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Zeng X, Yue H, Zhang L, Chen G, Zheng Q, Hu Q, Du X, Tian Q, Zhao X, Liang L, Yang Z, Bai H, Liu Y, Zhao M, Fu X. Gut microbiota-derived autoinducer-2 regulates lung inflammation through the gut-lung axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110971. [PMID: 37748222 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine whether autoinducer-2 (AI-2), a crucial bacterial metabolite and quorum sensing molecule, is involved in lung immunity through the gut-lung axis. METHODS The level of AI-2 and the gut microbiome composition were analysed in the stools from pneumonic patients and the mouse model of acute lung injury. The effect of AI-2 on lung inflammation was further investigated in the mouse model. RESULTS The diversity of the faecal microbiota was reduced in pneumonic patients treated with antibiotics compared with healthy volunteers. The AI-2 level in the stool was positively correlated with inflammatory molecules in the serum of pneumonic patients. Intraperitoneal injection of AI-2 reinforced lung inflammation in the acute lung injury mouse model, characterized by increased secretion of inflammatory molecules, including IL-6, IL-1β, C-C chemokines, and CXCL chemokines, which were alleviated by the AI-2 inhibitor D-ribose. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that gut microbiota-derived AI-2 could modulate lung inflammation through the gut-lung axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghao Zeng
- Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong City, Sichuan Province 637000, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610500, China
| | - Huawen Yue
- Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong City, Sichuan Province 637000, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong City, Sichuan Province 637000, China
| | - Guimei Chen
- Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong City, Sichuan Province 637000, China
| | - Qiao Zheng
- Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong City, Sichuan Province 637000, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong City, Sichuan Province 637000, China
| | - Xinhao Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610500, China
| | - Qian Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610500, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610500, China
| | - Lanfan Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610500, China
| | - Ziyi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610500, China
| | - Hang Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610500, China
| | - Yanqin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610500, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610500, China
| | - Xiangsheng Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610500, China.
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Maquet CM, Gillet L, Machiels BD. Functional Phenotyping of Lung Mouse CD4 + T Cells Using Multiparametric Flow Cytometry Analysis. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4815. [PMID: 37753475 PMCID: PMC10518785 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are major modulators of the immune responses of their hosts. In the related study (PMID: 35857578), we investigated the role for Ly6Chi monocytes in shaping the function of effector CD4+ T cells in the context of a murine gammaherpesvirus infection (Murid gammaherpesvirus 4) as a model of human EBV. In order to unravel the polyfunctional properties of CD4+ T-cell subsets, we used multiparametric flow cytometry to perform intracellular staining on lung cells. As such, we have developed herein an intracellular staining workflow to identify on the same samples the cytotoxic and/or regulatory properties of CD4+ lymphocytes at the single-cell level. Briefly, following perfusion, collection, digestion, and filtration of the lung to obtain a single-cell suspension, lung cells were cultured for 4 h with protein transport inhibitors and specific stimulation media to accumulate cytokines of interest and/or cytotoxic granules. After multicolor surface labeling, fixation, and mild permeabilization, lung cells were stained for intracytoplasmic antigens and analyzed with a Fortessa 4-laser cytometer. This method of quantifying cytotoxic mediators as well as pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines by flow cytometry has allowed us to decipher at high resolution the functional heterogeneity of lung CD4+ T cells recruited after a viral infection. Therefore, this analysis provided a better understanding of the importance of CD4+ T-cell regulation to prevent the development of virus-induced immunopathologies in the lung. Key features • High-resolution profiling of the functional properties of lung-infiltrating CD4+ T cells after viral infection using conventional multiparametric flow cytometry. • Detailed protocol for mouse lung dissection, preparation of single-cell suspension, and setup of multicolor surface/intracellular staining. • Summary of optimal ex vivo restimulation conditions for investigating the functional polarization and cytokine production of lung-infiltrating CD4+ T cells. • Comprehensive compilation of necessary biological and technical controls to ensure reliable data analysis and interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline M. Maquet
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurent Gillet
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte D. Machiels
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vaccinology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Scieszka DP, Garland D, Hunter R, Herbert G, Lucas S, Jin Y, Gu H, Campen MJ, Cannon JL. Multi-omic assessment shows dysregulation of pulmonary and systemic immunity to e-cigarette exposure. Respir Res 2023; 24:138. [PMID: 37231407 PMCID: PMC10209577 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (Ecig) use has become more common, gaining increasing acceptance as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking. However, the 2019 outbreak of Ecig and Vaping-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) alerted the community to the potential for incorporation of deleterious ingredients such as vitamin E acetate into products without adequate safety testing. Understanding Ecig induced molecular changes in the lung and systemically can provide a path to safety assessment and protect consumers from unsafe formulations. While vitamin E acetate has been largely removed from commercial and illicit products, many Ecig products contain additives that remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we determined the lung-specific effects as well as systemic immune effects in response to exposure to a common Ecig base, propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin (PGVG), with and without a 1% addition of phytol, a diterpene alcohol that has been found in commercial products. We exposed animals to PGVG with and without phytol and assessed metabolite, lipid, and transcriptional markers in the lung. We found both lung-specific as well as systemic effects in immune parameters, metabolites, and lipids. Phytol drove modest changes in lung function and increased splenic CD4 T cell populations. We also conducted multi-omic data integration to better understand early complex pulmonary responses, highlighting a central enhancement of acetylcholine responses and downregulation of palmitic acid connected with conventional flow cytometric assessments of lung, systemic inflammation, and pulmonary function. Our results demonstrate that Ecig exposure not only leads to changes in pulmonary function but also affects systemic immune and metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Scieszka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Devon Garland
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Russell Hunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Guy Herbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Selita Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yan Jin
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Judy L Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Autophagy, Inflammation, and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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Tsay TB, Yang MC, Chang WH, Chen PH, Chen LW. Lactobacillus salivarius reverse antibiotic-induced lung defense impairment in a ventilator model. J Transl Med 2018; 16:225. [PMID: 30103798 PMCID: PMC6090719 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Widespread use of antibiotics in the intensive care unit is a potential cause of the emergence of hospital-acquired pneumonia. This study determined whether Lactobacillus salivarius feeding could reverse antibiotic-induced lung defense impairment in a ventilator model. Methods C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice received mechanical ventilation for 3 h after intramuscular antibiotic treatment for 6 days. Treatment with dead Lactobacillus salivarius and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) feeding were used to stimulate antibacterial protein expression in the intestine. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the intestinal mucosa was detected using 2ʹ7ʹ-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. The peroxynitrite production of alveolar macrophages (AMs) was measured using dihydrorhodamine 123 oxidation assay. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), an ROS scavenger, was orally administered to mice receiving antibiotics with FOS feeding. Results Antibiotic treatment decreased Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) phagocytic activity and activity of AMs and protein expression of regenerating islet-derived protein 3β (Reg3β) as well as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the intestinal mucosa in the ventilator model. Antibiotic treatment also decreased ROS production in the intestinal mucosa, peroxynitrite production of AMs, and RELMβ expression as well as NF-κB DNA binding activity of the intestinal mucosa in WT mice but not in MyD88−/− mice. Treatment with dead L. salivarius or FOS feeding increased ROS production, bacterial killing activity, and protein expression of Reg3β as well as TLR4 in the intestinal mucosa and reversed the inhibitory effects of antibiotics on PA phagocytic activity of AMs. Conclusion Taken together with the finding that ablation of FOS-induced intestinal ROS using NAC decreased peroxynitrite production as well as PA phagocytic activity of AMs and protein expression of CRP-ductin, IL-17, Reg3β, and RELMβ in the intestinal mucosa, we conclude that commensal microflora plays a key role in stimulating lung immunity. Intestinal ROS plays a role as a predictive indicator and modulator of pulmonary defense mechanisms. Antibiotic treatment reduces lung defense against PA infection through the decrease in intestinal Reg3β and TLR4 expression. Treatment with dead L. salivarius or FOS feeding reverses the antibiotic-induced lung defense impairment through the intestinal ROS/MyD88 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzyy-Bin Tsay
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital Zuoying Branch, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chieh Yang
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Ta-chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 813, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lien-Hai Road, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Ta-chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 813, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Wei Chen
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, No. 386, Ta-chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 813, Taiwan. .,Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 70, Lien-Hai Road, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan. .,Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei, 112, Taiwan.
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Yeligar SM, Chen MM, Kovacs EJ, Sisson JH, Burnham EL, Brown LAS. Alcohol and lung injury and immunity. Alcohol 2016; 55:51-59. [PMID: 27788778 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Annually, excessive alcohol use accounts for more than $220 billion in economic costs and 80,000 deaths, making excessive alcohol use the third leading lifestyle-related cause of death in the US. Patients with an alcohol-use disorder (AUD) also have an increased susceptibility to respiratory pathogens and lung injury, including a 2-4-fold increased risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This review investigates some of the potential mechanisms by which alcohol causes lung injury and impairs lung immunity. In intoxicated individuals with burn injuries, activation of the gut-liver axis drives pulmonary inflammation, thereby negatively impacting morbidity and mortality. In the lung, the upper airway is the first checkpoint to fail in microbe clearance during alcohol-induced lung immune dysfunction. Brief and prolonged alcohol exposure drive different post-translational modifications of novel proteins that control cilia function. Proteomic approaches are needed to identify novel alcohol targets and post-translational modifications in airway cilia that are involved in alcohol-dependent signal transduction pathways. When the upper airway fails to clear inhaled pathogens, they enter the alveolar space where they are primarily cleared by alveolar macrophages (AM). With chronic alcohol ingestion, oxidative stress pathways in the AMs are stimulated, thereby impairing AM immune capacity and pathogen clearance. The epidemiology of pneumococcal pneumonia and AUDs is well established, as both increased predisposition and illness severity have been reported. AUD subjects have increased susceptibility to pneumococcal pneumonia infections, which may be due to the pro-inflammatory response of AMs, leading to increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Yeligar
- Department of Medicine, Emory University and Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Michael M Chen
- Burn and Shock Trauma Research Institute, Alcohol Research Program, Integrative Cell Biology Program, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Kovacs
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joseph H Sisson
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ellen L Burnham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lou Ann S Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Shim BS, Choi Y, Cheon IS, Song MK. Sublingual delivery of vaccines for the induction of mucosal immunity. Immune Netw 2013; 13:81-5. [PMID: 23885221 PMCID: PMC3718922 DOI: 10.4110/in.2013.13.3.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces are constantly exposed to incoming pathogens which can cause infections that result in severe morbidity and/or mortality. Studies have reported that mucosal immunity is important for providing protection against these pathogens and that mucosal vaccination is effective in preventing local infections. For many years, the sublingual mucosa has been targeted to deliver immunotherapy to treat allergic hypersensitivities. However, the potential of vaccine delivery via sublingual mucosal has received little attention until recently. Recent studies exploring such potential have documented the safety and effectiveness of sublingual immunization, demonstrating the ability of sublingual immunization to induce both systemic and mucosal immune responses against a variety of antigens, including soluble proteins, inter particulate antigens, and live-attenuated viruses. This review will summarize the recent findings that address the promising potential of sublingual immunization in proving protection against various mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Shik Shim
- Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 151-919, Korea
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