The Long Non-Coding RNA MIR503HG Enhances Proliferation of Human ALK-Negative Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma

Unraveling the Complex Web of Mechanistic Regulation of Versatile NEDD4 Family by Non-Coding RNAs in Carcinogenesis and Metastasis: From Cell Culture Studies to Animal Models

Discoveries related to an intriguing feature of ubiquitination have prompted a detailed analysis of the ubiquitination patterns in malignant cells. How the "ubiquitinome" is reshaped during multistage carcinogenesis has garnered significant attention. Seminal studies related to the structural and functional characterization of NEDD4 (Neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated-4) have consolidated our understanding at a new level of maturity. Additionally, regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs have further complicated the complex interplay between non-coding RNAs and the members of NEDD4 family. These mechanisms range from the miRNA-mediated targeting of NEDD4 family members to the regulation of transcriptional factors for a broader range of non-coding RNAs. Additionally, the NEDD4-mediated degradation of different proteins is modulated by lncRNAs and circRNAs. The miRNA-mediated targeting of NEDD4 family members is also regulated by circRNAs. Tremendous advancements have been made in the identification of different substrates of NEDD4 family and in the comprehensive analysis of the molecular mechanisms by which various members of NEDD4 family catalyze the ubiquitination of substrates. In this review, we have attempted to summarize the multifunctional roles of the NEDD4 family in cancer biology, and how different non-coding RNAs modulate these NEDD4 family members in the regulation of cancer. Future molecular studies should focus on the investigation of a broader drug design space and expand the scope of accessible targets for the inhibition/prevention of metastasis.

Long Non-Coding RNA Signatures in Lymphopoiesis and Lymphoid Malignancies

Lymphoid cells play a critical role in the immune system, which includes three subgroups of T, B, and NK cells. Recognition of the complexity of the human genetics transcriptome in lymphopoiesis has revolutionized our understanding of the regulatory potential of RNA in normal lymphopoiesis and lymphoid malignancies. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of RNA molecules greater than 200 nucleotides in length. LncRNAs have recently attracted much attention due to their critical roles in various biological processes, including gene regulation, chromatin organization, and cell cycle control. LncRNAs can also be used for cell differentiation and cell fate, as their expression patterns are often specific to particular cell types or developmental stages. Additionally, lncRNAs have been implicated in lymphoid differentiation, such as regulating T-cell and B-cell development, and their expression has been linked to immune-associated diseases such as leukemia and lymphoma. In addition, lncRNAs have been investigated as potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic response to disease management. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the regulatory role of lncRNAs in physiopathology processes during normal lymphopoiesis and lymphoid leukemia.

The role of LncRNA MCM3AP-AS1 in human cancer

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) play pivotal roles in every level of gene and genome regulation. MCM3AP-AS1 is a lncRNA that has an oncogenic role in several kinds of cancers. Aberrant expression of MCM3AP-AS1 has been reported to be involved in the progression of diverse malignancies, including colorectal, cervical, prostate, lymphoma, lung, ovary, liver, bone, and breast cancers. It is generally believed that MCM3AP-AS1 expression is associated with cancer cell growth, proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. MCM3AP-AS1 by targeting various signaling pathways and microRNAs (miRNAs) presents an important role in cancer pathogenesis. MCM3AP-AS1 as a competitive endogenous RNA has the ability to sponge miRNA, inhibit their expressions, and bind to different target mRNAs related to cancer development. Therefore, MCM3AP-AS1 by targeting several signaling pathways, including the FOX family, Wnt, EGF, and VEGF can be a potent target for cancer prediction and diagnosis. In this review, we will summarize the role of MCM3AP-AS1 in various human cancers.

MIR503HG Loss Promotes Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Vascular Disease

[Figure: see text].

lncRNA MIR503HG inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in TNBC cells via the miR-224-5p/HOXA9 axis

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly invasive subtype of breast cancer. This study investigated the molecular mechanism and influences of MIR503HG, miR-224-5p, and homeobox A9 (HOXA9) on TNBC cell growth and migration. Dual-luciferase reporter gene and RNA immunoprecipitation were performed to examine the regulation of MIR503HG, miR-224-5p, and HOXA9. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were evaluated by colony formation, flow cytometry, and Transwell assays. Finally, nude mice were employed to investigate the influence of MIR503HG on TNBC tumor growth. HOXA9 protein levels were detected by immunohistochemical staining. MIR503HG and HOXA9 expression were reduced in TNBC, while miR-224-5p was increased. Overexpression of MIR503HG or HOXA9 reduced the cell migration ability and proliferation and promoted apoptosis, and knockdown of MIR503HG or overexpression of miR-224-5p exhibited the opposite effects. Furthermore, MIR503HG promoted HOXA9 expression by inhibiting miR-224-5p. Overexpression of miR-224-5p reversed the effects of MIR503HG overexpression on TNBC cells, while overexpression of HOXA9 reversed the effect of MIR503HG knockdown. Additionally, an in vivo study proved that MIR503HG inhibited TNBC tumor growth via the miR-224-5p/HOXA9 axis. MIR503HG inhibited cell proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of TNBC cells via the miR-224-5p/HOXA9 axis, which may function as a novel target for the treatment of TNBC.

Regulation of TGFβ/SMAD signaling by long non-coding RNAs in different cancers: Dark Knight in the Castle of molecular oncology

One of the complex themes in recent years has been the multi-layered regulation of TGFβ signaling in cancer cells. TGFβ/SMAD signaling pathway is a highly complicated web of proteins which work spatio-temporally to regulate multiple steps of carcinogenesis. TGFβ/SMAD has been shown to dualistically regulate cancer progression. Therefore, TGFβ/SMAD signaling behaves as a “double-edged sword” in molecular oncology. Accordingly, regulation of TGFβ/SMAD is multi-layered because of oncogenic and tumor suppressor long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs). In this review, we have summarized most recent breakthroughs in our understanding related to regulation of TGFβ/SMAD signaling by lncRNAs. We have comprehensively analyzed how different lncRNAs positively and negatively regulate TGFβ/SMAD signaling in different cancers. We have gathered missing pieces of an incomplete jig-saw puzzle of lncRNA-interactome ranging from “sponge effects” of lncRNAs to mechanistic modulation of TGFβ/SMAD signaling by lncRNAs.

One locus with two roles: microRNA-independent functions of microRNA-host-gene locus-encoded long noncoding RNAs

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that do not code for proteins. LncRNAs play crucial regulatory roles in several biological processes via diverse mechanisms and their aberrant expression is associated with various diseases. LncRNA genes are further subcategorized based on their relative organization in the genome. MicroRNA (miRNA)-host-gene-derived lncRNAs (lnc-MIRHGs) refer to lncRNAs whose genes also harbor miRNAs. There exists crosstalk between the processing of lnc-MIRHGs and the biogenesis of the encoded miRNAs. Although the functions of the encoded miRNAs are usually well understood, whether those lnc-MIRHGs play independent functions are not fully elucidated. Here, we review our current understanding of lnc-MIRHGs, including their biogenesis, function, and mechanism of action, with a focus on discussing the miRNA-independent functions of lnc-MIRHGs, including their involvement in cancer. Our current understanding of lnc-MIRHGs strongly indicates that this class of lncRNAs could play important roles in basic cellular events as well as in diseases. This article is categorized under: Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Biogenesis of Effector Small RNAs.

Knockdown of lncRNA MCM3AP-AS1 Attenuates Chemoresistance of Burkitt Lymphoma to Doxorubicin Treatment via Targeting the miR-15a/EIF4E Axis

Purpose

The long-noncoding RNA MCM3AP-AS1 has been shown to participate in the tumorigenesis and growth of several types of cancer, but little is known about the role of MCM3AP-AS1 in the chemoresistance of lymphoma.

Methods

A series of patients with Burkitt lymphoma were enrolled for clinical analysis. Daudi and Namalwa cells were used for further experiments. CCK-8 and apoptosis assays were used to assess the response to doxorubicin. Mitochondrial membrane potential assays and high-resolution respirometry were used to assess mitochondrial function. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of certain molecules. Luciferase assays and microRNA transfection were used to clarify the regulatory mechanisms of MCM3AP-AS1. An in vivo model using BALB/c nude mice was utilized to investigate the effects of MCM3AP-AS1 on cell proliferation and tumor growth.

Results

The expression level of MCM3AP-AS1 was increased in tumors compared with normal lymph nodes, which indicated poor prognosis in patients with Burkitt lymphoma. Moreover, compared with siNC transfection, MCM3AP-AS1 knockdown decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis rates upon doxorubicin treatment compared with siNC. Further studies indicated that upregulation of several antiapoptotic factors, downstream of EIF4E, was partially responsible for MCM3AP-AS1-induced chemoresistance. Moreover, miR-15a functioned as a link between MCM3AP-AS1 and EIF4E, and was sponged by MCM3AP-AS1. Finally, we showed that the MCM3AP-AS1/miR-15a/EIF4E axis regulated the chemoresistance of lymphoma cells in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion

MCM3AP-AS1/miR-15a/EIF4E axis plays a role in the chemoresistance of Burkitt lymphoma, and it might become a promising target for lymphoma therapeutics.

Dysregulated FAM215A Stimulates LAMP2 Expression to Confer Drug-Resistant and Malignant in Human Liver Cancer

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and aggressive human malignancies worldwide. Long non-coding (lnc) RNAs regulate complex cellular functions, such as cell growth, differentiation, metabolism, and metastasis. Although deregulation of lncRNA expression has been detected in HCC, many of the hepato-carcinogenesis-associated lncRNAs remain yet unidentified. Here, we aimed to investigate the involvement of a specific HCC-dysregulated lncRNA, FAM215A, and characterize its molecular regulation mechanism. We show for the first time that FAM215A is overexpressed in HCC, and its expression level correlates with tumor size, vascular invasion, and pathology stage. Overexpression of FAM215A accelerates cell proliferation and metastasis in HCC cells. According to Gene Expression Omnibus Dataset analysis, FAM215A is induced in doxorubicin (DOX)-resistant HCC cells. Overexpression of FAM215A increases DOX resistance in two HCC cell lines, and this is associated with enhanced expression of lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2). FAM215A interacts with LAMP2 to protect it from ubiquitination. Together, our results show that the lncRNA, FAM215A, is highly expressed in HCC, where it interacts with and stabilizes LAMP2 to increase tumor progression while decreasing doxorubicin sensitivity.

LncRNA MIR503HG Inhibits Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Proliferation by Inducing Cell Cycle Arrest Through the Downregulation of Cyclin D1

Introduction

LncRNA MIR503HG has been reported to participate in liver cancer and ALK-negative anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, while its role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unknown. We therefore investigated the functions of lncRNA MIR503HG in NSCLC.

Methods

MIR503HG expression in paired cancer and non-cancer tissues from NSCLC patients was analyzed by RT-qPCR. The interaction between cyclin D1 and MIR503HG was analyzed by overexpression experiments. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry. Cell proliferation was analyzed by CCK-8 assay.

Results

MIR503HG was downregulated in NSCLC and low levels of MIR503HG were associated with poor survival. In contrast, cyclin D1 was upregulated in NSCLC, and cyclin D1 and MIR503HG were inversely correlated. In NSCLC cells, overexpression experiments revealed that MIR503HG functioned as an upstream inhibitor of cyclin D1. MIR503HG overexpression led to G1 cell cycle arrest, while overexpression of cyclin D1 attenuated the effects of MIR503HG overexpression. Similarly, MIR503HG overexpression resulted in reduced cell proliferation rate, while overexpression of cyclin D1 caused the increased cell proliferation rate and attenuated effects of MIR503HG overexpression.

Conclusion

MIR503HG inhibits NSCLC cell proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest through the downregulation of cyclin D1.

The novel lncRNA BlackMamba controls the neoplastic phenotype of ALK- anaplastic large cell lymphoma by regulating the DNA helicase HELLS

The molecular mechanisms leading to the transformation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase negative (ALK^-) anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) have been only in part elucidated. To identify new culprits which promote and drive ALCL, we performed a total transcriptome sequencing and discovered 1208 previously unknown intergenic long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), including 18 lncRNAs preferentially expressed in ALCL. We selected an unknown lncRNA, BlackMamba, with an ALK^- ALCL preferential expression, for molecular and functional studies. BlackMamba is a chromatin-associated lncRNA regulated by STAT3 via a canonical transcriptional signaling pathway. Knockdown experiments demonstrated that BlackMamba contributes to the pathogenesis of ALCL regulating cell growth and cell morphology. Mechanistically, BlackMamba interacts with the DNA helicase HELLS controlling its recruitment to the promoter regions of cell-architecture-related genes, fostering their expression. Collectively, these findings provide evidence of a previously unknown tumorigenic role of STAT3 via a lncRNA-DNA helicase axis and reveal an undiscovered role for lncRNA in the maintenance of the neoplastic phenotype of ALK^-ALCL.

SMURF2 prevents detrimental changes to chromatin, protecting human dermal fibroblasts from chromosomal instability and tumorigenesis

E3 ubiquitin ligases (E3s) play essential roles in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis under normal and stress conditions, as well as in disease states, particularly in cancer. However, the role of E3s in the initiation of human tumors is poorly understood. Previously, we reported that genetic ablation of the HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf2 induces carcinogenesis in mice; but whether and how these findings are pertinent to the inception of human cancer remain unknown. Here we show that SMURF2 is essential to protect human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) from malignant transformation, and its depletion converts HDFs into tumorigenic entity. This phenomenon was associated with the radical changes in chromatin structural and epigenetic landscape, dysregulated gene expression and cell-cycle control, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and impaired DNA damage response. Furthermore, we show that SMURF2-mediated tumor suppression is interlinked with SMURF2's ability to regulate the expression of two central chromatin modifiers-an E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF20 and histone methyltransferase EZH2. Silencing these factors significantly reduced the growth and transformation capabilities of SMURF2-depleted cells. Finally, we demonstrate that SMURF2-compromised HDFs are highly tumorigenic in nude mice. These findings suggest the critical role that SMURF2 plays in preventing malignant alterations, chromosomal instability and cancer.

LncRNA miR503HG interacts with miR-31-5p through multiple ways to regulate cancer cell invasion and migration in ovarian cancer

The role of lncRNA miR503HG has been investigated in several types of cancer, but its functions in ovarian cancer (OC) is unclear. Analysis of TCGA dataset revealed a 50-fold lower expression level of miR503HG in OC tissues than that in non-tumor tissues, indicating the involvement of miR503HG in OC. Results in this study showed that miR503HG was downregulated in OC and predicted poor survival. Expression of miR503HG negatively correlated with the expression of miR-31-5p across OC and non-tumor tissues. RNA-RNA interaction analysis revealed that miR503HG can interact with miR-31-5p. Dual-luciferase assay showed that miR-31-5p and miR503HG may directly interact with each other. Methylation specific PCR (MSP) showed that overexpression of miR503HG led to increased methylation level of miR-31-5p gene. Transwell assay showed that overexpression of miR-31-5p resulted in increased invasion and migration rates of OC cells. Overexpression of MiR503HG played an opposite role and attenuated the effects of overexpressing miR-31-5p. Therefore, miR503HG may promote the methylation of miR-31-5p and serve as its sponge to inhibit OC cell invasion and migration.

LncRNA MIR503HG Promotes High-Glucose-Induced Proximal Tubular Cell Apoptosis by Targeting miR-503-5p/Bcl-2 Pathway

AIM

More than half of microRNAs are located in genes. LncRNAs are host genes of intronic microRNAs that regulate intracellular splicing to form pre-miRNAs that are processed to mature miRNAs. MicroRNAs work as partners or antagonists of their host lncRNAs by fine-tuning their target genes. However, whether lncRNA-MIR503HG (miR-503 host gene) is co-transcribed with miR-503 and affects miR-503 splicing, thereby affecting its target gene Bcl-2 expression and cell mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in diabetic nephropathy (DN) is currently unknown.

METHODS

Human proximal tubular (HK-2) cells cultured in high glucose were transfected with lncRNA MIR503HG overexpression/inhibition plasmid and miR-503 mimics/inhibitor. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure the expression levels of lncRNA MIR503HG, pre-miR-503, miR-503 and Bcl-2. Western blot was used to measure the protein expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, Cytc and cleaved-caspase 9/3. Annexin V/PI flow cytometry was used to measure apoptosis.

RESULTS

Host lncRNA MIR503HG was co-transcribed with miR-503. MIR503HG regulated the expression of miR-503 by affecting miR-503 splicing synthesis. In the presence of high glucose, the expression levels of lncRNA MIR503HG and miR-503 were up-regulated in HK-2 cells cultured in high glucose. Bcl-2 expression was inhibited and levels of apoptosis-related proteins Cytc and Bax were increased in HK-2 cells cultured in high glucose, all of which promoted the caspase cascade reaction, leading to increased caspase-9 and caspase-3 shear fragments inducing apoptosis of the mitochondrial pathway. Inhibition of MIR503HG led to a reduction in miR-503 expression, up-regulated its target gene Bcl-2, inhibited the expression levels of Bax and other apoptosis-related proteins and attenuated HK-2 cell apoptosis induced by high glucose. Co-transfection of miRNA-503 partially offset the effect of MIR503HG-siRNA.

CONCLUSION

MIR503HG indirectly regulates Bcl-2 by promoting the co-transcription of miRNA-503 to participate high-glucose-induced proximal tubular cell apoptosis, providing a new target for diabetic nephropathy treatment.

Identification and Function Analysis of a Five-Long Noncoding RNA Prognostic Signature for Endometrial Cancer Patients

This study aimed to construct a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA)-based prognostic signature to improve the survival prediction for endometrial cancer (EC) patients and guide individualized treatments. mRNA and miRNA sequencing and clinical data of 526 patients with EC (randomized to training or validation set, n = 263) were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs), and differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified between 263 EC samples and 33 normal controls. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses identified five DELs (LINC00475, LINC01352, MIR503HG, KCNMB2-AS1, and LINC01143) that were overall survival related. The Kaplan-Meier curve showed that the risk score model established by these five DELs can significantly distinguish the survival ratio of patients at high risk from those at low risk. The receiver operating characteristic curve indicated that this risk score exhibited good survival prediction performance, with the area under the curve of 0.978. In addition, this risk score was independent of other clinical factors. Stratification analysis based on two independent prognostic clinical factors (histologic grade and recurrence status) demonstrated that the high-risk score was still a poor prognostic factor for patients with histologic grade 3, recurrence or nonrecurrence status. In nomogram model, the risk score was one of the main contributions to survival rates, and its Harrell's concordance index was higher than the other two independent clinical factors, although all lower than the combined. Furthermore, mechanism analyses showed that these lncRNAs functioned by coexpressing with DEGs (i.e., LINC00475-PTGDR, LINC01352/MIR503HG-BACH2, KCNMB2-AS1-PCSK9, LINC01143-NUF2/PTTG1) or as a competing endogenous RNA of DEMs to regulate DEGs (LINC00475-miR-4728-PTGDR, MIR503HG-miR-3170-BACH2). In conclusion, our novel risk score system may be a promising prognostic biomarker to guide personalized treatment for EC patients and it can add prognostic value for current clinical system.

Long noncoding RNA MIR31HG abrogates the availability of tumor suppressor microRNA-361 for the growth of osteosarcoma

Purpose

Long noncoding RNA (LncRNA) containing microRNA host gene is an interesting type of LncRNA. MicroRNA-31 (miR-31)-host gene LncRNA (MIR31HG) have been recognized as an oncogene in many cancers, but not in osteosarcoma (OS). Interestingly, MIR31HG/miR-31 could not regulate each other’s expression in certain cancer, suggesting that the role of MIR31HG in cancer is independent of miR-31. We here investigated the function and potential mechanism of MIR31HG in OS.

Methods

OS tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues (n=40) were collected to determine the expressions of MIR31HG by paired t-test. We here identified the miRNAs predicted to be bound to MIR31HG and investigated the impacts of MIR31HG on cell growth and metastasis of OS cells by CCK-8, flow cytometry, Transwell assay, Western blot, etc. in vitro and in vivo.

Results

MIR31HG was upregulated in OS tissues and OS cell lines. The patients with high expression of MIR31HG have high tumor stages and distant metastasis. Tumor suppressor miR-361, but not miR-31, was confirmed to be sponged directly by MIR31HG in OS cells and was down-regulated in OS cell lines. Knockdown of MIR31HG restored the expression of miR-361. Restoration of miR-361 level in Saos-2 and U2OS cells induced cell apoptosis and G1/S arrest, inhibited proliferation and migration, which was, however, abrogated by MIR31HG. Mechanistically, cell growth and metastasis-related target genes of MIR-361 including VEGF, FOXM1 and Twist were de-repressed in OS cells by MIR31HG overexpression, leading to upregulated BCL2, CCND1 and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. Patients with high expression of MIR31HG also showed more VEGF, FOXM1 and Twist levels. Overexpression of MIR31HG in vivo also promoted tumor growth via inhibition of miR-361 signals and elevated the expression of VEGF, FOXM1 and Twist for tumor growth.

Conclusion

MIR31HG acts as an oncogene in OS for tumor progression via regulation of tumor suppressor miR-361 and its target genes.

The Increased lncRNA MIR503HG in Preeclampsia Modulated Trophoblast Cell Proliferation, Invasion, and Migration via Regulating Matrix Metalloproteinases and NF-κB Signaling

Background

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-related syndrome characterized by hypertension and proteinuria after the 20^th week of gestation. The long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been recently discovered for their roles in the pathogenesis of PE. This study is aimed at determining the expression of lncRNA MIR503 host gene (MIR503HG) in PE placental tissues and exploring the molecular mechanism underlying MIR503HG-mediated trophoblast cell proliferation, invasion, and migration.

Methods

The expression level of MIR503HG in placental tissues, HTR-8/SVneo, and JEG3 cells was determined by quantitative real-time PCR; western blot detected the relevant protein expression levels in HTR-8/SVneo and JEG3 cells; flow cytometry determined cell apoptosis and cell cycle of HTR-8/SVneo and JEG3 cells; trophoblast cell proliferation, invasion, and migration of HTR-8/SVneo and JEG3 cells were measured by CCK-8, transwell invasion, and wound healing assays, respectively.

Results

The highly expressed MIR503HG was detected in PE placental tissues compared to normal placental tissues. MIR503HG overexpression suppressed cell proliferation, invasion, and migration of HTR-8/SVneo and JEG3 cells, while knockdown of MIR503HG increased trophoblast cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Flow cytometry results showed that MIR503HG overexpression induced apoptosis and caused cell cycle arrest at the G₀/G₁ phase, while MIR503HG knockdown had the opposite actions in HTR-8/SVneo and JEG3 cells. Western blot assay results showed that MIR503HG overexpression suppressed the matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 and the snail protein expression and increased the E-cadherin expression in trophoblast cells. In addition, MIR503HG overexpression suppressed the NF-κB signaling pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IκBα and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB signaling subunit p65. On the other hand, MIR503HG knockdown played an opposite role in these protein expression levels.

Conclusion

Our results showed that MIR503HG inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of HTR-8/SVneo and JEG3 cells, which may be related to the pathogenesis of PE.

Role of long non-coding RNAs in lymphoma: A systematic review and clinical perspectives

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are over 200 nucleotides in length, and they rarely act as templates for protein synthesis. Mounting studies have shown that lncRNAs play a crucial regulatory role in various processes that sustain life, such as epigenetic regulation, cell cycle control, splicing, and post-transcriptional regulation. LncRNAs were aberrantly expressed in most hematological malignancies including lymphoma, participating in tumor suppression or promoting oncogenesis and modulating key genes in different pathways. The specific expression patterns of lncRNAs in lymphoma make them good candidates to be used as diagnostic biomarkers or as therapeutic targets. LncRNAs can be targeted by multiple approaches including nucleic acid therapeutics, CRISPR/Cas genome editing techniques, small molecule inhibitors, and gene therapy. Efforts are made to develop therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting lncRNAs, but there are still some avenues to be covered before they can be applied to the clinical treatment of lymphoma.

LncRNA MIR503HG inhibits cell migration and invasion via miR-103/OLFM4 axis in triple negative breast cancer

Long non‐coding RNA MIR503 host gene (MIR503HG) is located on chromosome Xq26.3, and has been found to be deregulated in many types of human malignancy and function as tumour suppressor or promoter based on cancer types. The role of MIR503HG in breast cancer was still unknown. In our study, we found MIR503HG expression was significantly decreased in triple‐negative breast cancer tissues and cell lines. Furthermore, we observed low MIR503HG expression was correlated with late clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. In the survival analysis, we observed that triple‐negative breast cancer patients with low MIR503HG expression had a statistically significant worse prognosis compared with those with high MIR503HG expression, and low MIR503HG expression was a poor independent prognostic factor for overall survival in triple‐negative breast cancer patients. The study in vitro suggested MIR503HG inhibits cell migration and invasion via miR‐103/OLFM4 axis in triple negative breast cancer. In conclusion, MIR503HG functions as a tumour suppressive long non‐coding RNA in triple negative breast cancer.

Non-Coding RNA Networks in ALK-Positive Anaplastic-Large Cell Lymphoma

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are essential regulators of gene expression. In recent years, it has become more and more evident that the different classes of ncRNAs, such as micro RNAs, long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs are organized in tightly controlled networks. It has been suggested that deregulation of these networks can lead to disease. Several studies show a contribution of these so-called competing-endogenous RNA networks in various cancer entities. In this review, we highlight the involvement of ncRNA networks in anaplastic-large cell lymphoma (ALCL), a T-cell neoplasia. A majority of ALCL cases harbor the molecular hallmark of this disease, a fusion of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene with the nucleophosmin (NPM, NPM1) gene leading to a permanently active kinase that promotes the malignant phenotype. We have focused especially on ncRNAs that are regulated by the NPM-ALK fusion gene and illustrate how their deregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of ALCL. Lastly, we summarize the findings and point out potential therapeutic implications.