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Kim KY, Heo YJ, Ko JM, Lee YA, Shin CH, Ki CS, Lee YJ. Familial chylomicronemia syndrome: case reports of siblings with deletions of the GPIHBP1 gene. BMC Endocr Disord 2024; 24:47. [PMID: 38622573 PMCID: PMC11017581 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-024-01574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) is a rare monogenic form of severe hypertriglyceridemia, caused by mutations in genes involved in triglyceride metabolism. Herein, we report the case of a Korean family with familial chylomicronemia syndrome caused by compound heterozygous deletions of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1). CASE PRESENTATION A 4-year-old boy was referred for the evaluation of severe hypertriglyceridemia (3734 mg/dL) that was incidentally detected 4 months prior. His elder brother also demonstrated an elevated triglyceride level of 2133 mg/dL at the age of 9. Lipoprotein electrophoresis revealed the presence of chylomicrons, an increase in the proportion of pre-beta lipoproteins, and low serum lipoprotein lipase levels. The patient's parents and first elder brother had stable lipid profiles. For suspected FCS, genetic testing was performed using the next-generation sequencing-based analysis of 31 lipid metabolism-associated genes, which revealed no pathogenic variants. However, copy number variant screening using sequencing depth information suggested large heterozygous deletion encompassing all the coding exons of GPIHBP1. A real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to validate the deletion site. The results showed that the siblings had two heterozygous copy number variants consisting of the whole gene and an exon 4 deletion, each inherited from their parents. During the follow-up period of 17 months, the patient did not develop pancreatitis, following dietary intervention. CONCLUSION These siblings' case of familial chylomicronemia syndrome caused by rare GPIHBP1 deletions highlight the implementation of copy number variants-beyond next-generation sequencing-as an important consideration in diagnosis. Accurate genetic diagnosis is necessary to establish the etiology of severe hypertriglyceridemia, which increases the risk of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Young Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - You Joung Heo
- Department of Pediatrics, Gwangmyeong Hospital, Chung-Ang University School of Medicine, Gwangmyeong, South Korea
| | - Jung Min Ko
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ah Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Choong Ho Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Yun Jeong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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Strøm TB, Tveita AA, Bogsrud MP, Leren TP. Molecular genetic testing and measurement of levels of GPIHBP1 autoantibodies in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia: The importance of identifying the underlying cause of hypertriglyceridemia. J Clin Lipidol 2024; 18:e80-e89. [PMID: 37981531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe hypertriglyceridemia can be caused by pathogenic variants in genes encoding proteins involved in the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. A key protein in this respect is lipoprotein lipase (LPL) which hydrolyzes triglycerides in these lipoproteins. Another important protein is glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) which transports LPL to the luminal side of the endothelial cells. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to identify a genetic cause of hypertriglyceridemia in 459 consecutive unrelated subjects with levels of serum triglycerides ≥20 mmol/l. These patients had been referred for molecular genetic testing from 1998 to 2021. In addition, we wanted to study whether GPIHBP1 autoantibodies also were a cause of hypertriglyceridemia. METHODS Molecular genetic analyses of the genes encoding LPL, GPIHBP1, apolipoprotein C2, lipase maturation factor 1 and apolipoprotein A5 as well as apolipoprotein E genotyping, were performed in all 459 patients. Serum was obtained from 132 of the patients for measurement of GPIHBP1 autoantibodies approximately nine years after molecular genetic testing was performed. RESULTS A monogenic cause was found in four of the 459 (0.9%) patients, and nine (2.0%) patients had dyslipoproteinemia due to homozygosity for apolipoprotein E2. One of the 132 (0.8%) patients had GPIHBP1 autoantibody syndrome. CONCLUSION Only 0.9% of the patients had monogenic hypertriglyceridemia, and only 0.8% had GPIHBP1 autoantibody syndrome. The latter figure is most likely an underestimate because serum samples were obtained approximately nine years after hypertriglyceridemia was first identified. There is a need to implement measurement of GPIHBP1 autoantibodies in clinical medicine to secure that proper therapeutic actions are taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Bismo Strøm
- Unit for Cardiac and Cardiovascular Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Drs Strøm, Bogsrud, Leren).
| | - Anders Aune Tveita
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Rheumatology, Dermatology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Dr Tveita)
| | - Martin Prøven Bogsrud
- Unit for Cardiac and Cardiovascular Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Drs Strøm, Bogsrud, Leren)
| | - Trond P Leren
- Unit for Cardiac and Cardiovascular Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway (Drs Strøm, Bogsrud, Leren)
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Jiang S, Ren Z, Yang Y, Liu Q, Zhou S, Xiao Y. The GPIHBP1-LPL complex and its role in plasma triglyceride metabolism: Insights into chylomicronemia. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115874. [PMID: 37951027 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
GPIHBP1 is a protein found in the endothelial cells of capillaries that is anchored by glycosylphosphatidylinositol and binds to high-density lipoproteins. GPIHBP1 attaches to lipoprotein lipase (LPL), subsequently carrying the enzyme and anchoring it to the capillary lumen. Enabling lipid metabolism is essential for the marginalization of lipoproteins alongside capillaries. Studies underscore the significance of GPIHBP1 in transporting, stabilizing, and aiding in the marginalization of LPL. The intricate interplay between GPIHBP1 and LPL has provided novel insights into chylomicronemia in recent years. Mutations hindering the formation or reducing the efficiency of the GPIHBP1-LPL complex are central to the onset of chylomicronemia. This review delves into the structural nuances of the GPIHBP1-LPL interaction, the consequences of mutations in the complex leading to chylomicronemia, and cutting-edge advancements in chylomicronemia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shali Jiang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Zhuoqun Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Yutao Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, PR China
| | - Qiming Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Shenghua Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Yichao Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
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Kost V, Sukhov D, Ivanov I, Kasheverov I, Ojomoko L, Shelukhina I, Mozhaeva V, Kudryavtsev D, Feofanov A, Ignatova A, Utkin Y, Tsetlin V. Comparison of Conformations and Interactions with Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors for E. coli-Produced and Synthetic Three-Finger Protein SLURP-1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16950. [PMID: 38069271 PMCID: PMC10707033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
SLURP-1 is a three-finger human protein targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The recombinant forms of SLURP-1 produced in E. coli differ in added fusion fragments and in activity. The closest in sequence to the naturally occurring SLURP-1 is the recombinant rSLURP-1, differing by only one additional N-terminal Met residue. sSLURP-1 can be prepared by peptide synthesis and its amino acid sequence is identical to that of the natural protein. In view of recent NMR analysis of the conformational mobility of rSLURP-1 and cryo-electron microscopy structures of complexes of α-bungarotoxin (a three-finger snake venom protein) with Torpedo californica and α7 nAChRs, we compared conformations of sSLURP-1 and rSLURP-1 by Raman spectroscopy and CD-controlled thermal denaturation, analyzed their competition with α-bungarotoxin for binding to the above-mentioned nAChRs, compared the respective receptor complexes with computer modeling and compared their inhibitory potency on the α9α10 nAChR. The CD revealed a higher thermostability of sSLURP-1; some differences between sSLURP-1 and rSLURP-1 were observed in the regions of disulfides and tyrosine residues by Raman spectroscopy, but in binding, computer modeling and electrophysiology, the proteins were similar. Thus, sSLURP-1 and rSLURP-1 with only one additional Met residue appear close in structure and functional characteristics, being appropriate for research on nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Kost
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.K.); (D.S.); (I.I.); (I.K.); (L.O.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (D.K.); (A.F.); (Y.U.)
| | - Dmitry Sukhov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.K.); (D.S.); (I.I.); (I.K.); (L.O.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (D.K.); (A.F.); (Y.U.)
| | - Igor Ivanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.K.); (D.S.); (I.I.); (I.K.); (L.O.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (D.K.); (A.F.); (Y.U.)
| | - Igor Kasheverov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.K.); (D.S.); (I.I.); (I.K.); (L.O.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (D.K.); (A.F.); (Y.U.)
| | - Lucy Ojomoko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.K.); (D.S.); (I.I.); (I.K.); (L.O.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (D.K.); (A.F.); (Y.U.)
| | - Irina Shelukhina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.K.); (D.S.); (I.I.); (I.K.); (L.O.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (D.K.); (A.F.); (Y.U.)
| | - Vera Mozhaeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.K.); (D.S.); (I.I.); (I.K.); (L.O.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (D.K.); (A.F.); (Y.U.)
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Kudryavtsev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.K.); (D.S.); (I.I.); (I.K.); (L.O.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (D.K.); (A.F.); (Y.U.)
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8, bldg. 2 Trubetskaya Str., 119048 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Feofanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.K.); (D.S.); (I.I.); (I.K.); (L.O.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (D.K.); (A.F.); (Y.U.)
| | - Anastasia Ignatova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.K.); (D.S.); (I.I.); (I.K.); (L.O.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (D.K.); (A.F.); (Y.U.)
| | - Yuri Utkin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.K.); (D.S.); (I.I.); (I.K.); (L.O.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (D.K.); (A.F.); (Y.U.)
| | - Victor Tsetlin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (V.K.); (D.S.); (I.I.); (I.K.); (L.O.); (I.S.); (V.M.); (D.K.); (A.F.); (Y.U.)
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Duan J, Wang Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Li Q, Liu J, Fu C, Cao C, Cong Z, Su M. Silencing LY6D Expression Inhibits Colon Cancer in Xenograft Mice and Regulates Colon Cancer Stem Cells' Proliferation, Stemness, Invasion, and Apoptosis via the MAPK Pathway. Molecules 2023; 28:7776. [PMID: 38067506 PMCID: PMC10708431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored the role of lymphocyte antigen 6 family member D (LY6D) in colon cancer stem cells' (CCSCs) proliferation and invasion. LY6D was knocked down using siRNA, and the down-regulation of LY6D was verified using Western blotting. After LY6D knockdown, CCSCs' proliferation, stemness, and invasion were suppressed, whereas apoptosis was increased. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between siLY6D and the negative control groups were significantly enriched in the cell-substrate adherens junction, focal adhesion, and cell-substrate junction terms. Meanwhile, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were significantly enriched in the MAPK pathway. In addition, Western blotting results showed that pBRAF and pERK1/2, cascade kinases of the MAPK pathway, were significantly down-regulated after LY6D knockdown. In addition, nude mice xenograft experiments showed that the siLY6D treatment decreased tumor sizes and weights and improved tumor-bearing mice survival rates compared with the control group. In conclusion, these findings indicate that LY6D, which is highly expressed in CCSCs, is a key factor involved in tumor growth and development and might be a potential cancer marker and therapeutic target for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue Duan
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (J.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (J.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (J.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Yujue Wang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (J.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Qisen Li
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (J.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Jinrui Liu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (J.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Changhao Fu
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Medical School, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA;
| | - Chenyu Cao
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (J.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Zhongyi Cong
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (J.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Manman Su
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (J.D.); (Y.C.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (J.L.); (C.C.)
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Alkhaleq HA, Karram T, Fokra A, Hamoud S, Kabala A, Abassi Z. The Protective Pathways Activated in Kidneys of αMUPA Transgenic Mice Following Ischemia\Reperfusion-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Cells 2023; 12:2497. [PMID: 37887341 PMCID: PMC10605904 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high prevalence of acute kidney injury (AKI), the therapeutic approaches for AKI are disappointing. This deficiency stems from the poor understanding of the pathogenesis of AKI. Recent studies demonstrate that αMUPA, alpha murine urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) transgenic mice, display a cardioprotective pathway following myocardial ischemia. We hypothesize that these mice also possess protective renal pathways. Male and female αMUPA mice and their wild type were subjected to 30 min of bilateral ischemic AKI. Blood samples and kidneys were harvested 48 h following AKI for biomarkers of kidney function, renal injury, inflammatory response, and intracellular pathways sensing or responding to AKI. αMUPA mice, especially females, exhibited attenuated renal damage in response to AKI, as was evident from lower SCr and BUN, normal renal histology, and attenuated expression of NGAL and KIM-1. Notably, αMUPA females did not show a significant change in renal inflammatory and fibrotic markers following AKI as compared with wild-type (WT) mice and αMUPA males. Moreover, αMUPA female mice exhibited the lowest levels of renal apoptotic and autophagy markers during normal conditions and following AKI. αMUPA mice, especially the females, showed remarkable expression of PGC1α and eNOS following AKI. Furthermore, MUPA mice showed a significant elevation in renal leptin expression before and following AKI. Pretreatment of αMUPA with leptin-neutralizing antibodies prior to AKI abolished their resistance to AKI. Collectively, the kidneys of αMUPA mice, especially those of females, are less susceptible to ischemic I/R injury compared to WT mice, and this is due to nephroprotective actions mediated by the upregulation of leptin, eNOS, ACE2, and PGC1α along with impaired inflammatory, fibrotic, and autophagy processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Abd Alkhaleq
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel; (H.A.A.); (A.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Tony Karram
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel;
| | - Ahmad Fokra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel; (H.A.A.); (A.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Shadi Hamoud
- Internal Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel;
| | - Aviva Kabala
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel; (H.A.A.); (A.F.); (A.K.)
| | - Zaid Abassi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel; (H.A.A.); (A.F.); (A.K.)
- Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel
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Leth JM, Newcombe EA, Grønnemose AL, Jørgensen JT, Qvist K, Clausen AS, Knudsen LBS, Kjaer A, Kragelund BB, Jørgensen TJD, Ploug M. Targeted imaging of uPAR expression in vivo with cyclic AE105 variants. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17248. [PMID: 37821532 PMCID: PMC10567728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43934-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive literature reports on the correlation between elevated levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and the severity of diseases with chronic inflammation including solid cancers. Molecular imaging is widely used as a non-invasive method to locate disease dissemination via full body scans and to stratify patients for targeted treatment. To date, the only imaging probe targeting uPAR that has reached clinical phase-II testing relies on a high-affinity 9-mer peptide (AE105), and several studies by positron emission tomography (PET) scanning or near-infra red (NIR) fluorescence imaging have validated its utility and specificity in vivo. While our previous studies focused on applying various reporter groups, the current study aims to improve uPAR-targeting properties of AE105. We successfully stabilized the small uPAR-targeting core of AE105 by constraining its conformational landscape by disulfide-mediated cyclization. Importantly, this modification mitigated the penalty on uPAR-affinity typically observed after conjugation to macrocyclic chelators. Cyclization did not impair tumor targeting efficiency of AE105 in vivo as assessed by PET imaging and a trend towards increased tracer uptake was observed. In future studies, we predict that this knowledge will aid development of new fluorescent AE105 derivatives with a view to optical imaging of uPAR to assist precision guided cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Maja Leth
- Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Estella Anne Newcombe
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- REPIN, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- The Linderstrøm Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne Louise Grønnemose
- Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jesper Tranekjær Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Katrine Qvist
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne Skovsbo Clausen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Line Bruhn Schneider Knudsen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine and Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Birthe Brandt Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- REPIN, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- The Linderstrøm Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaloes Vej 5, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Kumari A, Grønnemose AL, Kristensen KK, Winther AML, Young SG, Jørgensen TJD, Ploug M. Inverse effects of APOC2 and ANGPTL4 on the conformational dynamics of lid-anchoring structures in lipoprotein lipase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221888120. [PMID: 37094117 PMCID: PMC10160976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221888120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipolytic processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is crucial for the delivery of dietary lipids to the heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. The processing of TRLs by LPL is regulated in a tissue-specific manner by a complex interplay between activators and inhibitors. Angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) inhibits LPL by reducing its thermal stability and catalyzing the irreversible unfolding of LPL's α/β-hydrolase domain. We previously mapped the ANGPTL4 binding site on LPL and defined the downstream unfolding events resulting in LPL inactivation. The binding of LPL to glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 protects against LPL unfolding. The binding site on LPL for an activating cofactor, apolipoprotein C2 (APOC2), and the mechanisms by which APOC2 activates LPL have been unclear and controversial. Using hydrogen-deuterium exchange/mass spectrometry, we now show that APOC2's C-terminal α-helix binds to regions of LPL surrounding the catalytic pocket. Remarkably, APOC2's binding site on LPL overlaps with that for ANGPTL4, but their effects on LPL conformation are distinct. In contrast to ANGPTL4, APOC2 increases the thermal stability of LPL and protects it from unfolding. Also, the regions of LPL that anchor the lid are stabilized by APOC2 but destabilized by ANGPTL4, providing a plausible explanation for why APOC2 is an activator of LPL, while ANGPTL4 is an inhibitor. Our studies provide fresh insights into the molecular mechanisms by which APOC2 binds and stabilizes LPL-and properties that we suspect are relevant to the conformational gating of LPL's active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Kumari
- Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, DK-2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Finsen Laboratory, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne Louise Grønnemose
- Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, DK-2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Finsen Laboratory, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK–5320Odense, Denmark
| | - Kristian K. Kristensen
- Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, DK-2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Finsen Laboratory, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie L. Winther
- Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, DK-2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Finsen Laboratory, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Stephen G. Young
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Thomas J. D. Jørgensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK–5320Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, DK-2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Finsen Laboratory, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200Copenhagen N, Denmark
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9
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Nozue T, Tada H, Murakami M, Michishita I. A case of hyperchylomicronemia associated with GPIHBP1 autoantibodies and fluctuating thyroid autoimmune disease. J Clin Lipidol 2023; 17:68-72. [PMID: 36402671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that patients with autoimmune hyperchylomicronemia caused by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high-density lipoprotein binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) autoantibodies are associated with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Basedow's disease, and immune thrombocytopenia. We report a rare case of hyperchylomicronemia due to GPIHBP1 autoantibodies and fluctuating thyroid autoimmune disease. A 28-year-old woman, diagnosed with Hashimoto's thyroiditis at 26 years of age, started taking 50 µg/day of levothyroxine sodium. She had an episode of acute pancreatitis at 27 years of age; her serum triglyceride (TG) level was 1291 mg/dL at that time. The patient was referred to our hospital because her hyperchylomicronemia (hypertriglyceridemia) did not improve on treatment with pemafibrate and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Serum total cholesterol and TG levels were 237 mg/dL and 2535 mg/dL, respectively, while plasma pre-heparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mass was 15 ng/mL (26.5-105.5 ng/mL). We diagnosed her as Basedow's disease based on autoimmune antibodies and ultrasound examination. Targeted exome sequencing revealed no pathogenic variants in the LPL or GPIHBP1 genes. The serum GPIHBP1 autoantibody level was 686.0 U/mL (<58.4 U/mL) and GPIHBP1 mass was 301.9 pg/mL (570.6-1625.6 pg/mL). The patient showed hyperchylomicronemia during periods of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, whereas GPIHBP1 autoantibodies were positive during episode of hyperchylomicronemia but negative during periods of normal TG levels. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with hyperchylomicronemia due to GPIHBP1 autoantibodies and treated with rituximab. GPIHBP1 autoantibodies remained undetectable and TG levels were controlled at approximately 200 mg/dL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nozue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama Sakae Kyosai Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Hayato Tada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Ichiro Michishita
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yokohama Sakae Kyosai Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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10
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Orientational Preferences of GPI-Anchored Ly6/uPAR Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010011. [PMID: 36613456 PMCID: PMC9819746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ly6/uPAR proteins regulate many essential functions in the nervous and immune systems and epithelium. Most of these proteins contain single β-structural LU domains with three protruding loops and are glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored to a membrane. The GPI-anchor role is currently poorly studied. Here, we investigated the positional and orientational preferences of six GPI-anchored proteins in the receptor-unbound state by molecular dynamics simulations. Regardless of the linker length between the LU domain and GPI-anchor, the proteins interacted with the membrane by polypeptide parts and N-/O-glycans. Lynx1, Lynx2, Lypd6B, and Ly6H contacted the membrane by the loop regions responsible for interactions with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, while Lypd6 and CD59 demonstrated unique orientations with accessible receptor-binding sites. Thus, GPI-anchoring does not guarantee an optimal 'pre-orientation' of the LU domain for the receptor interaction.
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11
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Shenkarev ZO, Chesnokov YM, Zaigraev MM, Chugunov AO, Kulbatskii DS, Kocharovskaya MV, Paramonov AS, Bychkov ML, Shulepko MA, Nolde DE, Kamyshinsky RA, Yablokov EO, Ivanov AS, Kirpichnikov MP, Lyukmanova EN. Membrane-mediated interaction of non-conventional snake three-finger toxins with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1344. [PMID: 36477694 PMCID: PMC9729238 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of α7 type (α7-nAChR) presented in the nervous and immune systems and epithelium is a promising therapeutic target for cognitive disfunctions and cancer treatment. Weak toxin from Naja kaouthia venom (WTX) is a non-conventional three-finger neurotoxin, targeting α7-nAChR with weak affinity. There are no data on interaction mode of non-conventional neurotoxins with nAChRs. Using α-bungarotoxin (classical three-finger neurotoxin with high affinity to α7-nAChR), we showed applicability of cryo-EM to study complexes of α7-nAChR extracellular ligand-binding domain (α7-ECD) with toxins. Using cryo-EM structure of the α7-ECD/WTX complex, together with NMR data on membrane active site in the WTX molecule and mutagenesis data, we reconstruct the structure of α7-nAChR/WTX complex in the membrane environment. WTX interacts at the entrance to the orthosteric site located at the receptor intersubunit interface and simultaneously forms the contacts with the membrane surface. WTX interaction mode with α7-nAChR significantly differs from α-bungarotoxin's one, which does not contact the membrane. Our study reveals the important role of the membrane for interaction of non-conventional neurotoxins with the nicotinic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakhar O. Shenkarev
- grid.418853.30000 0004 0440 1573Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997 Russia ,grid.18763.3b0000000092721542Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Institutsky Lane 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow, 141701 Russia
| | - Yuri M. Chesnokov
- grid.18919.380000000406204151National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Academic Kurchatov Sq. 1, Moscow, 123182 Russia ,grid.435159.f0000 0001 1941 7461Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 59, Moscow, 119333 Russia
| | - Maxim M. Zaigraev
- grid.418853.30000 0004 0440 1573Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997 Russia ,grid.18763.3b0000000092721542Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Institutsky Lane 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow, 141701 Russia
| | - Anton O. Chugunov
- grid.418853.30000 0004 0440 1573Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997 Russia ,grid.18763.3b0000000092721542Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Institutsky Lane 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow, 141701 Russia ,grid.410682.90000 0004 0578 2005National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya Str. 20, Moscow, 101000 Russia
| | - Dmitrii S. Kulbatskii
- grid.418853.30000 0004 0440 1573Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - Milita V. Kocharovskaya
- grid.418853.30000 0004 0440 1573Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997 Russia ,grid.18763.3b0000000092721542Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Institutsky Lane 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow, 141701 Russia
| | - Alexander S. Paramonov
- grid.418853.30000 0004 0440 1573Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - Maxim L. Bychkov
- grid.418853.30000 0004 0440 1573Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Shulepko
- grid.418853.30000 0004 0440 1573Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - Dmitry E. Nolde
- grid.418853.30000 0004 0440 1573Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997 Russia ,grid.410682.90000 0004 0578 2005National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya Str. 20, Moscow, 101000 Russia
| | - Roman A. Kamyshinsky
- grid.18919.380000000406204151National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Academic Kurchatov Sq. 1, Moscow, 123182 Russia ,grid.435159.f0000 0001 1941 7461Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre “Crystallography and Photonics” of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 59, Moscow, 119333 Russia
| | - Evgeniy O. Yablokov
- grid.418846.70000 0000 8607 342XInstitute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya 10k8, Moscow, 119121 Russia
| | - Alexey S. Ivanov
- grid.418846.70000 0000 8607 342XInstitute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya 10k8, Moscow, 119121 Russia
| | - Mikhail P. Kirpichnikov
- grid.418853.30000 0004 0440 1573Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997 Russia ,grid.14476.300000 0001 2342 9668Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of Moscow University “Molecular Technologies of the Living Systems and Synthetic Biology”, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119234 Russia
| | - Ekaterina N. Lyukmanova
- grid.418853.30000 0004 0440 1573Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997 Russia ,grid.18763.3b0000000092721542Phystech School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Institutsky Lane 9, Dolgoprudny, Moscow, 141701 Russia ,grid.14476.300000 0001 2342 9668Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of Moscow University “Molecular Technologies of the Living Systems and Synthetic Biology”, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119234 Russia
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12
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Young SG, Song W, Yang Y, Birrane G, Jiang H, Beigneux AP, Ploug M, Fong LG. A protein of capillary endothelial cells, GPIHBP1, is crucial for plasma triglyceride metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2211136119. [PMID: 36037340 PMCID: PMC9457329 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211136119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GPIHBP1, a protein of capillary endothelial cells (ECs), is a crucial partner for lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the lipolytic processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. GPIHBP1, which contains a three-fingered cysteine-rich LU (Ly6/uPAR) domain and an intrinsically disordered acidic domain (AD), captures LPL from within the interstitial spaces (where it is secreted by parenchymal cells) and shuttles it across ECs to the capillary lumen. Without GPIHBP1, LPL remains stranded within the interstitial spaces, causing severe hypertriglyceridemia (chylomicronemia). Biophysical studies revealed that GPIHBP1 stabilizes LPL structure and preserves LPL activity. That discovery was the key to crystallizing the GPIHBP1-LPL complex. The crystal structure revealed that GPIHBP1's LU domain binds, largely by hydrophobic contacts, to LPL's C-terminal lipid-binding domain and that the AD is positioned to project across and interact, by electrostatic forces, with a large basic patch spanning LPL's lipid-binding and catalytic domains. We uncovered three functions for GPIHBP1's AD. First, it accelerates the kinetics of LPL binding. Second, it preserves LPL activity by inhibiting unfolding of LPL's catalytic domain. Third, by sheathing LPL's basic patch, the AD makes it possible for LPL to move across ECs to the capillary lumen. Without the AD, GPIHBP1-bound LPL is trapped by persistent interactions between LPL and negatively charged heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the abluminal surface of ECs. The AD interrupts the HSPG interactions, freeing LPL-GPIHBP1 complexes to move across ECs to the capillary lumen. GPIHBP1 is medically important; GPIHBP1 mutations cause lifelong chylomicronemia, and GPIHBP1 autoantibodies cause some acquired cases of chylomicronemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G. Young
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Wenxin Song
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Gabriel Birrane
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anne P. Beigneux
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2200N, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Loren G. Fong
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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13
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Zhu R, Liu TW, Liu F. Exogenous Urokinase Inhibits Proteasomal Degradation of Its Cognate Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:754271. [PMID: 36034808 PMCID: PMC9411529 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.754271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is a debilitating condition with high incidence and mortality rates. APE is widely treated with the serine protease urokinase or urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) that functions by resolving blood clots via catalyzing the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Treatment with recombinant uPA has been shown to increase endogenous expression of uPA and its cognate receptor, uPAR; however, the mechanisms for this induction are not known. Using an in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation model in bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells, we show that induction of hypoxia/reoxygenation induces apoptosis and increases secretion of tumor necrosis factor–alpha, brain natriuretic peptide, and fractalkine, which are attenuated when treated with exogenous uPA. Induction of hypoxia/reoxygenation resulted in decreased expression of uPAR on cell surface without any significant changes in its messenger RNA expression, highlighting post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Determination of uPAR protein half-life using cycloheximide showed treatment with uPA significantly increased its half-life (209.6 ± 0.2 min from 48.2 ± 2.3 min). Hypoxia/reoxygenation promoted the degradation of uPAR. Inhibition of proteasome-mediated degradation using MG-132 and lactacystin revealed that uPAR was actively degraded when hypoxia/reoxygenation was induced and that it was reversed when treated with exogenous uPA. Determination of the proteolytic activity of 20S proteasome showed a global increase in ubiquitin–proteasome activation without an increase in proteasome content in cells subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation. Our results cumulatively reveal that uPAR is actively degraded following hypoxia/reoxygenation, and the degradation was significantly weakened by exogenous uPA treatment. Given the importance of the uPA/uPAR axis in a multitude of pathophysiological contexts, these findings provide important yet undefined mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ting-Wei Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Fan Liu,
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14
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Brewitz L, Onisko BC, Schofield CJ. Combined proteomic and biochemical analyses redefine the consensus sequence requirement for epidermal growth factor-like domain hydroxylation. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102129. [PMID: 35700824 PMCID: PMC9293771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGFDs) have important functions in cell-cell signaling. Both secreted and cell surface human EGFDs are subject to extensive modifications, including aspartate and asparagine residue C3-hydroxylations catalyzed by the 2-oxoglutarate oxygenase aspartate/asparagine-β-hydroxylase (AspH). Although genetic studies show AspH is important in human biology, studies on its physiological roles have been limited by incomplete knowledge of its substrates. Here, we redefine the consensus sequence requirements for AspH-catalyzed EGFD hydroxylation based on combined analysis of proteomic mass spectrometric data and mass spectrometry-based assays with isolated AspH and peptide substrates. We provide cellular and biochemical evidence that the preferred site of EGFD hydroxylation is embedded within a disulfide-bridged macrocycle formed of 10 amino acid residues. This definition enabled the identification of previously unassigned hydroxylation sites in three EGFDs of human fibulins as AspH substrates. A non-EGFD containing protein, lymphocyte antigen-6/plasminogen activator urokinase receptor domain containing protein 6B (LYPD6B) was shown to be a substrate for isolated AspH, but we did not observe evidence for LYPD6B hydroxylation in cells. AspH-catalyzed hydroxylation of fibulins is of particular interest given their important roles in extracellular matrix dynamics. In conclusion, these results lead to a revision of the consensus substrate requirements for AspH and expand the range of observed and potential AspH-catalyzed hydroxylation in cells, which will enable future study of the biological roles of AspH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Brewitz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Christopher J Schofield
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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15
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Alfano D, Franco P, Stoppelli MP. Modulation of Cellular Function by the Urokinase Receptor Signalling: A Mechanistic View. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:818616. [PMID: 35493073 PMCID: PMC9045800 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.818616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR or CD87) is a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol anchored (GPI) membrane protein. The uPAR primary ligand is the serine protease urokinase (uPA), converting plasminogen into plasmin, a broad spectrum protease, active on most extracellular matrix components. Besides uPA, the uPAR binds specifically also to the matrix protein vitronectin and, therefore, is regarded also as an adhesion receptor. Complex formation of the uPAR with diverse transmembrane proteins, including integrins, formyl peptide receptors, G protein-coupled receptors and epidermal growth factor receptor results in intracellular signalling. Thus, the uPAR is a multifunctional receptor coordinating surface-associated pericellular proteolysis and signal transduction, thereby affecting physiological and pathological mechanisms. The uPAR-initiated signalling leads to remarkable cellular effects, that include increased cell migration, adhesion, survival, proliferation and invasion. Although this is beyond the scope of this review, the uPA/uPAR system is of great interest to cancer research, as it is associated to aggressive cancers and poor patient survival. Increasing evidence links the uPA/uPAR axis to epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a highly dynamic process, by which epithelial cells can convert into a mesenchymal phenotype. Furthermore, many reports indicate that the uPAR is involved in the maintenance of the stem-like phenotype and in the differentiation process of different cell types. Moreover, the levels of anchor-less, soluble form of uPAR, respond to a variety of inflammatory stimuli, including tumorigenesis and viral infections. Finally, the role of uPAR in virus infection has received increasing attention, in view of the Covid-19 pandemics and new information is becoming available. In this review, we provide a mechanistic perspective, via the detailed examination of consolidated and recent studies on the cellular responses to the multiple uPAR activities.
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16
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Song W, Beigneux AP, Winther AML, Kristensen KK, Grønnemose AL, Yang Y, Tu Y, Munguia P, Morales J, Jung H, de Jong PJ, Jung CJ, Miyashita K, Kimura T, Nakajima K, Murakami M, Birrane G, Jiang H, Tontonoz P, Ploug M, Fong LG, Young SG. Electrostatic sheathing of lipoprotein lipase is essential for its movement across capillary endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:157500. [PMID: 35229724 PMCID: PMC8884915 DOI: 10.1172/jci157500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GPIHBP1, an endothelial cell (EC) protein, captures lipoprotein lipase (LPL) within the interstitial spaces (where it is secreted by myocytes and adipocytes) and transports it across ECs to its site of action in the capillary lumen. GPIHBP1’s 3-fingered LU domain is required for LPL binding, but the function of its acidic domain (AD) has remained unclear. We created mutant mice lacking the AD and found severe hypertriglyceridemia. As expected, the mutant GPIHBP1 retained the capacity to bind LPL. Unexpectedly, however, most of the GPIHBP1 and LPL in the mutant mice was located on the abluminal surface of ECs (explaining the hypertriglyceridemia). The GPIHBP1-bound LPL was trapped on the abluminal surface of ECs by electrostatic interactions between the large basic patch on the surface of LPL and negatively charged heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) on the surface of ECs. GPIHBP1 trafficking across ECs in the mutant mice was normalized by disrupting LPL-HSPG electrostatic interactions with either heparin or an AD peptide. Thus, GPIHBP1’s AD plays a crucial function in plasma triglyceride metabolism; it sheathes LPL’s basic patch on the abluminal surface of ECs, thereby preventing LPL-HSPG interactions and freeing GPIHBP1-LPL complexes to move across ECs to the capillary lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Song
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anne P Beigneux
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anne-Marie L Winther
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian K Kristensen
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne L Grønnemose
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ye Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yiping Tu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Priscilla Munguia
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jazmin Morales
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hyesoo Jung
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pieter J de Jong
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Cris J Jung
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
| | - Kazuya Miyashita
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.,Immuno-Biological Laboratories (IBL), Fujioka, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takao Kimura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Gabriel Birrane
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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17
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Metrangolo V, Ploug M, Engelholm LH. The Urokinase Receptor (uPAR) as a "Trojan Horse" in Targeted Cancer Therapy: Challenges and Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215376. [PMID: 34771541 PMCID: PMC8582577 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Discovered more than three decades ago, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has now firmly established itself as a versatile molecular target holding promise for the treatment of aggressive malignancies. The copious abundance of uPAR in virtually all human cancerous tissues versus their healthy counterparts has fostered a gradual shift in the therapeutic landscape targeting this receptor from function inhibition to cytotoxic approaches to selectively eradicate the uPAR-expressing cells by delivering a targeted cytotoxic insult. Multiple avenues are being explored in a preclinical setting, including the more innovative immune- or stroma targeting therapies. This review discusses the current state of these strategies, their potentialities, and challenges, along with future directions in the field of uPAR targeting. Abstract One of the largest challenges to the implementation of precision oncology is identifying and validating selective tumor-driving targets to enhance the therapeutic efficacy while limiting off-target toxicity. In this context, the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has progressively emerged as a promising therapeutic target in the management of aggressive malignancies. By focalizing the plasminogen activation cascade and subsequent extracellular proteolysis on the cell surface of migrating cells, uPAR endows malignant cells with a high proteolytic and migratory potential to dissolve the restraining extracellular matrix (ECM) barriers and metastasize to distant sites. uPAR is also assumed to choreograph multiple other neoplastic stages via a complex molecular interplay with distinct cancer-associated signaling pathways. Accordingly, high uPAR expression is observed in virtually all human cancers and is frequently associated with poor patient prognosis and survival. The promising therapeutic potential unveiled by the pleiotropic nature of this receptor has prompted the development of distinct targeted intervention strategies. The present review will focus on recently emerged cytotoxic approaches emphasizing the novel technologies and related limits hindering their application in the clinical setting. Finally, future research directions and emerging opportunities in the field of uPAR targeting are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Metrangolo
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.M.); (M.P.)
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Ploug
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.M.); (M.P.)
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars H. Engelholm
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (V.M.); (M.P.)
- Biotech Research & Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-31-43-20-77
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18
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Leth JM, Ploug M. Targeting the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (uPAR) in Human Diseases With a View to Non-invasive Imaging and Therapeutic Intervention. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:732015. [PMID: 34490277 PMCID: PMC8417595 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.732015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its glycolipid-anchored receptor (uPAR) focalizes plasminogen activation to cell surfaces, thereby regulating extravascular fibrinolysis, cell adhesion, and migration. uPAR belongs to the Ly6/uPAR (LU) gene superfamily and the high-affinity binding site for uPA is assembled by a dynamic association of its three consecutive LU domains. In most human solid cancers, uPAR is expressed at the invasive areas of the tumor-stromal microenvironment. High levels of uPAR in resected tumors or shed to the plasma of cancer patients are robustly associated with poor prognosis and increased risk of relapse and metastasis. Over the years, a plethora of different strategies to inhibit uPA and uPAR function have been designed and investigated in vitro and in vivo in mouse models, but so far none have been implemented in the clinics. In recent years, uPAR-targeting with the intent of cytotoxic eradication of uPAR-expressing cells have nonetheless gained increasing momentum. Another avenue that is currently being explored is non-invasive imaging with specific uPAR-targeted reporter-molecules containing positron emitting radionuclides or near-infrared (NIR) florescence probes with the overarching aim of being able to: (i) localize disease dissemination using positron emission tomography (PET) and (ii) assist fluorescence guided surgery using optical imaging. In this review, we will discuss these advancements with special emphasis on applications using a small 9-mer peptide antagonist that targets uPAR with high affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Maja Leth
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Kristensen KK, Leth-Espensen KZ, Kumari A, Grønnemose AL, Lund-Winther AM, Young SG, Ploug M. GPIHBP1 and ANGPTL4 Utilize Protein Disorder to Orchestrate Order in Plasma Triglyceride Metabolism and Regulate Compartmentalization of LPL Activity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:702508. [PMID: 34336854 PMCID: PMC8319833 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.702508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravascular processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) is crucial for delivery of dietary lipids fueling energy metabolism in heart and skeletal muscle and for storage in white adipose tissue. During the last decade, mechanisms underlying focal lipolytic processing of TRLs along the luminal surface of capillaries have been clarified by fresh insights into the functions of lipoprotein lipase (LPL); LPL's dedicated transporter protein, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1); and its endogenous inhibitors, angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) proteins 3, 4, and 8. Key discoveries in LPL biology include solving the crystal structure of LPL, showing LPL is catalytically active as a monomer rather than as a homodimer, and that the borderline stability of LPL's hydrolase domain is crucial for the regulation of LPL activity. Another key discovery was understanding how ANGPTL4 regulates LPL activity. The binding of ANGPTL4 to LPL sequences adjacent to the catalytic cavity triggers cooperative and sequential unfolding of LPL's hydrolase domain resulting in irreversible collapse of the catalytic cavity and loss of LPL activity. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the ANGPTL3-ANGPTL8 complex for endocrine regulation of LPL activity in oxidative organs (e.g., heart, skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue), but the molecular mechanisms have not been fully defined. New insights have also been gained into LPL-GPIHBP1 interactions and how GPIHBP1 moves LPL to its site of action in the capillary lumen. GPIHBP1 is an atypical member of the LU (Ly6/uPAR) domain protein superfamily, containing an intrinsically disordered and highly acidic N-terminal extension and a disulfide bond-rich three-fingered LU domain. Both the disordered acidic domain and the folded LU domain are crucial for the stability and transport of LPL, and for modulating its susceptibility to ANGPTL4-mediated unfolding. This review focuses on recent advances in the biology and biochemistry of crucial proteins for intravascular lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Kølby Kristensen
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Zinck Leth-Espensen
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anni Kumari
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Louise Grønnemose
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Lund-Winther
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephen G Young
- Departments of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Kurbegovic S, Juhl K, Sørensen KK, Leth J, Willemoe GL, Christensen A, Adams Y, Jensen AR, von Buchwald C, Skjøth-Rasmussen J, Ploug M, Jensen KJ, Kjaer A. IRDye800CW labeled uPAR-targeting peptide for fluorescence-guided glioblastoma surgery: Preclinical studies in orthotopic xenografts. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:7159-7174. [PMID: 34158842 PMCID: PMC8210614 DOI: 10.7150/thno.49787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating cancer with basically no curative treatment. Even with aggressive treatment, the median survival is disappointing 14 months. Surgery remains the key treatment and the postoperative survival is determined by the extent of resection. Unfortunately, the invasive growth with irregular infiltrating margins complicates an optimal surgical resection. Precise intraoperative tumor visualization is therefore highly needed and molecular targeted near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging potentially constitutes such a tool. The urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (uPAR) is expressed in most solid cancers primarily at the invading front and the adjacent activated peritumoral stroma making it an attractive target for targeted fluorescence imaging. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a new uPAR-targeted optical probe, IRDye800CW-AE344, for fluorescence guided surgery (FGS). Methods: In the present study we characterized the fluorescent probe with regard to binding affinity, optical properties, and plasma stability. Further, in vivo imaging characterization was performed in nude mice with orthotopic human patient derived glioblastoma xenografts, and we performed head-to-head comparison within FGS between our probe and the traditional procedure using 5-ALA. Finally, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration was characterized in a 3D BBB spheroid model. Results: The probe effectively visualized GBM in vivo with a tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) above 4.5 between 1 to 12 h post injection and could be used for FGS of orthotopic human glioblastoma xenografts in mice where it was superior to 5-ALA. The probe showed a favorable safety profile with no evidence of any acute toxicity. Finally, the 3D BBB model showed uptake of the probe into the spheroids indicating that the probe crosses the BBB. Conclusion: IRDye800CW-AE344 is a promising uPAR-targeted optical probe for FGS and a candidate for translation into human use.
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21
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The intrinsic instability of the hydrolase domain of lipoprotein lipase facilitates its inactivation by ANGPTL4-catalyzed unfolding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026650118. [PMID: 33723082 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026650118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex between lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and its endothelial receptor (GPIHBP1) is responsible for the lipolytic processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) along the capillary lumen, a physiologic process that releases lipid nutrients for vital organs such as heart and skeletal muscle. LPL activity is regulated in a tissue-specific manner by endogenous inhibitors (angiopoietin-like [ANGPTL] proteins 3, 4, and 8), but the molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. ANGPTL4 catalyzes the inactivation of LPL monomers by triggering the irreversible unfolding of LPL's α/β-hydrolase domain. Here, we show that this unfolding is initiated by the binding of ANGPTL4 to sequences near LPL's catalytic site, including β2, β3-α3, and the lid. Using pulse-labeling hydrogen‒deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, we found that ANGPTL4 binding initiates conformational changes that are nucleated on β3-α3 and progress to β5 and β4-α4, ultimately leading to the irreversible unfolding of regions that form LPL's catalytic pocket. LPL unfolding is context dependent and varies with the thermal stability of LPL's α/β-hydrolase domain (T m of 34.8 °C). GPIHBP1 binding dramatically increases LPL stability (T m of 57.6 °C), while ANGPTL4 lowers the onset of LPL unfolding by ∼20 °C, both for LPL and LPL•GPIHBP1 complexes. These observations explain why the binding of GPIHBP1 to LPL retards the kinetics of ANGPTL4-mediated LPL inactivation at 37 °C but does not fully suppress inactivation. The allosteric mechanism by which ANGPTL4 catalyzes the irreversible unfolding and inactivation of LPL is an unprecedented pathway for regulating intravascular lipid metabolism.
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22
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Xu D, Bum-Erdene K, Leth JM, Ghozayel MK, Ploug M, Meroueh SO. Small-Molecule Inhibition of the uPAR ⋅ uPA Interaction by Conformational Selection. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:377-387. [PMID: 33107192 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase receptor (uPAR) is a cell surface receptor that binds to the serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) with high affinity. This interaction is beneficial for extravascular fibrin clearance, but it has also been associated with a broad range of pathological conditions including cancer, atherosclerosis, and kidney disease. Here, starting with a small molecule that we previously discovered by virtual screening and cheminformatics analysis, we design and synthesize several derivatives that were tested for binding and inhibition of the uPAR ⋅ uPA interaction. To confirm the binding site and establish a binding mode of the compounds, we carried out biophysical studies using uPAR mutants, among them uPARH47C-N259C , a mutant previously developed to mimic the structure of uPA-bound uPAR. Remarkably, a substantial increase in potency is observed for inhibition of uPARH47C-N259C binding to uPA compared to wild-type uPAR, consistent with our use of the structure of uPAR in its uPA-bound state to design small-molecule uPAR ⋅ uPA antagonists. Combined with the biophysical studies, molecular docking followed by extensive explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations and MM-GBSA free energy calculations yielded the most favorable binding pose of the compound. Collectively, these results suggest that potent inhibition of uPAR binding to uPA with small molecules will likely only be achieved by developing small molecules that exhibit high-affinity to solution apo structures of uPAR, rather than uPA-bound structures of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Khuchtumur Bum-Erdene
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Julie M Leth
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mona K Ghozayel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Samy O Meroueh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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23
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Miyashita K, Lutz J, Hudgins LC, Toib D, Ashraf AP, Song W, Murakami M, Nakajima K, Ploug M, Fong LG, Young SG, Beigneux AP. Chylomicronemia from GPIHBP1 autoantibodies. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1365-1376. [PMID: 32948662 PMCID: PMC7604722 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r120001116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some cases of chylomicronemia are caused by autoantibodies against glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored HDL binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1), an endothelial cell protein that shuttles LPL to the capillary lumen. GPIHBP1 autoantibodies prevent binding and transport of LPL by GPIHBP1, thereby disrupting the lipolytic processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Here, we review the "GPIHBP1 autoantibody syndrome" and summarize clinical and laboratory findings in 22 patients. All patients had GPIHBP1 autoantibodies and chylomicronemia, but we did not find a correlation between triglyceride levels and autoantibody levels. Many of the patients had a history of pancreatitis, and most had clinical and/or serological evidence of autoimmune disease. IgA autoantibodies were present in all patients, and IgG4 autoantibodies were present in 19 of 22 patients. Patients with GPIHBP1 autoantibodies had low plasma LPL levels, consistent with impaired delivery of LPL into capillaries. Plasma levels of GPIHBP1, measured with a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA, were very low in 17 patients, reflecting the inability of the ELISA to detect GPIHBP1 in the presence of autoantibodies (immunoassay interference). However, GPIHBP1 levels were very high in five patients, indicating little capacity of their autoantibodies to interfere with the ELISA. Recently, several GPIHBP1 autoantibody syndrome patients were treated successfully with rituximab, resulting in the disappearance of GPIHBP1 autoantibodies and normalization of both plasma triglyceride and LPL levels. The GPIHBP1 autoantibody syndrome should be considered in any patient with newly acquired and unexplained chylomicronemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Miyashita
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
- Immuno-Biological Laboratories (IBL), Fujioka, Gunma, Japan
| | - Jens Lutz
- Medical Clinic, Nephrology-Infectious Diseases, Central Rhine Hospital Group, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Lisa C Hudgins
- Rogosin Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dana Toib
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Section of Pediatric Rheumatology, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ambika P Ashraf
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wenxin Song
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University, Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotechnology Research Innovation Center, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anne P Beigneux
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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24
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Ille AM, Kishel E, Bodea R, Ille A, Lamont H, Amico-Ruvio S. Protein LY6E as a candidate for mediating transport of adeno-associated virus across the human blood-brain barrier. J Neurovirol 2020; 26:769-778. [PMID: 32839948 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a major obstacle for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Significant progress has been made in developing adeno-associated virus (AAV) variants with increased ability to cross the BBB in mice. However, these variants are not efficacious in non-human primates. Herein, we employed various bioinformatic techniques to identify lymphocyte antigen-6E (LY6E) as a candidate for mediating transport of AAV across the human BBB based on the previously determined mechanism of transport in mice. Our results provide insight into future discovery and optimization of AAV variants for CNS gene delivery in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Ille
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.,STEM Biomedical, Kitchener, ON, N2M 3B9, Canada
| | - Eric Kishel
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Raoul Bodea
- STEM Biomedical, Kitchener, ON, N2M 3B9, Canada
| | - Anetta Ille
- STEM Biomedical, Kitchener, ON, N2M 3B9, Canada
| | - Hannah Lamont
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
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25
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Jiang Y, Lin L, Chen S, Jiang L, Kriegbaum MC, Gårdsvoll H, Hansen LV, Li J, Ploug M, Yuan C, Huang M. Crystal Structures of Human C4.4A Reveal the Unique Association of Ly6/uPAR/α-neurotoxin Domain. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:981-993. [PMID: 32140067 PMCID: PMC7053344 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.39919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ly6/uPAR/α-neurotoxin domain (LU-domain) is characterized by the presence of 4-5 disulfide bonds and three flexible loops that extend from a core stacked by several conversed disulfide bonds (thus also named three-fingered protein domain). This highly structurally stable protein domain is typically a protein-binder at extracellular space. Most LU proteins contain only single LU-domain as represented by Ly6 proteins in immunology and α-neurotoxins in snake venom. For Ly6 proteins, many are expressed in specific cell lineages and in differentiation stages, and are used as markers. In this study, we report the crystal structures of the two LU-domains of human C4.4A alone and its complex with a Fab fragment of a monoclonal anti-C4.4A antibody. Interestingly, both structures showed that C4.4A forms a very compact globule with two LU-domain packed face to face. This is in contrast to the flexible nature of most LU-domain-containing proteins in mammals. The Fab combining site of C4.4A involves both LU-domains, and appears to be the binding site for AGR2, a reported ligand of C4.4A. This work reports the first structure that contain two LU-domains and provides insights on how LU-domains fold into a compact protein and interacts with ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Shanli Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Longguang Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Mette C Kriegbaum
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2220 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Henrik Gårdsvoll
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2220 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Line V Hansen
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jinyu Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.,Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, DK-2220 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Cai Yuan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - Mingdong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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26
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Hayek SS, Leaf DE, Samman Tahhan A, Raad M, Sharma S, Waikar SS, Sever S, Camacho A, Wang X, Dande RR, Ibrahim NE, Baron RM, Altintas MM, Wei C, Sheikh-Hamad D, Pan JSC, Holliday MW, Januzzi JL, Weisbord SD, Quyyumi AA, Reiser J. Soluble Urokinase Receptor and Acute Kidney Injury. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:416-426. [PMID: 31995687 PMCID: PMC7065830 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1911481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury is common, with a major effect on morbidity and health care utilization. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a signaling glycoprotein thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of kidney disease. We investigated whether a high level of suPAR predisposed patients to acute kidney injury in multiple clinical contexts, and we used experimental models to identify mechanisms by which suPAR acts and to assess it as a therapeutic target. METHODS We measured plasma levels of suPAR preprocedurally in patients who underwent coronary angiography and patients who underwent cardiac surgery and at the time of admission to the intensive care unit in critically ill patients. We assessed the risk of acute kidney injury at 7 days as the primary outcome and acute kidney injury or death at 90 days as a secondary outcome, according to quartile of suPAR level. In experimental studies, we used a monoclonal antibody to urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) as a therapeutic strategy to attenuate acute kidney injury in transgenic mice receiving contrast material. We also assessed cellular bioenergetics and generation of reactive oxygen species in human kidney proximal tubular (HK-2) cells that were exposed to recombinant suPAR. RESULTS The suPAR level was assessed in 3827 patients who were undergoing coronary angiography, 250 who were undergoing cardiac surgery, and 692 who were critically ill. Acute kidney injury developed in 318 patients (8%) who had undergone coronary angiography. The highest suPAR quartile (vs. the lowest) had an adjusted odds ratio of 2.66 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.77 to 3.99) for acute kidney injury and 2.29 (95% CI, 1.71 to 3.06) for acute kidney injury or death at 90 days. Findings were similar in the surgical and critically ill cohorts. The suPAR-overexpressing mice that were given contrast material had greater functional and histologic evidence of acute kidney injury than wild-type mice. The suPAR-treated HK-2 cells showed heightened energetic demand and mitochondrial superoxide generation. Pretreatment with a uPAR monoclonal antibody attenuated kidney injury in suPAR-overexpressing mice and normalized bioenergetic changes in HK-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS High suPAR levels were associated with acute kidney injury in various clinical and experimental contexts. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim S Hayek
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - David E Leaf
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - Ayman Samman Tahhan
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - Mohamad Raad
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - Shreyak Sharma
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - Sushrut S Waikar
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - Sanja Sever
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - Alex Camacho
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - Xuexiang Wang
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - Ranadheer R Dande
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - Nasrien E Ibrahim
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - Rebecca M Baron
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - Mehmet M Altintas
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - Changli Wei
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - David Sheikh-Hamad
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - Jenny S-C Pan
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - Michael W Holliday
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - James L Januzzi
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - Steven D Weisbord
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - Arshed A Quyyumi
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
| | - Jochen Reiser
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (S.S.H.); the Divisions of Renal Medicine (D.E.L., S. Sharma, S.S.W.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R.M.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine (S.S.W.), and the Divisions of Nephrology (S. Sever) and Cardiology (A.C., N.E.I., J.L.J.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (A.S.T., M.R., A.A.Q.); the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (X.W., R.R.D., M.M.A., C.W., J.R.); the Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (D.S.-H., J.S.-C.P., M.W.H.); and the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (S.D.W.)
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27
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Weidemann DK, Abraham AG, Roem JL, Furth SL, Warady BA. Plasma Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) and CKD Progression in Children. Am J Kidney Dis 2020; 76:194-202. [PMID: 31987488 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a novel biomarker associated with incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) and has been identified as an independent risk factor for CKD progression in children, although these findings remain preliminary, limited to a single point in time, and unreplicated in pediatric cohorts. STUDY DESIGN Prospective longitudinal cohort study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS 565 participants aged 1 to 16 years enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) Study. EXPOSURE Plasma suPAR levels, categorized by quartiles, measured at study entry and a 6-month follow-up interval. OUTCOME CKD progression, defined as the initiation of kidney replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation) or >50% decline in estimated glomerular filtrate rate (eGFR). ANALYTIC APPROACH Associations between plasma suPAR quartiles and risk for CKD progression were estimated using lognormal survival models, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Participants in the highest suPAR quartile experienced 54% faster progression compared with the lowest quartile after adjustment for demographic and traditional CKD risk factors (P < 0.001). Addition of eGFR to the model attenuated the risk, although those in the highest quartile experienced 33% faster progression compared with the lowest quartile (P = 0.008). Plasma suPAR levels showed little change over 6 months. LIMITATIONS Potential for residual confounding, reliance on observational data, relatively fewer patients with higher eGFRs for subgroup analysis. CONCLUSIONS Higher suPAR levels are associated with shorter time to kidney replacement therapy or halving of eGFR in children with CKD. This association is attenuated slightly with inclusion of eGFR in regression modeling but remains a significant association for participants with the highest suPAR levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy K Weidemann
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO.
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jennifer L Roem
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Susan L Furth
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Bradley A Warady
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
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28
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Young SG, Fong LG, Beigneux AP, Allan CM, He C, Jiang H, Nakajima K, Meiyappan M, Birrane G, Ploug M. GPIHBP1 and Lipoprotein Lipase, Partners in Plasma Triglyceride Metabolism. Cell Metab 2019; 30:51-65. [PMID: 31269429 PMCID: PMC6662658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), identified in the 1950s, has been studied intensively by biochemists, physiologists, and clinical investigators. These efforts uncovered a central role for LPL in plasma triglyceride metabolism and identified LPL mutations as a cause of hypertriglyceridemia. By the 1990s, with an outline for plasma triglyceride metabolism established, interest in triglyceride metabolism waned. In recent years, however, interest in plasma triglyceride metabolism has awakened, in part because of the discovery of new molecules governing triglyceride metabolism. One such protein-and the focus of this review-is GPIHBP1, a protein of capillary endothelial cells. GPIHBP1 is LPL's essential partner: it binds LPL and transports it to the capillary lumen; it is essential for lipoprotein margination along capillaries, allowing lipolysis to proceed; and it preserves LPL's structure and activity. Recently, GPIHBP1 was the key to solving the structure of LPL. These developments have transformed the models for intravascular triglyceride metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Anne P Beigneux
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christopher M Allan
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cuiwen He
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Department of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0805, Japan
| | - Muthuraman Meiyappan
- Discovery Therapeutics, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gabriel Birrane
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael Ploug
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark; Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2200, Denmark.
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