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Mouliou DS. John Cunningham Virus and Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: A Falsely Played Diagnosis. Diseases 2024; 12:100. [PMID: 38785755 PMCID: PMC11120163 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12050100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a possibly fatal demyelinating disease and John Cunningham Polyomavirus (JCPyV) is believed to cause this condition. The so-called JCPyV was initially reported in lymphoma and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) cases, whereas nowadays, its incidence is increasing in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) cases treated with natalizumab (Tysabri). However, there are conflicting literature data on its pathology and diagnosis, whereas some misdiagnosed reports exist, giving rise to further questions towards the topic. In reality, the so-called PML and the supposed JCPyV are not what they seem to be. In addition, novel and more frequent PML-like conditions may be reported, especially after the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.
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Auvinen E, Honkimaa A, Laine P, Passerini S, Moens U, Pietropaolo V, Saarela M, Maunula L, Mannonen L, Tynninen O, Haapasalo H, Rauramaa T, Auvinen P, Liimatainen H. Differentiation of highly pathogenic strains of human JC polyomavirus in neurological patients by next generation sequencing. J Clin Virol 2024; 171:105652. [PMID: 38364704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) persists asymptomatic in more than half of the human population. Immunocompromising conditions may cause reactivation and acquisition of neurotropic rearrangements in the viral genome, especially in the non-coding control region (NCCR). Such rearranged JCPyV strains are strongly associated with the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). METHODS Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and bioinformatics tools, the NCCR was characterized in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; N = 21) and brain tissue (N = 16) samples from PML patients (N = 25), urine specimens from systemic lupus erythematosus patients (N = 2), brain tissue samples from control individuals (N = 2) and waste-water samples (N = 5). Quantitative PCR was run in parallel for diagnostic PML samples. RESULTS Archetype NCCR (i.e. ABCDEF block structure) and archetype-like NCCR harboring minor mutations were detected in two CSF samples and in one CSF sample and in one tissue sample, respectively. Among samples from PML patients, rearranged NCCRs were found in 8 out of 21 CSF samples and in 14 out of 16 brain tissue samples. Complete or partial deletion of the C and D blocks was characteristic of most rearranged JCPyV strains. From ten CSF samples and one tissue sample NCCR could not be amplified. CONCLUSIONS Rearranged NCCRs are predominant in brain tissue and common in CSF from PML patients. Extremely sensitive detection and identification of neurotropic viral populations in CSF or brain tissue by NGS may contribute to early and accurate diagnosis, timely intervention and improved patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Auvinen
- Department of Virology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Anni Honkimaa
- Department of Virology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia Laine
- Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Passerini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Institute of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mika Saarela
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Maunula
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Mannonen
- Department of Virology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Tynninen
- Department of Pathology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Haapasalo
- Department of Pathology, FIMLAB Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tuomas Rauramaa
- Department of Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland and 12. Unit of Pathology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, DNA Sequencing and Genomics Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Liimatainen
- Department of Virology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Georgopoulos AP, James LM. Association between brain cancer immunogenetic profile and in silico immunogenicities of 11 viruses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21528. [PMID: 38057480 PMCID: PMC10700375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several viruses including human herpes viruses (HHVs), human polyomavirus JCV, and human papilloma virus (HPV) have been implicated in brain cancer, albeit inconsistently. Since human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is centrally involved in the human immune response to viruses and has been implicated in brain cancer, we evaluated in silico the immunogenicity between 69 Class I HLA alleles with epitopes of proteins of 9 HHVs, JCV, and HPV with respect to a population-based HLA-brain cancer profile. We found that immunogenicity varied widely across HLA alleles with HLA-C alleles exhibiting the highest immunogenicity, and that immunogenicity scores were negatively associated with the population-based HLA-brain cancer profile, particularly for JCV, HHV6A, HHV5, HHV3, HHV8, and HHV7. Consistent with the role of HLA in foreign antigen elimination, the findings suggest that viruses with proteins of high HLA immunogenicity are eliminated more effectively and, consequently, less likely to cause brain cancer; conversely, the absence of highly immunogenic HLA may allow the viral antigens to persist, contributing to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos P Georgopoulos
- The HLA Research Group, Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis VAMC, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Lisa M James
- The HLA Research Group, Brain Sciences Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis VAMC, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Ngo M, Tang N, Le Q. Presumptive Progressive Multifocal Encephalopathy in an Immunocompetent Patient: A Rare Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e46668. [PMID: 37942390 PMCID: PMC10628803 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal encephalopathy (PML) is a rare brain infection caused by the John Cunningham virus (JCV), primarily affecting immunocompromised individuals. This case report presents a unique occurrence of PML in an immunocompetent young man with a history of substance abuse. The patient exhibited progressive neurological symptoms, including weakness and sensory deficits, prompting diagnostic evaluation. Brain imaging and laboratory tests revealed evidence of PML, supported by a positive JCV antibody. Notably, HIV testing was negative. While PML is typically associated with immunosuppression, this case raises questions about potential connections between substance abuse and viral reactivation. The patient received treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone and underwent rehabilitation, emphasizing the challenging nature of PML management. This case highlights the importance of considering PML as a differential diagnosis, even in immunocompetent individuals, and underscores the need for further research into its rare presentations and associated risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Ngo
- Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
| | - Ngan Tang
- Neurology, Ho Chi Minh City Stroke Association, Ho Chi Minh, VNM
| | - Quang Le
- Hospital Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
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Passerini S, Prezioso C, Prota A, Babini G, Bargiacchi L, Bartolini D, Moens U, Antonelli M, Pietropaolo V. Detection of human neurotropic JCPyV DNA sequence in pediatric anaplastic xanthoastrocytoma. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:232-236. [PMID: 37097595 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Due to its peculiar histopathological findings, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA), a rare cerebral tumor of young adults with a slow growth and a good prognosis, resembles to the lytic phase of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by JC polyomavirus (JCPyV). Therefore, the presence of JCPyV DNA was examined in an 11-year-old child with xanthoastrocytoma, WHO grade 3, by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and nested PCR (nPCR) using primers amplifying sequences encoding the N- and C-terminal region of large T antigen (LTAg), the non-coding control region (NCCR), and viral protein 1 (VP1) DNA. The expression of transcripts from LTAg and VP1 genes was also evaluated. In addition, viral microRNAs' (miRNAs) expression was investigated. Cellular p53 was also searched at both DNA and RNA level. qPCR revealed the presence of JCPyV DNA with a mean value of 6.0 × 104 gEq/mL. nPCR gave a positive result for the 5' region of the LTAg gene and the NCCR, whereas 3' end LTAg and VP1 DNA sequences were not amplifiable. Only LTAg transcripts of 5' end were found whereas VP1 gene transcript was undetectable. Although in most cases, either Mad-1 or Mad-4 NCCRs have been identified in association with JCPyV-positive human brain neoplasms, the archetype NCCR structure was observed in the patient's sample. Neither viral miRNA miR-J1-5p nor p53 DNA and RNA were detected. Although the expression of LTAg supports the possible role of JCPyV in PXA, further studies are warranted to better understand whether the genesis of xanthoastrocytoma could depend on the transformation capacity of LTAg by Rb sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Passerini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.1e Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Laboratory of Microbiology of Chronic-Neurodegenerative Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Prota
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.1e Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Babini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.1e Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Lavinia Bargiacchi
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Manila Antonelli
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.1e Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Barbier MT, Del Valle L. Co-Detection of EBV and Human Polyomavirus JCPyV in a Case of AIDS-Related Multifocal Primary Central Nervous System Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Viruses 2023; 15:755. [PMID: 36992464 PMCID: PMC10059075 DOI: 10.3390/v15030755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The human neurotropic Polyomavirus JCPyV is the widespread opportunistic causative pathogen of the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; however, it has also been implicated in the oncogenesis of several types of cancers. It causes brain tumors when intracerebrally inoculated into rodents, and genomic sequences of different strains and expression of the viral protein large T-Antigen have been detected in a wide variety of glial brain tumors and CNS lymphomas. Here, we present a case of an AIDS-related multifocal primary CNS lymphoma in which JCPyV genomic sequences of the three regions of JCPyV and expression of T-Antigen were detected by PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. No capsid proteins were detected, ruling out active JCPyV replication. Sequencing of the control region revealed that Mad-4 was the strain of JCPyV present in tumor cells. In addition, expression of viral proteins LMP and EBNA-1 from another ubiquitous oncogenic virus, Epstein-Barr, was also detected in the same lymphocytic neoplastic cells, co-localizing with JCPyV T-Antigen, suggesting a potential collaboration between these two viruses in the process of malignant transformation of B-lymphocytes, which are the site of latency and reactivation for both viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory T. Barbier
- Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Luis Del Valle
- Louisiana Cancer Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Linard M, Foubert-Samier A, Pacaud J, Helmer C. Could JC virus be involved in the onset of multiple system atrophy? A hypothesis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 109:105358. [PMID: 36935321 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Linard
- INSERM UMR U1219 Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Alexandra Foubert-Samier
- INSERM UMR U1219 Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; French Reference Centre for MSA, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jordi Pacaud
- Department of Virology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France; CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Catherine Helmer
- INSERM UMR U1219 Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Prezioso C, Pietropaolo V, Moens U, Ciotti M. JC polyomavirus: a short review of its biology, its association with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and the diagnostic value of different methods to manifest its activity or presence. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:143-157. [PMID: 36786077 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2179394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION JC polyomavirus is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a demyelinating disease resulting from the lytic infection of oligodendrocytes that may develop in immunosuppressed individuals: HIV1 infected or individuals under immunosuppressive therapies. Understanding the biology of JCPyV is necessary for a proper patient management, the development of diagnostic tests, and risk stratification. AREAS COVERED The review covers different areas of expertise including the genomic characterization of JCPyV strains detected in different body compartments (urine, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid) of PML patients, viral mutations, molecular diagnostics, viral miRNAs, and disease. EXPERT OPINION The implementation of molecular biology techniques improved our understanding of JCPyV biology. Deep sequencing analysis of viral genomes revealed the presence of viral quasispecies in the cerebrospinal fluid of PML patients characterized by noncoding control region rearrangements and VP1 mutations. These neurotropic JCPyV variants present enhanced replication and an altered cell tropism that contribute to PML development. Monitoring these variants may be relevant for the identification of patients at risk of PML. Multiplex realtime PCR targeting both the LTAg and the archetype NCCR could be used to identify them. Failure to amplify NCCR should indicate the presence of a JCPyV prototype speeding up the diagnostic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy.,IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Virology Unit, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Rome, Italy
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9
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Kimla LJ, Clark TG, Banerjee S, Campino S. JC Polyomavirus T-antigen protein expression and the risk of colorectal cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283642. [PMID: 37000859 PMCID: PMC10065230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
JC Polyomavirus (JCV) is a human polyomavirus encoding T-antigen protein, which is implicated in carcinogenesis. JCV is prevalent in the upper and lower gastrointestinal track. Several studies have reported JCV associations with the risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), however, these findings remain controversial. Since JCV DNA may be present in healthy tissues as well as transformed tissues, JCV T-antigen expression could be a more useful measure of JCV's association with cancer development. The aim of this study is to conduct a meta-analysis of case-control studies to investigate if there is a significant association between JCV T-antigen protein expression and risk of CRC. A systematic review was performed to identify studies reporting JCV DNA prevalence in CRC and JCV T-antigen expression. The strength of the association was estimated by odds ratios (ORs). Five (of 66) studies satisfied analysis inclusion criteria, and spanned years 1999 to 2022. Random effects meta-analysis of CRC cases versus controls showed an 11-fold increased risk of CRC development in JCV DNA positive samples with JCV T-antigen expression versus normal tissues (OR 10.95; 95% CI: 2.48-48.24; P = 0.0016). The results of this meta-analysis of JCV infection followed by JCV T-antigen protein expression for the risk of CRC support the argument that JCV infection significantly increases the risk of colorectal cancer in tissues where the JCV T-antigen protein is expressed. Further research with JCV T-antigen expression in relation to CRC development is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka J. Kimla
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Taane G. Clark
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sri Banerjee
- Walden University, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Ross University School of Medicine, Miramar, Florida, United States of America
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Saxton E, Panchasara B, Sarangapani S. Optic Neuritis following Second Administration of COVID-19 Vaccine: A Case Report. Case Rep Ophthalmol 2023; 14:394-399. [PMID: 37901633 PMCID: PMC10601799 DOI: 10.1159/000531526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A 28-year-old woman presented to eye casualty with signs and symptoms suggestive of optic neuritis following a recent COVID-19 vaccination (the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine). The best corrected visual acuity was 6/15 in the right eye and 6/6 in the left eye with a relative afferent pupillary defect in the right eye. Following examination and investigation, she was found to fit the McDonald criteria for multiple sclerosis and was commenced on disease-modifying therapy. Demyelinating events have been identified to occur following COVID-19 vaccinations. In this case, we have found that the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine could have contributed to the development of optic neuritis following a second dose of the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Saxton
- Luton and Dunstable Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Luton, UK
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Gaughan M, Gilligan M, Patterson I, McGurgan I, Yap SM, Tubridy N, McGuigan C. Longitudinal stability of JCV antibody index in Natalizumab treated people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 68:104251. [PMID: 36283323 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolution of JCV index over time in Natalizumab treated people with multiple sclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed antibody index values from pwMS who were treated with Natalizumab for greater than six months and had at least two antibody results available between 2011 and 2019. Survival analysis was performed on those who were JCV index value negative at baseline to evaluate time to seroconversion. In pwMS who had index values available at 48 and/or 96 months post Natalizumab initiation, t-tests were performed to evaluate change in index over time. RESULTS 1144 JCV antibody index results were available for 132 pwMS. Median time to seroconversion based on survival analysis was 103 months. Annualised seroconversion rate was 5.8%. Initial antibody index and rate of seroconversion did not differ with regards to age or gender. Antibody index increased significantly over time on treatment for the cohort as a whole, initial antibody index (0.27) to final antibody testing (0.86), t(131)=6.45, p<.0005. There was a significant increase in those with initial positive index value, between first (0.95) and final index (2.14), t(33) = 4.85, p<.0005 over a median of 77 months. CONCLUSIONS In those who were seronegative at baseline there is a long median duration of treatment with Natalizumab prior to seroconversion. In individuals with positive JCV antibody index at treatment initiation, antibody index increases over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gaughan
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - M Gilligan
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - I Patterson
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - I McGurgan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - S M Yap
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N Tubridy
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C McGuigan
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Virus Association with Gastric Inflammation and Cancer: An Updated Overview. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/jommid.10.4.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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13
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Karimi AA, Tarharoudi R, Kianmehr Z, Sakhaee F, Jamnani FR, Siadat SD, Fateh A. Traces of JC polyomavirus in papillary thyroid cancer: a comprehensive study in Iran. Virol J 2022; 19:153. [PMID: 36163265 PMCID: PMC9513940 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is known to induce solid tumors such as astrocytomas, glioblastomas, and neuroblastomas in experimental animals, and recent studies have shown that the virus may be correlated with carcinogenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of JCPyV on the progression of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Methods A total of 1057 samples, including 645 paraffin-embedded PTC biopsy samples (PEBS) and 412 fresh biopsy samples (FBS), and 1057 adjacent non-cancerous samples were evaluated for the presence of JCPyV DNA and RNA. Results We observed that 10.8% (114/1057) samples, including 17.5% (72/412) FBS and 6.5% (42/645) PEBS were positive for the JCPyV DNA. Among the JCPyV-positive samples, the mean JCPyV copy number was lower in patients with PEBS (0.3 × 10–4 ± 0.1 × 10–4 copies/cell) compared to FBS (1.8 × 10–1 ± 0.4 × 10–1 copies/cell) and non-PTC normal samples (0.2 × 10–5 ± 0.01 × 10–5 copies/cell), with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). The LT-Ag RNA expression was lower in PEBS than in FBS, while no VP1 gene transcript expression was found. Conclusions Although our results confirmed the presence of JCPyV in some Iranian patients with PTC, more research is needed to verify these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ali Karimi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahil Tarharoudi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Kianmehr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sakhaee
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahimi Jamnani
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. .,Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Zheng HC, Xue H, Zhang CY. The oncogenic roles of JC polyomavirus in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:976577. [PMID: 36212474 PMCID: PMC9537617 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.976577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) belongs to the human polyomavirus family. Based on alternative splicing, the early region encodes the large and small T antigens, while the late region encodes the capsid structural proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3) and the agnoprotein. The regulatory transcription factors for JCPyV include Sp1, TCF-4, DDX1, YB-1, LCP-1, Purα, GF-1, and NF-1. JCPyV enters tonsillar tissue through the intake of raw sewage, inhalation of air droplets, or parent-to-child transmission. It persists quiescently in lymphoid and renal tissues during latency. Both TGF-β1 and TNF-α stimulates JCPyV multiplication, while interferon-γ suppresses the process. The distinct distribution of caspid receptors (α-2, 6-linked sialic acid, non-sialylated glycosaminoglycans, and serotonin) determines the infection capabilities of JCPyV virions, and JCPyV entry is mediated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In permissive cells, JCPyV undergoes lytic proliferation and causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, while its DNA is inserted into genomic DNA and leads to carcinogenesis in non-permissive cells. T antigen targets p53, β-catenin, IRS, Rb, TGF-β1, PI3K/Akt and AMPK signal pathways in cancer cells. Intracranial injection of T antigen into animals results in neural tumors, and transgenic mice develop neural tumors, lens tumor, breast cancer, gastric, Vater’s, colorectal and pancreatic cancers, insulinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Additionally, JCPyV DNA and its encoded products can be detected in the brain tissues of PML patients and brain, oral, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, breast, cervical, pancreatic, and hepatocellular cancer tissues. Therefore, JCPyV might represent an etiological risk factor for carcinogenesis and should be evaluated for early prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-chuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
- *Correspondence: Hua-chuan Zheng,
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Cong-yu Zhang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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15
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Shahrear S, Zinnia MA, Ahmed T, Islam ABMMK. Deciphering the role of predicted miRNAs of polyomaviruses in carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166537. [PMID: 36089125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses are relatively common in the general population. Polyomaviruses maintain a persistent infection after initial infection in childhood, acting as an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised populations and their association has been linked to carcinogenesis. A comprehensive understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis in consequence of polyomavirus infection remains elusive. However, the critical role of viral miRNAs and their potential targets in modifying the transcriptome profile of the host remains largely unknown. Polyomavirus-derived miRNAs have the potential to play a substantial role in carcinogenesis. Employing computational approaches, putative viral miRNAs along with their target genes have been predicted and possible roles of the targeted genes in many significant biological processes have been obtained. Polyomaviruses have been observed to target intracellular signal transduction pathways through miRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation, which may contribute to cancer development. In addition, BKPyV-infected human renal cell microarray data was coupled with predicted target genes and analysis of the downregulated genes indicated that viruses target multiple signaling pathways (e.g. MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway) in the host as well as turning off several tumor suppression genes (e.g. FGGY, EPHX2, CACNA2D3, CDH16) through miRNA-induced mechanisms, assuring cell transformation. This study provides a conceptual framework for the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the course of carcinogenesis upon polyomavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sazzad Shahrear
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Tasnim Ahmed
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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16
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Moens U, Prezioso C, Pietropaolo V. Functional Domains of the Early Proteins and Experimental and Epidemiological Studies Suggest a Role for the Novel Human Polyomaviruses in Cancer. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:834368. [PMID: 35250950 PMCID: PMC8894888 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.834368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As their name indicates, polyomaviruses (PyVs) can induce tumors. Mouse PyV, hamster PyV and raccoon PyV have been shown to cause tumors in their natural host. During the last 30 years, 15 PyVs have been isolated from humans. From these, Merkel cell PyV is classified as a Group 2A carcinogenic pathogen (probably carcinogenic to humans), whereas BKPyV and JCPyV are class 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Although the other PyVs recently detected in humans (referred to here as novel HPyV; nHPyV) share many common features with PyVs, including the viral oncoproteins large tumor antigen and small tumor antigen, as their role in cancer is questioned. This review discusses whether the nHPyVs may play a role in cancer based on predicted and experimentally proven functions of their early proteins in oncogenic processes. The functional domains that mediate the oncogenic properties of early proteins of known PyVs, that can cause cancer in their natural host or animal models, have been well characterized and we examined whether these functional domains are conserved in the early proteins of the nHPyVs and presented experimental evidence that these conserved domains are functional. Furthermore, we reviewed the literature describing the detection of nHPyV in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- *Correspondence: Ugo Moens,
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Valeria Pietropaolo,
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17
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Kitsou K, Iliopoulou M, Spoulou V, Lagiou P, Magiorkinis G. Viral Causality of Human Cancer and Potential Roles of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in the Multi-Omics Era: An Evolutionary Epidemiology Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:687631. [PMID: 34778024 PMCID: PMC8586426 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.687631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Being responsible for almost 12% of cancers worldwide, viruses are among the oldest known and most prevalent oncogenic agents. The quality of the evidence for the in vivo tumorigenic potential of microorganisms varies, thus accordingly, viruses were classified in 4 evidence-based categories by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 2009. Since then, our understanding of the role of viruses in cancer has significantly improved, firstly due to the emergence of high throughput sequencing technologies that allowed the “brute-force” recovery of unknown viral genomes. At the same time, multi-omics approaches unravelled novel virus-host interactions in stem-cell biology. We now know that viral elements, either exogenous or endogenous, have multiple sometimes conflicting roles in human pathophysiology and the development of cancer. Here we integrate emerging evidence on viral causality in human cancer from basic mechanisms to clinical studies. We analyze viral tumorigenesis under the scope of deep-in-time human-virus evolutionary relationships and critically comment on the evidence through the eyes of clinical epidemiology, firstly by reviewing recognized oncoviruses and their mechanisms of inducing tumorigenesis, and then by examining the potential role of integrated viruses in our genome in the process of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Kitsou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Immunobiology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory, First Department of Peadiatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Iliopoulou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vana Spoulou
- Immunobiology and Vaccinology Research Laboratory, First Department of Peadiatrics, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Pagona Lagiou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gkikas Magiorkinis
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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18
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Zheng HC, E Y, Cui ZG, Zhao S, Zhang Y. The Oncogenic Roles of JC Virus T Antigen in Breast Carcinogenesis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:687444. [PMID: 34476239 PMCID: PMC8406522 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.687444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: JC virus (JCV) infects 80–90% of the population and results in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy upon immunodeficiency. The study aimed to pathologically clarify the oncogenic roles of T antigen in human breast cancers. Methods: Breast cancer, dysplasia, and normal tissues were examined for T antigen of JCV by nested and real-time PCR. The positive rate or copy number of T antigen was compared with clinicopathological parameters of breast cancer. JCV existence was morphologically detected by immunohistochemistry and in situ PCR. T antigen was examined by Western blot using frozen samples of breast cancer and paired normal tissues. Results: According to nested PCR, the positive rate of breast ductal or lobular carcinoma was lower than that of normal tissue (p < 0.05). T antigen existence was negatively correlated with E-cadherin expression and triple-negative breast cancer (p < 0.05), but positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and estrogen receptor and progestogen receptor expression (p < 0.05). Quantitative PCR showed that JCV copies were gradually decreased from normal, dysplasia to cancer tissues (p < 0.05). JCV T antigen copy number was lower in ductal adenocarcinoma than in normal tissue (p < 0.05), in line with in situ PCR and immunohistochemistry. JCV copies were negatively correlated with tumor size and E-cadherin expression (p < 0.05), but positively correlated with G grading of breast cancer (p < 0.05). Western blot also indicated weaker T antigen expression in breast cancer than normal tissues (p < 0.05). Conclusion: JCV T antigen might play an important role in breast carcinogenesis. It can be employed as a molecular marker for the differentiation and aggressive behaviors of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Ying E
- Department of Oncology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheng-Guo Cui
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Fukui School of Medical Science, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Oncology and Experimental Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital, Shenyang, China
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19
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Alkabie S, Castrodad-Molina R, Heck KA, Mandel J, Hutton GJ. The concurrence of multiple sclerosis and glioblastoma. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 50:102877. [PMID: 33711579 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.102877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma rarely coincides with multiple sclerosis. Although registries have reported a higher proportion of brain tumors-most of which are glial-these events appear to be underreported. The relative contribution of JC virus (an oncogenic virus) and disease modifying therapies that may facilitate JC virus neurotropism and tumor-specific immune evasion remain unknown. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 64-year-old woman who developed a primary glioblastoma eight years after diagnosis of multiple sclerosis while on dimethyl fumarate. CONCLUSION Systematic reporting may help answer whether JC virus seropositivity and certain disease modifying therapies confer higher risk for glioblastoma in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Alkabie
- Maxine Mesinger Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Rhaisa Castrodad-Molina
- Maxine Mesinger Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kent A Heck
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jacob Mandel
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George J Hutton
- Maxine Mesinger Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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20
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Maass F, von Gottberg P, Franz J, Stadelmann C, Bähr M, Weber MS. Case Report: Findings Suggestive of Paraclinical Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Lung Cancer-Derived Brain Metastases in an MS Patient Treated With Fingolimod. Front Neurol 2021; 12:561158. [PMID: 33613428 PMCID: PMC7886972 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.561158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod represents a highly effective disease-modifying drug in patients with active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Its immunosuppressive effects can mediate adverse events like increased risk of cancer development or appearance of opportunistic infections. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)–representing a severe opportunistic infection–has been only infrequently described during Fingolimod treatment. Here, we present a case of a 63-year-old women with pre-diagnosed RRMS who presented with new multiple cerebral lesions in a routine MRI scan, also including a tumefactive lesion in the left parietal lobe, eventually leading to the diagnosis of brain metastases derived by an adenocarcinoma of the lung. Additionally, a JCV-DNA-PCR in the cerebrospinal fluid revealed positive results, corresponding to a paraclinical progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In conclusion, adverse events potentially associated with immunosuppression can occur during Fingolimod treatment. In this context, the occurrence of cancer and opportunistic infections should be carefully monitored. Here, we report a case in which JCV-DNA-PCR in the cerebrospinal fluid suggests asymptomatic PML and simultaneously lung cancer brain metastases developed. While it is rather unlikely that either event occurred as an adverse event of fingolimod treatment, a contributing effect cannot be formally excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Maass
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp von Gottberg
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonas Franz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin S Weber
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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