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Wei Y, Chen Y, Hong Y, Chen J, Li HB, Li H, Yao X, Mehmood T, Feng X, Luo XS. Comparative in vitro toxicological effects of water-soluble and insoluble components of atmospheric PM 2.5 on human lung cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 98:105828. [PMID: 38621549 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Fine particulates in city air significantly impact human health, but the hazardous compositional mechanisms are still unclear. Besides the toxicity of environmental PM2.5 to in vitro human lung epithelial cells (A549), the independent cytotoxicity of PM2.5-bound water-soluble (WS-PM2.5) and water-insoluble (WIS-PM2.5) fractions were also compared by cell viability, oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species, ROS), and inflammatory injury (IL-6 and TNF-α). The cytotoxicity of PM2.5 varied significantly by sampling season and place, with degrees greater in winter and spring than in summer and autumn, related to corresponding trend of air PM2.5 level, and also higher in industrial than urban site, although their PM2.5 pollution levels were comparable. The PM2.5 bound metals (Ni, Cr, Fe, and Mn) may contribute to cellular injury. Both WS-PM2.5 and WIS-PM2.5 posed significant cytotoxicity, that WS-PM2.5 was more harmful than WIS-PM2.5 in terms of decreasing cell viability and increasing inflammatory cytokines production. In particular, industrial samples were usually more toxic than urban samples, and those from summer were generally less toxic than other seasons. Hence, in order to mitigate the health risks of PM2.5 pollution, the crucial targets might be components of heavy metals and soluble fractions, and sources in industrial areas, especially during the cold seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Wei
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yan Chen
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Youwei Hong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Hong-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hanhan Li
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xuewen Yao
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Tariq Mehmood
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig D-04318, Germany
| | - Xinyuan Feng
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiao-San Luo
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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2
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Aghaei Y, Badami MM, Tohidi R, Subramanian PSG, Boffi R, Borgini A, De Marco C, Contiero P, Ruprecht AA, Verma V, Chatila T, Sioutas C. The Impact of Russia-Ukraine geopolitical conflict on the air quality and toxicological properties of ambient PM 2.5 in Milan, Italy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5996. [PMID: 38472234 PMCID: PMC10933473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The geopolitical conflict between Russia and Ukraine has disrupted Europe's natural gas supplies, driving up gas prices and leading to a shift towards biomass for residential heating during colder months. This study assessed the consequent air quality and toxicological impacts in Milan, Italy, focusing on fine particulate matter (PM2.5, dp < 2.5 μm) emissions. PM2.5 samples were analyzed for their chemical composition and assessed for their oxidative potential using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay across three periods reflecting residential heating deployment (RHD): pre-RHD, intra-RHD, and post-RHD periods. During the intra-RHD period, PM2.5 levels were significantly higher than those in other periods, with concentrations reaching 57.94 ± 7.57 μg/m3, indicating a deterioration in air quality. Moreover, levoglucosan was 9.2 times higher during the intra-RHD period compared to the pre-RHD period, correlating with elevated levels of elemental carbon (EC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). These findings were compared with previous local studies before the conflict, underscoring a significant rise in biomass-related emissions. DTT assay levels during the intra-RHD were 2.1 times higher than those observed during the same period in 2022, strongly correlating with biomass burning emissions. Our findings highlight the necessity for policies to mitigate the indirect health effects of increased biomass burning emissions due to the energy crisis triggered by the geopolitical conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashar Aghaei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 S. Vermont Ave. KAP210, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Badami
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 S. Vermont Ave. KAP210, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Ramin Tohidi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 S. Vermont Ave. KAP210, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - P S Ganesh Subramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Roberto Boffi
- Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Paolo Contiero
- Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Ario Alberto Ruprecht
- Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
- International Society of Doctors for Environment (ISDE), Arezzo, Italy
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Talal Chatila
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, 3620 S. Vermont Ave. KAP210, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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3
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de Lagarde VM, Chevalier L, Méausoone C, Cazier F, Dewaele D, Cazier-Dennin F, Janona M, Logie C, Achard S, André V, Rogez-Florent T, Monteil C, Corbiere C. Acute and repeated exposures of normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells culture to particles from a coloured pyrotechnic smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 105:104327. [PMID: 38006978 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Coloured pyrotechnic smokes are frequently used in the military field and occasionally by civilians, but their health hazards have been little studied. The main concern could rise from inhalation of smoke particles. Our previous study showed that acute exposure to particles from a red signalling smoke (RSS) induced an antioxidant and inflammatory responses in small airway epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to further explore the toxicity of RSS particles at a more proximal level of the respiratory tract, using normal human bronchial epithelial cells grown at the Air-Liquid Interface. Acute exposure (24 h) induced an oxidative stress that persisted 24 h post-exposure, associated with particle internalization and epithelium morphological changes (cuboidal appearance and loss of cilia). Repeated exposures (4×16h) to RSS particles did not trigger oxidative stress but cell morphological changes occurred. Overall, this study provides a better overview of the toxic effects of coloured smoke particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Chevalier
- Université de Rouen Normandie, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, GPM-UMR6634, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Clémence Méausoone
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, ABTEUR 4651, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Fabrice Cazier
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CCM - Centre Commun de Mesures, 59 375 Dunkerque, France
| | - Dorothée Dewaele
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CCM - Centre Commun de Mesures, 59 375 Dunkerque, France
| | - Francine Cazier-Dennin
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, EA 4492 - UCEIV - Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 417, 59 375 Dunkerque, France
| | - Marion Janona
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, ABTEUR 4651, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Cathy Logie
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, ABTEUR 4651, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Achard
- Université de Paris, Faculté de Pharmacie, Inserm UMR1153 - CRESS, HERA " Health Environmental Risk Assessment ", 75005 Paris, France
| | - Véronique André
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, ABTEUR 4651, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Tiphaine Rogez-Florent
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, ABTEUR 4651, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Christelle Monteil
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, ABTEUR 4651, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Cécile Corbiere
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Université Caen Normandie, Normandie Univ, ABTEUR 4651, F-76000 Rouen, France.
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4
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Barbier E, Carpentier J, Simonin O, Gosset P, Platel A, Happillon M, Alleman LY, Perdrix E, Riffault V, Chassat T, Lo Guidice JM, Anthérieu S, Garçon G. Oxidative stress and inflammation induced by air pollution-derived PM 2.5 persist in the lungs of mice after cessation of their sub-chronic exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 181:108248. [PMID: 37857188 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
More than 7 million early deaths/year are attributable to air pollution. Current health concerns are especially focused on air pollution-derived particulate matter (PM). Although oxidative stress-induced airway inflammation is one of the main adverse outcome pathways triggered by air pollution-derived PM, the persistence of both these underlying mechanisms, even after exposure cessation, remained poorly studied. In this study, A/JOlaHsd mice were also exposed acutely (24 h) or sub-chronically (4 weeks), with or without a recovery period (12 weeks), to two urban PM2.5 samples collected during contrasting seasons (i.e., autumn/winter, AW or spring/summer, SS). The distinct intrinsic oxidative potentials (OPs) of AW and SS PM2.5, as evaluated in acellular conditions, were closely related to their respective physicochemical characteristics and their respective ability to really generate ROS over-production in the mouse lungs. Despite the early activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) cell signaling pathway by AW and, in a lesser degree, SS PM2.5, in the murine lungs after acute and sub-chronic exposures, the critical redox homeostasis was not restored, even after the exposure cessation. Accordingly, an inflammatory response was reported through the activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) cell signaling pathway activation, the secretion of cytokines, and the recruitment of inflammatory cells, in the murine lungs after the acute and sub-chronic exposures to AW and, in a lesser extent, to SS PM2.5, which persisted after the recovery period. Taken together, these original results provided, for the first time, new relevant insights that air pollution-derived PM2.5, with relatively high intrinsic OPs, induced oxidative stress and inflammation, which persisted admittedly at a lower level in the lungs after the exposure cessation, thereby contributing to the occurrence of molecular and cellular adverse events leading to the development and/or exacerbation of future chronic inflammatory lung diseases and even cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Barbier
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-IMPECS, France
| | - Jessica Carpentier
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-IMPECS, France
| | - Ophélie Simonin
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-IMPECS, France
| | - Pierre Gosset
- Service d'Anatomo-pathologie, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, Lille, France
| | - Anne Platel
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-IMPECS, France
| | - Mélanie Happillon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-IMPECS, France
| | - Laurent Y Alleman
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
| | - Esperanza Perdrix
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
| | - Véronique Riffault
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
| | - Thierry Chassat
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Plateforme d'Expérimentation et de Haute Technologie Animale, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Guillaume Garçon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-IMPECS, France.
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5
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Yang M, Jalava P, Wang XF, Bloom MS, Leskinen A, Hakkarainen H, Roponen M, Komppula M, Wu QZ, Xu SL, Lin LZ, Liu RQ, Hu LW, Yang BY, Zeng XW, Yu YJ, Dong GH. Winter and spring variation in sources, chemical components and toxicological responses of urban air particulate matter samples in Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157382. [PMID: 35843314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The sources and chemical components of urban air particles exhibit seasonal variations that may affect their hazardousness to human health. Our aims were to investigate winter and spring variation in particulate matter (PM) sources, components and toxicological responses of different PM size fractions from samples collected in Guangzhou, China. Four size-segregated PM samples (PM10-2.5, PM2.5-1, PM1-0.2, and PM0.2) were collected separately during winter (December 2017 and January 2018) and spring (March 2018). All PM samples were analyzed for chemical components and characterized by source. RAW 264.7 macrophages were exposed to four doses of PM samples for 24 h. Cytotoxicity, oxidation, cell cycle, genotoxicity and inflammatory parameters were tested. PM concentrations were higher in the winter samples and caused more severe cytotoxicity and oxidative damage than to PM in the spring samples. PM in winter and spring led to increases in cell cycle and genotoxicity. The trends of size-segregated PM components were consistent in winter and spring samples. Metallic elements and PAHs were found in the largest concentrations in winter PM, but ions were found in the largest concentrations in spring PM. metallic elements, PAHs and ions in size-segregated PM samples were associated with most toxicological endpoints. Soil dust and biomass burning were the main sources of PM in winter, whereas traffic exhaust and biomass burning was the main source with of spring PM. Our results suggest that the composition of PM samples from Guangzhou differed during winter and spring, which led to strong variations in toxicological responses. The results demonstrate the importance of examining a different particle sizes, compositions and sources across different seasons, for human risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Yang
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Pasi Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Michael S Bloom
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Ari Leskinen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjut Roponen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Qi-Zhen Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shu-Li Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li-Zi Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ru-Qing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bo-Yi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yun-Jiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China.
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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6
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Cochard M, Ledoux F, Cazier F, Gosset P, Courcot D, Landkocz Y. P13-04 Toxicity of airborne particulate matter in port, industrial and urban areas and effects on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lung A549 cells. Toxicol Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Cochard M, Ledoux F, Courcot D, Landkocz Y. P13-05 Toxicity of airborne particulate matter from port, industrial and urban areas on lung cells. Toxicol Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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8
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Altuwayjiri A, Soleimanian E, Moroni S, Palomba P, Borgini A, De Marco C, Ruprecht AA, Sioutas C. The impact of stay-home policies during Coronavirus-19 pandemic on the chemical and toxicological characteristics of ambient PM 2.5 in the metropolitan area of Milan, Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143582. [PMID: 33213922 PMCID: PMC7833074 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to characterize changes in components and toxicological properties of PM2.5 during the nationwide 2019-Coronavirus (COVID-19) lockdown restrictions in Milan, Italy. Time-integrated PM2.5 filters were collected at a residential site in Milan metropolitan area from April 11th to June 3rd at 2020, encompassing full-lockdown (FL), the followed partial-lockdown (PL2), and full-relaxation (FR) periods of COVID-19 restrictions. The collected filters were analyzed for elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), individual organic species (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and levoglucosan), and metals. According to online data, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and benzene (C6H6) levels significantly decreased during the entire COVID-19 period compared to the same time span in 2019, mainly due to the government-backed shutdowns and curtailed road traffic. Similarly, with a few exceptions, surrogates of tailpipe emissions (e.g., traffic-associated PAHs) as well as re-suspended road dust (e.g., Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, and Ti) were relatively lower during FL and PL2 periods in comparison with year 2019, whereas an increasing trend in mass concentration of mentioned species was observed from FL to PL2 and FR phases due to the gradual lifting of lockdown restrictions. In contrast, comparable concentrations of ambient PM2.5 and black carbon (BC) between lockdown period and the same time span in 2019 were attributed to the interplay between decreased road traffic and elevated domestic biomass burning as a result of adopted stay-home strategies. Finally, the curtailed road traffic during FL and PL2 periods led to ~25% drop in the PM2.5 oxidative potential (measured via 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) and dithiothreitol (DTT) assays) with respect to the FR period as well as the same time span in 2019. The results of this study provide insights into the changes in components and oxidative potential of PM2.5 in the absence of road traffic during COVID-19 restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ehsan Soleimanian
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Moroni
- Agenzia Mobilità Ambiente e Territorio - AMAT srl, Mobility, Environment and Territory Agency, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Palomba
- Agenzia Mobilità Ambiente e Territorio - AMAT srl, Mobility, Environment and Territory Agency, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Borgini
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Associazione Medici per l'Ambiente ISDE Italia, International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE), Italy
| | - Cinzia De Marco
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Associazione Medici per l'Ambiente ISDE Italia, International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE), Italy
| | - Ario A Ruprecht
- Associazione Medici per l'Ambiente ISDE Italia, International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE), Italy
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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9
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Magrì D, Veronesi M, Sánchez-Moreno P, Tolardo V, Bandiera T, Pompa PP, Athanassiou A, Fragouli D. PET nanoplastics interactions with water contaminants and their impact on human cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116262. [PMID: 33360657 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many studies are focusing on the negative effects of plastic pollution, and in particular on the nanosized plastic fragments and their implications on the environment and human health. Nanoplastics in the environment interact with a great number of substances, many of which are dangerous to humans, but the interaction mechanisms, the complexes formation processes, and their biological impact are still poorly understood. Here we report a study on the interactions of polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastics, produced by laser ablation, with three different types of contaminants: glyphosate, levofloxacin and Hg2+ ions, and we demonstrate that the nanoplastics form complexes with all three contaminants through their favorable binding. Most importantly, this study highlights that to demonstrate the overall effect of the nanoplastics internalized by cells in vitro, it is important to combine alternative methodologies, such as metabolomics, with standard biological assays (i.e., cell viability and ROS production). In this way it becomes possible to better understand the body's response to this new class of pollutants and their possible chronic toxicity. Summary: PET nanoplastics, fabricated by laser ablation, interact with aqueous pollutants forming nanoclusters. The nanoclusters affect the cells metabolism, suggesting long-term risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Magrì
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy; Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genova, Via All'Opera Pia, 13, 16145, Genova, Italy
| | - Marina Veronesi
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Sánchez-Moreno
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Valentina Tolardo
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy; Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genova, Via All'Opera Pia, 13, 16145, Genova, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- D3-PharmaChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Despina Fragouli
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
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10
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Mazuryk O, Stochel G, Brindell M. Variations in Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Urban Airborne Particulate Matter in Lung Epithelial Cells-Impact of Inorganic Fraction. Front Chem 2021; 8:581752. [PMID: 33392147 PMCID: PMC7773840 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.581752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is associated with numerous negative effects on human health. The toxicity of organic components of air pollution is well-recognized, while the impact of their inorganic counterparts in the overall toxicity is still a matter of various discussions. The influence of airborne particulate matter (PM) and their inorganic components on biological function of human alveolar-like epithelial cells (A549) was investigated in vitro. A novel treatment protocol based on covering culture plates with PM allowed increasing the studied pollutant concentrations and prolonging their incubation time without cell exposure on physical suffocation and mechanical disturbance. PM decreased the viability of A549 cells and disrupted their mitochondrial membrane potential and calcium homeostasis. For the first time, the difference in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) profiles generated by organic and inorganic counterparts of PM was shown. Singlet oxygen generation was observed only after treatment of cells with inorganic fraction of PM, while hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion radical were induced after exposure of A549 cells to both PM and their inorganic fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mazuryk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grazyna Stochel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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11
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Rönkkö TJ, Hirvonen MR, Happo MS, Ihantola T, Hakkarainen H, Martikainen MV, Gu C, Wang Q, Jokiniemi J, Komppula M, Jalava PI. Inflammatory responses of urban air PM modulated by chemical composition and different air quality situations in Nanjing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110382. [PMID: 33130172 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The health risks of air pollutants and ambient particulate matter (PM) are widely known. PM composition and toxicity have shown substantial spatiotemporal variability. Yet, the connections between PM composition and toxicological and health effects are vaguely understood. This is a crucial gap in knowledge that needs to be addressed in order to establish air quality guidelines and limit values that consider the chemical composition of PM instead of the current assumption of equal toxicity per inhaled dose. Here, we demonstrate further evidence for varying toxicological effects of urban PM at equal mass concentrations, and estimate how PM composition and emission source characteristics influenced this variation. We exposed a co-culture model mimicking alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages with size-segregated urban ambient PM collected before, during, and after the Nanjing Youth Olympic Games 2014. We measured the release of a set of cytokines, cell cycle alterations, and genotoxicity, and assessed the spatiotemporal variations in these responses by factorial multiple regression analysis. Additionally, we investigated how a previously identified set of emission sources and chemical components affected these variations by mixed model analysis. PM-exposure induced cytokine signaling, most notably by inducing dose-dependent increases of macrophage-regulating GM-CSF and proinflammatory TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β concentrations, modest dose-dependent increase for cytoprotective VEGF-A, but very low to no responses for anti-inflammatory IL-10 and immunoregulatory IFNγ, respectively. We observed substantial differences in proinflammatory cytokine production depending on PM sampling period, location, and time of day. The proinflammatory response correlated positively with cell cycle arrest in G1/G0 phase and loss of cellular metabolic activity. Furthermore, PM0.2 caused dose-dependent increases in sub-G1/G0 cells, suggesting increased DNA degradation and apoptosis. Variations in traffic and oil/fuel combustion emissions contributed substantially to the observed spatiotemporal variations of toxicological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu J Rönkkö
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko S Happo
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Ramboll Finland Oy, Itsehallintokuja 3, FI-02601, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tuukka Ihantola
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria-Viola Martikainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cheng Gu
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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12
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Traina G, Barbalace A, Betti F, Bolzacchini E, Bonini M, Contini D, Felice G, Foti T, Mantecca P. What impact of air pollution in pediatric respiratory allergic diseases. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2020; 31 Suppl 26:26-28. [PMID: 33236436 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory allergies are known to affect people all over the world. Environmental factors related to pollution play a significant etiopathogenic role in this regard. Polluting sources are industrial activities and urban traffic, capable of generating various types of pollutants that trigger inflammatory, direct, and indirect damage to tissues, promoting allergic symptoms, even serious ones, and interfering with the pharmacologic response. They are also able to modify pollen, promoting allergic sensitization. Pollution could have played a significant predisposing role in the ongoing morbidity and mortality of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Traina
- Department of Pediatric and Neonatology, Cernusco sul Naviglio and Melzo-ASST Melegnano-Martesana, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Federica Betti
- Department of Pediatric and Neonatology, Cernusco sul Naviglio and Melzo-ASST Melegnano-Martesana, Milan, Italy
| | - Ezio Bolzacchini
- Department of Earth and Enviromental POLARIS, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Maira Bonini
- Agency for health protection of metropolitan area of Milan-Hygiene and public health service, Milan west, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, ISAC-CNR, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Felice
- Family Pediatrician, Metropolitan area of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Foti
- Department of Pediatrics, Grande Ospedale Mettopolitano Bianchi Melacrino Morelli, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Paride Mantecca
- Department of Earth and Enviromental POLARIS, University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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13
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Cochard M, Ledoux F, Landkocz Y. Atmospheric fine particulate matter and epithelial mesenchymal transition in pulmonary cells: state of the art and critical review of the in vitro studies. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2020; 23:293-318. [PMID: 32921295 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2020.1816238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been associated with several diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Mechanisms such as oxidative stress and inflammation are well-documented and are considered as the starting point of some of the pathological responses. However, a number of studies also focused on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is a biological process involved in fibrotic diseases and cancer progression notably via metastasis induction. Up until now, EMT was widely reported in vivo and in vitro in various cell types but investigations dealing with in vitro studies of PM2.5 induced EMT in pulmonary cells are limited. Further, few investigations combined the necessary endpoints for validation of the EMT state in cells: such as expression of several surface, cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix biomarkers and activation of transcription markers and epigenetic factors. Studies explored various cell types, cultured under differing conditions and exposed for various durations to different doses. Such unharmonized protocols (1) might introduce bias, (2) make difficult comparison of results and (3) preclude reaching a definitive conclusion regarding the ability of airborne PM2.5 to induce EMT in pulmonary cells. Some questions remain, in particular the specific PM2.5 components responsible for EMT triggering. The aim of this review is to examine the available PM2.5 induced EMT in vitro studies on pulmonary cells with special emphasis on the critical parameters considered to carry out future research in this field. This clarification appears necessary for production of reliable and comparable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Cochard
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS-3417, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO) , Dunkerque, France
| | - Frédéric Ledoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS-3417, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO) , Dunkerque, France
| | - Yann Landkocz
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS-3417, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO) , Dunkerque, France
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14
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Sotty J, Kluza J, De Sousa C, Tardivel M, Anthérieu S, Alleman LY, Canivet L, Perdrix E, Loyens A, Marchetti P, Lo Guidice JM, Garçon G. Mitochondrial alterations triggered by repeated exposure to fine (PM 2.5-0.18) and quasi-ultrafine (PM 0.18) fractions of ambient particulate matter. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105830. [PMID: 32585499 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays ambient particulate matter (PM) levels still regularly exceed the guideline values established by World Health Organization in most urban areas. Numerous experimental studies have already demonstrated the airway toxicity of the fine fraction of PM (FP), mainly triggered by oxidative stress-induced airway inflammation. However, only few studies have actually paid close attention to the ultrafine fraction of PM (UFP), which is likely to be more easily internalized in cells and more biologically reactive. Mitochondria are major endogenous sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through oxidative metabolism, and coordinate many critical cellular signaling processes. Mitochondria have been often studied in the context of PM toxicity and generally associated with apoptosis activation. However, little is known about the underlying adaptation mechanisms that could occur following exposure at sub-apoptotic doses of ambient PM. Here, normal human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were acutely or repeatedly exposed to relatively low doses (5 µg.cm-2) of FP (PM2.5-0.18) or quasi-UFP (Q-UFP; PM0.18) to better access the critical changes in mitochondrial morphology, functions, and dynamics. No significant cytotoxicity nor increase of apoptotic events were reported for any exposure. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and intracellular ATP content were also not significantly impaired. After cell exposure to sub-apoptotic doses of FP and notably Q-UFP, oxidative phosphorylation was increased as well as mitochondrial mass, resulting in increased production of mitochondrial superoxide anion. Given this oxidative boost, the NRF2-ARE signaling pathway was significantly activated. However, mitochondrial dynamic alterations in favor of accentuated fission process were observed, in particular after Q-UFP vs FP, and repeated vs acute exposure. Taken together, these results supported mitochondrial quality control and metabolism dysfunction as an early lung underlying mechanism of toxicity, thereby leading to accumulation of defective mitochondria and enhanced endogenous ROS generation. Therefore, these features might play a key role in maintaining PM-induced oxidative stress and inflammation within lung cells, which could dramatically contribute to the exacerbation of inflammatory chronic lung diseases. The prospective findings of this work could also offer new insights into the physiopathology of lung toxicity, arguably initiate and/or exacerbate by acutely and rather repeated exposure to ambient FP and mostly Q-UFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sotty
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPECS, 59000 Lille, France
| | - J Kluza
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut de Recherche contre le Cancer de Lille, UMR 9020-UMR-S 1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
| | - C De Sousa
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPECS, 59000 Lille, France
| | - M Tardivel
- Univ. Lille, BioImaging Centre Lille-Nord de France (BICeL), 59000, Lille, France
| | - S Anthérieu
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPECS, 59000 Lille, France
| | - L-Y Alleman
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - L Canivet
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPECS, 59000 Lille, France
| | - E Perdrix
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, 59000 Lille, France
| | - A Loyens
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, 59000 Lille, France
| | - P Marchetti
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut de Recherche contre le Cancer de Lille, UMR 9020-UMR-S 1277 - Canther - Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, 59000 Lille, France
| | - J-M Lo Guidice
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPECS, 59000 Lille, France
| | - G Garçon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483-IMPECS, 59000 Lille, France.
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15
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Submicron and Ultrafine Particles in Downtown Rome: How the Different Euro Engines Have Influenced Their Behavior for Two Decades. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11090894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Today, submicron particles are recognized as the new target in environmental sciences and human health issues as well. Their level in urban air is strongly affected by anthropogenic sources, i.e., domestic heating and autovehicular traffic, but the availability of large datasets represents a limit in the knowledge both of the behavior and of the relative levels. This paper would like to highlight the role of these two anthropogenic sources in a big city such as Rome in the particle formation/removal processes in the range 18–750 nm using a Scanning Mobility Particle Analyser (SMPS). The investigation starts from data collected in the previous decade (2010) and analyzes the role played by different Euro (0–6) engines on the particle levels as well as the responsibility of different biomass burning in this issue. Furthermore, a chemometric approach (Cluster Analysis, CA, and Principal Component Analysis, PCA) has allowed the identification of three different clusters, strongly dependent on the accumulation and nucleation modes of the Ultrafine Particles. On the other hand, the PCA demonstrated a scatter distribution in December larger than that in October, justified by the different sources present in these periods.
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16
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Systemic Exposure to Air Pollution Induces Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Mouse Brain, Contributing to Neurodegeneration Onset. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103699. [PMID: 32456361 PMCID: PMC7279458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In northern Italy, biomass burning-derived (BB) particles and diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are considered the most significant contributors to ultrafine particle (UFP) emission. However, a comparison between their impact on different brain regions was not investigated until now. Therefore, male BALB/c mice were treated with a single or three consecutive intratracheal instillations using 50 µg of UFPs in 100 µL of isotonic saline solution or 100 µL of isotonic saline solution alone, and brains were collected and analyzed. Proteins related to oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as Alzheimer's disease markers, were examined in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and the rest of the brain (RoB). Histopathological examination of the brain was also performed. Moreover, correlations among different brain, pulmonary, and cardiovascular markers were performed, allowing us to identify the potentially most stressful UFP source. Although both acute exposures induced inflammatory pathways in mouse brain, only DEP showed strong oxidative stress. The sub-acute exposure also induced the modulation of APP and BACE1 protein levels for both UFPs. We observed that DEP exposure is more harmful than BB, and this different response could be explained by this UFP's different chemical composition and reactivity.
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17
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Commuters' Personal Exposure Assessment and Evaluation of Inhaled Dose to Different Atmospheric Pollutants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103357. [PMID: 32408600 PMCID: PMC7277859 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several studies evaluating exposure to pollutants in microenvironments (MEs) are available in the scientific literature, but studies that evaluate the inhaled doses of pollutants are few in number. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the exposure of commuters to different pollutants (i.e., nitrogen dioxide [NO2] and fractionated particulate matter [PM], including ultrafine particles [UFPs]) using miniaturized and portable real-time monitoring instruments in selected MEs; the inhaled doses of these pollutants were estimated for each of these MEs. Measurements were performed along a typical commute, considering different traffic and nontraffic MEs. Experimental data were collected over four working weeks in two different seasons (winter and summer). Different portable and miniaturized instruments were used to evaluate PM and NO2 exposure. Furthermore, physiological parameters were evaluated using a heart rate monitor. The principal results show that higher exposure levels were measured in Underground (for all PM fractions and NO2) and in Car (UFP), while lower levels were measured in Car (PM and NO2) and in Train (UFP). In contrast, higher values of the inhaled cumulative dose were estimated in environments defined as Other, followed by Walking (ht), while lower values were observed in Walking (lt) and in Car.
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