PMID: 32736564 PMCID: PMC7393881 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01906-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory and demyelinating disease characterized by multifocal perivascular infiltrates of immune cells. Although EAE is predominantly considered a T helper 1-driven autoimmune disease, mounting evidence suggests that activated dendritic cells (DC), which are the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, also contribute to its pathogenesis. Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), a NAD+-dependent deacetylase involved in genome maintenance and in metabolic homeostasis, regulates DC activation, and its pharmacological inhibition could, therefore, play a role in EAE development. Methods EAE was induced in female C57bl/6 mice by MOG35-55 injection. The effect of treatment with a small compound SIRT6 inhibitor, administered according to therapeutic and preventive protocols, was assessed by evaluating the clinical EAE score. SIRT6 inhibition was confirmed by Western blot analysis by assessing the acetylation of histone 3 lysine 9, a known SIRT6 substrate. The expression of DC activation and migration markers was evaluated by FACS in mouse lymph nodes. In addition, the expression of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the spinal cord were assessed by qPCR. T cell infiltration in spinal cords was evaluated by immunofluorescence imaging. The effect of Sirt6 inhibition on the migration of resting and activated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells was investigated in in vitro chemotaxis assays. Results Preventive pharmacological Sirt6 inhibition effectively delayed EAE disease onset through a novel regulatory mechanism, i.e., by reducing the representation of CXCR4-positive and of CXCR4/CCR7-double-positive DC in lymph nodes. The delay in EAE onset correlated with the early downregulation in the expression of CD40 on activated lymph node DC, with increased level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and with a reduced encephalitogenic T cell infiltration in the central nervous system. Consistent with the in vivo data, in vitro pharmacological Sirt6 inhibition in LPS-stimulated, bone marrow-derived DC reduced CCL19/CCL21- and SDF-1-induced DC migration. Conclusions Our findings indicate the ability of Sirt6 inhibition to impair DC migration, to downregulate pathogenic T cell inflammatory responses and to delay EAE onset. Therefore, Sirt6 might represent a valuable target for developing novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of early stages of MS, or of other autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ferrara
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Andrea Benzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Sturla
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Marubbi
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Davide Frumento
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Sonia Spinelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Elena Abbotto
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Federico Ivaldi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessio Nencioni
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Uccelli
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Apigenin Modulates Dendritic Cell Activities and Curbs Inflammation Via RelB Inhibition in the Context of Neuroinflammatory Diseases. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2020; 16:403-424. [PMID: 32607691 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-020-09933-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation leads to tissue injury causing many of the clinical symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis, an autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). While T cells, specifically Th1 and Th17 cells, are the ultimate effectors of this disease, dendritic cells (DCs) mediate T cell polarization, activation, etc. In our previous study, Apigenin, a natural flavonoid, has been shown to reduce EAE disease severity through amelioration of demyelination in the CNS as well as the sequestering of DCs and other myeloid cells in the periphery. Here, we show that Apigenin exerts its effects possibly through shifting DC modulated T cell responses from Th1 and Th17 type towards Treg directed responses evident through the decrease in T-bet, IFN-γ (Th1), IL-17 (Th17) and increase in IL-10, TGF-β and FoxP3 (Treg) expression in cells from both normal human donors and EAE mice. RelB, an NF-κβ pathway protein is central to DC maturation, its antigen presentation capabilities and DC-mediated T cell activation. Apigenin reduced mRNA and protein levels of RelB and also reduced its nuclear translocation. Additionally, siRNA-mediated silencing of RelB further potentiated the RelB-mediated effects of Apigenin thus confirming its role in Apigenin directed regulation of DC biology. These results provide key information about the molecular events controlled by Apigenin in its regulation of DC activity marking its potential as a therapy for neuroinflammatory disease. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
|
10
|
Stathopoulou C, Nikoleri D, Bertsias G. Immunometabolism: an overview and therapeutic prospects in autoimmune diseases. Immunotherapy 2020; 11:813-829. [PMID: 31120393 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is a critical immune regulator under physiologic and pathologic conditions. Culminating evidence has disentangled the contribution of distinct metabolic pathways, namely glucolysis, pentose phosphate, fatty acid oxidation, glutaminolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, in modulating innate and adaptive immune cells based on their activation/differentiation state. Metabolic aberrations and changes in the intracellular levels of specific metabolites are linked to the inflammatory phenotype of immune cells implicated in autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and diabetes. Notably, targeting metabolism such as the mTOR by rapamycin, hexokinase by 2-deoxy-D-glucose, AMP-activated protein kinase by metformin, may be used to ameliorate autoimmune inflammation. Accordingly, research in immunometabolism is expected to offer novel opportunities for monitoring and treating immune-mediated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Stathopoulou
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital of Heraklion, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.,Laboratory of Rheumatology, Autoimmunity & Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, N. Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitra Nikoleri
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital of Heraklion, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.,Laboratory of Rheumatology, Autoimmunity & Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, N. Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Bertsias
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology & Allergy, University Hospital of Heraklion, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.,Laboratory of Rheumatology, Autoimmunity & Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, N. Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Konishi H, Kiyama H. Microglial TREM2/DAP12 Signaling: A Double-Edged Sword in Neural Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:206. [PMID: 30127720 PMCID: PMC6087757 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are activated after neuronal injury and in neurodegenerative diseases, and trigger neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia-derived neuroinflammation has both beneficial and detrimental effects on neurons. Because the timing and magnitude of microglial activation is thought to be a critical determinant of neuronal fate, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying microglial activation is required to enable establishment of microglia-targeted therapies for neural diseases. Plasma membrane receptors play primary roles as activators of microglia and in this review, we focus on a receptor complex involving triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12), both of which are causative genes for Nasu-Hakola disease, a dementia with bone cysts. Recent transcriptome approaches demonstrated TREM2/DAP12 signaling as the principal regulator that transforms microglia from a homeostatic to a neural disease-associated state. Furthermore, animal model studies revealed critical roles for TREM2/DAP12 in the regulation of microglial activity, including survival, phagocytosis, and cytokine production, not only in Alzheimer's disease but also in other neural diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, demyelinating disease, ischemia, and peripheral nerve injury. Intriguingly, while TREM2/DAP12-mediated microglial activation is detrimental for some diseases, including peripheral nerve injury, it is beneficial for other diseases. As the role of activated microglia differs among disease models, TREM2/DAP12 signaling may result in different outcomes in different diseases. In this review we discuss recent perspectives on the role of TREM2/DAP12 in microglia and their contribution to neural diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Konishi
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyama
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang L, Li Z, Ciric B, Safavi F, Zhang GX, Rostami A. Selective depletion of CD11c + CD11b + dendritic cells partially abrogates tolerogenic effects of intravenous MOG in murine EAE. Eur J Immunol 2017; 46:2454-2466. [PMID: 27338697 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous (i.v.) injection of a soluble myelin antigen can induce tolerance, which effectively ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We have previously shown that i.v. myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) induces tolerance in EAE and expands a subpopulation of tolerogenic CD11c+ CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) with an immature phenotype having low expression of IA and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD86, and CD80. Here, we further investigate the role of tolerogenic DCs in i.v. tolerance by injecting clodronate-loaded liposomes, which selectively deplete CD11c+ CD11b+ and immature DCs, but not CD11c+ CD8+ DCs and mature DCs. I.v. MOG-induced suppression of EAE was partially, yet significantly, blocked by CD11c+ CD11b+ DC depletion. While i.v. MOG inhibited IA, CD40, CD80, CD86 expression and induced TGF-β, IL-27, IL-10 production in CD11c+ CD11b+ DCs, these effects were abrogated after injection of clodronate-loaded liposomes. Depletion of CD11c+ CD11b+ DCs also precluded i.v. autoantigen-induced T-cell tolerance, such as decreased production of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-17 and numbers of IL-2+ , IFN-γ+ , and IL-17+ CD4+ T cells, as well as an increased proportion of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and CD4+ IL-10+ Foxp3- Tr1 cells. CD11c+ CD11b+ DCs, through low expression of IA and costimulatory molecules as well as high expression of TGF-β, IL-27, and IL-10, play an important role in i.v. tolerance-induced EAE suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Limei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zichen Li
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Farinaz Safavi
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schiefenhövel F, Immig K, Prodinger C, Bechmann I. Indications for cellular migration from the central nervous system to its draining lymph nodes in CD11c-GFP + bone-marrow chimeras following EAE. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:2151-2166. [PMID: 28421248 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4956-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The concept as to how the brain maintains its immune privilege has initially been based on observations that it is lacking classical lymph vessels and later, the absence of dendritic cells (DC). This view has been challenged by several groups demonstrating drainage/migration of injected tracers and cells into cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) and the presence of brain antigens in CLNs in the course of various brain pathologies. Using CD11c-diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic (tg) mice, we have shown the existence of CD11c+ cells, a main DC marker, within the brain parenchyma. Since injecting tracers or cells may cause barrier artefacts, we have now transplanted wild type (wt)-bone marrow (BM) to lethally irradiated CD11c-DTR-GFP tg mice to restrict the CD11c-DTR-GFP+ population to the brain and induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). We observed ramified GFP+ cells in the olfactory bulb, the cribriform plate, the nasal mucosa and superficial CLNs. We measured a significant increase of host gfp genomic DNA (gDNA) levels in lymph nodes (LNs) previously described as draining stations for the central nervous system (CNS). Using flow cytometry analysis, we observed an increase of the percentage of CD11c-GFP+ cells in brain parenchyma in the course of EAE which is most likely due to an up-regulation of CD11c of resident microglial cells since levels of gfp gDNA did not increase. Our data supports the hypothesis that brain-resident antigen presenting cells (APC) are capable of migrating to CNS-draining LNs to present myelin-associated epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fridtjof Schiefenhövel
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Oststraße 25, 04317, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Immig
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Oststraße 25, 04317, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Carolin Prodinger
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Oststraße 25, 04317, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Oststraße 25, 04317, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Biophysical Properties and Motility of Human Mature Dendritic Cells Deteriorated by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor through Cytoskeleton Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111756. [PMID: 27809226 PMCID: PMC5133777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen-presenting cells, play a central role in the initiation, regulation, and maintenance of the immune responses. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the important cytokines in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and can inhibit the differentiation and functional maturation of DCs. To elucidate the potential mechanisms of DC dysfunction induced by VEGF, the effects of VEGF on the biophysical characteristics and motility of human mature DCs (mDCs) were investigated. The results showed that VEGF had a negative influence on the biophysical properties, including electrophoretic mobility, osmotic fragility, viscoelasticity, and transmigration. Further cytoskeleton structure analysis by confocal microscope and gene expression profile analyses by gene microarray and real-time PCR indicated that the abnormal remodeling of F-actin cytoskeleton may be the main reason for the deterioration of biophysical properties, motility, and stimulatory capability of VEGF-treated mDCs. This is significant for understanding the biological behavior of DCs and the immune escape mechanism of tumors. Simultaneously, the therapeutic efficacies may be improved by blocking the signaling pathway of VEGF in an appropriate manner before the deployment of DC-based vaccinations against tumors.
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu X, Gao Y, Zhai Z, Zhang S, Shan F, Feng J. Repulsive guidance molecule a blockade exerts the immunoregulatory function in DCs stimulated with ABP and LPS. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2169-2180. [PMID: 26986456 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1164361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Repulsive guidance molecule a (RGMa) is an axonal guidance molecule that has recently found to exert function in immune system. This study evaluated the function of RGMa in modulation of dendritic cells (DCs) function stimulated with Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharide (ABP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using a RGMa-neutralizing antibody. Compared with the Control-IgG/ABP and Control-IgG/LPS groups, DCs in the Anti-RGMa/ABP and Anti-RGMa/LPS groups 1) showed small, round cells with a few cell processes and organelles, and many pinocytotic vesicles; 2) had decreased MHC II, CD86, CD80, and CD40 expression; 3) displayed the decreased IL-12p70, IL-1β and TNF-α levels and increased IL-10 secretion; 4) had a high percentage of FITC-dextran uptake; and 5) displayed a reduced ability to drive T cell proliferation and reinforced T cell polarization toward a Th2 cytokine pattern. We conclude that DCs treated with RGMa-neutralizing antibodies present with tolerogenic and immunoregulatory characteristics, which provides new insights into further understanding of the function of RGMa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuxu Xu
- a Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital , Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Yan Gao
- a Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital , Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Zhiyong Zhai
- a Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital , Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- a Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital , Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Fengping Shan
- b Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science , China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Juan Feng
- a Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital , Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cistromic and genetic evidence that the vitamin D receptor mediates susceptibility to latitude-dependent autoimmune diseases. Genes Immun 2016; 17:213-9. [PMID: 26986782 PMCID: PMC4895389 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates gene expression in many cell types, including immune cells. It requires binding of 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25D3) for activation. Many autoimmune diseases show latitude-dependent prevalence and/or association with vitamin D deficiency, and vitamin D supplementation is commonly used in their clinical management. 1,25D3 is regulated by genes associated with the risk of autoimmune diseases and predominantly expressed in myeloid cells. We determined the VDR cistrome in monocytes and monocyte-derived inflammatory (DC1) and tolerogenic dendritic cells (DC2). VDR motifs were highly overrepresented in ChIP-Seq peaks in stimulated monocyte (40%), DC1 (21%) and DC2 (47%), P<E(-100) for all. Of the nearly 11 000 VDR-binding peaks identified across the genome in DC1s, 1317 were shared with DC2s (91% of DC2 sites) and 1579 with monocytes (83% of monocyte sites). Latitude-dependent autoimmune disease risk polymorphisms were highly overrepresented within 5 kb of the peaks. Several transcription factor recognition motifs were highly overrepresented in the peaks, including those for the autoimmune risk gene, BATF. This evidence indicates that VDR regulates hundreds of myeloid cell genes and that the molecular pathways controlled by VDR in these cells are important in maintaining tolerance.
Collapse
|
17
|
The low EOMES/TBX21 molecular phenotype in multiple sclerosis reflects CD56+ cell dysregulation and is affected by immunomodulatory therapies. Clin Immunol 2016; 163:96-107. [PMID: 26762769 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease treated by therapies targeting peripheral blood cells. We previously identified that expression of two MS-risk genes, the transcription factors EOMES and TBX21 (ET), was low in blood from MS and stable over time. Here we replicated the low ET expression in a new MS cohort (p<0.0007 for EOMES, p<0.028 for TBX21) and demonstrate longitudinal stability (p<10(-4)) and high heritability (h(2)=0.48 for EOMES) for this molecular phenotype. Genes whose expression correlated with ET, especially those controlling cell migration, further defined the phenotype. CD56+ cells and other subsets expressed lower levels of Eomes or T-bet protein and/or were under-represented in MS. EOMES and TBX21 risk SNP genotypes, and serum EBNA-1 titres were not correlated with ET expression, but HLA-DRB1*1501 genotype was. ET expression was normalised to healthy control levels with natalizumab, and was highly variable for glatiramer acetate, fingolimod, interferon-beta, dimethyl fumarate.
Collapse
|
18
|
Yen JH, Kong W, Hooper KM, Emig F, Rahbari KM, Kuo PC, Scofield BA, Ganea D. Differential effects of IFN-β on IL-12, IL-23, and IL-10 expression in TLR-stimulated dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:689-702. [PMID: 26059829 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3hi0914-453r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MS is an autoimmune disease characterized by immune cell infiltration in the CNS, leading to cumulative disability. IFN-β, used clinically in RR-MS reduces lesion formation and rates of relapse. Although the molecular mechanisms are not entirely elucidated, myeloid cells appear to be a major target for the therapeutic effects of IFN-β. DCs have a critical role in experimental models of MS through their effect on encephalitogenic Th1/Th17 cell differentiation and expansion. Here we focused on the effects of IFN-β on DC expression of cytokines involved in the control of Th1/Th17 differentiation and expansion. Administration of IFN-β to mice immunized with MOG35-55 inhibited IL-12 and IL-23 expression in splenic DC and reduced in vivo differentiation of Th1/Th17 cells. IFN-β affected cytokine expression in TLR-stimulated DC in a similar manner in vitro, inhibiting IL-12 and IL-23 and stimulating IL-10 at both mRNA and protein levels, by signaling through IFNAR. We investigated the role of the signaling molecules STAT1/STAT2, IRF-1 and IRF-7, and of the PI3K→GSK3 pathway. IFN-β inhibition of the IL-12 subunits p40 and p35 was mediated through STAT1/STAT2, whereas inhibition of IL-23 was STAT1 dependent, and the stimulatory effect on IL-10 expression was mediated through STAT2. IFN-β induces IRF-7 and, to a lesser degree, IRF-1. However, neither IRF mediated the effects of IFN-β on IL-12, IL-23, or IL-10. We found that the PI3K pathway mediated IL-12 inhibition but did not interfere with the inhibition of IL-23 or stimulation of IL-10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hung Yen
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Weimin Kong
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kirsten M Hooper
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frances Emig
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kate M Rahbari
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ping-Chang Kuo
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Barbara A Scofield
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Doina Ganea
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Immig K, Gericke M, Menzel F, Merz F, Krueger M, Schiefenhövel F, Lösche A, Jäger K, Hanisch UK, Biber K, Bechmann I. CD11c-positive cells from brain, spleen, lung, and liver exhibit site-specific immune phenotypes and plastically adapt to new environments. Glia 2014; 63:611-25. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Immig
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Martin Gericke
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Felicitas Merz
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Andreas Lösche
- IZKF-FACS-Core Unit; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | - Kathrin Jäger
- IZKF-FACS-Core Unit; Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Knut Biber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Section of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Freiburg; Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University; Leipzig Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Maxeiner HG, Marion Schneider E, Kurfiss ST, Brettschneider J, Tumani H, Bechter K. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum cytokine profiling to detect immune control of infectious and inflammatory neurological and psychiatric diseases. Cytokine 2014; 69:62-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
21
|
Laman JD, Weller RO. Drainage of cells and soluble antigen from the CNS to regional lymph nodes. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:840-56. [PMID: 23695293 PMCID: PMC7088878 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the absence of conventional lymphatics, there is efficient drainage of both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF) from the CNS to regional lymph nodes. CSF drains from the subarachnoid space by channels that pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the nasal mucosa and cervical lymph nodes in animals and in humans; antigen presenting cells (APC) migrate along this pathway to lymph nodes. ISF and solutes drain from the brain parenchyma to cervical lymph nodes by a separate route along 100–150 nm wide basement membranes in the walls of cerebral capillaries and arteries. This pathway is too narrow for the migration of APC so it is unlikely that APC traffic directly from brain parenchyma to lymph nodes by this route. We present a model for the pivotal involvement of regional lymph nodes in immunological reactions of the CNS. The role of regional lymph nodes in immune reactions of the CNS in virus infections, the remote influence of the gut microbiota, multiple sclerosis and stroke are discussed. Evidence is presented for the role of cervical lymph nodes in the induction of tolerance and its influence on neuroimmunological reactions. We look to the future by examining how nanoparticle technology will enhance our understanding of CNS-lymph node connections and by reviewing the implications of lymphatic drainage of the brain for diagnosis and therapy of diseases of the CNS ranging from neuroimmunological disorders to dementias. Finally, we review the challenges and opportunities for progress in CNS-lymph node interactions and their involvement in disease processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon D. Laman
- Department of Immunology, room NB-1148a Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roy O. Weller
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton University, Mailpoint 813, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dendritic cells: cellular mediators for immunological tolerance. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:972865. [PMID: 23762100 PMCID: PMC3671285 DOI: 10.1155/2013/972865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In general, immunological tolerance is acquired upon treatment with non-specific immunosuppressive drugs. This indiscriminate immunosuppression of the patient often causes serious side-effects, such as opportunistic infectious diseases. Therefore, the need for antigen-specific modulation of pathogenic immune responses is of crucial importance in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this perspective, dendritic cells (DCs) can have an important immune-regulatory function, besides their notorious antigen-presenting capacity. DCs appear to be essential for both central and peripheral tolerance. In the thymus, DCs are involved in clonal deletion of autoreactive immature T cells by presenting self-antigens. Additionally, tolerance is achieved by their interactions with T cells in the periphery and subsequent induction of T cell anergy, T cell deletion, and induction of regulatory T cells (Treg). Various studies have described, modulation of DC characteristics with the purpose to induce antigen-specific tolerance in autoimmune diseases, graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD), and transplantations. Promising results in animal models have prompted researchers to initiate first-in-men clinical trials. The purpose of current review is to provide an overview of the role of DCs in the immunopathogenesis of autoimmunity, as well as recent concepts of dendritic cell-based therapeutic opportunities in autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
|