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Torres DJ, Mrass P, Byrum J, Gonzales A, Martinez DN, Juarez E, Thompson E, Vezys V, Moses ME, Cannon JL. Quantitative analyses of T cell motion in tissue reveals factors driving T cell search in tissues. eLife 2023; 12:e84916. [PMID: 37870221 PMCID: PMC10672806 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are required to clear infection, and T cell motion plays a role in how quickly a T cell finds its target, from initial naive T cell activation by a dendritic cell to interaction with target cells in infected tissue. To better understand how different tissue environments affect T cell motility, we compared multiple features of T cell motion including speed, persistence, turning angle, directionality, and confinement of T cells moving in multiple murine tissues using microscopy. We quantitatively analyzed naive T cell motility within the lymph node and compared motility parameters with activated CD8 T cells moving within the villi of small intestine and lung under different activation conditions. Our motility analysis found that while the speeds and the overall displacement of T cells vary within all tissues analyzed, T cells in all tissues tended to persist at the same speed. Interestingly, we found that T cells in the lung show a marked population of T cells turning at close to 180o, while T cells in lymph nodes and villi do not exhibit this "reversing" movement. T cells in the lung also showed significantly decreased meandering ratios and increased confinement compared to T cells in lymph nodes and villi. These differences in motility patterns led to a decrease in the total volume scanned by T cells in lung compared to T cells in lymph node and villi. These results suggest that the tissue environment in which T cells move can impact the type of motility and ultimately, the efficiency of T cell search for target cells within specialized tissues such as the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paulus Mrass
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueUnited States
| | - Janie Byrum
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Emily Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Melanie E Moses
- Department of Computer Science, University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueUnited States
| | - Judy L Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueUnited States
- Autophagy, Inflammation, and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueUnited States
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2
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Scieszka DP, Garland D, Hunter R, Herbert G, Lucas S, Jin Y, Gu H, Campen MJ, Cannon JL. Multi-omic assessment shows dysregulation of pulmonary and systemic immunity to e-cigarette exposure. Respir Res 2023; 24:138. [PMID: 37231407 PMCID: PMC10209577 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02441-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (Ecig) use has become more common, gaining increasing acceptance as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking. However, the 2019 outbreak of Ecig and Vaping-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) alerted the community to the potential for incorporation of deleterious ingredients such as vitamin E acetate into products without adequate safety testing. Understanding Ecig induced molecular changes in the lung and systemically can provide a path to safety assessment and protect consumers from unsafe formulations. While vitamin E acetate has been largely removed from commercial and illicit products, many Ecig products contain additives that remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we determined the lung-specific effects as well as systemic immune effects in response to exposure to a common Ecig base, propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin (PGVG), with and without a 1% addition of phytol, a diterpene alcohol that has been found in commercial products. We exposed animals to PGVG with and without phytol and assessed metabolite, lipid, and transcriptional markers in the lung. We found both lung-specific as well as systemic effects in immune parameters, metabolites, and lipids. Phytol drove modest changes in lung function and increased splenic CD4 T cell populations. We also conducted multi-omic data integration to better understand early complex pulmonary responses, highlighting a central enhancement of acetylcholine responses and downregulation of palmitic acid connected with conventional flow cytometric assessments of lung, systemic inflammation, and pulmonary function. Our results demonstrate that Ecig exposure not only leads to changes in pulmonary function but also affects systemic immune and metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Scieszka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Devon Garland
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Russell Hunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Guy Herbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Selita Lucas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yan Jin
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Center for Translational Science, Florida International University, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
| | - Matthew J Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico School of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Judy L Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
- Autophagy, Inflammation, and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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3
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Cable J, Balachandran S, Daley-Bauer LP, Rustagi A, Antony F, Frere JJ, Strampe J, Kedzierska K, Cannon JL, McGargill MA, Weiskopf D, Mettelman RC, Niessl J, Thomas PG, Briney B, Valkenburg SA, Bloom JD, Bjorkman PJ, Iketani S, Rappazzo CG, Crooks CM, Crofts KF, Pöhlmann S, Krammer F, Sant AJ, Nabel GJ, Schultz-Cherry S. Viral immunity: Basic mechanisms and therapeutic applications-a Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1521:32-45. [PMID: 36718537 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Viruses infect millions of people each year. Both endemic viruses circulating throughout the population as well as novel epidemic and pandemic viruses pose ongoing threats to global public health. Developing more effective tools to address viruses requires not only in-depth knowledge of the virus itself but also of our immune system's response to infection. On June 29 to July 2, 2022, researchers met for the Keystone symposium "Viral Immunity: Basic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications." This report presents concise summaries from several of the symposium presenters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siddharth Balachandran
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa P Daley-Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ferrin Antony
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Justin J Frere
- East Harlem Health Outreach Partnership; Department of Medical Education; and Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jamie Strampe
- Bioinformatics Program, Boston University and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Judy L Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert C Mettelman
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julia Niessl
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bryan Briney
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Sho Iketani
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Chelsea M Crooks
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kali F Crofts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center and Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea J Sant
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Modex Therapeutics Inc., an OPKO Health Company, Natick, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Department of Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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4
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Mrass P, Byrum J, Torres D, Cannon JL. CXCR4 promotes the stop signal and degranulation of cytotoxic T cells infiltrating influenza-infected lungs. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.105.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Cytotoxic T cells can promote protective immunity or exacerbate lung damage during influenza infections. Fine-tuning the functional activity of cytotoxic T cells in situ within influenza-infected lungs is a potential strategy to balance immunity and immunopathology. Using a murine model of influenza, we found that CXCR4 expression strongly correlated with cytotoxic T cell degranulation and that inhibition of CXCR4 reduced the degranulation of cytotoxic T cells in vitro and in vivo. Live tissue imaging revealed that influenza-specific T cells had prolonged dwell times when they were in regions with high levels of influenza antigen. Inhibition of CXCR4 led to increased T cell speed and decreased stop times in influenza-high areas. Moreover, inhibition of CXCR4 expedited the recovery of flu-infected mice. These data identify CXCR4 as a positive regulator of the stop-signal in lung-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and suggest that targeting this pathway could enhance recovery from influenza-induced weight loss.
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Cannon JL, Sciesczka D, Mrass P, Garland D, Major K, Hunter R, Begay J, Lucas S, Campen MJ. Effect of E-cigarette use on lung immunity to influenza infection. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.182.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Use of E-cigarettes, also called vaping, has been significantly increasing, with over 10 million adults and 3 million adolescents reported to actively vape. Of particular concern recently is the association of vaping with increased risk of respiratory infection, including influenza and COVID-19. Despite the claims of safety, lung immunological development appears to be impacted by vaping, with associated pulmonary toxicity and potential to impair immunity against respiratory infections.
Immunity against respiratory pathogens, particularly viral pathogens is dependent on a robust CD4 and CD8 T cell responses responsible for viral clearance. CD4 and CD8 T cells then develop memory responses to protect against reinfection. T cell memory also provides protection against infection after vaccination. We asked whether vaping exposure affects T cell responses to influenza infection. We exposed animals for 8 weeks to base components of vape devices, including propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), and a novel cutting agent, phytol, then assessed immune responses to influenza. We find that PGVG and phytol exposure alters pulmonary function, promotes proteomic changes to the lung, and modify immune cell subsets in the lung. We also find that PGVG and phytol exposure alters T cell responses to influenza infection, particularly T cell memory protection against heterologous infection. These results suggest that vaping affects immune responses to respiratory influenza infection, including T cell memory responses. Effects of vaping on T cell memory may have wide ranging consequences for T cell mediated protection against other respiratory disease including SARS-CoV-2 and protection after vaccination.
Supported by NIH (P20 GM121176; P20GM130422)
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Moses ME, Hofmeyr S, Cannon JL, Andrews A, Gridley R, Hinga M, Leyba K, Pribisova A, Surjadidjaja V, Tasnim H, Forrest S. Spatially distributed infection increases viral load in a computational model of SARS-CoV-2 lung infection. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009735. [PMID: 34941862 PMCID: PMC8740970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A key question in SARS-CoV-2 infection is why viral loads and patient outcomes vary dramatically across individuals. Because spatial-temporal dynamics of viral spread and immune response are challenging to study in vivo, we developed Spatial Immune Model of Coronavirus (SIMCoV), a scalable computational model that simulates hundreds of millions of lung cells, including respiratory epithelial cells and T cells. SIMCoV replicates viral growth dynamics observed in patients and shows how spatially dispersed infections can lead to increased viral loads. The model also shows how the timing and strength of the T cell response can affect viral persistence, oscillations, and control. By incorporating spatial interactions, SIMCoV provides a parsimonious explanation for the dramatically different viral load trajectories among patients by varying only the number of initial sites of infection and the magnitude and timing of the T cell immune response. When the branching airway structure of the lung is explicitly represented, we find that virus spreads faster than in a 2D layer of epithelial cells, but much more slowly than in an undifferentiated 3D grid or in a well-mixed differential equation model. These results illustrate how realistic, spatially explicit computational models can improve understanding of within-host dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie E. Moses
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Steven Hofmeyr
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Judy L. Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Akil Andrews
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Rebekah Gridley
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Monica Hinga
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kirtus Leyba
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Abigail Pribisova
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Vanessa Surjadidjaja
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Humayra Tasnim
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Forrest
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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7
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Cannon JL, Byrum JR, Gridley R, Mrass P, Valenzuela M, Torres DJ, Fricke M, Moses ME. Interleukin 7 regulates naive T cell metabolism to promote motility of T cells. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.221.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a key cytokine that drives the survival and maintenance of naïve T cells in lymph nodes. Naïve T cells continuously move throughout lymph nodes in order to interact with dendritic cells (DCs) to become activated and promote an effective immune response. As IL-7 is highly expressed in lymph nodes, we investigated whether IL-7 might regulate T cell movement potentiating T-DC interaction. Using two photon microscopy, we show IL-7 promotes T cell motility in vitro and in vivo. Downstream of IL-7, JAK3 and STAT5 signaling are important to regulate T cell speed. To understand the mechanism underlying IL-7 effects on T cell movement, we investigated whether IL-7 might change the metabolic profile of naïve T cells. Using the Seahorse analyzer, we show that IL-7 can affect the metabolic profile of naïve T cells, particularly CD8 T cells. The chemokine CCL21 has previously been shown to drive T cell motility. We then asked whether IL-7 and CCL21 might combine to modulate effects on T cell metabolism. We find that CCL21 decreases ATP production and this decrease in ATP production persists even in the presence of IL-7. Our results suggest that IL-7 is a novel regulator of T cell motion in lymph nodes via changes in T cell metabolism, leading efficient T cell responses.
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8
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Thompson EA, Mitchell JS, Beura LK, Torres DJ, Mrass P, Pierson MJ, Cannon JL, Masopust D, Fife BT, Vezys V. Interstitial Migration of CD8αβ T Cells in the Small Intestine Is Dynamic and Is Dictated by Environmental Cues. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2859-2867.e4. [PMID: 30865878 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The migratory capacity of adaptive CD8αβ T cells dictates their ability to locate target cells and exert cytotoxicity, which is the basis of immune surveillance for the containment of microbes and disease. The small intestine (SI) is the largest mucosal surface and is a primary site of pathogen entrance. Using two-photon laser scanning microscopy, we found that motility of antigen (Ag)-specific CD8αβ T cells in the SI is dynamic and varies with the environmental milieu. Pathogen-specific CD8αβ T cell movement differed throughout infection, becoming locally confined at memory. Motility was not dependent on CD103 but was influenced by micro-anatomical locations within the SI and by inflammation. CD8 T cells responding to self-protein were initially affected by the presence of self-Ag, but this was altered after complete tolerance induction. These studies identify multiple factors that affect CD8αβ T cell movement in the intestinal mucosa and show the adaptability of CD8αβ T cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Thompson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jason S Mitchell
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lalit K Beura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David J Torres
- Department of Mathematics and Physical Science, Northern New Mexico College, Espanola, NM 87532, USA
| | - Paulus Mrass
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Mark J Pierson
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Judy L Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brian T Fife
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Vaiva Vezys
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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9
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Abstract
There are striking similarities between the strategies ant colonies use to forage for food and immune systems use to search for pathogens. Searchers (ants and cells) use the appropriate combination of random and directed motion, direct and indirect agent-agent interactions, and traversal of physical structures to solve search problems in a variety of environments. An effective immune response requires immune cells to search efficiently and effectively for diverse types of pathogens in different tissues and organs, just as different species of ants have evolved diverse search strategies to forage effectively for a variety of resources in a variety of habitats. Successful T cell search is required to initiate the adaptive immune response in lymph nodes and to eradicate pathogens at sites of infection in peripheral tissue. Ant search strategies suggest novel predictions about T cell search. In both systems, the distribution of targets in time and space determines the most effective search strategy. We hypothesize that the ability of searchers to sense and adapt to dynamic targets and environmental conditions enhances search effectiveness through adjustments to movement and communication patterns. We also suggest that random motion is a more important component of search strategies than is generally recognized. The behavior we observe in ants reveals general design principles and constraints that govern distributed adaptive search in a wide variety of complex systems, particularly the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie E Moses
- Moses Biological Computation Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States
| | - Judy L Cannon
- The Cannon Laboratory, Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Autophagy, Inflammation, and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Deborah M Gordon
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States.,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie Forrest
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States.,Biodesign Institute and School for Computing, Informatics, and Decision Sciences Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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10
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Sharma ND, Nickl CK, Kang H, Ornatowski W, Brown R, Ness SA, Loh ML, Mullighan CG, Winter SS, Hunger SP, Cannon JL, Matlawska‐Wasowska K. Epigenetic silencing of SOCS5 potentiates JAK-STAT signaling and progression of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:1931-1946. [PMID: 30974024 PMCID: PMC6549933 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in cytokine receptors and transcriptional regulators govern aberrant signal transduction in T-cell lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). However, the roles played by suppressors of cytokine signaling remain incompletely understood. We examined the regulatory roles of suppressor of cytokine signaling 5 (SOCS5) in T-ALL cellular signaling networks and leukemia progression. We found that SOCS5 was differentially expressed in primary T-ALL and its expression levels were lowered in HOXA-deregulated leukemia harboring KMT2A gene rearrangements. Here, we report that SOCS5 expression is epigenetically regulated by DNA methyltransferase-3A-mediated DNA methylation and methyl CpG binding protein-2-mediated histone deacetylation. We show that SOCS5 negatively regulates T-ALL cell growth and cell cycle progression but has no effect on apoptotic cell death. Mechanistically, SOCS5 silencing induces activation of JAK-STAT signaling, and negatively regulates interleukin-7 and interleukin-4 receptors. Using a human T-ALL murine xenograft model, we show that genetic inactivation of SOCS5 accelerates leukemia engraftment and progression, and leukemia burden. We postulate that SOCS5 is epigenetically deregulated in T-ALL and serves as an important regulator of T-ALL cell proliferation and leukemic progression. Our results link aberrant downregulation of SOCS5 expression to the enhanced activation of the JAK-STAT and cytokine receptor-signaling cascade in T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh D. Sharma
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNM
| | - Christian K. Nickl
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNM
| | - Huining Kang
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer CenterAlbuquerqueNM
| | - Wojciech Ornatowski
- Department of PathologyUniversity of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer CenterAlbuquerqueNM
| | - Roger Brown
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer CenterAlbuquerqueNM
| | - Scott A. Ness
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer CenterAlbuquerqueNM
| | - Mignon L. Loh
- Department of PediatricsBenioff Children's HospitalUniversity of California at San FranciscoSan FranciscoCA
| | | | - Stuart S. Winter
- Children's Minnesota Research Institute and Cancer and Blood Disorders ProgramChildren's MinnesotaMinneapolisMN
| | - Stephen P. Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Childhood Cancer ResearchChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPerelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA
| | - Judy L. Cannon
- Department of PathologyUniversity of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer CenterAlbuquerqueNM
- Department of Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNMUSA
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11
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Cannon JL, Moses ME, Byrum JR, Mrass P, Fricke GM, Tasnim H. Modeling T Cell Motion in Tissues During Immune Responses. Biophys J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.11.1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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12
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Bemiller SM, Maphis NM, Formica SV, Wilson GN, Miller CM, Xu G, Kokiko-Cochran ON, Kim KW, Jung S, Cannon JL, Crish SD, Cardona AE, Lamb BT, Bhaskar K. Genetically enhancing the expression of chemokine domain of CX 3CL1 fails to prevent tau pathology in mouse models of tauopathy. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:278. [PMID: 30253780 PMCID: PMC6154806 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor (CX3CR1) play an important role in regulating microglial function. We have previously shown that Cx3cr1 deficiency exacerbated tau pathology and led to cognitive impairment. However, it is still unclear if the chemokine domain of the ligand CX3CL1 is essential in regulating neuronal tau pathology. Methods We used transgenic mice lacking endogenous Cx3cl1 (Cx3cl1−/−) and expressing only obligatory soluble form (with only chemokine domain) and lacking the mucin stalk of CX3CL1 (referred to as Cx3cl1105Δ mice) to assess tau pathology and behavioral function in both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and genetic (hTau) mouse models of tauopathy. Results First, increased basal tau levels accompanied microglial activation in Cx3cl1105Δ mice compared to control groups. Second, increased CD45+ and F4/80+ neuroinflammation and tau phosphorylation were observed in LPS, hTau/Cx3cl1−/−, and hTau/Cx3cl1105Δ mouse models of tau pathology, which correlated with impaired spatial learning. Finally, microglial cell surface expression of CX3CR1 was reduced in Cx3cl1105Δ mice, suggesting enhanced fractalkine receptor internalization (mimicking Cx3cr1 deletion), which likely contributes to the elevated tau pathology. Conclusions Collectively, our data suggest that overexpression of only chemokine domain of CX3CL1 does not protect against tau pathology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1310-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Bemiller
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.,Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Nicole M Maphis
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87113, USA
| | - Shane V Formica
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | | | - Crystal M Miller
- Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Guixiang Xu
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ki-Wook Kim
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8118, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Judy L Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87113, USA
| | - Samuel D Crish
- Department of Pharmacology, Northeast Ohio Medical School, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Astrid E Cardona
- Department of Biology, University of Texas San Antonio, West Campus/Tobin lab MBT 1.216, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Bruce T Lamb
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kiran Bhaskar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87113, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, MSC08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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13
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Tasnim H, Fricke GM, Byrum JR, Sotiris JO, Cannon JL, Moses ME. Quantitative Measurement of Naïve T Cell Association With Dendritic Cells, FRCs, and Blood Vessels in Lymph Nodes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1571. [PMID: 30093900 PMCID: PMC6070610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a vital role in eliminating pathogenic infections. To activate, naïve T cells search lymph nodes (LNs) for dendritic cells (DCs). Positioning and movement of T cells in LNs is influenced by chemokines including CCL21 as well as multiple cell types and structures in the LNs. Previous studies have suggested that T cell positioning facilitates DC colocalization leading to T:DC interaction. Despite the influence chemical signals, cells, and structures can have on naïve T cell positioning, relatively few studies have used quantitative measures to directly compare T cell interactions with key cell types. Here, we use Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and normalized mutual information (NMI) to quantify the extent to which naïve T cells spatially associate with DCs, fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), and blood vessels in LNs. We measure spatial associations in physiologically relevant regions. We find that T cells are more spatially associated with FRCs than with their ultimate targets, DCs. We also investigated the role of a key motility chemokine receptor, CCR7, on T cell colocalization with DCs. We find that CCR7 deficiency does not decrease naïve T cell association with DCs, in fact, CCR7-/- T cells show slightly higher DC association compared with wild type T cells. By revealing these associations, we gain insights into factors that drive T cell localization, potentially affecting the timing of productive T:DC interactions and T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humayra Tasnim
- Moses Biological Computation Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - G. Matthew Fricke
- Moses Biological Computation Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- UNM Center for Advanced Research Computing (CARC), The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Janie R. Byrum
- The Cannon Laboratory, Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Justyna O. Sotiris
- Moses Biological Computation Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Judy L. Cannon
- The Cannon Laboratory, Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Department of Pathology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Autophagy, Inflammation, and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Melanie E. Moses
- Moses Biological Computation Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Biology Department, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States
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14
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Byrum JR, Torres DJ, Mrass P, Oruganti SR, Cannon JL. IL-7 promotes naïve T cell motility and regulates T cell-dendritic cell contacts in the lymph node via JAK/STAT signaling. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.43.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Naïve T cells contact dendritic cells (DCs) presenting antigen in lymph nodes to become activated. T cell motility is a key step to enabling T-DC interactions by bringing T cells into close proximity with DCs. We find a novel role for interleukin 7 (IL-7) in regulating T cell motility in lymph nodes. We show using 2 photon microscopy that IL-7 promotes T cell speed and increases the search area for individual T cells. Downstream of IL-7R, IL-7-mediated T cell motion required JAK/STAT activation, but IL-7R-mediated T cell motility occurred independently of mTOR signaling. Inhibition of IL-7-IL-7R signaling resulted in reduced contact with DCs in the T cell zone of the lymph node. Using computational modeling, we show IL-7-IL-7R is specifically important for T cell contacts with unique DCs. Our results show a new role for IL-7-IL-7R in regulating T cell function by controlling T cell motility in the lymph node. Thus, IL-7-IL-7R axis promotes not only T cell development, survival, and proliferation, but also T cell motion, leading to enhanced T cell interaction with DCs.
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15
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Mrass P, Oruganti SR, Fricke GM, Tafoya J, Byrum JR, Yang L, Hamilton SL, Miller MJ, Moses ME, Cannon JL. ROCK regulates the intermittent mode of interstitial T cell migration in inflamed lungs. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1010. [PMID: 29044117 PMCID: PMC5647329 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector T cell migration through tissues can enable control of infection or mediate inflammatory damage. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms that regulate migration of effector T cells within the interstitial space of inflamed lungs are incompletely understood. Here, we show T cell migration in a mouse model of acute lung injury with two-photon imaging of intact lung tissue. Computational analysis indicates that T cells migrate with an intermittent mode, switching between confined and almost straight migration, guided by lung-associated vasculature. Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) is required for both high-speed migration and straight motion. By contrast, inhibition of Gαi signaling with pertussis toxin affects speed but not the intermittent migration of lung-infiltrating T cells. Computational modeling shows that an intermittent migration pattern balances both search area and the duration of contacts between T cells and target cells. These data identify that ROCK-dependent intermittent T cell migration regulates tissue-sampling during acute lung injury. ROCK is associated with T cell movement in lymph nodes. Here the authors use an LPS lung damage model and two-photon imaging to show that CD8+ T cells in lung tissue engage in ROCK-dependent fast linear migration alternating with bursts of slower confined migration that together optimize contact with target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulus Mrass
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Sreenivasa Rao Oruganti
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - G Matthew Fricke
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Justyna Tafoya
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.,Department of Mathematics, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Janie R Byrum
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Lihua Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Samantha L Hamilton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mark J Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Melanie E Moses
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.,Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.,External Faculty, Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
| | - Judy L Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC 08 4660, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L Cannon
- Judy L. Cannon: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology & Department of Pathology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Sreenivasa Rao Oruganti
- Judy L. Cannon: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology & Department of Pathology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Devan W Vidrine
- Judy L. Cannon: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology & Department of Pathology University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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17
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Byrum JR, Fricke M, Tafoya J, Moses M, Cannon JL. Interleukin 7 promotes motility of naive T cells in the lymph node. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.63.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Naïve T cells interact with dendritic cells (DCs) in lymph nodes to become activated and effect a specific immune response. The chemokine CCL21 and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) have both been demonstrated to be important for T cell movement within the T cell zone of the lymph node. However, the residual motility in the absence of both CCL21 signaling via CCR7 and LPA suggest that additional molecules can play a role in driving T cell movement within lymph nodes. Using two photon microscopy, we show interleukin-7 (IL-7) promotes T cell motility in vitro and in vivo, in addition to its known function as a survival factor. Blocking IL-7 signaling in the lymph node elicited a reduction in T cell speed. IL-7 treatment of primary T cells in vitro resulted in increased migration across a permeable barrier and small GTPase RhoA activation. We further demonstrate that IL-7 combines with CCL21 and LPA to promote naïve T cell motility. Our results indicate that IL-7 is a novel regulator of T cell motion in lymph nodes, in addition to its effect on T cell survival.
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18
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Maston LD, Jones DT, Giermakowska W, Howard TA, Cannon JL, Wang W, Wei Y, Xuan W, Resta TC, Gonzalez Bosc LV. Central role of T helper 17 cells in chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 312:L609-L624. [PMID: 28213473 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00531.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a prominent pathological feature in pulmonary arterial hypertension, as demonstrated by pulmonary vascular infiltration of inflammatory cells, including T and B lymphocytes. However, the contribution of the adaptive immune system is not well characterized in pulmonary hypertension caused by chronic hypoxia. CD4+ T cells are required for initiating and maintaining inflammation, suggesting that these cells could play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that CD4+ T cells, specifically the T helper 17 subset, contribute to chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. We compared indices of pulmonary hypertension resulting from chronic hypoxia (3 wk) in wild-type mice and recombination-activating gene 1 knockout mice (RAG1-/-, lacking mature T and B cells). Separate sets of mice were adoptively transferred with CD4+, CD8+, or T helper 17 cells before normoxic or chronic hypoxic exposure to evaluate the involvement of specific T cell subsets. RAG1-/- mice had diminished right ventricular systolic pressure and arterial remodeling compared with wild-type mice exposed to chronic hypoxia. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells restored the hypertensive phenotype in RAG1-/- mice. Interestingly, RAG1-/- mice receiving T helper 17 cells displayed evidence of pulmonary hypertension independent of chronic hypoxia. Supporting our hypothesis, depletion of CD4+ cells or treatment with SR1001, an inhibitor of T helper 17 cell development, prevented increased pressure and remodeling responses to chronic hypoxia. We conclude that T helper 17 cells play a key role in the development of chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi D Maston
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - David T Jones
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Wieslawa Giermakowska
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Tamara A Howard
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Judy L Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Yongyi Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Weimin Xuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Thomas C Resta
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Laura V Gonzalez Bosc
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico;
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19
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Byrum JR, Fricke M, Tafoya J, Moses M, Cannon JL. Quantitating dendritic cell clustering in the lymph node. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.126.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The efficiency of the T cell search for antigen presented by dendritic cells (DCs) in lymph nodes (LNs) is a determinant of the overall timing of the T cell immune response to infection. While there is suggestion that DCs are clustered in LNs, there has been little quantitative analysis done to precisely analyze DC positioning in LNs. We present the quantitation of murine DC motility, surface area, and volume in the lymph node. We also use computational analysis of 2 photon microscopy images of explanted murine lymph nodes from CD11c-YFP mice to determine the degree of clustered-ness of DCs. Our analysis indicates a degree of DC clustering within the lymph node. Previously our lab identified sites in the lymph node visited with greater frequency by T cells than would be expected by random motility. We hypothesize such sites demonstrate that DC clusters may actively attract T cells. Elucidating whether T cell motility around DC clusters is distinctive from T cell motility in areas where DCs are non-clustered will help decipher T cell search strategy and the timing of the adaptive immune response.
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20
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Mrass P, Oruganti SR, Byrum JR, Moses ME, Cannon JL. ROCK is essential for directionally persistent migration of CD8+ effector T cells within inflamed lung. The Journal of Immunology 2016. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.119.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Recruitment of effector T lymphocytes into peripheral tissues, such as inflamed lung, contributes to an effective protection against infection and cancer. The rate of pathogen detection might be further influenced by the motility of recruited immune cells within three-dimensional tissues. Indeed, recent two-photon studies have shown that effector T cells navigate actively through inflamed lung tissue, but the molecular mechanisms that regulate this process are poorly characterized. Here, we used two-photon imaging of a murine lung treated with endotoxin to quantitatively analyze tissue navigation of lung-infiltrating CD8+ effector T cells. Tracking of individual T cells within inflamed lung tissue for several hours revealed that T cell movement transitions between periods of high directional persistence and confinement. Some T cells also moved in alignment with the vasculature. Treatment with pertussis toxin to inhibit chemokine receptor-dependent Gi-type G protein signaling led to a moderate reduction of the speed of lung-infiltrating T cells. Strikingly, pharmacological inhibition of the molecule ROCK, which promotes cytoskeleton-dependent squeezing through dense environments, led to a pronounced reduction of speed and almost completely abolished directional persistence of lung-infiltrating effector T cells. Together, these results show that migration of lung-infiltrating T cells is fine-tuned by environmental signals and dependent on the cell-intrinsic ROCK-signaling pathway.
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21
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Fricke GM, Letendre KA, Moses ME, Cannon JL. Persistence and Adaptation in Immunity: T Cells Balance the Extent and Thoroughness of Search. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004818. [PMID: 26990103 PMCID: PMC4798282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective search strategies have evolved in many biological systems, including the immune system. T cells are key effectors of the immune response, required for clearance of pathogenic infection. T cell activation requires that T cells encounter antigen-bearing dendritic cells within lymph nodes, thus, T cell search patterns within lymph nodes may be a crucial determinant of how quickly a T cell immune response can be initiated. Previous work suggests that T cell motion in the lymph node is similar to a Brownian random walk, however, no detailed analysis has definitively shown whether T cell movement is consistent with Brownian motion. Here, we provide a precise description of T cell motility in lymph nodes and a computational model that demonstrates how motility impacts T cell search efficiency. We find that both Brownian and Lévy walks fail to capture the complexity of T cell motion. Instead, T cell movement is better described as a correlated random walk with a heavy-tailed distribution of step lengths. Using computer simulations, we identify three distinct factors that contribute to increasing T cell search efficiency: 1) a lognormal distribution of step lengths, 2) motion that is directionally persistent over short time scales, and 3) heterogeneity in movement patterns. Furthermore, we show that T cells move differently in specific frequently visited locations that we call "hotspots" within lymph nodes, suggesting that T cells change their movement in response to the lymph node environment. Our results show that like foraging animals, T cells adapt to environmental cues, suggesting that adaption is a fundamental feature of biological search.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Matthew Fricke
- Department of Computer Science, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Letendre
- Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Melanie E. Moses
- Department of Computer Science, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- External Faculty, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Judy L. Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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Carroll-Portillo A, Cannon JL, te Riet J, Holmes A, Kawakami Y, Kawakami T, Cambi A, Lidke DS. Mast cells and dendritic cells form synapses that facilitate antigen transfer for T cell activation. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:851-64. [PMID: 26304724 PMCID: PMC4555818 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201412074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) and dendritic cells (DCs) form synapses that are dependent on MC activation and integrin engagement, and these direct interactions stimulate changes in the secretion profile of select cytokines and facilitate transfer of endosomal contents from activated MCs to DCs. Mast cells (MCs) produce soluble mediators such as histamine and prostaglandins that are known to influence dendritic cell (DC) function by stimulating maturation and antigen processing. Whether direct cell–cell interactions are important in modulating MC/DC function is unclear. In this paper, we show that direct contact between MCs and DCs occurs and plays an important role in modulating the immune response. Activation of MCs through FcεRI cross-linking triggers the formation of stable cell–cell interactions with immature DCs that are reminiscent of the immunological synapse. Direct cellular contact differentially regulates the secreted cytokine profile, indicating that MC modulation of DC populations is influenced by the nature of their interaction. Synapse formation requires integrin engagement and facilitates the transfer of internalized MC-specific antigen from MCs to DCs. The transferred material is ultimately processed and presented by DCs and can activate T cells. The physiological outcomes of the MC–DC synapse suggest a new role for intercellular crosstalk in defining the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Carroll-Portillo
- Department of Pathology, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Judy L Cannon
- Department of Pathology, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Cancer Research and Treatment Center, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Joost te Riet
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anna Holmes
- Department of Pathology, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Yuko Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Toshiaki Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037 Laboratory for Allergic Disease, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Diane S Lidke
- Department of Pathology, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Cancer Research and Treatment Center, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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23
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Letendre K, Donnadieu E, Moses ME, Cannon JL. Bringing statistics up to speed with data in analysis of lymphocyte motility. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126333. [PMID: 25973755 PMCID: PMC4431811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon (2P) microscopy provides immunologists with 3D video of the movement of lymphocytes in vivo. Motility parameters extracted from these videos allow detailed analysis of lymphocyte motility in lymph nodes and peripheral tissues. However, standard parametric statistical analyses such as the Student's t-test are often used incorrectly, and fail to take into account confounds introduced by the experimental methods, potentially leading to erroneous conclusions about T cell motility. Here, we compare the motility of WT T cell versus PKCθ-/-, CARMA1-/-, CCR7-/-, and PTX-treated T cells. We show that the fluorescent dyes used to label T cells have significant effects on T cell motility, and we demonstrate the use of factorial ANOVA as a statistical tool that can control for these effects. In addition, researchers often choose between the use of "cell-based" parameters by averaging multiple steps of a single cell over time (e.g. cell mean speed), or "step-based" parameters, in which all steps of a cell population (e.g. instantaneous speed) are grouped without regard for the cell track. Using mixed model ANOVA, we show that we can maintain cell-based analyses without losing the statistical power of step-based data. We find that as we use additional levels of statistical control, we can more accurately estimate the speed of T cells as they move in lymph nodes as well as measure the impact of individual signaling molecules on T cell motility. As there is increasing interest in using computational modeling to understand T cell behavior in in vivo, these quantitative measures not only give us a better determination of actual T cell movement, they may prove crucial for models to generate accurate predictions about T cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Letendre
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
| | - Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Melanie E. Moses
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Judy L. Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cannon JL, Asperti-Boursin F, Letendre KA, Brown IK, Korzekwa KE, Blaine KM, Oruganti SR, Sperling AI, Moses ME. PKCθ regulates T cell motility via ezrin-radixin-moesin localization to the uropod. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78940. [PMID: 24250818 PMCID: PMC3826749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is a fundamental process crucial for function in many cell types, including T cells. T cell motility is critical for T cell-mediated immune responses, including initiation, activation, and effector function. While many extracellular receptors and cytoskeletal regulators have been shown to control T cell migration, relatively few signaling mediators have been identified that can modulate T cell motility. In this study, we find a previously unknown role for PKCθ in regulating T cell migration to lymph nodes. PKCθ localizes to the migrating T cell uropod and regulates localization of the MTOC, CD43 and ERM proteins to the uropod. Furthermore, PKCθ-deficient T cells are less responsive to chemokine induced migration and are defective in migration to lymph nodes. Our results reveal a novel role for PKCθ in regulating T cell migration and demonstrate that PKCθ signals downstream of CCR7 to regulate protein localization and uropod formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L. Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Francois Asperti-Boursin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Letendre
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ivy K. Brown
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Katy E. Korzekwa
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kelly M. Blaine
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sreenivasa R. Oruganti
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Anne I. Sperling
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Melanie E. Moses
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
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Zhou HF, Yan H, Cannon JL, Springer LE, Green JM, Pham CTN. CD43-mediated IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells promotes abdominal aortic aneurysm in mice. J Immunol 2013; 190:5078-85. [PMID: 23585675 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD43 is a glycosylated surface protein abundantly expressed on lymphocytes. Its role in immune responses has been difficult to clearly establish, with evidence supporting both costimulatory and inhibitory functions. In addition, its contribution to disease pathogenesis remains elusive. Using a well-characterized murine model of elastase-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) that recapitulates many key features of the human disease, we established that the presence of CD43 on T cells is required for AAA formation. Moreover, we found that IFN-γ-producing CD8(+) T cells, but not CD4(+) T cells, promote the development of aneurysm by enhancing cellular apoptosis and matrix metalloprotease activity. Reconstitution with IFN-γ-producing CD8(+) T cells or recombinant IFN-γ promotes the aneurysm phenotype in CD43(-/-) mice, whereas IFN-γ antagonism abrogates disease in wild-type animals. Furthermore, we showed that the presence of CD43 with an intact cytoplasmic domain capable of binding to ezrin-radixin-moesin cytoskeletal proteins is essential for optimal in vivo IFN-γ production by T cells and aneurysm formation. We have thus identified a robust physiologic role for CD43 in a relevant animal model and established an important in vivo function for CD43-dependent regulation of IFN-γ production. These results further suggest that IFN-γ antagonism or selective blockade of CD43(+)CD8(+) T cell activities merits further investigation for immunotherapy in AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-fang Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Maston LD, Resta TC, Cannon JL, Giermakowska W, Bosc LVG. Adaptive Immune Cells Contribute to Chronic Hypoxia‐Induced Pulmonary Hypertension. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1140.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas C Resta
- Cell Biology and PhysiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNM
| | - Judy L Cannon
- Molecular Genetics and MicrobiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNM
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Wu Q, Gardiner GJ, Berry E, Wagner SR, Lu T, Clay BS, Moore TV, Ferreira CM, Williams JW, Luster AD, Medoff BD, Cannon JL, Sperling AI, Shilling RA. ICOS-expressing lymphocytes promote resolution of CD8-mediated lung injury in a mouse model of lung rejection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72955. [PMID: 23967339 PMCID: PMC3742557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute rejection, a common complication of lung transplantation, may promote obliterative bronchiolitis leading to graft failure in lung transplant recipients. During acute rejection episodes, CD8(+) T cells can contribute to lung epithelial injury but the mechanisms promoting and controlling CD8-mediated injury in the lung are not well understood. To study the mechanisms regulating CD8(+) T cell-mediated lung rejection, we used a transgenic model in which adoptively transferred ovalbumin (OVA)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) induce lung injury in mice expressing an ovalbumin transgene in the small airway epithelium of the lungs (CC10-OVA mice). The lung pathology is similar to findings in humans with acute lung transplant. In the presence of an intact immune response the inflammation resolves by day 30. Using CC10-OVA.RAG(-/-) mice, we found that CD4(+) T cells and ICOS(+/+) T cells were required for protection against lethal lung injury, while neutrophil depletion was not protective. In addition, CD4(+)Foxp3 (+) ICOS(+) T cells were enriched in the lungs of animals surviving lung injury and ICOS(+/+) Tregs promoted survival in animals that received ICOS(-/-) T cells. Direct comparison of ICOS(-/-) Tregs to ICOS(+/+) Tregs found defects in vitro but no differences in the ability of ICOS(-/-) Tregs to protect from lethal lung injury. These data suggest that ICOS affects Treg development but is not necessarily required for Treg effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Center for Immunobiology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Gail J. Gardiner
- Center for Immunobiology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Berry
- Committee on Immunology & Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sarah R. Wagner
- Center for Immunobiology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Lu
- Committee on Immunology & Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bryan S. Clay
- Committee on Immunology & Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tamson V. Moore
- Committee on Immunology & Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Caroline M. Ferreira
- Committee on Immunology & Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jesse W. Williams
- Committee on Immunology & Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Benjamin D. Medoff
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Judy L. Cannon
- Committee on Immunology & Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anne I. Sperling
- Committee on Immunology & Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Shilling
- Center for Immunobiology, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Moore TV, Clay BS, Cannon JL, Histed A, Shilling RA, Sperling AI. Inducible costimulator controls migration of T cells to the lungs via down-regulation of CCR7 and CD62L. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:843-50. [PMID: 21421907 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0466oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others reported that inducible costimulator-deficient (ICOS(-/-)) mice manifest a defect in Th2-mediated airway inflammation, which was attributed to reduced Th2 differentiation in the absence of ICOS signaling. Interestingly, the number of CD4 T cells present in the airways and lungs after sensitization and challenge is significantly reduced in ICOS(-/-) mice. We now show that this reduction is not attributable simply to a reduced proliferation of ICOS(-/-) cells, because significantly more ICOS(-/-) than wild-type activated CD4 T cells are present in the lymph nodes, suggesting that more ICOS(-/-) CD4 T cells than wild-type CD4 T cells migrated into the lymph nodes. Further investigation revealed that activated ICOS(-/-) CD4 T cells express higher concentrations of the lymph node homing receptors, CCR7 and CD62L, than do wild-type CD4 T cells, leading to a preferential return of ICOS(-/-) cells to the nondraining lymph nodes rather than the lungs. Blocking reentry into the lymph nodes after the initiation of Th2-mediated airway inflammation equalized the levels of CD4 and granulocyte infiltration in the lungs of wild-type and ICOS(-/-) mice. Our results demonstrate that in wild-type CD4 T cells, co-stimulation with ICOS promotes the down-regulation of CCR7 and CD62L after activation, leading to a reduced return of activated CD4 T cells to the lymph nodes and a more efficient entry into the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamson V Moore
- Committee on Immunology and Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Moore TV, Clay BS, Ferreira CM, Williams JW, Rogozinska M, Cannon JL, Shilling RA, Marzo AL, Sperling AI. Protective effector memory CD4 T cells depend on ICOS for survival. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16529. [PMID: 21364749 PMCID: PMC3041765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory CD4 T cells play a vital role in protection against re-infection by pathogens as diverse as helminthes or influenza viruses. Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is highly expressed on memory CD4 T cells and has been shown to augment proliferation and survival of activated CD4 T cells. However, the role of ICOS costimulation on the development and maintenance of memory CD4 T cells remains controversial. Herein, we describe a significant defect in the number of effector memory (EM) phenotype cells in ICOS−/− and ICOSL−/− mice that becomes progressively more dramatic as the mice age. This decrease was not due to a defect in the homeostatic proliferation of EM phenotype CD4 T cells in ICOS−/− or ICOSL−/− mice. To determine whether ICOS regulated the development or survival of EM CD4 T cells, we utilized an adoptive transfer model. We found no defect in development of EM CD4 T cells, but long-term survival of ICOS−/− EM CD4 T cells was significantly compromised compared to wild-type cells. The defect in survival was specific to EM cells as the central memory (CM) ICOS−/− CD4 T cells persisted as well as wild type cells. To determine the physiological consequences of a specific defect in EM CD4 T cells, wild-type and ICOS−/− mice were infected with influenza virus. ICOS−/− mice developed significantly fewer influenza-specific EM CD4 T cells and were more susceptible to re-infection than wild-type mice. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a role for ICOS costimulation in the maintenance of EM but not CM CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamson V Moore
- Committee on Immunology & Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Cannon JL, Mody PD, Blaine KM, Chen EJ, Nelson AD, Sayles LJ, Moore TV, Clay BS, Dulin NO, Shilling RA, Burkhardt JK, Sperling AI. CD43 interaction with ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) proteins regulates T-cell trafficking and CD43 phosphorylation. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:954-63. [PMID: 21289089 PMCID: PMC3069020 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-07-0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CD43 interaction with ERM proteins regulates CD43 phosphorylation and T-cell migration. CD43 phosphorylation can also drive CD43 localization in T-cells independently of ERM association. Cell polarization is a key feature of cell motility, driving cell migration to tissues. CD43 is an abundantly expressed molecule on the T-cell surface that shows distinct localization to the migrating T-cell uropod and the distal pole complex (DPC) opposite the immunological synapse via association with the ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family of actin regulatory proteins. CD43 regulates multiple T-cell functions, including T-cell activation, proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. We recently demonstrated that CD43 regulates T-cell trafficking through a phosphorylation site at Ser-76 (S76) within its cytoplasmic tail. Using a phosphorylation-specific antibody, we now find that CD43 phosphorylation at S76 is enhanced by migration signals. We further show that CD43 phosphorylation and normal T-cell trafficking depend on CD43 association with ERM proteins. Interestingly, mutation of S76 to mimic phosphorylation enhances T-cell migration and CD43 movement to the DPC while blocking ERM association, showing that CD43 movement can occur in the absence of ERM binding. We also find that protein kinase Cθ can phosphorylate CD43. These results show that while CD43 binding to ERM proteins is crucial for S76 phosphorylation, CD43 movement and regulation of T-cell migration can occur through an ERM-independent, phosphorylation–dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cannon
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Driessens G, Zheng Y, Locke F, Cannon JL, Gounari F, Gajewski TF. Beta-catenin inhibits T cell activation by selective interference with linker for activation of T cells-phospholipase C-γ1 phosphorylation. J Immunol 2010; 186:784-90. [PMID: 21149602 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the defined function of the β-catenin pathway in thymocytes, its functional role in peripheral T cells is poorly understood. We report that in a mouse model, β-catenin protein is constitutively degraded in peripheral T cells. Introduction of stabilized β-catenin into primary T cells inhibited proliferation and cytokine secretion after TCR stimulation and blunted effector cell differentiation. Functional and biochemical studies revealed that β-catenin selectively inhibited linker for activation of T cells phosphorylation on tyrosine 136, which was associated with defective phospholipase C-γ1 phosphorylation and calcium signaling but normal ERK activation. Our findings indicate that β-catenin negatively regulates T cell activation by a previously undescribed mechanism and suggest that conditions under which β-catenin might be inducibly stabilized in vivo would be inhibitory for T cell-based immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Driessens
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Shaffer MH, Huang Y, Corbo E, Wu GF, Velez M, Choi JK, Saotome I, Cannon JL, McClatchey AI, Sperling AI, Maltzman JS, Oliver PM, Bhandoola A, Laufer TM, Burkhardt JK. Ezrin is highly expressed in early thymocytes, but dispensable for T cell development in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12404. [PMID: 20806059 PMCID: PMC2929185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) proteins are highly homologous proteins that function to link cargo molecules to the actin cytoskeleton. Ezrin and moesin are both expressed in mature lymphocytes, where they play overlapping roles in cell signaling and polarity, but their role in lymphoid development has not been explored. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We characterized ERM protein expression in lymphoid tissues and analyzed the requirement for ezrin expression in lymphoid development. In wildtype mice, we found that most cells in the spleen and thymus express both ezrin and moesin, but little radixin. ERM protein expression in the thymus was differentially regulated, such that ezrin expression was highest in immature thymocytes and diminished during T cell development. In contrast, moesin expression was low in early thymocytes and upregulated during T cell development. Mice bearing a germline deletion of ezrin exhibited profound defects in the size and cellularity of the spleen and thymus, abnormal thymic architecture, diminished hematopoiesis, and increased proportions of granulocytic precursors. Further analysis using fetal liver chimeras and thymic transplants showed that ezrin expression is dispensable in hematopoietic and stromal lineages, and that most of the defects in lymphoid development in ezrin(-/-) mice likely arise as a consequence of nutritional stress. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that despite high expression in lymphoid precursor cells, ezrin is dispensable for lymphoid development, most likely due to redundancy with moesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith H. Shaffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yanping Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Evann Corbo
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregory F. Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marielena Velez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John K. Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ichiko Saotome
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Judy L. Cannon
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrea I. McClatchey
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne I. Sperling
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jonathan S. Maltzman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paula M. Oliver
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Avinash Bhandoola
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Terri M. Laufer
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tian P, Yang D, Jiang X, Zhong W, Cannon JL, Burkhardt W, Woods JW, Hartman G, Lindesmith L, Baric RS, Mandrell R. Specificity and kinetics of norovirus binding to magnetic bead-conjugated histo-blood group antigens. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:1753-62. [PMID: 21040268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04812.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize the specificity and effect of pH and ionic strength on the kinetics of virus binding to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA)-conjugated magnetic beads. METHODS AND RESULTS HBGAs from porcine gastric mucin (PGM) have been conjugated to magnetic beads (PGM-MB) for concentration of NoV. A GII.4 virus was used for the detailed binding kinetics study and a panel of genogroup I (GI) NoVs, genogroup II (GII) NoVs and recombinant NoVs (rNoVs) were used for specificity and binding efficiency assays. We determined that NoV can be captured after 15min of incubation with PGM-MB, and virus recovery efficiency is decreased after extended incubation times. rNoV binding as measured by ELISA and NoV recovery as measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), were both enhanced significantly at acidic pH conditions. rNoV binding to PGM as measured by ELISA was increased up to 66%. While real-time RT-PCR analyses suggest that NoV could be concentrated as much as 1000-fold at neutral pH, up to 3·4-fold further increase of NoV recovery was achieved by adjusting the pH of the sample to 3·0-4·2. Variation between GI and GII viral binding to the PGM-MB at basic pH was observed. All five GI rNoVs tested and 6 of 9 GII rNoVs were captured by PGM. All eight GI strains tested were concentrated by PGM-MB, ranging from 28-fold (GI.4) to 1502-fold (GI.1). Eleven of 13 GII strains were concentrated from 30-fold (GII.5) to 1014-fold (GII.4, lab strain) by PGM-MB. GI and GII rNoVs viral capsid proteins were recovered with high salt conditions, but results were inconsistent for whole virus recovery. CONCLUSIONS All GI and 85% of GII NoVs tested could be captured and concentrated by PGM-MB method. The binding occurred rapidly and was enhanced at low pH. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results facilitated development of a prototype method for sensitive detection of NoV in samples requiring larger volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tian
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94547-1105, USA.
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Clay BS, Shilling RA, Bandukwala HS, Moore TV, Cannon JL, Welcher AA, Weinstock JV, Sperling AI. Inducible costimulator expression regulates the magnitude of Th2-mediated airway inflammation by regulating the number of Th2 cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7525. [PMID: 19888475 PMCID: PMC2768787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inducible Costimulator (ICOS) is an important regulator of Th2 lymphocyte function and a potential immunotherapeutic target for allergy and asthma. A SNP in the ICOS 5′ promoter in humans is associated with increased atopy and serum IgE in a founder population and increased ICOS surface expression and Th2 cytokine production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, it is unknown if increased ICOS expression contributes to disease progression or is a result of disease pathology. Methodology/Principal Findings We developed a mouse model in which ICOS surface expression levels are genetically predetermined to test our hypothesis that genetic regulation of ICOS expression controls the severity of Th2 responses in vivo. Using ICOS+/+ and ICOS+/− mice in a Th2 model of airway inflammation, we found that T cells from the ICOS+/− mice had reduced ICOS expression and decreased Th2-mediated inflammation in vivo. Although the activation status of the T cells did not differ, T cells isolated from the lungs and draining lymph nodes of ICOS+/− mice at the peak of inflammation produced less Th2 cytokines upon stimulation ex vivo. Using 4get mice, which express GFP upon IL-4 transcription, we determined that the decreased Th2 cytokines in ICOS+/− is due to reduced percentage of Th2 cells and not a defect in their ability to produce IL-4. Conclusion These data suggest that in both mice and humans, the level of ICOS surface expression regulates the magnitude of the in vivo Th2 response, perhaps by influencing Th2 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S. Clay
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Shilling
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hozefa S. Bandukwala
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tamson V. Moore
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Judy L. Cannon
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Joel V. Weinstock
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne I. Sperling
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shilling RA, Clay BS, Tesciuba AG, Berry EL, Lu T, Moore TV, Bandukwala HS, Tong J, Weinstock JV, Flavell RA, Horan T, Yoshinaga SK, Welcher AA, Cannon JL, Sperling AI. CD28 and ICOS play complementary non-overlapping roles in the development of Th2 immunity in vivo. Cell Immunol 2009; 259:177-84. [PMID: 19646680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has shown ICOS can function independently of CD28, but whether either molecule can compensate for the other in vivo is not known. Since ICOS is a potent inducer of Th2 cytokines and linked to allergy and elevated serum IgE in humans, we hypothesized that augmenting ICOS costimulation in murine allergic airway disease may overcome CD28 deficiency. While ICOS was expressed on T cells from CD28(-/-) mice, Th2-mediated airway inflammation was not induced in CD28(-/-) mice by increased ICOS costimulation. Further, we determined if augmenting CD28 costimulation could compensate for ICOS deficiency. ICOS(-/-) mice had a defect in airway eosinophilia that was not overcome by augmenting CD28 costimulation. CD28 costimulation also did not fully compensate for ICOS for antibody responses, germinal center formation or the development of follicular B helper T cells. CD28 and ICOS play complementary non-overlapping roles in the development of Th2 immunity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Shilling
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, MC6076, Room M658, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Cannon JL, Collins A, Mody PD, Balachandran D, Henriksen KJ, Smith CE, Tong J, Clay BS, Miller SD, Sperling AI. CD43 regulates Th2 differentiation and inflammation. J Immunol 2008; 180:7385-93. [PMID: 18490738 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CD43 is a highly glycosylated transmembrane protein that regulates T cell activation. CD43(-/-) T cells are hyperproliferative and the cytoplasmic tail of CD43 has been found to be sufficient to reconstitute wild-type proliferation levels, suggesting an intracellular mechanism. In this study, we report that upon TCR ligation CD43(-/-) T cells demonstrated no increase in tyrosine phosphorylation but a decreased calcium flux. Interestingly, CD43(-/-) T cells preferentially differentiated into Th2 cells in vitro, and CD43(-/-) T cells show increased GATA-3 translocation into the nucleus. In vivo, CD43(-/-) mice exhibited increased inflammation in two separate models of Th2-mediated allergic airway disease. In contrast, in Th1-mediated diabetes, nonobese diabetic CD43(-/-) mice did not significantly differ from wild-type mice in disease onset or progression. Th1-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis to MOG(35-55) was also normal in the CD43(-/-) mice. Nonetheless, the CD43(-/-) mice produced more IL-5 when restimulated with MOG(35-55) in vitro and demonstrated decreased delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. Together, these data demonstrate that although CD43(-/-) T cells preferentially differentiate into Th2 cells, this response is not sufficient to protect against Th1-mediated autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L Cannon
- Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Bandukwala HS, Clay BS, Tong J, Mody PD, Cannon JL, Shilling RA, Verbeek JS, Weinstock JV, Solway J, Sperling AI. Signaling through Fc gamma RIII is required for optimal T helper type (Th)2 responses and Th2-mediated airway inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:1875-89. [PMID: 17664287 PMCID: PMC2118666 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Although inhibitory Fc gamma receptors have been demonstrated to promote mucosal tolerance, the role of activating Fc gamma receptors in modulating T helper type (Th)2-dependent inflammatory responses characteristic of asthma and allergies remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that signaling via activating Fc gamma receptors in conjunction with Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation modulated cytokine production from bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and augmented their ability to promote Th2 responses. Ligation of the low affinity receptor Fc gamma RIII was specifically required for the enhanced Th2 responses, as Fc gamma RIII(-/-) DCs failed to augment Th2-mediated airway inflammation in vivo or induce Th2 differentiation in vitro. Further, Fc gamma RIII(-/-) mice had impaired Th2 cytokine production and exhibited reduced airway inflammation, whereas no defect was found in Fc gamma RI(-/-) mice. The augmentation of Th2 immunity was regulated by interleukin 10 production from the DCs but was distinct and independent of the well-established role of Fc gamma RIII in augmenting antigen presentation. Thus, our studies reveal a novel and specific role for Fc gamma RIII signaling in the regulation of Th cell responses and suggest that in addition to immunoglobulin (Ig)E, antigen-specific IgG also contributes to the pathogenesis of Th2-mediated diseases such as asthma and allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hozefa S Bandukwala
- Committee on Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
The mucin-like protein CD43 is excluded from the immune synapse, and regulates T-cell proliferation as well as T-cell migration. While the CD43 cytoplasmic domain is necessary for regulation of T-cell activation and proliferation, the mechanism via which CD43 regulates trafficking is not well defined. To investigate whether CD43 phosphorylation regulates its function in T cells, we used tandem mass spectrometry and identified Ser76 in murine CD43 as a previously unidentified site of basal phosphorylation. Interestingly, mutation of this single serine to alanine greatly diminishes T-cell trafficking to the lymph node, while CD43 exclusion and CD43-mediated regulation of T-cell proliferation remain intact. Furthermore, the CD43 extracellular domain was also required for T-cell trafficking, providing a hitherto unknown function for the extracellular domain, and suggesting that the extracellular domain may be required to transduce signals via the cytoplasmic domain. These data reveal a novel mechanism by which CD43 regulates T-cell function, and suggest that CD43 functions as a signaling molecule, sensing extracellular cues and transducing intracellular signals that modulate T-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purvi D Mody
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP)-deficient T cells exhibit defects in IL-2 production that are widely believed to stem from primary defects in actin remodeling and immune synapse formation. Surprisingly, however, we find that WASP-deficient T cells responding to Ag-specific APCs polymerize actin and organize talin and PKC theta normally, forming an immune synapse that is stable for at least 3 h. At low doses of peptide, WASP-deficient T cells show less efficient talin and PKC theta polarization. Thus, although WASP may facilitate immune synapse formation at low peptide concentrations, WASP is not required for this process. Defects in IL-2 production are observed even under conditions in which immune synapse formation proceeds normally, suggesting that the role of WASP in regulating IL-2 production is independent of its role in immune synapse formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L Cannon
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Zeng R, Cannon JL, Abraham RT, Way M, Billadeau DD, Bubeck-Wardenberg J, Burkhardt JK. SLP-76 coordinates Nck-dependent Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein recruitment with Vav-1/Cdc42-dependent Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein activation at the T cell-APC contact site. J Immunol 2003; 171:1360-8. [PMID: 12874226 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.3.1360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) activation at the site of T cell-APC interaction is a two-step process, with recruitment dependent on the proline-rich domain and activation dependent on binding of Cdc42-GTP to the GTPase binding domain. Here, we show that WASP recruitment occurs through binding to the C-terminal Src homology 3 domain of Nck. In contrast, WASP activation requires Vav-1. In Vav-1-deficient T cells, WASP recruitment proceeds normally, but localized activation of Cdc42 and WASP is disrupted. The recruitment and activation of WASP are coordinated by tyrosine-phosphorylated Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa, which functions as a scaffold, bringing Nck and WASP into proximity with Vav-1 and Cdc42-GTP. Taken together, these findings reconstruct the signaling pathway leading from TCR ligation to localized WASP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zeng
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Abstract
The T-cell cytoskeleton is intimately involved in determining the efficiency and fidelity of the immune response. During T-cell interactions with antigen-presenting cells (APCs), dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton is particularly important for stabilizing long-lived integrin-dependent adhesive interactions. In addition, actin remodeling is important for facilitating the sustained signaling required for full T-cell activation. Although the relationship between T-cell signaling and cytoskeletal remodeling is complex, new molecular genetic tools are making it possible to investigate individual molecular interactions in the context of bona fide conjugate formation. We describe here the progress from our laboratory toward defining the pathways required for actin remodeling during conjugate formation. Our studies show that engagement of T-cell receptor (TCR) and leukocyte functional antigen-1 (LFA-1) leads to distinct effects on the remodeling of individual cytoskeletal elements. Downstream of TCR, we find that p56Lck (Lck) plays a critical role in integrin-dependent adhesion independent of its ability to activate zeta-associated protein of 70 kDa (ZAP-70). TCR engagement also results in the assembly of a signaling complex that facilitates the activation of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) by colocalization with Cdc42-GTP. These events, together with other parallel actin regulatory pathways, induce localized actin polymerization at the site of APC binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L Cannon
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Allenspach EJ, Cullinan P, Tong J, Tang Q, Tesciuba AG, Cannon JL, Takahashi SM, Morgan R, Burkhardt JK, Sperling AI. ERM-dependent movement of CD43 defines a novel protein complex distal to the immunological synapse. Immunity 2001; 15:739-50. [PMID: 11728336 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The large mucin CD43 is actively excluded from T cell/APC interaction sites, concentrating in a membrane domain distal to the site of TCR engagement. The cytoplasmic region of CD43 was necessary and sufficient for this antipodal movement. ERM cytoskeletal adaptor proteins colocalized with CD43 in this domain. An ERM dominant-negative mutant blocked the distal accumulation of CD43 and another known ERM binding protein, Rho-GDI. Inhibition of ERM function decreased the production of IL-2 and IFNgamma, without affecting PKC(theta) focusing or CD69 upregulation. These results indicate that ERM proteins organize a complex distal to the T cell/APC interaction site and provide evidence that full T cell activation may involve removal of inhibitory proteins from the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Allenspach
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Cannon JL, Labno CM, Bosco G, Seth A, McGavin MH, Siminovitch KA, Rosen MK, Burkhardt JK. Wasp recruitment to the T cell:APC contact site occurs independently of Cdc42 activation. Immunity 2001; 15:249-59. [PMID: 11520460 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cdc42 and WASP are critical regulators of actin polymerization whose function during T cell signaling is poorly understood. Using a novel reagent that specifically detects Cdc42-GTP in fixed cells, we found that activated Cdc42 localizes to the T cell:APC contact site in an antigen-dependent manner. TCR signaling alone was sufficient to induce localization of Cdc42-GTP, and functional Lck and Zap-70 kinases were required. WASP also localized to the T cell:APC contact site in an antigen-dependent manner. Surprisingly, WASP localization was independent of the Cdc42 binding domain but required the proline-rich domain. Our results indicate that localized WASP activation requires the integration of multiple signals: WASP is recruited via interaction with SH3 domain-containing proteins and is activated by Cdc42-GTP concentrated at the same site.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cannon
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Sedwick CE, Morgan MM, Jusino L, Cannon JL, Miller J, Burkhardt JK. TCR, LFA-1, and CD28 play unique and complementary roles in signaling T cell cytoskeletal reorganization. J Immunol 1999; 162:1367-75. [PMID: 9973391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
T cells interacting with APCs undergo rearrangement of surface receptors and cytoskeletal elements to face the zone of contact with the APC. This polarization process is thought to affect T cell signaling by organizing a specialized domain on the T cell surface and to direct T cell effector function toward the appropriate APC. We have investigated the contribution of TCR, CD28, and LFA-1 signaling to T cell cytoskeletal polarization by assaying the response of an Ag-specific Th1 clone toward a panel of transfected APCs expressing MHC class II alone or in combination with ICAM-1 or B7-1. We show that polarization of talin, an actin-binding protein, occurs in response to integrin engagement. In contrast, reorientation of the T cell microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) is dependent on and directed toward the site of TCR signaling, regardless of whether integrins or costimulatory molecules are engaged. MTOC reorientation in response to peptide-MHC complexes is sensitive to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin. CD28 coengagement overcomes this sensitivity, as does activation via Ab cross-linking of the TCR or via covalent peptide-MHC complexes, suggesting that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is not required per se but rather plays a role in signal amplification. Engagement of TCR in trans with LFA-1 results in separation of MTOC reorientation and cortical cytoskeletal polarization events, indicating that the two processes are not directly mechanistically linked. These studies show that T cells mobilize individual cytoskeletal components in response to distinct and specific cell surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Sedwick
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Sedwick CE, Morgan MM, Jusino L, Cannon JL, Miller J, Burkhardt JK. TCR, LFA-1, and CD28 Play Unique and Complementary Roles in Signaling T Cell Cytoskeletal Reorganization. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.3.1367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T cells interacting with APCs undergo rearrangement of surface receptors and cytoskeletal elements to face the zone of contact with the APC. This polarization process is thought to affect T cell signaling by organizing a specialized domain on the T cell surface and to direct T cell effector function toward the appropriate APC. We have investigated the contribution of TCR, CD28, and LFA-1 signaling to T cell cytoskeletal polarization by assaying the response of an Ag-specific Th1 clone toward a panel of transfected APCs expressing MHC class II alone or in combination with ICAM-1 or B7-1. We show that polarization of talin, an actin-binding protein, occurs in response to integrin engagement. In contrast, reorientation of the T cell microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) is dependent on and directed toward the site of TCR signaling, regardless of whether integrins or costimulatory molecules are engaged. MTOC reorientation in response to peptide-MHC complexes is sensitive to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin. CD28 coengagement overcomes this sensitivity, as does activation via Ab cross-linking of the TCR or via covalent peptide-MHC complexes, suggesting that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase is not required per se but rather plays a role in signal amplification. Engagement of TCR in trans with LFA-1 results in separation of MTOC reorientation and cortical cytoskeletal polarization events, indicating that the two processes are not directly mechanistically linked. These studies show that T cells mobilize individual cytoskeletal components in response to distinct and specific cell surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E. Sedwick
- *Pharmacology and Physiology,
- ‡Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and the
| | | | | | - Judy L. Cannon
- §Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Jim Miller
- †Pathology, and
- ‡Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology and the
- §Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- †Pathology, and
- §Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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Cannon JL. Dual-flex archwires. J Clin Orthod 1984; 18:648-9. [PMID: 6592172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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