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Muthumalage T, Noel A, Thanavala Y, Alcheva A, Rahman I. Challenges in current inhalable tobacco toxicity assessment models: A narrative review. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-102. [PMID: 38860150 PMCID: PMC11163881 DOI: 10.18332/tid/188197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging tobacco products such as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) have a dynamic landscape and are becoming widely popular as they claim to offer a low-risk alternative to conventional smoking. Most pre-clinical laboratories currently exploit in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experimental models to assess toxicological outcomes as well as to develop risk-estimation models. While most laboratories have produced a wide range of cell culture and mouse model data utilizing current smoke/aerosol generators and standardized puffing profiles, much variation still exists between research studies, hindering the generation of usable data appropriate for the standardization of these tobacco products. In this review, we discuss current state-of-the-art in vitro and in vivo models and their challenges, as well as insights into risk estimation of novel products and recommendations for toxicological parameters for reporting, allowing comparability of the research studies between laboratories, resulting in usable data for regulation of these products before approval by regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Noel
- School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Yasmin Thanavala
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, United States
| | - Aleksandra Alcheva
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
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2
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Sommer N, Franzen K, Andreas S, Pankow W, Kunstmann W, Hanewinkel R. [Harmful health effects of flavors in e-cigarettes]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2024; 149:646-653. [PMID: 38458230 DOI: 10.1055/a-2260-5003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost all e-cigarettes contain flavorings that make the product more attractive. In the evaluation of e-cigarettes on health, flavors have so far played a subordinate role. METHOD Selective literature search in PubMed, supplemented by legal regulations on the use of flavors in e-cigarettes. RESULTS Flavors make it easier to start using e-cigarettes and have a consumption-promoting effect. Deeper inhalation increases nicotine uptake and the absorption of toxic substances from the e-cigarette liquid. For some flavors, pathological effects have been demonstrated in addition to other toxic components of the e-cigarette. To date, no toxicological analyses are available for the vast majority of flavors contained in e-cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS The proven consumption-promoting effect and the health risks that can be extrapolated from preclinical data are significant for the political discussion of a ban on flavors for e-cigarettes, analogous to the ban on flavors in tobacco products already in force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Sommer
- Medizinische Klinik II, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Gießen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Mitglied des Deutschen Zentrums für Lungenforschung (DZL), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
| | - Klaas Franzen
- Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Medizinische Klinik III, Pneumologie, Campus Lübeck, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL), Lübeck/Großhansdorf
| | - Stefan Andreas
- Lungenfachklinik Immenhausen, Immenhausen, Klinik für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung
| | - Wulf Pankow
- Philipps-Universität Marburg - Fachbereich Medizin
| | | | - Reiner Hanewinkel
- IFT-Nord gGmbH, Institut für Therapie- und Gesundheitsforschung, Kiel
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Rupp A, Sommer N, Andreas S, Pankow W, Hanewinkel R, Wienbergen H, Batra A, Sauerbruch T, Kardos P, Ulbricht S, Brinkmann F, Scheubel R, Vogelmeier C, Windisch W. [Medical societies in Germany call for a ban on flavors in e-cigarettes - A Position Paper of the German Respiratory Society (DGP) in cooperation with other professional associations and organizations]. Pneumologie 2024; 78:320-324. [PMID: 38503310 DOI: 10.1055/a-2282-9908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
E-cigarettes are primarily used by teenagers and young adults. Flavors in e-cigarettes increase their attractiveness and encourage young people and adults to start using them. This exposes young people in particular to the risk of nicotine addiction and various toxic substances from the aerosol of e-cigarettes. There are indications that various flavors in e-cigarettes are harmful to health, although toxicological studies are still lacking for the majority of flavors. There is a need for independent scientific investigations in this area. The scientific societies involved are calling for a ban on flavors in e-cigarettes, a ban on disposable e-cigarettes, effective regulation of the sale of e-cigarettes and effective control and implementation of the provisions for the protection of minors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rupp
- Pneumologische Praxis im Zentrum, Stuttgart, Mitglied der Arbeitsgruppe Tabakprävention und -entwöhnung der DGP, Leiter der Arbeitsgruppe Tabak im Bundesverband der Pneumologie, Schlaf- und Beatmungsmedizin, Stuttgart, Deutschland
| | - Natascha Sommer
- Medizinische Klinik II, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Mitglied des Deutschen Zentrums für Lungenforschung (DZL), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Deutschland
| | - Stefan Andreas
- Lungenfachklinik Immenhausen, Klinik für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - Wulf Pankow
- Vivantes-Institut für Tabakentwöhnung und Raucherprävention, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Reiner Hanewinkel
- IFT-Nord gGmbH, Institut für Therapie- und Gesundheitsforschung, Kiel, Deutschland
| | - Harm Wienbergen
- Bremer Institut für Herz- und Kreislaufforschung, Klinikum Links der Weser Bremen, Universität zu Lübeck für die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kardiologie - Herz- und Kreislaufforschung (DGK), Bremen, Deutschland
| | - Anil Batra
- Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Tübingen für die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN), Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Tilman Sauerbruch
- Universität Bonn für die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin (DGIM), Bonn, Deutschland
| | - Peter Kardos
- Lungenzentrum Maingau, Frankfurt a. M. für die Deutsche Atemwegsliga, Frankfurt, Deutschland
| | - Sabina Ulbricht
- Abteilung für Präventionsforschung und Sozialmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald für das Aktionsbündnis Nichtrauchen, Greifswald, Deutschland
| | - Folke Brinkmann
- Sektion Kinderpneumologie und Allergologie, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck für die Gesellschaft für pädiatrische Pneumologie (GPP), Lübeck, Deutschland
| | - Robert Scheubel
- Klinik für Thoraxchirurgie, Fachkliniken Wangen für die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Thoraxchirurgie, Wangen, Deutschland
| | - Claus Vogelmeier
- Abteilung Pneumologie im Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Standort Marburg für die Deutsche Lungenstiftung, Marburg, Deutschland
| | - Wolfram Windisch
- Lungenklinik, Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, Lehrstuhl für Pneumologie Universität Witten/Herdecke für die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin, Köln, Deutschland
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Ndeke JM, Klaunig JE, Commodore S. Nicotine or marijuana vaping exposure during pregnancy and altered immune responses in offspring. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 2024; 3:10.20517/jeea.2024.03. [PMID: 38840831 PMCID: PMC11152453 DOI: 10.20517/jeea.2024.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) - which include electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes, or simply e-cigs, and marijuana vaping have become increasingly popular. ENDS devices have been established as one of the tobacco quit methods and promoted to be safer compared to traditional tobacco cigarettes. Emerging evidence demonstrates that e-cigarette and marijuana vape use can be harmful, with potential associations with cancer. Herein, we summarize the level of evidence to date for altered immune response, with a focus on cancer risks in the offspring after maternal use of, or aerosol exposures from, ENDS or marijuana vape during pregnancy. From 27 published articles retrieved from PubMed, we sought to find out identified carcinogens in ENDS aerosols and marijuana vapor, which cross the placental barrier and can increase cancer risk in the offspring. Carcinogens in vaping aerosols include aldehydes, metals, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, tobacco alkaloids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and volatile organic compounds. Additionally, there was only one passive vaping exposure case study on a human fetus, which noted that glycerol, aluminum, chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, selenium, and lead crossed from the mother to the offspring's cord blood. The carcinogens (metals) in that study were at lower concentrations compared to the mother's biological matrices. Lastly, we observed that in utero exposures to ENDS-associated chemicals can occur in vital organs such as the lungs, kidneys, brain, bladder, and heart. Any resulting DNA damage increases the risk of tumorigenesis. Future epidemiological studies are needed to examine the effects of passive aerosol exposures from existing and emerging electronic nicotine and marijuana products on developing offspring to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas M. Ndeke
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - James E. Klaunig
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
| | - Sarah Commodore
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47408, USA
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Zhao HZ, Guo ZW, Wang ZL, Wang C, Luo XY, Han NN, Li CR, Zheng HD, Hui ZY, Long Y, Zhao YL, Li QJ, Wang SY, Zhang GW. A Comparative Study of the Effects of Electronic Cigarette and Traditional Cigarette on the Pulmonary Functions of C57BL/6 Male Mice. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:474-483. [PMID: 37535700 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarettes (E-cigs) are in a controversial state. Although E-cig aerosol generally contains fewer harmful substances than smoke from burned traditional cigarettes, aerosol along with other compounds of the E-cigs may also affect lung functions and promote the development of lung-related diseases. We investigated the effects of E-cig on the pulmonary functions of male C57BL/6 mice and reveal the potential underlying mechanisms. METHODS A total of 60 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups. They were exposed to fresh-air, traditional cigarette smoke, E-cig vapor with 12 mg/mL of nicotine, and E-cig with no nicotine for 8 weeks. Lung functions were evaluated by using quantitative analysis of the whole body plethysmograph, FlexiVent system, lung tissue histological and morphometric analysis, and RT-PCR analysis of mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes. In addition, the effects of nicotine and acrolein on the survival rate and DNA damage were investigated using cultured human alveolar basal epithelial cells. RESULTS Exposure to E-cig vapor led to significant changes in lung functions and structures including the rupture of the alveolar cavity and enlarged alveolar space. The pathological changes were also accompanied by increased expression of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study indicate that the safety of E-cig should be further evaluated. IMPLICATIONS Some people currently believe that using nicotine-free E-cigs is a safe way to smoke. However, our research shows that E-cigs can cause lung damage regardless of whether they contain nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Zhi Zhao
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
- People's Hospital of Shaanxi province, Xi'an, China
- Office of Graduate Student Affairs, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zi-Wei Guo
- Xi'an Gem Flower Chang Qing Hospital, Xi'an, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhang-Li Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xian-Yu Luo
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ning-Ning Han
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen-Rui Li
- Academy of life sciences, northwestern polytechnical university, Xi'an, China
| | - Hua-Dong Zheng
- Department of Gerontology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zi-Yi Hui
- The second clinical medical school of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Long
- The second clinical medical school of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Lei Zhao
- The second clinical medical school of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiu-Jin Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Sheng-Yu Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guang-Wei Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Office of Graduate Student Affairs, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
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6
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Wang M, Cheng Q, Wu Z, Fan L, Zeng L, Chen H. Multidimensional assessment of the biological effects of electronic cigarettes on lung bronchial epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4445. [PMID: 38396087 PMCID: PMC10891173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure is known to cause injury to respiratory tract epithelial cells and is a contributing factor in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are gaining popularity as a potential substitute for conventional cigarettes due to their potential for aiding smoking cessation. However, the safety of e-cigarettes remains uncertain, and scientific evidence on this topic is still limited. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of CS and e-cigarette smoke (ECS) of different flavors on human lung bronchial epithelial cells. Real-time smoke exposure was carried out using an air-liquid interface system, and cell viability was assessed. RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis was performed to compare the differences between CS and ECS. The transcriptome analysis revealed a significantly higher number of differentially expressed genes in CS than in ECS. Moreover, the impact of mint-flavored e-cigarettes on cells was found to be greater than that of tobacco-flavored e-cigarettes, as evidenced by the greater number of differentially expressed genes. These findings provide a reference for future safety research on traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes, particularly those of different flavors. The use of omics-scale methodologies has improved our ability to understand the biological effects of CS and ECS on human respiratory tract epithelial cells, which can aid in the development of novel approaches for smoking cessation and lung disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 31021, China
| | - Qing Cheng
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zehong Wu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Longjiang Fan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
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7
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Song MA, Wold LE, Aslaner DM, Archer KJ, Patel D, Jeon H, Chung D, Shields PG, Christman JW, Chung S. Long-Term Impact of Daily E-cigarette Exposure on the Lungs of Asthmatic Mice. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1904-1908. [PMID: 37349133 PMCID: PMC10664080 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the greater popularity of electronic cigarettes (EC) among asthmatics is alarming, there is limited knowledge of the long-term consequences of EC exposure in asthmatics. AIMS AND METHODS Mild asthmatic C57/BL6J adult male and female mice were established by intranasal insufflation with three combined allergens. The asthmatic and age and sex-matched' naïve mice were exposed to air, nicotine-free (propylene glycol [PG]/vegetable glycerin [VG]-only), or PG/VG+Nicotine, 4 hours daily for 3 months. The effects of EC exposure were accessed by measuring cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage, periodic acid-schiff (PAS) staining, mitochondrial DNA copy numbers (mtCN), and the transcriptome in the lung. Significance was false discovery rate <0.2 for transcriptome and 0.05 for the others. RESULTS In asthmatic mice, PG/VG+Nicotine increased PAS-positive cells and IL-13 compared to mice exposed to air and PG/VG-only. In naïve mice exposed to PG/VG+Nicotine and PG/VG-only, higher INF-γ was observed compared to mice exposed only to air. PG/VG-only and PG/VG+Nicotine had significantly higher mtCN compared to air exposure in asthmatic mice, while the opposite pattern was observed in non-asthmatic naïve mice. Different gene expression patterns were profoundly found for asthmatic mice exposed to PG/VG+Nicotine compared to PG/VG-only, including genes involved in mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative phosphorylation, and p21-activated kinase (PAK) signaling. CONCLUSIONS This study provides experimental evidence of the potential impact of nicotine enhancement on the long-term effects of EC in asthmatics compared to non-asthmatics. IMPLICATIONS The findings from this study indicate the potential impact of EC in asthmatics by addressing multiple biological markers. The long-term health outcomes of EC in the susceptible group can be instrumental in supporting policymaking and educational campaigns and informing the public, healthcare providers, and EC users about the underlying risks of EC use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ae Song
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Loren E Wold
- College of Nursing and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David M Aslaner
- College of Nursing and Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kellie J Archer
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Devki Patel
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hyeongseon Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dongjun Chung
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter G Shields
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John W Christman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sangwoon Chung
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Sachdeva J, Karunananthan A, Shi J, Dai W, Kleinman MT, Herman D, Kloner RA. Flavoring Agents in E-cigarette Liquids: A Comprehensive Analysis of Multiple Health Risks. Cureus 2023; 15:e48995. [PMID: 38111420 PMCID: PMC10726647 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of a wide range of flavored e-cigarettes is one of the primary reasons for vaping initiation and persistent use among adolescents and young people. This plethora of flavors available on the market are crafted using different flavoring agents such as cinnamaldehyde, vanillin, benzaldehyde, ethyl maltol, menthol, and dimethylpyrazine. Recent studies have brought to light the potential risks associated with e-cigarette flavoring agents and their effects on various organ systems, both with and without nicotine. Research has demonstrated that flavoring agents can induce inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, epithelial barrier disruption, oxidative stress, DNA damage, electrophysiological alterations, immunomodulatory effects, and behavioral changes, even independently of nicotine. Notably, these negative outcomes adversely affect cardiovascular system by reducing cell viability, decreasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide bioavailability, soluble guanylyl cyclase activity and cyclic guanosine monophosphate accumulation, impairing endothelial proliferation and tube formation, and altering vasoreactivity resulting in vascular dysfunction. In the heart, these agents decrease parasympathetic activity, induce depolarization of resting membrane potential, loss of rhythmicity, increase isovolumic relaxation time, and change in ventricular repolarization and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. It is found that the specific response elicited by flavoring agents in different organ systems varies depending on the flavor used, the concentration of the flavoring agent, and the duration of exposure. However, the literature on the effects of flavoring agents is currently limited, emphasizing the need for more preclinical and randomized clinical trials to gain a deeper understanding and provide further evidence of the harmful effects of flavored e-cigarette use. In summary, recent research suggests that flavoring agents themselves can have detrimental effects on the body. To fully comprehend these effects, additional preclinical and clinical studies are needed to explore the risks associated with flavored e-cigarette usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Sachdeva
- Cardiovascular Sciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, USA
| | | | - Jianru Shi
- Cardiovascular Sciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, USA
| | - Wangde Dai
- Cardiovascular Sciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, USA
| | - Michael T Kleinman
- Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - David Herman
- Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Robert A Kloner
- Cardiovascular Sciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, USA
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Goebel I, Mohr T, Axt PN, Watz H, Trinkmann F, Weckmann M, Drömann D, Franzen KF. Impact of Heated Tobacco Products, E-Cigarettes, and Combustible Cigarettes on Small Airways and Arterial Stiffness. TOXICS 2023; 11:758. [PMID: 37755768 PMCID: PMC10535653 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Smoking cessation is difficult but maintaining smoke-free without nicotine replacement therapy is even harder. During the last few years, several different alternative products, including heated tobacco products (HTP), have been introduced to the market. In this study, we investigated the acute effects of IQOSTM and gloTM (two HTP) consumption on small airway function and arterial stiffness in a head-to-head design, comparing them to combustible cigarettes, nicotine-free e-cigarettes and a sham smoking group. Seventeen healthy occasional smokers were included in a single-center, five-arm, crossover study. The parameters of small airway function and hemodynamics were collected at several time points before and after consumption using Mobil-O-Graph™ (I.E.M., Stolberg, Germany) and TremoFlo® c-100 (THORASYS Thoracic Medical Systems Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada). Small airway obstruction and resistance were both significantly increased after the consumption of cigarettes and substitute products. All products containing nicotine led to similar significant increases in blood pressure and arterial stiffness. Hemodynamic parameters were also increased after the consumption of e-cigarettes without nicotine, but compared to nicotine-containing products, the increase was shorter and weaker. We conclude that, although it has yet to be determined why, HTP have acute harmful effects on small airway function, possibly even exceeding the effects of combustible cigarettes. Like other nicotine-containing products, HTP leads to a nicotine-related acute increase in arterial stiffness and cardiovascular stress, similar to combustible cigarettes, which associates these products with an increased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Goebel
- Medical Clinic III, Site Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), DZL, 35392 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Theresa Mohr
- Medical Clinic III, Site Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), DZL, 35392 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Paul N. Axt
- Medical Clinic III, Site Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), DZL, 35392 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Watz
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), DZL, 35392 Lübeck, Germany
- Pulmonary Research Institute (PRI) at LungenClinic Großhansdorf, 22927 Großhansdorf, Germany
| | - Frederik Trinkmann
- Thoraxklinik Heidelberg, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University Hospital Heidelberg, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Preventive Medicine and Digital Health (CPD), University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus Weckmann
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), DZL, 35392 Lübeck, Germany
- Clinic for Pediatric, Site Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniel Drömann
- Medical Clinic III, Site Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), DZL, 35392 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Klaas F. Franzen
- Medical Clinic III, Site Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), DZL, 35392 Lübeck, Germany
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10
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Dai Y, Duan K, Huang G, Yang X, Jiang X, Chen J, Liu P. Inhalation of electronic cigarettes slightly affects lung function and inflammation in mice. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1232040. [PMID: 37731664 PMCID: PMC10507352 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1232040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes have become increasingly popular, but the results of previous studies on electronic cigarette exposure in animals have been equivocal. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of electronic cigarette smoke (ECS) and cigarette smoke (CS) on lung function and pulmonary inflammation in mice to investigate whether electronic cigarettes are safer when compared to cigarettes. 32 specific pathogen-free BALB/c male mice were randomly grouped and exposed to fresh air (control), mint-flavored ECS (ECS1, 6 mg/kg), cheese-flavored ECS (ECS2, 6 mg/kg), and CS (6 mg/kg). After 3 weeks exposure to ECS or CS, we measured lung function (PIF and Penh) and blood oxygen saturation. The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum were measured using ELISA. HE staining was performed to observe the pathological changes in the lung tissues. The levels of IL-6 in BALF and serum, and TNF-α in BALF, were elevated similarly in the ECS and CS groups compared to the control group. Significant elevation was observed in serum TNF-α levels in the CS group. The total count of cells in BALF were increased after ECS1 exposure and CS exposure. PIF and oxygen saturation decreased, and Penh increased markedly in the CS group but not in the ECS groups. Compared with the ECS groups, mice in the CS group had widened lung tissue septa and increased inflammatory cell infiltration. However, we did not detect significant differences between mint-flavored and cheese-flavored e-cigarettes in our study. Overall, our findings suggested that both ECS and CS impair lung function and histopathology while promoting inflammation. In contrast, ECS has a less negative impact than CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Dai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Duan
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Guangye Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuemin Yang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Garavaglia ML, Bodega F, Porta C, Milzani A, Sironi C, Dalle-Donne I. Molecular Impact of Conventional and Electronic Cigarettes on Pulmonary Surfactant. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11702. [PMID: 37511463 PMCID: PMC10380520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The alveolar epithelium is covered by a non-cellular layer consisting of an aqueous hypophase topped by pulmonary surfactant, a lipo-protein mixture with surface-active properties. Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) affects lung physiology and is linked to the development of several diseases. The macroscopic effects of CS are determined by several types of cell and molecular dysfunction, which, among other consequences, lead to surfactant alterations. The purpose of this review is to summarize the published studies aimed at uncovering the effects of CS on both the lipid and protein constituents of surfactant, discussing the molecular mechanisms involved in surfactant homeostasis that are altered by CS. Although surfactant homeostasis has been the topic of several studies and some molecular pathways can be deduced from an analysis of the literature, it remains evident that many aspects of the mechanisms of action of CS on surfactant homeostasis deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Bodega
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Porta
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Sironi
- Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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12
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Lei A, Breit KR, Thomas JD. Prenatal alcohol and tetrahydrocannabinol exposure: Effects on spatial and working memory. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1192786. [PMID: 37383100 PMCID: PMC10293645 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1192786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alcohol and cannabis are widely used recreational drugs that can negatively impact fetal development, leading to cognitive impairments. However, these drugs may be used simultaneously and the effects of combined exposure during the prenatal period are not well understood. Thus, this study used an animal model to investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to ethanol (EtOH), Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), or the combination on spatial and working memory. Methods Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to vaporized ethanol (EtOH; 68 ml/h), THC (100 mg/ml), the combination, or vehicle control during gestational days 5-20. Adolescent male and female offspring were evaluated using the Morris water maze task to assess spatial and working memory. Results Prenatal THC exposure impaired spatial learning and memory in female offspring, whereas prenatal EtOH exposure impaired working memory. The combination of THC and EtOH did not exacerbate the effects of either EtOH or THC, although subjects exposed to the combination were less thigmotaxic, which might represent an increase in risk-taking behavior. Discussion Our results highlight the differential effects of prenatal exposure to THC and EtOH on cognitive and emotional development, with substance- and sex-specific patterns. These findings highlight the potential harm of THC and EtOH on fetal development and support public health policies aimed at reducing cannabis and alcohol use during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Lei
- Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kristen R. Breit
- Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Psychology, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer D. Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
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13
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Muthumalage T, Rahman I. Pulmonary immune response regulation, genotoxicity, and metabolic reprogramming by menthol- and tobacco-flavored e-cigarette exposures in mice. Toxicol Sci 2023; 193:146-165. [PMID: 37052522 PMCID: PMC10230290 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Menthol and tobacco flavors are available for almost all tobacco products, including electronic cigarettes (e-cigs). These flavors are a mixture of chemicals with overlapping constituents. There are no comparative toxicity studies of these flavors produced by different manufacturers. We hypothesized that acute exposure to menthol and tobacco-flavored e-cig aerosols induces inflammatory, genotoxicity, and metabolic responses in mouse lungs. We compared two brands, A and B, of e-cig flavors (PG/VG, menthol, and tobacco) with and without nicotine for their inflammatory response, genotoxic markers, and altered genes and proteins in the context of metabolism by exposing mouse strains, C57BL/6J (Th1-mediated) and BALB/cJ (Th2-mediated). Brand A nicotine-free menthol exposure caused increased neutrophils and differential T-lymphocyte influx in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and induced significant immunosuppression, while brand A tobacco with nicotine elicited an allergic inflammatory response with increased Eotaxin, IL-6, and RANTES levels. Brand B elicited a similar inflammatory response in menthol flavor exposure. Upon e-cig exposure, genotoxicity markers significantly increased in lung tissue. These inflammatory and genotoxicity responses were associated with altered NLRP3 inflammasome and TRPA1 induction by menthol flavor. Nicotine decreased surfactant protein D and increased PAI-1 by menthol and tobacco flavors, respectively. Integration of inflammatory and metabolic pathway gene expression analysis showed immunometabolic regulation in T cells via PI3K/Akt/p70S6k-mTOR axis associated with suppressed immunity/allergic immune response. Overall, this study showed the comparative toxicity of flavored e-cig aerosols, unraveling potential signaling pathways of nicotine and flavor-mediated pulmonary toxicological responses, and emphasized the need for standardized toxicity testing for appropriate premarket authorization of e-cigarette products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thivanka Muthumalage
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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14
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Rodriguez-Herrera AJ, de Souza ABF, Castro TDF, Machado-Junior PA, Gomez ECM, Menezes TP, da Cruz Castro ML, Talvani A, Costa DC, Cangussú SD, Bezerra FS. Long-term e-cigarette aerosol exposure causes pulmonary emphysema in adult female and male mice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023:105412. [PMID: 37247649 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate long-term exposure to conventional cigarette smoke (CC) and electronic cigarette (EC) aerosol in adult male and female C57BL/6 mice. Forty-eight C57BL/6 mice were used, male (n = 24) and female (n = 24), both were divided into three groups: control, CC and EC. The CC and EC groups were exposed to cigarette smoke or electronic cigarette aerosol, respectively, 3 times a day for 60 consecutive days. Afterwards, they were maintained for 60 days without exposure to cigarettes or electronic cigarette aerosol. Both cigarettes promoted an influx of inflammatory cells to the lung in males and females. All animals exposed to CC and EC showed an increase in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. There was an increase of IL-6 in males and females exposed to EC. The IL-13 levels were higher in the females exposed to EC and CC. Both sexes exposed to EC and CC presented tissue damage characterized by septal destruction and increased alveolar spaces compared to control. Our results demonstrated that exposure to CC and EC induced pulmonary emphysema in both sexes, and females seem to be more susceptible to EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Jazel Rodriguez-Herrera
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Farias de Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Thalles de Freitas Castro
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alves Machado-Junior
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Elena Cecilia Marcano Gomez
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Prata Menezes
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Laura da Cruz Castro
- Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - André Talvani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniela Caldeira Costa
- Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Dantas Cangussú
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Frank Silva Bezerra
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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15
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Scieszka DP, Garland D, Hunter R, Herbert G, Lucas S, Jin Y, Gu H, Campen MJ, Cannon JL. Multi-omic assessment shows dysregulation of pulmonary and systemic immunity to e-cigarette exposure. Respir Res 2023; 24:138. [PMID: 37231407 PMCID: PMC10209577 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (Ecig) use has become more common, gaining increasing acceptance as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking. However, the 2019 outbreak of Ecig and Vaping-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) alerted the community to the potential for incorporation of deleterious ingredients such as vitamin E acetate into products without adequate safety testing. Understanding Ecig induced molecular changes in the lung and systemically can provide a path to safety assessment and protect consumers from unsafe formulations. While vitamin E acetate has been largely removed from commercial and illicit products, many Ecig products contain additives that remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we determined the lung-specific effects as well as systemic immune effects in response to exposure to a common Ecig base, propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin (PGVG), with and without a 1% addition of phytol, a diterpene alcohol that has been found in commercial products. We exposed animals to PGVG with and without phytol and assessed metabolite, lipid, and transcriptional markers in the lung. We found both lung-specific as well as systemic effects in immune parameters, metabolites, and lipids. Phytol drove modest changes in lung function and increased splenic CD4 T cell populations. We also conducted multi-omic data integration to better understand early complex pulmonary responses, highlighting a central enhancement of acetylcholine responses and downregulation of palmitic acid connected with conventional flow cytometric assessments of lung, systemic inflammation, and pulmonary function. Our results demonstrate that Ecig exposure not only leads to changes in pulmonary function but also affects systemic immune and metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Scieszka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Devon Garland
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Russell Hunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Guy Herbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Selita Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yan Jin
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Judy L Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Autophagy, Inflammation, and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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16
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Day NJ, Wang J, Johnston CJ, Kim SY, Olson HM, House EL, Attah IK, Clair GC, Qian WJ, McGraw MD. Rat bronchoalveolar lavage proteome changes following e-cigarette aerosol exposures. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L571-L583. [PMID: 36881561 PMCID: PMC10085554 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00016.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette liquids are complex mixtures of chemicals consisting of humectants, such as propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG), with nicotine or flavorings added. Published literature emphasizes the toxicity of e-cigarette aerosols with flavorings whereas much less attention has been given to the biologic effects of humectants. The purpose of the current study was to provide a comprehensive view of the acute biologic effects of e-cigarette aerosols on rat bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) using mass spectrometry-based global proteomics. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to e-cigarette aerosol for 3 h/day for three consecutive days. Groups included: PG/VG alone, PG/VG + 2.5% nicotine (N), or PG/VG + N + 3.3% vanillin (V). Right lung lobes were lavaged for BAL and supernatants prepared for proteomics. Extracellular BAL S100A9 concentrations and BAL cell staining for citrullinated histone H3 (citH3) were also performed. From global proteomics, ∼2,100 proteins were identified from rat BAL. The greatest change in number of BAL proteins occurred with PG/VG exposures alone compared with controls with biological pathways enriched for acute phase responses, extracellular trap formation, and coagulation. Extracellular BAL S100A9 concentrations and the number of citH3 + BAL cells also increased significantly in PG/VG and PG/VG + 2.5% N. In contrast to PG/VG or PG/VG + N, the addition of vanillin to PG/VG + N increased BAL neutrophilia and downregulated lipid transport proteins. In summary, global proteomics support e-cigarette aerosol exposures to PG/VG alone as having a significant biologic effect on the lung independent of nicotine or flavoring with increased markers of extracellular trap formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Day
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Juan Wang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Carl J Johnston
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - So-Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Heather M Olson
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Emma L House
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Isaac Kwame Attah
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Geremy C Clair
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States
| | - Matthew D McGraw
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States
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17
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Rivera-Garcia MT, Rose RM, Wilson-Poe AR. High-CBD Cannabis Vapor Attenuates Opioid Reward and Partially Modulates Nociception in Female Rats. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 5:100050. [PMID: 36937502 PMCID: PMC10019487 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain patients report analgesic effects when using cannabidiol (CBD), a phytocannabinoid found in whole-plant cannabis extract (WPE). Several studies suggest that cannabis-derived products may serve as an analgesic adjunct or alternative to opioids, and importantly, CBD may also attenuate the abuse potential of opioids. Vaping is a popular route of administration among people who use cannabis, however both the therapeutic and hazardous effects of vaping are poorly characterized. Despite the fact that chronic pain is more prevalent in women, the ability of inhaled high-CBD WPE to relieve pain and reduce opioid reward has not been studied in females. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of high-CBD WPE vapor inhalation in female rats. We found that WPE was modestly efficacious in reversing neuropathy-induced cold allodynia in rats with spared nerve injury (SNI). Chronic exposure to WPE did not affect lung cytoarchitecture or estrous cycle, and it did not induce cognitive impairment, social withdrawal or anxiolytic effects. WPE inhalation prevented morphine-induced conditioned place preference and reinstatement. Similarly, WPE exposure reduced fentanyl self-administration in rats with and without neuropathic pain. We also found that WPE vapor lacks of reinforcing effects compared to the standard excipient used in most vapor administration research. Combined, these results suggest that although high-CBD vapor has modest analgesic effects, it has a robust safety profile, no abuse potential, and it significantly reduces opioid reward in females. Clinical studies examining high-CBD WPE as an adjunct treatment during opioid use disorder are highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T Rivera-Garcia
- RS Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Rizelle Mae Rose
- RS Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Adrianne R Wilson-Poe
- RS Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States
- Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University
- Corresponding author. Adrianne R Wilson-Poe, Ph.D., 1225 NE 2nd Ave, suite 249, Portland, OR 97232, USA. Tel. (503) 413-1754, (A.R. Wilson-Poe)
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18
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Noël A, Yilmaz S, Farrow T, Schexnayder M, Eickelberg O, Jelesijevic T. Sex-Specific Alterations of the Lung Transcriptome at Birth in Mouse Offspring Prenatally Exposed to Vanilla-Flavored E-Cigarette Aerosols and Enhanced Susceptibility to Asthma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3710. [PMID: 36834405 PMCID: PMC9967225 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, approximately 8 million adult Americans use electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) daily, including women of childbearing age. It is known that more than 10% of women smoke during their pregnancy, and recent surveys show that rates of maternal vaping are similar to rates of maternal cigarette smoking. However, the effects of inhaling e-cig aerosol on the health of fetuses remain unknown. The objective of the present study was to increase our understanding of the molecular effects caused by in utero exposures to e-cig aerosols on developing mouse lungs and, later in life, on the offspring's susceptibility to developing asthma. METHODS Pregnant mice were exposed throughout gestation to either filtered air or vanilla-flavored e-cig aerosols containing 18 mg/mL of nicotine. Male and female exposed mouse offspring were sacrificed at birth, and then the lung transcriptome was evaluated. Additionally, once sub-groups of male offspring mice reached 4 weeks of age, they were challenged with house dust mites (HDMs) for 3 weeks to assess asthmatic responses. RESULTS The lung transcriptomic responses of the mouse offspring at birth showed that in utero vanilla-flavored e-cig aerosol exposure significantly regulated 88 genes in males (62 genes were up-regulated and 26 genes were down-regulated), and 65 genes were significantly regulated in females (17 genes were up-regulated and 48 genes were down-regulated). Gene network analyses revealed that in utero e-cig aerosol exposure affected canonical pathways associated with CD28 signaling in T helper cells, the role of NFAT in the regulation of immune responses, and phospholipase C signaling in males, whereas the dysregulated genes in the female offspring were associated with NRF2-mediated oxidative stress responses. Moreover, we found that in utero exposures to vanilla-flavored e-cig aerosol exacerbated HDM-induced asthma in 7-week-old male mouse offspring compared to respective in utero air + HDM controls. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data demonstrate that in utero e-cig aerosol exposure alters the developing mouse lung transcriptome at birth in a sex-specific manner and provide evidence that the inhalation of e-cig aerosols is detrimental to the respiratory health of offspring by increasing the offspring' susceptibility to developing lung diseases later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Sultan Yilmaz
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Tori Farrow
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
| | | | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Tomislav Jelesijevic
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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19
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Been T, Alakhtar B, Traboulsi H, Tsering T, Bartolomucci A, Heimbach N, Paoli S, Burnier J, Mann KK, Eidelman DH, Baglole CJ. Chronic low-level JUUL aerosol exposure causes pulmonary immunologic, transcriptomic, and proteomic changes. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22732. [PMID: 36694994 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201392r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarettes currently divide public opinion, with some considering them a useful tool for smoking cessation and while others are concerned with potentially adverse health consequences. However, it may take decades to fully understand the effects of e-cigarette use in humans given their relative newness on the market. This highlights the need for comprehensive preclinical studies investigating the effects of e-cigarette exposure on health outcomes. Here, we investigated the impact of chronic, low-level JUUL aerosol exposure on multiple lung outcomes. JUUL is a brand of e-cigarettes popular with youth and young adults. To replicate human exposures, 8- to 12-week-old male and female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to commercially available JUUL products (containing 59 mg/ml nicotine). Mice were exposed to room air, PG/VG, or JUUL daily for 4 weeks. After the exposure period, inflammatory markers were assessed via qRT-PCR, multiplex cytokine assays, and differential cell count. Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses were also performed on samples isolated from the lavage of the lungs; this included unbiased analysis of proteins contained within extracellular vesicles (EVs). Mice exposed to JUUL aerosols for 4 weeks had significantly increased neutrophil and lymphocyte populations in the BAL and some changes in cytokine mRNA expression. However, BAL cytokines did not change. Proteomic and transcriptomic analysis revealed significant changes in numerous biological pathways including neutrophil degranulation, PPAR signaling, and xenobiotic metabolism. Thus, e-cigarettes are not inert and can cause significant cellular and molecular changes in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terek Been
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bayan Alakhtar
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hussein Traboulsi
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thupten Tsering
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Bartolomucci
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicole Heimbach
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sofia Paoli
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julia Burnier
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Koren K Mann
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David H Eidelman
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Rebuli ME, Rose JJ, Noël A, Croft DP, Benowitz NL, Cohen AH, Goniewicz ML, Larsen BT, Leigh N, McGraw MD, Melzer AC, Penn AL, Rahman I, Upson D, Crotty Alexander LE, Ewart G, Jaspers I, Jordt SE, Kligerman S, Loughlin CE, McConnell R, Neptune ER, Nguyen TB, Pinkerton KE, Witek TJ. The E-cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury Epidemic: Pathogenesis, Management, and Future Directions: An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2023; 20:1-17. [PMID: 36584985 PMCID: PMC9819258 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202209-796st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) is a severe pulmonary illness associated with the use of e-cigarettes or vaping products that was officially identified and named in 2019. This American Thoracic Society workshop was convened in 2021 to identify and prioritize research and regulatory needs to adequately respond to the EVALI outbreak and to prevent similar instances of disease associated with e-cigarette or vaping product use. An interdisciplinary group of 26 experts in adult and pediatric clinical care, public health, regulatory oversight, and toxicology were convened for the workshop. Four major topics were examined: 1) the public health and regulatory response to EVALI; 2) EVALI clinical care; 3) mechanisms contributing to EVALI; and 4) needed actions to address the health effects of EVALI. Oral presentations and group discussion were the primary modes used to identify top priorities for addressing EVALI. Initiatives including a national EVALI case registry and biorepository, integrated electronic medical record coding system, U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulation and enforcement of nicotine e-cigarette standards, regulatory authority over nontobacco-derived e-cigarettes, training in evaluating exogenous exposures, prospective clinical studies, standardized clinical follow-up assessments, ability to more readily study effects of cannabinoid e-cigarettes, and research to identify biomarkers of exposure and disease were identified as critical needs. These initiatives will require substantial federal investment as well as changes to regulatory policy. Overall, the workshop identified the need to address the root causes of EVALI to prevent future outbreaks. An integrated approach from multiple perspectives is required, including public health; clinical, basic, and translational research; regulators; and users of e-cigarettes. Improving the public health response to reduce the risk of another substantial disease-inducing event depends on coordinated actions to better understand the inhalational toxicity of these products, informing the public of the risks, and developing and enforcing regulatory standards for all e-cigarettes.
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21
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E-cigarette aerosol exposure of pulmonary surfactant impairs its surface tension reducing function. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272475. [PMID: 36350850 PMCID: PMC9645651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction E-cigarette (EC) and vaping use continue to remain popular amongst teenage and young adult populations, despite several reports of vaping associated lung injury. One of the first compounds that EC aerosols comes into contact within the lungs during a deep inhalation is pulmonary surfactant. Impairment of surfactant’s critical surface tension reducing activity can contribute to lung dysfunction. Currently, information on how EC aerosols impacts pulmonary surfactant remains limited. We hypothesized that exposure to EC aerosol impairs the surface tension reducing ability of surfactant. Methods Bovine Lipid Extract Surfactant (BLES) was used as a model surfactant in a direct exposure syringe system. BLES (2ml) was placed in a syringe (30ml) attached to an EC. The generated aerosol was drawn into the syringe and then expelled, repeated 30 times. Biophysical analysis after exposure was completed using a constrained drop surfactometer (CDS). Results Minimum surface tensions increased significantly after exposure to the EC aerosol across 20 compression/expansion cycles. Mixing of non-aerosolized e-liquid did not result in significant changes. Variation in device used, addition of nicotine, or temperature of the aerosol had no additional effect. Two e-liquid flavours, menthol and red wedding, had further detrimental effects, resulting in significantly higher surface tension than the vehicle exposed BLES. Menthol exposed BLES has the highest minimum surface tensions across all 20 compression/expansion cycles. Alteration of surfactant properties through interaction with the produced aerosol was observed with a basic e-liquid vehicle, however additional compounds produced by added flavourings appeared to be able to increase inhibition. Conclusion EC aerosols alter surfactant function through increases in minimum surface tension. This impairment may contribute to lung dysfunction and susceptibility to further injury.
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22
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Giovacchini CX, Crotty Alexander LE, Que LG. Electronic Cigarettes: A Pro-Con Review of the Current Literature. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2022; 10:2843-2851. [PMID: 35872217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes, e-cigs, or electronic nicotine delivery systems) are battery-operated devices typically containing glycerol and/or propylene glycol-based solutions with varying nicotine content, known as e-liquids. Although e-cigarettes were originally developed as a potentially less harmful alternative to traditional combustible tobacco cigarette smokers, several factors have driven their popularity among smokers and nonsmokers alike, including their sleek product designs, innumerable appealing flavors, lack of combustible smoke and odor, and high potential nicotine concentrations. Furthermore, many advocates have promoted the idea that e-cigarettes are safe to use, or at least safer than conventional tobacco, despite limited longitudinal data to support these claims. Here, we examine what is known about the impacts of e-cigarette use on traditional cigarette smoking cessation, lung health, and youth and young adult tobacco product exposure. Upon review of the currently available literature, the negative effects of e-cigarette use seem to outweigh any potential benefit, because the available evidence does not confirm the use of e-cigarettes as an effective strategy for supporting traditional combustible tobacco cigarette smoking cessation, particularly given the emerging adverse effects on lung health and the potential future public health effects of e-cigarette adoption among a burgeoning new generation of tobacco product users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral X Giovacchini
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, Calif; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep, and Physiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif.
| | - Loretta G Que
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Duke University Health System, Durham, NC.
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23
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Szafran B, Borazjani A, Scheaffer HL, Crow JA, McBride AM, Adekanye O, Wonnacott CB, Lehner R, Kaplan BLF, Ross MK. Carboxylesterase 1d Inactivation Augments Lung Inflammation in Mice. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:919-931. [PMID: 36268116 PMCID: PMC9578131 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterases are members of the serine hydrolase superfamily and metabolize drugs, pesticides, and lipids. Previous research showed that inhibition of carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) in human macrophages altered the immunomodulatory effects of lipid mediators called prostaglandin glyceryl esters, which are produced by cyclooxygenase-catalyzed oxygenation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Ces1d - the mouse ortholog of human CES1 - is the most abundant Ces isoform in murine lung tissues and alveolar macrophages and a major target of organophosphate poisons. Monoacylglycerol lipase (Magl) is also expressed in murine lung and is the main enzyme responsible for 2-AG catabolism. Several metabolic benefits are observed in Ces1d-/- mice fed a high-fat diet; thus, we wondered whether pharmacological and genetic inactivation of Ces1d in vivo might also ameliorate the acute inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). C57BL/6 mice were treated with WWL229 (Ces1d inhibitor) or JZL184 (Magl inhibitor), followed 30 min later by either LPS or saline. Wild-type (WT) and Ces1d-/- mice were also administered LPS to determine the effect of Ces1d knockout. Mice were sacrificed at 6 and 24 h, and cytokines were assessed in serum, lung, liver, and adipose tissues. Lipid mediators were quantified in lung tissues, while activity-based protein profiling and enzyme assays determined the extent of lung serine hydrolase inactivation by the inhibitors. WWL229 was shown to augment LPS-induced lung inflammation in a female-specific manner, as measured by enhanced neutrophil infiltration and Il1b mRNA. The marked Ces inhibition in female lung by 4 h after drug treatment might explain this sex difference, although the degree of Ces inhibition in female and male lungs was similar at 6 h. In addition, induction of lung Il6 mRNA and prostaglandin E2 by LPS was more pronounced in Ces1d-/- mice than in WT mice. Thus, WWL229 inhibited lung Ces1d activity and augmented the female lung innate immune response, an effect observed in part in Ces1d-/- mice and Ces1d/CES1-deficient murine and human macrophages. In contrast, JZL184 attenuated LPS-induced Il1b and Il6 mRNA levels in female lung, suggesting that Ces1d and Magl have opposing effects. Mapping the immunomodulatory molecules/pathways that are regulated by Ces1d in the context of lung inflammation will require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany
N. Szafran
- Department
of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - Abdolsamad Borazjani
- Department
of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - Hannah L. Scheaffer
- Department
of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology,
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - J. Allen Crow
- Department
of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - Ann Marie McBride
- Department
of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - Oluwabori Adekanye
- Department
of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - Caitlin B. Wonnacott
- Department
of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - Richard Lehner
- Departments
of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, Group on Molecular & Cell Biology
of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABT6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Barbara L. F. Kaplan
- Department
of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
| | - Matthew K. Ross
- Department
of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health
Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, United States
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24
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Effah F, Taiwo B, Baines D, Bailey A, Marczylo T. Pulmonary effects of e-liquid flavors: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2022; 25:343-371. [PMID: 36154615 PMCID: PMC9590402 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2124563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are purported to be tobacco harm-reduction products whose degree of harm has been highly debated. EC use is considered less hazardous than smoking but is not expected to be harmless. Following the banning of e-liquid flavors in countries such as the US, Finland, Ukraine, and Hungary, there are growing concerns regarding the safety profile of e-liquid flavors used in ECs. While these are employed extensively in the food industry and are generally regarded as safe (GRAS) when ingested, GRAS status after inhalation is unclear. The aim of this review was to assess evidence from 38 reports on the adverse effects of flavored e-liquids on the respiratory system in both in vitro and in vivo studies published between 2006 and 2021. Data collected demonstrated greater detrimental effects in vitro with cinnamon (9 articles), strawberry (5 articles), and menthol (10 articles), flavors than other flavors. The most reported effects among these investigations were perturbations of pro-inflammatory biomarkers and enhanced cytotoxicity. There is sufficient evidence to support the toxicological impacts of diacetyl- and cinnamaldehyde-containing e-liquids following human inhalation; however, safety profiles on other flavors are elusive. The latter may result from inconsistencies between experimental approaches and uncertainties due to the contributions from other e-liquid constituents. Further, the relevance of the concentration ranges to human exposure levels is uncertain. Evidence indicates that an adequately controlled and consistent, systematic toxicological investigation of a broad spectrum of e-liquid flavors may be required at biologically relevant concentrations to better inform public health authorities on the risk assessment following exposure to EC flavor ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Effah
- Pharmacology Section, St George’s University of London, London, UK
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Didcot, UK
| | - Benjamin Taiwo
- Physiology Section, St George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Deborah Baines
- Infection and Immunity Institute, St George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Alexis Bailey
- Pharmacology Section, St George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Tim Marczylo
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Didcot, UK
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25
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Benowitz NL, Goniewicz ML, Halpern-Felsher B, Krishnan-Sarin S, Ling PM, O'Connor RJ, Pentz MA, Robertson RM, Bhatnagar A. Tobacco product use and the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19: current understanding and recommendations for future research. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2022; 10:900-915. [PMID: 35985357 PMCID: PMC9381032 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 progression underscores the urgent need to identify individual-level susceptibility factors that affect infection vulnerability and disease severity. Tobacco product use is a potential susceptibility factor. In this Personal View, we provide an overview of the findings of peer-reviewed, published studies relating tobacco product use to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 outcomes, with most studies focusing on cigarette smoking in adults. Findings pertaining to the effects of tobacco product use on the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection are inconsistent. However, evidence supports a role for cigarette smoking in increasing the risk of poor COVID-19 outcomes, including hospital admission, progression in disease severity, and COVID-19-related mortality. We discuss the potential effects of tobacco use behaviour on SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infection, and highlight the pathophysiological changes associated with cigarette smoking that could promote SARS-CoV-2 infection and increased disease severity. We consider the biological mechanisms by which nicotine and other tobacco product constituents might affect immune and inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, we identify current knowledge gaps and suggest priorities for research to address acute and post-acute health outcomes of COVID-19 during and after the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal L Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Pamela M Ling
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mary Ann Pentz
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rose Marie Robertson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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26
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Lamb T, Muthumalage T, Meehan-Atrash J, Rahman I. Nose-Only Exposure to Cherry- and Tobacco-Flavored E-Cigarettes Induced Lung Inflammation in Mice in a Sex-Dependent Manner. TOXICS 2022; 10:471. [PMID: 36006150 PMCID: PMC9413458 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Flavoring chemicals in electronic nicotine delivery systems have been shown to cause cellular inflammation; meanwhile, the effects of fruit and tobacco flavors on lung inflammation by nose-only exposures to mice are relatively unknown. We hypothesized that exposure to flavored e-cigarettes would cause lung inflammation in C57BL/6 J mice. The mice were exposed to air, propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin, and flavored e-liquids: Apple, Cherry, Strawberry, Wintergreen, and Smooth & Mild Tobacco, one hour per day for three days. Quantification of flavoring chemicals by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), differential cell counts by flow cytometry, pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines by ELISA, and matrix metalloproteinase levels by western blot were performed. Exposure to PG/VG increased neutrophil cell count in lung bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). KC and IL6 levels were increased by PG/VG exposure and female mice exposed to Cherry flavored e-cigarettes, in lung homogenate. Mice exposed to PG/VG, Apple, Cherry, and Wintergreen increased MMP2 levels. Our results revealed flavor- and sex-based e-cigarette effects in female mice exposed to cherry-flavored e-liquids and male mice exposed to tobacco-flavored e-liquids, namely, increased lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
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27
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Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF, Al-Sawalha NA, Karaoghlanian N, Shihadeh A, Eissenberg T. Time course of changes in inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers in lung tissue of mice induced by exposure to electronic cigarette aerosol. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1484-1490. [PMID: 36518450 PMCID: PMC9742872 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have become a popular way to smoke all over the world. Chronic exposure to e-cigarette aerosol may influence lung health. This study uses an animal model to explore the time course of the effect of exposure to e-cigarette aerosols on the lung. Methods Lung samples were collected after exposure of Balb/c mice to e-cigarette aerosols for 1 h/day (6 times/week) for 1, 2 and 4 weeks and compared to sham-exposed controls. Examined biomarkers including inflammatory cells, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Results Exposure of animals to e-cigarette aerosols induced significant increases (P < 0.05) in total inflammatory cells, eosinophils, macrophages and TNFα in the lung tissue after 1, 2 and 4 weeks of exposure. Furthermore, level of IL-10 significantly decreased, whereas levels of neutrophils and basophils significantly increased (P < 0.05) after 1 week of exposure. Exposure of animals to e-cigarette aerosol also induced significant decreases (P < 0.05) in the GSH/GSSG ratio, and GPx levels after 2 and 4 weeks of exposures. The activity of catalase was also reduced (P < 0.05) after 4 weeks of exposure. Level of TBARS showed a trend of elevation with time and it reached a significant elevation after 4 weeks (P < 0.01). Conclusion Current results indicate that inhalation of unflavored e-cigarette aerosol might be associated with inflammation in lung tissue that worsen as the duration of exposure increases. Further experiments including more time points, histopathology and pulmonary physiology experiments are needed to confirm the current results.
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Key Words
- Aerosol
- BALF, Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
- E-cigarettes
- GPx, Glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, Reduced glutathione
- GSSG, Oxidized glutathione
- IL-10
- IL-10, Interleukin-10
- IL-6
- IL-6, Interleukin-6
- Lung
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- TBARS, Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TNFα
- TNFα, Tumor necrosis factor α
- e-cigarettes, Electronic cigarette
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Affiliation(s)
- Karem H. Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan,Correspondence to: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Omar F. Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nour A. Al-Sawalha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nareg Karaoghlanian
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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28
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Vivarelli F, Granata S, Rullo L, Mussoni M, Candeletti S, Romualdi P, Fimognari C, Cruz-Chamorro I, Carrillo-Vico A, Paolini M, Canistro D. On the toxicity of e-cigarettes consumption: Focus on pathological cellular mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106315. [PMID: 35724819 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking remains without a doubt one of the leading causes of premature death worldwide. In combination with conventional protocols for smoking cessation, e-cigarettes have been proposed as a useful tool to quit smoking. Advertised as almost free of toxic effects, e-cigarettes have rapidly increased their popularity, becoming a sought-after device, especially among young people. Recently some health concerns about e-cigarette consumption are being raised. It is well known that they can release several toxic compounds, some of which are carcinogenic to humans, and emerging results are now outlining the risks related to the onset of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and even cancer. The present review shows the emerging evidence about the role of technical components of the devices, the e-liquid composition as well as customization by consumers. The primary topics we discuss are the main toxicological aspects associated with e-cigarette consumption, focusing on the molecular pathways involved. Here it will be shown how exposure to e-cigarette aerosol induces stress/mitochondrial toxicity, DNA breaks/fragmentation following the same pathological pathways triggered by tobacco smoke, including the deregulation of molecular signalling axis associated with cancer progression and cell migration. Risk to fertility and pregnancy, as well as cardiovascular risk associated with e-cigarette use, have also been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vivarelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Granata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery - University of Milano - Bicocca
| | - Laura Rullo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Mussoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sanzio Candeletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Romualdi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Ivan Cruz-Chamorro
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Carrillo-Vico
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Moreno Paolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Donatella Canistro
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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29
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Eden MJ, Farra YM, Matz J, Bellini C, Oakes JM. Pharmacological and physiological response in Apoe -/- mice exposed to cigarette smoke or e-cigarette aerosols. Inhal Toxicol 2022; 34:260-274. [PMID: 35793285 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2086948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are popular nicotine delivery devices, yet the health effects remain unclear. To determine equivalent biomarkers, we characterized the immediate response in Apoe-/- mice exposed to tank/box-mod e-cig (e-cigtank), pod e-cig (e-cigpod), or cig smoke. MATERIALS AND METHODS Reproducible puff profiles were generated for each aerosol and delivered to Apoe-/- mice via a nose-only exposure system. Serum cotinine levels were quantified at various time points through ELISA and utilized to model cotinine pharmacokinetics. In addition, particle size measurements and mouse respiratory function were characterized to calculate particle dosimetry. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cig and e-cigtank particles were lognormally distributed with similar count median diameters (cig: 178 ± 2, e-cigtank: 200 ± 34nm), while e-cigpod particles were bimodally distributed and smaller (116 ± 13 and 13.3 ± 0.4 nm). Minute volumes decreased with cig exposure (5.4 ± 2.7 mL/min) compared to baseline (90.8 ± 11.6 mL/min), and less so with e-cigtank (45.2 ± 9.2 mL/min) and e-cigpod exposures (58.6 ± 6.8 mL/min), due to periods of apnea in the cig exposed groups. Cotinine was absorbed and eliminated most rapidly in the e-cigpod group (tmax = 14.5; t1/2' = 51.9 min), whereas cotinine was absorbed (cig: 50.4, e-cigtank: 40.1 min) and eliminated (cig: 104.6, e-cigtank: 94.1 min) similarly in the cig and e-cigtank groups. For exposure times which equate the area under the cotinine-concentration curve, ∼6.4× (e-cigtank) and 4.6× (e-cigpod) more nicotine deposited in e-cig compared to cig exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a basis for incorporating cotinine pharmacokinetics into preclinical exposure studies, allowing for longitudinal studies of structural and functional changes due to exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Eden
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yasmeen M Farra
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Matz
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chiara Bellini
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica M Oakes
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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30
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Getiye Y, Peterson MR, Phillips BD, Carrillo D, Bisha B, He G. E-cigarette exposure with or without heating the e-liquid induces differential remodeling in the lungs and right heart of mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 168:83-95. [PMID: 35489388 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Various cardiopulmonary pathologies associated with electronic cigarette (EC) vaping have been reported. This study investigated the differential adverse effects of heating-associated by-products versus the intact components of EC aerosol to the lungs and heart of mice. We further dissected the roles of caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9)-associated innate immune response and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in EC exposure-induced cardiopulmonary injury. C57BL/6 wild type (WT), CARD9-/-, and NLRP3-/- mice were exposed to EC aerosol 3 h/day, 5 days/week for 6 month with or without heating the e-liquid with exposure to ambient air as the control. In WT mice, EC exposure with heating (EwH) significantly increased right ventricle (RV) free wall thickness at systole and diastole. However, EC exposure without heating (EwoH) caused a significant decrease in the wall thickness at systole. RV fractional shortening was also markedly reduced following EwH in WT and NLRP3-/- mice. Further, EwH activated NF-κB and p38 MAPK inflammatory signaling in the lungs, but not in the RV, in a CARD9- and NLRP3-dependent manner. Levels of circulatory inflammatory mediators were also elevated following EwH, indicating systemic inflammation. Moreover, EwoH activated TGF-β1/SMAD2/3/α-SMA fibrosis signaling in the lungs but not the RV of WT mice. In conclusion, EC aerosol exposure following EwH or EwoH induced differential cardiopulmonary remodeling and CARD9 innate immune and NLRP3 inflammasome contributed to the adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Getiye
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Matthew R Peterson
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Brandon D Phillips
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Daniel Carrillo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Bledar Bisha
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Guanglong He
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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31
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Stefaniak AB, Ranpara AC, Virji MA, LeBouf RF. Influence of E-Liquid Humectants, Nicotine, and Flavorings on Aerosol Particle Size Distribution and Implications for Modeling Respiratory Deposition. Front Public Health 2022; 10:782068. [PMID: 35372219 PMCID: PMC8968757 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.782068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette, or vaping, products are used to heat an e-liquid to form an aerosol (liquid droplets suspended in gas) that the user inhales; a portion of this aerosol deposits in their respiratory tract and the remainder is exhaled, thereby potentially creating opportunity for secondhand exposure to bystanders (e.g., in homes, automobiles, and workplaces). Particle size, a critical factor in respiratory deposition (and therefore potential for secondhand exposure), could be influenced by e-liquid composition. Hence, the purposes of this study were to (1) test the influence of laboratory-prepared e-liquid composition [ratio of propylene glycol (PG) to vegetable glycerin (VG) humectants, nicotine, and flavorings] on particle size distribution and (2) model respiratory dosimetry. All e-liquids were aerosolized using a second-generation reference e-cigarette. We measured particle size distribution based on mass using a low-flow cascade impactor (LFCI) and size distribution based on number using real-time mobility sizers. Mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs) of aerosol from e-liquids that contained only humectants were significantly larger compared with e-liquids that contained flavorings or nicotine (p = 0.005). Humectant ratio significantly influenced MMADs; all aerosols from e-liquids prepared with 70:30 PG:VG were significantly larger compared with e-liquids prepared with 30:70 PG:VG (p = 0.017). In contrast to the LFCI approach, the high dilution and sampling flow rate of a fast mobility particle sizer strongly influenced particle size measurements (i.e., all calculated MMAD values were < 75 nm). Dosimetry modeling using LFCI data indicated that a portion of inhaled particles will deposit throughout the respiratory tract, though statistical differences in aerosol MMADs among e-liquid formulations did not translate into large differences in deposition estimates. A portion of inhaled aerosol will be exhaled and could be a source for secondhand exposure. Use of laboratory-prepared e-liquids and a reference e-cigarette to standardize aerosol generation and a LFCI to measure particle size distribution without dilution represents an improved method to characterize physical properties of volatile aerosol particles and permitted determination of MMAD values more representative of e-cigarette aerosol in situ, which in turn, can help to improve dose modeling for users and bystanders.
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Abstract
The use of electronic (e)-cigarettes was initially considered a beneficial solution to conventional cigarette smoking cessation. However, paradoxically, e-cigarette use is rapidly growing among nonsmokers, including youth and young adults. In 2019, this rapid growth resulted in an epidemic of hospitalizations and deaths of e-cigarette users (vapers) due to acute lung injury; this novel disease was termed e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury (EVALI). Pathophysiologic mechanisms of EVALI likely involve cytotoxicity and neutrophilic inflammation caused by inhaled chemicals, but further details remain unknown. The undiscovered mechanisms of EVALI are a barrier to identifying biomarkers and developing therapeutics. Furthermore, adverse effects of e-cigarette use have been linked to chronic lung diseases and systemic effects on multiple organs. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the diverse spectrum of vaping exposures, epidemiological and clinical reports, and experimental findings to provide a better understanding of EVALI and the adverse health effects of chronic e-cigarette exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ah Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Veterans Affairs (VA) San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; .,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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33
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34
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Kuehl PJ, McDonald JD, Weber DT, Khlystov A, Nystoriak MA, Conklin DJ. Composition of aerosols from thermal degradation of flavors used in ENDS and tobacco products. Inhal Toxicol 2022; 34:319-328. [PMID: 35913821 PMCID: PMC9830633 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2103602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The cardiovascular toxicity of unheated and heated flavorants and their products as commonly present in electronic cigarette liquids (e-liquids) was evaluated previously in vitro. Based on the results of in vitro assays, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, menthol, and vanillin were selected to conduct a detailed chemical analysis of the aerosol generated following heating of each compound both at 250 and 750 °C. Materials and Methods: Each flavoring was heated in a drop-tube furnace within a quartz tube. The combustion atmosphere was captured using different methods to enable analysis of 308 formed compounds. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were captured with an evacuated Summa canister and assayed via gas chromatography interfaced with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Carbonyls (aldehydes and ketones) were captured using a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridge and assayed via a high-performance liquid chromatography-ultra-violet (HPLC-UV) assay. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were captured using an XAD cartridge and filter, and extracts were assayed using GC-MS/MS. Polar compounds were assayed after derivatization of the XAD/filter extracts and analyzed via GC-MS. Conclusion: At higher temperature, both cinnamaldehyde and menthol combustion significantly increased formaldehyde and acetaldehyde levels. At higher temperature, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and menthol resulted in increased benzene concentrations. At low temperature, all four compounds led to higher levels of benzoic acid. These data show that products of thermal degradation of common flavorant compounds vary by flavorant and by temperature and include a wide variety of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matthew A. Nystoriak
- American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Daniel J. Conklin
- American Heart Association-Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
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35
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Esquer C, Echeagaray O, Firouzi F, Savko C, Shain G, Bose P, Rieder A, Rokaw S, Witon-Paulo A, Gude N, Sussman MA. Fundamentals of vaping-associated pulmonary injury leading to severe respiratory distress. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 5:5/2/e202101246. [PMID: 34810278 PMCID: PMC8616545 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaping of flavored liquids has been touted as safe alternative to traditional cigarette smoking with decreased health risks. The popularity of vaping has dramatically increased over the last decade, particularly among teenagers who incorporate vaping into their daily life as a social activity. Despite widespread and increasing adoption of vaping among young adults, there is little information on long-term consequences of vaping and potential health risks. This study demonstrates vaping-induced pulmonary injury using commercial JUUL pens with flavored vape juice using an inhalation exposure murine model. Profound pathological changes to upper airway, lung tissue architecture, and cellular structure are evident within 9 wk of exposure. Marked histologic changes include increased parenchyma tissue density, cellular infiltrates proximal to airway passages, alveolar rarefaction, increased collagen deposition, and bronchial thickening with elastin fiber disruption. Transcriptional reprogramming includes significant changes to gene families coding for xenobiotic response, glycerolipid metabolic processes, and oxidative stress. Cardiac systemic output is moderately but significantly impaired with pulmonary side ventricular chamber enlargement. This vaping-induced pulmonary injury model demonstrates mechanistic underpinnings of vaping-related pathologic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Esquer
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Oscar Echeagaray
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Fareheh Firouzi
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Clarissa Savko
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Grant Shain
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pria Bose
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Abigail Rieder
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sophie Rokaw
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Witon-Paulo
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Natalie Gude
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Sussman
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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36
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Yogeswaran S, Muthumalage T, Rahman I. Comparative Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Content among Various Flavored Disposable Vape Bars, including Cool (Iced) Flavored Bars. TOXICS 2021; 9:235. [PMID: 34678931 PMCID: PMC8538728 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that aerosols generated from flavored e-cigarettes contain Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), promoting oxidative stress-induced damage within pulmonary cells. Our lab investigated the ROS content of e-cigarette vapor generated from disposable flavored e-cigarettes (vape bars) with and without nicotine. Specifically, we analyzed vape bars belonging to multiple flavor categories (Tobacco, Minty Fruit, Fruity, Minty/Cool (Iced), Desserts, and Drinks/Beverages) manufactured by various vendors and of different nicotine concentrations (0-6.8%). Aerosols from these vape bars were generated via a single puff aerosol generator; these aerosols were then individually bubbled through a fluorogenic solution to semi-quantify ROS generated by these bars in H2O2 equivalents. We compared the ROS levels generated by each vape bar as an indirect determinant of their potential to induce oxidative stress. Our results showed that ROS concentration (μM) within aerosols produced from these vape bars varied significantly among different flavored vape bars and identically flavored vape bars with varying nicotine concentrations. Furthermore, our results suggest that flavoring chemicals and nicotine play a differential role in generating ROS production in vape bar aerosols. Our study provides insight into the differential health effects of flavored vape bars, in particular cool (iced) flavors, and the need for their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; (S.Y.); (T.M.)
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37
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Sussman MA. VAPIng into ARDS: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Cardiopulmonary Failure. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108006. [PMID: 34582836 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
"Modern" vaping involving battery-operated electronic devices began approximately one dozen years and has quickly evolved into a multibillion dollar industry providing products to an estimated 50 million users worldwide. Originally developed as an alternative to traditional cigarette smoking, vaping now appeals to a diverse demographic including substantial involvement of young people who often have never used cigarettes. The rapid rise of vaping fueled by multiple factors has understandably outpaced understanding of biological effects, made even more challenging due to wide ranging individual user habits and preferences. Consequently while vaping-related research gathers momentum, vaping-associated pathological injury (VAPI) has been established by clinical case reports with severe cases manifesting as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with examples of right ventricular cardiac failure. Therefore, basic scientific studies are desperately needed to understand the impact of vaping upon the lungs as well as cardiopulmonary structure and function. Experimental models that capture fundamental characteristics of vaping-induced ARDS are essential to study pathogenesis and formulate recommendations to mitigate harmful effects attributable to ingredients or equipment. So too, treatment strategies to promote recovery from vaping-associated damage require development and testing at the preclinical level. This review summarizes the back story of vaping leading to present day conundrums with particular emphasis upon VAPI-associated ARDS and prioritization of research goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sussman
- SDSU Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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38
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Gordon T, Karey E, Rebuli ME, Escobar Y, Jaspers I, Chi Chen L. E-Cigarette Toxicology. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 62:301-322. [PMID: 34555289 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-042921-084202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Since the spread of tobacco from the Americas hundreds of years ago, tobacco cigarettes and, more recently, alternative tobacco products have become global products of nicotine addiction. Within the evolving alternative tobacco product space, electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vaping has surpassed conventional cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults in the United States and beyond. This review describes the experimental and clinical evidence of e-cigarette toxicity and deleterious health effects. Adverse health effects related to e-cigarette aerosols are influenced by several factors, including e-liquid components, physical device factors, chemical changes related to heating, and health of the e-cigarette user (e.g., asthmatic). Federal, state, and local regulations have attempted to govern e-cigarette flavors, manufacturing, distribution, and availability, particularly to underaged youths. However, the evolving e-cigarette landscape continues to impede timely toxicological studies and hinder progress made toward our understanding of the long-term health consequence of e-cigarettes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Emma Karey
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Meghan E Rebuli
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Yael Escobar
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Lung Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA;
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39
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Masso-Silva JA, Byun MK, Alexander LEC. Acute and chronic effects of vaping electronic devices on lung physiology and inflammation. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 22:100447. [PMID: 38550798 PMCID: PMC10978006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The impact of e-cigarette use on the inflammatory state and function of the lungs is not well understood. Here we review the latest studies on the impact of short and long term e-cigarette aerosol inhalation on molecular pathways, cellular recruitment, gas exchange and airway physiology. Inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 were increased by e-cigarette exposures, and a variety of immune cells were recruited to the parenchyma and airways across models. While there are few consistent signals across in vitro, in vivo and human studies, due to the multitude of different e-devices and the combination of chemicals within different aerosols generated, it is clear that use of e-cigarettes does alter the inflammatory state and function of the lungs with both acute and chronic use. This is evidenced by the multitude of inflammatory lung diseases already tied to e-cigarette use, but the causal chemicals are primarily remain at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Masso-Silva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Min Kwang Byun
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Laura E Crotty Alexander
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Pulmonary Critical Care Section, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, United States
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40
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Callahan SJ, Lanspa MJ, Blagev DP. Is COVID-19 masking the ongoing youth vaping crisis? Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 15:1089-1091. [PMID: 33980122 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1929927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean J Callahan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,George E. Wahlen Department of Veteran's Affairs, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Michael J Lanspa
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA
| | - Denitza P Blagev
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA
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Szafran BN, Borazjani A, Seay CN, Carr RL, Lehner R, Kaplan BLF, Ross MK. Effects of Chlorpyrifos on Serine Hydrolase Activities, Lipid Mediators, and Immune Responses in Lungs of Neonatal and Adult Mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1556-1571. [PMID: 33900070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate (OP) pesticide that causes acute toxicity by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the nervous system. However, endocannabinoid (eCB) metabolizing enzymes in brain of neonatal rats are more sensitive than AChE to inhibition by CPF, leading to increased levels of eCBs. Because eCBs are immunomodulatory molecules, we investigated the association between eCB metabolism, lipid mediators, and immune function in adult and neonatal mice exposed to CPF. We focused on lung effects because epidemiologic studies have linked pesticide exposures to respiratory diseases. CPF was hypothesized to disrupt lung eCB metabolism and alter lung immune responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and these effects would be more pronounced in neonatal mice due to an immature immune system. We first assessed the biochemical effects of CPF in adult mice (≥8 weeks old) and neonatal mice after administering CPF (2.5 mg/kg, oral) or vehicle for 7 days. Tissues were harvested 4 h after the last CPF treatment and lung microsomes from both age groups demonstrated CPF-dependent inhibition of carboxylesterases (Ces), a family of xenobiotic and lipid metabolizing enzymes, whereas AChE activity was inhibited in adult lungs only. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP)-mass spectrometry of lung microsomes identified 31 and 32 individual serine hydrolases in neonatal lung and adult lung, respectively. Of these, Ces1c/Ces1d/Ces1b isoforms were partially inactivated by CPF in neonatal lung, whereas Ces1c/Ces1b and Ces1c/BChE were partially inactivated in adult female and male lungs, respectively, suggesting age- and sex-related differences in their sensitivity to CPF. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) activities in lung were unaffected by CPF. When LPS (1.25 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered following the 7-day CPF dosing period, little to no differences in lung immune responses (cytokines and immunophenotyping) were noted between the CPF and vehicle groups. However, a CPF-dependent increase in the amounts of dendritic cells and certain lipid mediators in female lung following LPS challenge was observed. Experiments in neonatal and adult Ces1d-/- mice yielded similar results as wild type mice (WT) following CPF treatment, except that CPF augmented LPS-induced Tnfa mRNA in adult Ces1d-/- mouse lungs. This effect was associated with decreased expression of Ces1c mRNA in Ces1d-/- mice versus WT mice in the setting of LPS exposure. We conclude that CPF exposure inactivates several Ces isoforms in mouse lung and, during an inflammatory response, increases certain lipid mediators in a female-dependent manner. However, it did not cause widespread altered lung immune effects in response to an LPS challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany N Szafran
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Abdolsamad Borazjani
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Caitlin N Seay
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Russell L Carr
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Richard Lehner
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, Group on Molecular & Cell Biology of Lipids, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Barbara L F Kaplan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Matthew K Ross
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Center for Environmental Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
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42
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Toxicology of flavoring- and cannabis-containing e-liquids used in electronic delivery systems. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 224:107838. [PMID: 33746051 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were introduced in the United States in 2007 and by 2014 they were the most popular tobacco product amongst youth and had overtaken use of regular tobacco cigarettes. E-cigarettes are used to aerosolize a liquid (e-liquid) that the user inhales. Flavorings in e-liquids is a primary reason for youth to initiate use of e-cigarettes. Evidence is growing in the scientific literature that inhalation of some flavorings is not without risk of harm. In this review, 67 original articles (primarily cellular in vitro) on the toxicity of flavored e-liquids were identified in the PubMed and Scopus databases and evaluated critically. At least 65 individual flavoring ingredients in e-liquids or aerosols from e-cigarettes induced toxicity in the respiratory tract, cardiovascular and circulatory systems, skeletal system, and skin. Cinnamaldehyde was most frequently reported to be cytotoxic, followed by vanillin, menthol, ethyl maltol, ethyl vanillin, benzaldehyde and linalool. Additionally, modern e-cigarettes can be modified to aerosolize cannabis as dried plant material or a concentrated extract. The U.S. experienced an outbreak of lung injuries, termed e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) that began in 2019; among 2,022 hospitalized patients who had data on substance use (as of January 14, 2020), 82% reported using a delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (main psychoactive component in cannabis) containing e-cigarette, or vaping, product. Our literature search identified 33 articles related to EVALI. Vitamin E acetate, a diluent and thickening agent in cannabis-based products, was strongly linked to the EVALI outbreak in epidemiologic and laboratory studies; however, e-liquid chemistry is highly complex, and more than one mechanism of lung injury, ingredient, or thermal breakdown product may be responsible for toxicity. More research is needed, particularly with regard to e-cigarettes (generation, power settings, etc.), e-liquids (composition, bulk or vaped form), modeled systems (cell type, culture type, and dosimetry metrics), biological monitoring, secondhand exposures and contact with residues that contain nicotine and flavorings, and causative agents and mechanisms of EVALI toxicity.
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Keith R, Bhatnagar A. Cardiorespiratory and Immunologic Effects of Electronic Cigarettes. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2021; 8:336-346. [PMID: 33717828 PMCID: PMC7935224 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although e-cigarettes have become popular, especially among youth, the health effects associated with e-cigarette use remain unclear. This review discusses current evidence relating to the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and immunological effects of e-cigarettes. RECENT FINDINGS The use of e-cigarettes by healthy adults has been shown to increase blood pressure, heart rate, and arterial stiffness, as well as resistance to air flow in lungs. Inhalation of e-cigarette aerosol has been shown to elicit immune responses and increase the production of immunomodulatory cytokines in young tobacco-naïve individuals. In animal models, long-term exposure to e-cigarettes leads to marked changes in lung architecture, dysregulation of immune genes, and low-grade inflammation. Exposure to e-cigarette aerosols in mice has been shown to induce DNA damage, inhibit DNA repair, and promote carcinogenesis. Chronic exposure to e-cigarettes has also been reported to result in the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in the lung and dysregulation of lipid metabolism and transport in mice. Although, the genotoxic and inflammatory effects of e-cigarettes are milder than those of combustible cigarettes, some of the cardiorespiratory effects of the two insults are comparable. The toxicity of e-cigarettes has been variably linked to nicotine, as well as other e-cigarette constituents, operating conditions, and use patterns. SUMMARY The use of e-cigarettes in humans is associated with significant adverse cardiorespiratory and immunological changes. Data from animal models and in vitro studies support the notion that long-term use of e-cigarettes may pose significant health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Keith
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center & The Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, 302E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center & The Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, 302E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
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Chatterjee S, Caporale A, Tao JQ, Guo W, Johncola A, Strasser AA, Leone FT, Langham MC, Wehrli FW. Acute e-cig inhalation impacts vascular health: a study in smoking naïve subjects. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 320:H144-H158. [PMID: 33216614 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00628.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the acute effects of nonnicotinized e-cigarette (e-cig) aerosol inhalation in nonsmokers both in terms of blood-based markers of inflammation and oxidative stress and evaluate their association with hemodynamic-metabolic MRI parameters quantifying peripheral vascular reactivity, cerebrovascular reactivity, and aortic stiffness. Thirty-one healthy nonsmokers were subjected to two blood draws and two identical MRI protocols, each one before and after a standardized e-cig vaping session. After vaping, the serum levels of C-reactive protein, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule, and the danger signal machinery high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and its downstream effector and the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome (as monitored by its adaptor protein ASC) increased significantly relative to the respective baseline (prevaping) values. Moreover, nitric oxide metabolites and reactive oxygen species production decreased and increased, respectively. These observations were paralleled by impaired peripheral vascular reactivity (with reduced flow-mediated dilation and attenuated hyperemic response after a cuff-occlusion test) and metabolic alterations expressed by decreased venous oxygen saturation, postvaping. The current results suggest propagation of inflammation signaling via activation of the danger signaling axis (HMGB1-NLRP3). The findings indicate that a single episode of vaping has adverse impacts on vascular inflammation and function.NEW & NOTWORTHY Endothelial cell signaling and blood biomarkers were found to correlate with functional vascular changes in a single episode e-cigarettes inhalation in healthy adults. This is indicative of the potential of e-cigarettes (even when inhaled acutely) to lead of vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Chatterjee
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alessandra Caporale
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology
| | - Jian Qin Tao
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wensheng Guo
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alyssa Johncola
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology
| | - Andrew A Strasser
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Nicotine Addiction, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank T Leone
- Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Division, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael C Langham
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology
| | - Felix W Wehrli
- Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology
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Lechasseur A, Morissette MC. The fog, the attractive and the addictive: pulmonary effects of vaping with a focus on the contribution of each major vaping liquid constituent. Eur Respir Rev 2020; 29:29/157/200268. [PMID: 33060167 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0268-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaping has become increasingly popular over the past decade. This pragmatic review presents the published biological effects of electronic cigarette vapour inhalation with a focus on the pulmonary effects. Special attention has been devoted to providing the documented effects specific to each major ingredient, namely propylene glycol/glycerol, nicotine and flavouring agents. For each ingredient, findings are divided according to the methodology used, being in vitro studies, animal studies and clinical studies. Finally, we provide thoughts and insights on the current state of understanding of the pulmonary effects of vaping, as well as novel research avenues and methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Lechasseur
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathieu C Morissette
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada.,Dept of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
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