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Leszczynski D. The lack of international and national health policies to protect persons with self-declared electromagnetic hypersensitivity. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2024; 39:163-189. [PMID: 36288575 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS), known also as an idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (IEI-EMF) or a microwave sickness, is not considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as being caused by the exposures to electromagnetic fields (EMF). EHS is not recognized as a disease anywhere in the world. Some studies have roughly estimated that 1-10% of the population might experience some form of EHS. However, because of the lack of diagnostic criteria for EHS, these estimates might be either under- or over-estimates. Because the vast majority of human population is exposed to EMF, the possibility of developing EHS from the EMF is a substantial public health issue that should be dealt with globally, even if the individual risk of developing EHS might be small. The WHO recognizes that the symptoms experienced by the EHS persons might be severe and might significantly hamper everyday life. However, after a broad analysis of international and national documents, there seems to be currently no effort to develop health policies for the dealing with EHS, no matter what causes it. National governments, follow the opinions of the WHO and the EMF safety standards setting organizations, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers - International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (IEEE-ICES), are not developing any practical health policy advisories for self-declared EHS sufferers. However, symptoms experienced by the self-declared EHS persons affect their well-being and, according to the Constitution of the WHO, are a health problem. Hence, independently of what causes EHS symptoms, this admitted well-being-impairment should be dealt with globally by developing an uniform health policy. Furthermore, WHO, ICNIRP and IEEE-ICES should be advocating and supporting research that would generate a reliable scientific evidence on what are the possible cause(s) of EHS. Without such research there is not possible to develop diagnostic methods as well as any possible mitigation approaches. There is an urgent need for the WHO to advocate for the national governments to urgently develop a comprehensive and common EHS health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Leszczynski
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- 'Radiation and Health', Frontiers in Public Health, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Singh D. Revolutionizing Lung Cancer Treatment: Innovative CRISPR-Cas9 Delivery Strategies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:129. [PMID: 38844700 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung carcinoma, including both non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC), remains a significant global health challenge due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. The objsective of this review is to meticulously examine the current advancements and strategies in the delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology for the treatment of lung carcinoma. This technology heralds a new era in molecular biology, offering unprecedented precision in genomic modifications. However, its therapeutic potential is contingent upon the development of effective delivery mechanisms that ensure the efficient and specific transport of gene-editing tools to tumor cells. We explore a variety of delivery approaches, such as viral vectors, lipid-based nanoparticles, and physical methods, highlighting their respective advantages, limitations, and recent breakthroughs. This review also delves into the translational and clinical significance of these strategies, discussing preclinical and clinical studies that investigate the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of CRISPR-Cas9 delivery for lung carcinoma. By scrutinizing the landscape of ongoing clinical trials and offering translational perspectives, we aim to elucidate the current state and future directions of this rapidly evolving field. The review is structured to first introduce the problem and significance of lung carcinoma, followed by an overview of CRISPR-Cas9 technology, a detailed examination of delivery strategies, and an analysis of clinical applications and regulatory considerations. Our discussion concludes with future perspectives and challenges, such as optimizing delivery strategies, enhancing specificity, mitigating immunogenicity concerns, and addressing regulatory issues. This comprehensive overview seeks to provide insights into the potential of CRISPR-Cas9 as a revolutionary approach for targeted therapies and personalized medicine in lung carcinoma, emphasizing the importance of delivery strategy development in realizing the full potential of this groundbreaking technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilpreet Singh
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, India.
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, India.
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3
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Vilić M, Žura Žaja I, Tkalec M, Tucak P, Malarić K, Popara N, Žura N, Pašić S, Gajger IT. Oxidative Stress Response of Honey Bee Colonies ( Apis mellifera L.) during Long-Term Exposure at a Frequency of 900 MHz under Field Conditions. INSECTS 2024; 15:372. [PMID: 38786928 PMCID: PMC11122567 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
In this study, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in honey bee larvae, pupae and the midguts of adult bees were investigated during a one-year exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) at a frequency of 900 MHz under field conditions. The experiment was carried out on honey bee colonies at three locations with electric field levels of 30 mV m-1, 70 mV m-1 and 1000 mV m-1. Antioxidant enzymes, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as indicators of lipid peroxidation were measured spectrophotometrically. The GST activity within the same developmental stage showed no significant differences regardless of electric field level or sampling time. The highest GST activity was found in the pupae, followed by activity in the larvae and midguts. Both CAT activity and TBARS concentration were the highest in the midguts, regardless of field level and sampling time. The larvae showed a significantly higher TBARS concentration at the location with an electric field level of 1000 mV m-1 compared to the locations with lower levels. Our results show that RF-EMFs at a frequency of 900 MHz can cause oxidative stress in honey bees, with the larval stage being more sensitive than the pupal stage, but there was no linear relationship between electric field level and effect in any of the developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinko Vilić
- Department of Physiology and Radiobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivona Žura Žaja
- Department of Physiology and Radiobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Mirta Tkalec
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Perica Tucak
- State Inspectorate of Republic of Croatia, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Krešimir Malarić
- Department of Communication and Space Technologies, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Nato Popara
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Nikolino Žura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Selim Pašić
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Ivana Tlak Gajger
- Department for Biology and Pathology of Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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4
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López de Mingo I, Rivera González MX, Maestú Unturbe C. The Cellular Response Is Determined by a Combination of Different ELF-EMF Exposure Parameters: A Scope Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5074. [PMID: 38791113 PMCID: PMC11121623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the establishment of regulations for exposure to extremely low-frequency (0-300) Hz electromagnetic fields, scientific opinion has prioritised the hypothesis that the most important parameter determining cellular behaviour has been intensity, ignoring the other exposure parameters (frequency, time, mode, waveform). This has been reflected in the methodologies of the in vitro articles published and the reviews in which they are included. A scope review was carried out, grouping a total of 79 articles that met the proposed inclusion criteria and studying the effects of the different experiments on viability, proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress and the cell cycle. These results have been divided and classified by frequency, intensity, exposure time and exposure mode (continuous/intermittent). The results obtained for each of the processes according to the exposure parameter used are shown graphically to highlight the importance of a good methodology in experimental development and the search for mechanisms of action that explain the experimental results, considering not only the criterion of intensity. The consequence of this is a more than necessary revision of current exposure protection regulations for the general population based on the reductionist criterion of intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel López de Mingo
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28223 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.d.M.); (M.-X.R.G.)
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación (ETSIT), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco-Xavier Rivera González
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28223 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.d.M.); (M.-X.R.G.)
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Informáticos (ETSIINF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ceferino Maestú Unturbe
- Centro de Tecnología Biomédica (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28223 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.d.M.); (M.-X.R.G.)
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación (ETSIT), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red—Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Khabarova O, Pinaev SK, Chakov VV, Chizhov AY, Pinaeva OG. Trends in childhood leukemia incidence in urban countries and their relation to environmental factors, including space weather. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1295643. [PMID: 38756895 PMCID: PMC11098134 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1295643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Leukemia is the most common cancer in children. Its incidence has been increasing worldwide since 1910th, suggesting the presence of common sources of the disease, most likely related to people's lifestyle and environment. Understanding the relationship between childhood leukemia and environmental conditions is critical to preventing the disease. This discussion article examines established potentially-carcinogenic environmental factors, such as vehicle emissions and fires, alongside space weather-related parameters like cosmic rays and the geomagnetic field. To discern the primary contributor, we analyze trends and annual variations in leukemia incidence among 0-14-year-olds in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Russia from 1990 to 2018. Comparisons are drawn with the number of vehicles (representing gasoline emissions) and fire-affected land areas (indicative of fire-related pollutants), with novel data for Russia introduced for the first time. While childhood leukemia incidence is rising in all countries under study, the rate of increase in Russia is twice that of other nations, possibly due to a delayed surge in the country's vehicle fleet compared to others. This trend in Russia may offer insights into past leukemia levels in the USA, Canada, and Australia. Our findings highlight vehicular emissions as the most substantial environmental hazard for children among the factors examined. We also advocate for the consideration of potential modulation of carcinogenic effects arising from variations in cosmic ray intensity, as well as the protective role of the geomagnetic field. To support the idea, we provide examples of potential space weather effects at both local and global scales. The additional analysis includes statistical data from 49 countries and underscores the significance of the magnetic field dip in the South Atlantic Anomaly in contributing to a peak in childhood leukemia incidence in Peru, Ecuador and Chile. We emphasize the importance of collectively assessing all potentially carcinogenic factors for the successful future predictions of childhood leukemia risk in each country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Khabarova
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Vladimir V. Chakov
- Far East Forestry Research Institute, Khabarovsk, Russia
- Khabarovsk Federal Research Center, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Khabarovsk, Russia
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6
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Stapelmann K, Gershman S, Miller V. Plasma-liquid interactions in the presence of organic matter-A perspective. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 2024; 135:160901. [PMID: 38681528 PMCID: PMC11055635 DOI: 10.1063/5.0203125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
As investigations in the biomedical applications of plasma advance, a demand for describing safe and efficacious delivery of plasma is emerging. It is quite clear that not all plasmas are "equal" for all applications. This Perspective discusses limitations of the existing parameters used to define plasma in context of the need for the "right plasma" at the "right dose" for each "disease system." The validity of results extrapolated from in vitro studies to preclinical and clinical applications is discussed. We make a case for studying the whole system as a single unit, in situ. Furthermore, we argue that while plasma-generated chemical species are the proposed key effectors in biological systems, the contribution of physical effectors (electric fields, surface charging, dielectric properties of target, changes in gap electric fields, etc.) must not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Stapelmann
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Sophia Gershman
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Vandana Miller
- Center for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA
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7
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Patrignoni L, Hurtier A, Orlacchio R, Joushomme A, Poulletier de Gannes F, Lévêque P, Arnaud-Cormos D, Revzani HR, Mahfouf W, Garenne A, Percherancier Y, Lagroye I. Evaluation of mitochondrial stress following ultraviolet radiation and 5G radiofrequency field exposure in human skin cells. Bioelectromagnetics 2024; 45:110-129. [PMID: 38115173 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Whether human cells are impacted by environmental electromagnetic fields (EMF) is still a matter of debate. With the deployment of the fifth generation (5G) of mobile communication technologies, the carrier frequency is increasing and the human skin becomes the main biological target. Here, we evaluated the impact of 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz radiofrequency (RF) EMF on mitochondrial stress in human fibroblasts and keratinocytes that were exposed for 24 h at specific absorption rate of 0.25, 1, and 4 W/kg. We assessed cell viability, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and membrane polarization. Knowing that human skin is the main target of environmental ultraviolet (UV), using the same read-out, we investigated whether subsequent exposure to 5G signal could alter the capacity of UV-B to damage skin cells. We found a statistically significant reduction in mitochondrial ROS concentration in fibroblasts exposed to 5G signal at 1 W/kg. On the contrary, the RF exposure slightly but statistically significantly enhanced the effects of UV-B radiation specifically in keratinocytes at 0.25 and 1 W/kg. No effect was found on mitochondrial membrane potential or apoptosis in any cell types or exposure conditions suggesting that the type and amplitude of the observed effects are very punctual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Patrignoni
- Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), IMS laboratory - SANE team, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Hurtier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS laboratory / UMR 5218, SANE Team, Talence, France
| | - Rosa Orlacchio
- Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), IMS laboratory - SANE team, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Philippe Lévêque
- Univ. Limoges, CNRS, XLIM / UMR 7252, RF-ELITE team, Limoges, France
| | | | | | - Walid Mahfouf
- Univ. Bordeaux, Inserm, BRIC / UMR 1312, TRIO2 team, Bordeaux, France
| | - André Garenne
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS laboratory / UMR 5218, SANE Team, Talence, France
| | - Yann Percherancier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMS laboratory / UMR 5218, SANE Team, Talence, France
| | - Isabelle Lagroye
- Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), IMS laboratory - SANE team, Paris, France
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8
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Sannino A, Romeo S, Scarfì MR, Pinchera D, Schettino F, Alonzo M, Allocca M, Zeni O. The effect of exposure to radiofrequency LTE signal and coexposure to mitomycin-C in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast V79 cells. Bioelectromagnetics 2024; 45:97-109. [PMID: 37493434 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the cellular effects of radiofrequency exposure, 1950 MHz, long-term evolution (LTE) signal, administered alone and in combination with mitomycin-C (MMC), a well-known cytotoxic agent. Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79) cells were exposed/sham exposed in a waveguide-based system under strictly controlled conditions of both electromagnetic and environmental parameters, at specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.3 and 1.25 W/kg. Chromosomal damage (micronuclei formation), oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species [ROS] formation), and cell cycle progression were analyzed after exposure and coexposure. No differences between exposed samples and sham-controls were detected following radiofrequency exposure alone, for all the experimental conditions tested and biological endpoints investigated. When radiofrequency exposure was followed by MMC treatment, 3 h pre-exposure did not modify MMC-induced micronuclei. Pre-exposure of 20 h at 0.3 W/kg did not modify the number of micronuclei induced by MMC, while 1.25 W/kg resulted in a significant reduction of MMC-induced damage. Absence of effects was also detected when CW was used, at both SAR levels. MMC-induced ROS formation resulted significantly decreased at both SAR levels investigated, while cell proliferation and cell cycle progression were not affected by coexposures. The results here reported provide no evidence of direct effects of 1950 MHz, LTE signal. Moreover, they further support our previous findings on the capability of radiofrequency pre-exposure to induce protection from a subsequent toxic treatment, and the key role of the modulated signals and the experimental conditions adopted in eliciting the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sannino
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Romeo
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Scarfì
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Naples, Italy
| | - Daniele Pinchera
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering "Maurizio Scarano" (DIEI), University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Fulvio Schettino
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering "Maurizio Scarano" (DIEI), University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Mario Alonzo
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Naples, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Allocca
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Naples, Italy
| | - Olga Zeni
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Naples, Italy
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Zahumenska R, Badurova B, Pavelek M, Sojka P, Pavlisova T, Spanik P, Sivonova MK, Novakova S, Strnadel J, Halasova E, Frivaldsky M, Skovierova H. Comparison of pulsed and continuous electromagnetic field generated by WPT system on human dermal and neural cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5514. [PMID: 38448548 PMCID: PMC10918061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, we have seen significant technical progress in the modern world, leading to the widespread use of telecommunications systems, electrical appliances, and wireless technologies. These devices generate electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and electromagnetic fields (EMF) most often in the extremely low frequency or radio-frequency range. Therefore, they were included in the group of environmental risk factors that affect the human body and health on a daily basis. In this study, we tested the effect of exposure EMF generated by a new prototype wireless charging system on four human cell lines (normal cell lines-HDFa, NHA; tumor cell lines-SH-SY5Y, T98G). We tested different operating parameters of the wireless power transfer (WPT) device (87-207 kHz, 1.01-1.05 kW, 1.3-1.7 mT) at different exposure times (pulsed 6 × 10 min; continuous 1 × 60 min). We observed the effect of EMF on cell morphology and cytoskeletal changes, cell viability and mitotic activity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress. The results of our study did not show any negative effect of the generated EMF on either normal cells or tumor cell lines. However, in order to be able to estimate the risk, further population and epidemiological studies are needed, which would reveal the clinical consequences of EMF impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Zahumenska
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Bibiana Badurova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4D, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Pavelek
- Department of Mechatronics and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Zilina, 010 26, Žilina, Slovakia
| | - Peter Sojka
- Department of Mechatronics and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Zilina, 010 26, Žilina, Slovakia
| | - Tereza Pavlisova
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Spanik
- Department of Mechatronics and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Zilina, 010 26, Žilina, Slovakia
| | - Monika Kmetova Sivonova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4D, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Slavomira Novakova
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Jan Strnadel
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Erika Halasova
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Michal Frivaldsky
- Department of Mechatronics and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Zilina, 010 26, Žilina, Slovakia.
| | - Henrieta Skovierova
- Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Biomedical Centre Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4C, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia.
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10
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Kalantar MH, Bayat PD, Ghaffari Khaligh S, Soleimani H. The role of curcumin during pregnancy on the exposed fetuses' tissues of Wistar rats to electromagnetic field. Electromagn Biol Med 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38366892 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2024.2315214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
To investigate curcumin (CUR) as the protector against the harmful effects of low-frequency electromagnetic field(LF- EMF, 50 Hz) during pregnancy period, 5 males and 15 females of Wistar rat mated and vaginal plaques were observed. Then, the pregnant rats were divided into six groups. During pregnancy(21 days), the EMF group was exposed to EMF for 30 min/day, the CUR group received a single dose of 50 mg/kg/daily CUR intraperitoneal, the EMF+CUR group was injected CUR and exposed to EMF daily. The DMSO(dimethyl sulfoxide) group was injected solvent of CUR (DMSO) intraperitoneal with the same volume of CUR solvent, the sham group was placed through the solenoid in the same conditions as the first group without exposure and the control group was kept in their cage in normal condition. After four weeks, babies born were divided according to the mother groups and sacrificed. Then, the three tissues injuries were investigated. EMF exposure led to an increase in outstanding necrotic areas in hippocampal tissue, an increase in the amount of hyperemia(p = 0.017) and necrotic(p = 0.005) in kidneys, and degeneration in liver tissue(p = 0.007) in the EMF group compared with EMF+CUR groups. A single dose of CUR daily during pregnancy can protect these tissues from injuries caused by LF-EMF exposure in rat fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parvin-Dokht Bayat
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Sahar Ghaffari Khaligh
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Homa Soleimani
- Department of Medical physics, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
- Department of Medical Physics and Physiology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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11
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Handa AP, Vian A, Singh HP, Kohli RK, Kaur S, Batish DR. Effect of 2850 MHz electromagnetic field radiation on the early growth, antioxidant activity, and secondary metabolite profile of red and green cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:7465-7480. [PMID: 38159189 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The proliferation of wireless and other telecommunications equipment brought about by technological advances in the communication industry has substantially increased the radiofrequency radiation levels in the environment. The emphasis is, therefore, placed on investigating the potential impacts of radiofrequency radiation on biota. In this work, the impact of 2850 MHz electromagnetic field radiation (EMF-r) on early development, photosynthetic pigments, and the metabolic profile of two Brassica oleracea L. cultivars (red and green cabbage) was studied. On a daily basis for seven days, seedlings were exposed to homogeneous EMF-r for one, two, and four hours, and observations were carried out at 0-h, 1-h, and 24-h following the final dose. Irrespective of the duration of harvest, exposure to EMF-r resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in both root (from 6.3 cm to 4.0 cm in red; 6.1 cm to 3.8 cm in green) and shoot lengths (from 5.3 cm to ⁓3.1 cm in red; 5.1 cm to 3.1 cm in green), as well as a decrease in biomass (from 2.9 mg to ⁓1.1 mg in red; 2.5 to 0.9 mg in green) of the seedlings when compared to control samples. Likewise, the chlorophyll (from 6.09 to ⁓4.94 mg g-1 d.wt in red; 7.37 to 6.05 mg g-1 d.wt. in green) and carotenoid (from 1.49 to 1.19 mg g-1 d.wt. in red; 1.14 to 0.51 mg g-1 d.wt. in green) contents of both cultivars decreased significantly when compared to the control. Additionally, the contents of phenolic (28.99‒45.52 mg GAE g-1 in red; 25.49‒33.76 mg GAE g-1 in green), flavonoid (21.7‒31.8 mg QE g-1 in red; 12.1‒19.0 mg QE g-1 in green), and anthocyanin (28.8‒43.6 mg per 100 g d.wt. in red; 1.1‒2.6 mg per 100 g d.wt. in green) in both red and green cabbage increased with exposure duration. EMF-r produced oxidative stress in the exposed samples of both cabbage cultivars, as demonstrated by dose-dependent increases in the total antioxidant activity (1.33‒2.58 mM AAE in red; 1.29‒2.22 mM AAE in green), DPPH activity (12.96‒78.33% in red; 9.62‒67.73% in green), H2O2 content (20.0‒77.15 nM g-1 f.wt. in red; 14.28‒64.29 nM g-1 f.wt. in green), and MDA content (0.20‒0.61 nM g-1 f.wt. in red; 0.18‒0.51 nM g-1 f.wt. in green) compared to their control counterparts. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutases (3.83‒8.10 EU mg-1 protein in red; 4.19‒7.35 EU mg-1 protein in green), catalases (1.81‒7.44 EU mg-1 protein in red; 1.04‒6.24 EU mg-1 protein in green), and guaiacol peroxidases (14.37‒47.85 EU mg-1 protein in red; 12.30‒42.79 EU mg-1 protein in green), increased significantly compared to their control counterparts. The number of polyphenols in unexposed and EMF-r exposed samples of red cabbage was significantly different. The study concludes that exposure to 2850 MHz EMF-r affects the early development of cabbage seedlings, modifies their photosynthetic pigments, alters polyphenol content, and impairs their oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Pal Handa
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Alain Vian
- IRHS, Université d'Angers, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, 49071, 13, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Harminder Pal Singh
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Ravinder Kumar Kohli
- Amity University, Sector 82A, IT City, International Airport Road, Mohali, 140 306, India
| | - Shalinder Kaur
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
| | - Daizy R Batish
- Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
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12
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Sarimov RM, Serov DA, Gudkov SV. Biological Effects of Magnetic Storms and ELF Magnetic Fields. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1506. [PMID: 38132332 PMCID: PMC10740910 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic fields are a constant and essential part of our environment. The main components of ambient magnetic fields are the constant part of the geomagnetic field, its fluctuations caused by magnetic storms, and man-made magnetic fields. These fields refer to extremely-low-frequency (<1 kHz) magnetic fields (ELF-MFs). Since the 1980s, a huge amount of data has been accumulated on the biological effects of magnetic fields, in particular ELF-MFs. However, a unified picture of the patterns of action of magnetic fields has not been formed. Even though a unified mechanism has not yet been generally accepted, several theories have been proposed. In this review, we attempted to take a new approach to analyzing the quantitative data on the effects of ELF-MFs to identify new potential areas for research. This review provides general descriptions of the main effects of magnetic storms and anthropogenic fields on living organisms (molecular-cellular level and whole organism) and a brief description of the main mechanisms of magnetic field effects on living organisms. This review may be of interest to specialists in the fields of biology, physics, medicine, and other interdisciplinary areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey V. Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 38 Vavilova Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (R.M.S.); (D.A.S.)
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Bertuccio MP, Acri G, Ientile R, Caccamo D, Currò M. The Exposure to 2.45 GHz Electromagnetic Radiation Induced Different Cell Responses in Neuron-like Cells and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3129. [PMID: 38137349 PMCID: PMC10740707 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic radiation emitted by commonly used devices became an issue for public health because of their harmful effects. Notably, 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation exposure has been associated with DNA damage and alterations in the central nervous system. We here investigated the effects of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation on cell redox status by using human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, which were differentiated to neuronal-like cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which were exposed to an antenna emitting 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation for 2, 24, and 48 h. We evaluated cell viability and mitochondrial activity alterations by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), NAD+/NADH ratio, mitochondrial transcription factor A (mtTFA), and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene transcript levels. We also investigated apoptosis and autophagy, evaluating B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), BCL2-associated X protein (BAX), and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) gene transcript levels. Cell viability was significantly reduced after 24-48 h of exposure to radiation. ROS levels significantly increased in radiation-exposed cells, compared with controls at all exposure times. ΔΨm values decreased after 2 and 24 h in exposed SH-SY5Y cells, while in PBMCs, values decreased soon after 2 h of exposure. Alterations were also found in the NAD+/NADH ratio, mtTFA, SOD1, LC3 gene expression, and BAX/BCL2 ratio. Our results showed that neuron-like cells are more prone to developing oxidative stress than PBMCs after 2.45 GHz electromagnetic radiation exposure, activating an early antioxidant defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Bertuccio
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.A.); (R.I.); (D.C.); (M.C.)
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14
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Chacko TP, Toole JT, Morris MC, Page J, Forsten RD, Barrett JP, Reinhard MJ, Brewster RC, Costanzo ME, Broderick G. A regulatory pathway model of neuropsychological disruption in Havana syndrome. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1180929. [PMID: 37965360 PMCID: PMC10642174 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1180929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In 2016 diplomatic personnel serving in Havana, Cuba, began reporting audible sensory phenomena paired with onset of complex and persistent neurological symptoms consistent with brain injury. The etiology of these Anomalous Health Incidents (AHI) and subsequent symptoms remains unknown. This report investigates putative exposure-symptom pathology by assembling a network model of published bio-behavioral pathways and assessing how dysregulation of such pathways might explain loss of function in these subjects using data available in the published literature. Given similarities in presentation with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), we used the latter as a clinically relevant means of evaluating if the neuropsychological profiles observed in Havana Syndrome Havana Syndrome might be explained at least in part by a dysregulation of neurotransmission, neuro-inflammation, or both. Method Automated text-mining of >9,000 publications produced a network consisting of 273 documented regulatory interactions linking 29 neuro-chemical markers with 9 neuropsychological constructs from the Brief Mood Survey, PTSD Checklist, and the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale. Analysis of information flow through this network produced a set of regulatory rules reconciling to within a 6% departure known mechanistic pathways with neuropsychological profiles in N = 6 subjects. Results Predicted expression of neuro-chemical markers that jointly satisfy documented pathways and observed symptom profiles display characteristically elevated IL-1B, IL-10, NGF, and norepinephrine levels in the context of depressed BDNF, GDNF, IGF1, and glutamate expression (FDR < 5%). Elevations in CRH and IL-6 were also predicted unanimously across all subjects. Furthermore, simulations of neurological regulatory dynamics reveal subjects do not appear to be "locked in" persistent illness but rather appear to be engaged in a slow recovery trajectory. Discussion This computational analysis of measured neuropsychological symptoms in Havana-based diplomats proposes that these AHI symptoms may be supported in part by disruption of known neuroimmune and neurotransmission regulatory mechanisms also associated with mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Chacko
- Center for Clinical Systems Biology, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - J. Tory Toole
- Center for Clinical Systems Biology, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Matthew C. Morris
- Center for Clinical Systems Biology, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jeffrey Page
- Center for Clinical Systems Biology, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Robert D. Forsten
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United States
| | - John P. Barrett
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew J. Reinhard
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United States
- Complex Exposures Threats Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ryan C. Brewster
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Michelle E. Costanzo
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center (WRIISC), Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United States
- Complex Exposures Threats Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gordon Broderick
- Center for Clinical Systems Biology, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY, United States
- Complex Exposures Threats Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, United States
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Ai Q, Gao L, Huang D, Yang J, Fu Q, Zheng X, Liu Y, Qiao L, Weng J, Zheng M. Non-target and target analysis to identify and characterize thiophenes in soil from an abandoned coking plant. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132444. [PMID: 37660621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
There is concern about the large amounts of aromatic compounds emitted during coking. Previous studies of coking emissions have been focused on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxin-like compounds, phenols, and volatile organic compounds, but previously unidentified compounds produced during coking may also harm human health. Here, the main pollutants in 69 soil samples from an abandoned coking plant were identified by non-target screening using two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, long-chain alkanes, and thiophenes were dominant. High concentrations of thiophenes (benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, and benzonaphtholthiophenes) were found. Quantitative analysis of 12 thiophenes (selected because of their concentrations and detection frequencies) was performed, and the concentrations were 0.03-647 μg/g dry weight, which were extremely high compared with concentrations in soil from uncontaminated sites and other industrial sites. Dibenzothiophene and benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene were dominant, accounting for 69% of the total thiophene concentration. Thiophene profiles in very contaminated areas were different from the profile in coal but similar to the profile in tar. Thiophenes in soil at the coking plant may have been supplied in tar leaks, wastewater, coke oven gases, and exhaust gases. A toxicity assessment indicated a strong likelihood of oxidative stress being induced by exposure to multiple thiophenes at the coking plant. The results suggest that thiophene emissions from coking plants should attract more attention than currently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofeng Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Yang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Chongqing Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiyuan Weng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
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16
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Sun C, Zhu L, Qin H, Su H, Zhang J, Wang S, Xu X, Zhao Z, Mao G, Chen J. Inhibition of mitochondrial calcium uptake by Ru360 enhances the effect of 1800 MHz radio-frequency electromagnetic fields on DNA damage. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115472. [PMID: 37716072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Today, the existence of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) emitted from cell phones, wireless routers, base stations, and other sources are everywhere around our living environment, and the dose is increasing. RF-EMF have been reported to be cytotoxic and supposed to be a risk factor for various human diseases, thus, more attention is necessary. In recent years, interfere with mitochondrial calcium uptake by using mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) inhibitor were suggested to be potential clinical treatment in mitochondrial calcium overload diseases, like neurodegeneration, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and cancer, but whether this approach increases the health risk of RF-EMF exposure are unknown. To address our concern, we did a preliminary study to determine whether inhibition of MCU will increase the genotoxicity of RF-EMF exposure in cells, and found that short-time (15 min) exposure to 1800 MHz RF-EMF induced significant DNA damage and cell apoptosis in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) treated with Ruthenium 360 (Ru360), a specific inhibitor of MCU, but no significant effects on cell cycle, cell proliferation, or cell viability were observed. In conclusion, our results indicated that inhibiting MCU increases the genotoxicity of RF-EMF exposure, and more attention needs to be paid to the possible health impact of RF-EMF exposure under these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Longtao Zhu
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Houbing Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huili Su
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sanying Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Genxiang Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
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Leszczynski D. Dariusz Leszczynski responds to comments of Maël Dieudonné on Leszczynski's review of the scientific evidence on the individual sensitivity to electromagnetic fields (EHS). REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:589-590. [PMID: 35258236 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
While Dieudonné has praised thoroughness of Leszczynski's review of EHS studies, he was critical of the final conclusions. Leszczynski strongly disagrees with argumentation of Dieudonné that EHS issue is settled and that biomarker research is unnecessary because it is expensive and might produce false positives. Leszczynski's opinion is that his review has demonstrated how very poor scientifically and inadequate statistically is the to-date executed research on EHS. Dieudonné's approach of using such poor science to justify claim that EHS issue is settled and there is no causality link between EHS and EMF exposures, is completely unjustified and simply false.
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18
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Nordhagen EK, Flydal E. Self-referencing authorships behind the ICNIRP 2020 radiation protection guidelines. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:531-546. [PMID: 35751553 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In March 2020, ICNIRP (the International Commission for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) published a set of guidelines for limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz). ICNIRP claims this publication's view on EMF and health, a view usually termed "the thermal-only paradigm", is consistent with current scientific understanding. We investigated the literature referenced in ICNIRP 2020 to assess if the variation in authors and research groups behind it meets the fundamental requirement of constituting a broad scientific base and thus a view consistent with current scientific understanding, a requirement that such an important set of guidelines is expected to satisfy. To assess if this requirement has been met, we investigated the span of authors and research groups of the referenced literature of the ICNIRP 2020 Guidelines and annexes. Our analysis shows that ICNIRP 2020 itself, and in practice all its referenced supporting literature stem from a network of co-authors with just 17 researchers at its core, most of them affiliated with ICNIRP and/or the IEEE, and some of them being ICNIRP 2020 authors themselves. Moreover, literature reviews presented by ICNIRP 2020 as being from independent committees, are in fact products of this same informal network of collaborating authors, all committees having ICNIRP 2020 authors as members. This shows that the ICNIRP 2020 Guidelines fail to meet fundamental scientific quality requirements and are therefore not suited as the basis on which to set RF EMF exposure limits for the protection of human health. With its thermal-only view, ICNIRP contrasts with the majority of research findings, and would therefore need a particularly solid scientific foundation. Our analysis demonstrates the contrary to be the case. Hence, the ICNIRP 2020 Guidelines cannot offer a basis for good governance.
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Mišík M, Kundi M, Worel N, Ferk F, Hutter HP, Grusch M, Nersesyan A, Herrera Morales D, Knasmueller S. Impact of mobile phone-specific electromagnetic fields on DNA damage caused by occupationally relevant exposures: results of ex vivo experiments with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from different demographic groups. Mutagenesis 2023; 38:227-237. [PMID: 37418160 PMCID: PMC10448860 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gead022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate if age and body mass of humans have an impact on the DNA-damaging properties of high-frequency mobile phone-specific electromagnetic fields (HF-EMF, 1950 MHz, universal mobile telecommunications system, UMTS signal) and if this form of radiation has an impact on the genotoxic effects of occupationally relevant exposures. Pooled peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from three groups [young normal weight, young obese (YO), and older age normal weight individuals] were exposed to different doses of HF-EMF (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 W/kg specific absorption rate-SAR) and simultaneously or sequentially to different chemicals which cause DNA damage (CrO3, NiCl2, benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-BPDE, and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-4NQO) via different molecular mechanisms. We found no difference in regard to the background values in the three groups but a significant increase of DNA damage (81% without and 36% with serum) in cells from old participants after radiation with 1.0 W/kg SAR 16 h. In combined treatment experiments we found no impact of the UMTS signal on chemically induced DNA damage in the different groups in general. However, a moderate decrease of DNA damage was seen in simultaneous treatment experiments with BPDE and 1.0 W/kg SAR in the YO group (decline 18%). Taken together our findings indicate that HF-EMF cause DNA damage in PBMC from older subjects (69.1 years). Furthermore, they show that the radiation does not increase induction of DNA damage by occupationally relevant chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Mišík
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kundi
- Center for Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Worel
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Ferk
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Hutter
- Center for Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Grusch
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armen Nersesyan
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Nyberg R, McCredden J, Hardell L. The European Union assessments of radiofrequency radiation health risks - another hard nut to crack (Review). REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 0:reveh-2023-0046. [PMID: 37609829 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2023-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
In 2017 an article was published on the unwillingness of the WHO to acknowledge the health effects associated with the use of wireless phones. It was thus stated that the WHO is 'A Hard Nut to Crack'. Since then, there has been no progress, and history seems to be repeating in that the European Union (EU) is following in the blind man's footsteps created by the WHO. Despite increasing evidence of serious negative effects from radiofrequency radiation on human health and the environment, the EU has not acknowledged that there are any risks. Since September 2017, seven appeals by scientists and medical doctors have been sent to the EU requesting a halt to the roll-out of the fifth generation of wireless communication (5G). The millimeter waves (MMW) and complex waveforms of 5G contribute massively harmful additions to existing planetary electromagnetic pollution. Fundamental rights and EU primary law make it mandatory for the EU to protect the population, especially children, from all kinds of harmful health effects of wireless technology. However, several experts associated with the WHO and the EU have conflicts of interest due to their ties to industry. The subsequent prioritizing of economic interests is resulting in human and planetary health being compromised. Experts must make an unbiased evaluation with no conflicts of interest. The seven appeals to the EU have included requests for immediate protective action, which have been ignored. On the issue of wireless radiation and the health of citizens, the EU seems to be another hard nut to crack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Nyberg
- Åbo Akademi University Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Vasa, Finland
| | - Julie McCredden
- Oceania Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lennart Hardell
- The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, Orebro, Sweden
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21
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Hansson Mild K, Mattsson MO, Jeschke P, Israel M, Ivanova M, Shalamanova T. Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields-Different from General Public Exposure and Laboratory Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6552. [PMID: 37623138 PMCID: PMC10454245 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20166552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The designs of in vivo, in vitro and in silico studies do not adequately reflect the characteristics of long-term occupational EMF exposure; the higher exposure levels permitted for employees are nevertheless extrapolated on this basis. Epidemiological studies consider occupational exposure only in a very general way, if at all. There is a lack of detailed descriptive data on long-term occupational exposure over the duration of the working life. Most studies reflect exposure characteristics of the general population, exposures which are long-term, but at a comparably low level. Occupational exposure is often intermittent with high peak power followed by periods with no exposure. Furthermore, the EU EMF-Directive 2013/35/EU states a demand for occupational health surveillance, the outcome of which would be of great help to epidemiologists studying the health effects of EMF exposure. This paper thus aims to outline and specify differences between public and occupational exposure and to increase the understanding of specific aspects of occupational exposure which are important for long-term health considerations. This could lead to a future protection concept against possible hazards based on adequate descriptions of long-term exposures and also include supplementary descriptive features such as a "reset time" of biological systems and accurate dose quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Hansson Mild
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden;
| | - Mats-Olof Mattsson
- SciProof International AB, 83158 Östersund, Sweden
- Institute of Advanced Studies, Strömstad Academy, 45280 Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Peter Jeschke
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 44194 Dortmund, Germany;
| | - Michel Israel
- National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.I.); (M.I.); (T.S.)
| | - Mihaela Ivanova
- National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.I.); (M.I.); (T.S.)
| | - Tsvetelina Shalamanova
- National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.I.); (M.I.); (T.S.)
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22
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Savchenko L, Martinelli I, Marsal D, Batkivska O, Zhdan V, Kaidashev I, Pizzinat N, Boal F, Tronchere H, Tao J, Kunduzova O. Metabolic, Apoptotic and Fibro-Inflammatory Profiles of the Heart Exposed to Environmental Electromagnetic Fields. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11709. [PMID: 37511465 PMCID: PMC10380359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental stress can disturb the integrative functioning of the cardiovascular system and trigger a number of adaptive and/or maladaptive cell responses. Concomitant with the expanding use of mobile communication systems, public exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) raises the question of the impact of 900 MHz EMFs on cardiovascular health. Therefore, in this study, we experimentally investigated whether 915 MHz EMF exposure influenced cardiac metabolic, antioxidant, apoptotic, and fibro-inflammatory profiles in a mouse model. Healthy mice were sham-exposed or exposed to EMF for 14 days. Western blot analysis using whole cardiac tissue lysates demonstrated that there was no significant change in the expression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes between the control and EMF-exposed mice. In addition, the myocardial expression of fibro-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant enzymes, and apoptosis-related markers remained unchanged in the EMF-challenged hearts. Finally, the structural integrity of the cardiac tissues was preserved among the groups. These findings suggest that the apoptotic, antioxidant, metabolic, and fibro-inflammatory profiles of the heart remained stable under conditions of EMF exposure in the analyzed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesia Savchenko
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France
- University Toulouse III, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Poltava State Medical University, 23 Shevchenko, 36000 Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Ilenia Martinelli
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France
- University Toulouse III, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Dimitri Marsal
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France
- University Toulouse III, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Oksana Batkivska
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France
- Department of Functional and Laboratory Diagnostics, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, 1 Maidan Voli, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Vyacheslav Zhdan
- Poltava State Medical University, 23 Shevchenko, 36000 Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Igor Kaidashev
- Poltava State Medical University, 23 Shevchenko, 36000 Poltava, Ukraine
| | - Nathalie Pizzinat
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France
- University Toulouse III, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Frederic Boal
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France
- University Toulouse III, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Helene Tronchere
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France
- University Toulouse III, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Junwu Tao
- University Toulouse III, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
- LAPLACE, INP-ENSEEIHT, 2 Rue Camichel, 31071 Toulouse, France
| | - Oksana Kunduzova
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1297, CEDEX 4, 31432 Toulouse, France
- University Toulouse III, 118 Route de Narbonne, CEDEX 9, 31062 Toulouse, France
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23
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Joushomme A, Orlacchio R, Patrignoni L, Canovi A, Chappe YL, Poulletier De Gannes F, Hurtier A, Garenne A, Lagroye I, Moisan F, Cario M, Lévêque P, Arnaud-Cormos D, Percherancier Y. Effects of 5G-modulated 3.5 GHz radiofrequency field exposures on HSF1, RAS, ERK, and PML activation in live fibroblasts and keratinocytes cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8305. [PMID: 37221363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35397-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential health risks of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from mobile communications technologies have raised societal concerns. Guidelines have been set to protect the population (e.g. non-specific heating above 1 °C under exposure to radiofrequency fields), but questions remain regarding the potential biological effects of non-thermal exposures. With the advent of the fifth generation (5G) of mobile communication, assessing whether exposure to this new signal induces a cellular stress response is one of the mandatory steps on the roadmap for a safe deployment and health risk evaluation. Using the BRET (Bioluminescence Resonance Energy-Transfer) technique, we assessed whether continuous or intermittent (5 min ON/ 10 min OFF) exposure of live human keratinocytes and fibroblasts cells to 5G 3.5 GHz signals at specific absorption rate (SAR) up to 4 W/kg for 24 h impact basal or chemically-induced activity of Heat Shock Factor (HSF), RAt Sarcoma virus (RAS) and Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinases (ERK) kinases, and Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein (PML), that are all molecular pathways involved in environmental cell-stress responses. The main results are (i), a decrease of the HSF1 basal BRET signal when fibroblasts cells were exposed at the lower SARs tested (0.25 and 1 W/kg), but not at the highest one (4 W/kg), and (ii) a slight decrease of As2O3 maximal efficacy to trigger PML SUMOylation when fibroblasts cells, but not keratinocytes, were continuously exposed to the 5G RF-EMF signal. Nevertheless, given the inconsistency of these effects in terms of impacted cell type, effective SAR, exposure mode, and molecular cell stress response, we concluded that our study show no conclusive evidence that molecular effects can arise when skin cells are exposed to the 5G RF-EMF alone or with a chemical stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Joushomme
- Bordeaux University, CNRS, IMS laboratory, UMR5218, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Rosa Orlacchio
- Limoges University, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000, Limoges, France
| | - Lorenza Patrignoni
- Bordeaux University, CNRS, IMS laboratory, UMR5218, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Anne Canovi
- Bordeaux University, CNRS, IMS laboratory, UMR5218, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Yann Loïck Chappe
- Bordeaux University, CNRS, IMS laboratory, UMR5218, F-33400, Talence, France
| | | | - Annabelle Hurtier
- Bordeaux University, CNRS, IMS laboratory, UMR5218, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - André Garenne
- Bordeaux University, CNRS, IMS laboratory, UMR5218, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Isabelle Lagroye
- Bordeaux University, CNRS, IMS laboratory, UMR5218, F-33400, Talence, France
- Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - François Moisan
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BMGIC Laboratory, UMR1035, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Muriel Cario
- Bordeaux University, INSERM, BMGIC Laboratory, UMR1035, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Lévêque
- Limoges University, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000, Limoges, France
| | - Delia Arnaud-Cormos
- Limoges University, CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000, Limoges, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Yann Percherancier
- Bordeaux University, CNRS, IMS laboratory, UMR5218, F-33400, Talence, France.
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24
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Mansourian M, Marateb H, Nouri R, Mansourian M. Effects of man-made electromagnetic fields on heart rate variability parameters of general public: a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023:reveh-2022-0191. [PMID: 37195230 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects of man-made electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on the cardiovascular system have been investigated in many studies. In this regard, the cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity due to EMFs exposure, assessed by heart rate variability (HRV), was targeted in some studies. The studies investigating the relationship between EMFs and HRV have yielded conflicting results. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the data's consistency and identify the association between EMFs and HRV measures. CONTENT Published literature from four electronic databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane, were retrieved and screened. Initially, 1601 articles were retrieved. After the screening, 15 original studies were eligible to be included in the meta-analysis. The studies evaluated the association between EMFs and SDNN (standard deviation of NN intervals), SDANN (Standard deviation of the average NN intervals for each 5 min segment of a 24 h HRV recording), and PNN50 (percentage of successive RR intervals that differ by more than 50 ms). SUMMARY There was a decrease in SDNN (ES=-0.227 [-0.389, -0.065], p=0.006), SDANN (ES=-0.526 [-1.001, -0.05], p=0.03) and PNN50 (ES=-0.287 [-0.549, -0.024]). However, there was no significant difference in LF (ES=0.061 (-0.267, 0.39), p=0.714) and HF (ES=-0.134 (0.581, 0.312), p=0.556). In addition, a significant difference was not observed in LF/HF (ES=0.079 (-0.191, 0.348), p=0.566). OUTLOOK Our meta-analysis suggests that exposure to the environmental artificial EMFs could significantly correlate with SDNN, SDANN, and PNN50 indices. Therefore, lifestyle modification is essential in using the devices that emit EMs, such as cell phones, to decrease some signs and symptoms due to EMFs' effect on HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Mansourian
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Marateb
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rasool Nouri
- Department of Medical Library and Information Sciences, School of Health Management and Medical Information, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marjan Mansourian
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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25
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Czwartos J, Dobosz B, Kasprzycka W, Osuchowska PN, Stępińska M, Trafny EA, Starzyński J, Mierczyk Z. Preliminary Study on the Effect of a Single High-Energy Electromagnetic Pulse on Morphology and Free Radical Generation in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087246. [PMID: 37108409 PMCID: PMC10139018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of nanosecond electromagnetic pulses on human health, and especially on forming free radicals in human cells, is the subject of continuous research and ongoing discussion. This work presents a preliminary study on the effect of a single high-energy electromagnetic pulse on morphology, viability, and free radical generation in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). The cells were exposed to a single electromagnetic pulse with an electric field magnitude of ~1 MV/m and a pulse duration of ~120 ns generated from a 600 kV Marx generator. The cell viability and morphology at 2 h and 24 h after exposure were examined using confocal fluorescent microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The number of free radicals was investigated with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The microscopic observations and EPR measurements showed that the exposure to the high-energy electromagnetic pulse influenced neither the number of free radicals generated nor the morphology of hMSC in vitro compared to control samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Czwartos
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Dobosz
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Kasprzycka
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Natalia Osuchowska
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Stępińska
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Anna Trafny
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Starzyński
- Faculty of Electronical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zygmunt Mierczyk
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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26
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Mohamed AO, Hafez SMNA, Ibrahim RA, Rifaai RA. Exercise ameliorates hippocampal damage induced by Wi-Fi radiation; a biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical study. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 129:102252. [PMID: 36796735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nowadays, using electromagnetic devices (EMD) has been increased. However, the control of EMD hazards was poorly evaluated, especially those affected the hippocampus. Regular physical exercises are safe, easily, inexpensive, and acceptable for long-term use. It is reported that exercise protects against many health problems. AIM is to investigate the hypothesis of the possible prophylactic effect of exercise on the hippocampal damage induced by electromagnetic waves of Wi-Fi. MATERIAL AND METHODS Adult male albino rats were divided into four groups: group I (control), group II (exercise), group III (Wi-Fi), and group IV (exercise -Wi-Fi). Hippocampi were subjected to biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS In group III, a significant increase in the oxidative enzymes as well as decrease in antioxidant enzymes were detected in rat hippocampus. Additionally, the hippocampus showed degenerated pyramidal and granular neurons. An evident decrease in both PCNA and ZO-1 immunoreactivity was also noticed. In group IV, physical exercise alleviates the effect of Wi-Fi on previously mentioned parameters. CONCLUSION Regular physical exercise performance significantly minimizes the hippocampal damage and protects against the hazarders of chronic Wi-Fi radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Osama Mohamed
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | | | - Randa Ahmed Ibrahim
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Rehab Ahmed Rifaai
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
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Benavides RAS, Leiro-Vidal JM, Rodriguez-Gonzalez JA, Ares-Pena FJ, López-Martín E. The HL-60 human promyelocytic cell line constitutes an effective in vitro model for evaluating toxicity, oxidative stress and necrosis/apoptosis after exposure to black carbon particles and 2.45 GHz radio frequency. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161475. [PMID: 36632900 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which atmospheric pollution from particulate matter and/or electromagnetic fields (EMFs) may prove harmful to human health have not been extensively researched. We analyzed whether the combined action of EMFs and black carbon (BC) particles induced cell damage and a pro-apoptotic response in the HL-60 promyelocytic cell line when exposed to 2.45 GHz radio frequency (RF) radiation in a gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) chamber at sub-thermal specific absorption rate (SAR) levels. RF and BC induced moderately significant levels of cell damage in the first 8 or 24 h for all exposure times/doses and much greater damage after 48 h irradiation and the higher dose of BC. We observed a clear antiproliferative effect that increased with RF exposure time and BC dose. Oxidative stress or ROS production increased with time (24 or 48 h of radiation), BC dose and the combination of both. Significant differences between the proportion of damaged and healthy cells were observed in all groups. Both radiation and BC participated separately and jointly in triggering necrosis and apoptosis in a programmed way. Oxidative-antioxidant action activated mitochondrial anti-apoptotic BCL2a gene expression after 24 h irradiation and exposure to BC. After irradiation of the cells for 48 h, expression of FASR cell death receptors was activated, precipitating the onset of pro-apoptotic phenomena and expression and intracellular activity of caspase-3 in the mitochondrial pathways, all of which can lead to cell death. Our results indicate that the interaction between BC and RF modifies the immune response in the human promyelocytic cell line and that these cells had two fates mediated by different pathways: necrosis and mitochondria-caspase dependent apoptosis. The findings may be important in regard to antimicrobial, inflammatory and autoimmune responses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ana Sueiro Benavides
- Institute of Research in Biological and Chemical Analysis, IAQBUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - José Manuel Leiro-Vidal
- Institute of Research in Biological and Chemical Analysis, IAQBUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - J Antonio Rodriguez-Gonzalez
- Department of Applied Physics, Santiago de Compostela School of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Francisco J Ares-Pena
- Department of Applied Physics, Santiago de Compostela School of Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Elena López-Martín
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Santiago de Compostela School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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28
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Moslemi S, Ghotbi Ravandi MR, Zare S, Tohidi Nik H. Measuring and assessing the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on blood parameters and liver enzymes of personnel working in high voltage power stations in a petrochemical industry. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15414. [PMID: 37151699 PMCID: PMC10161571 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exposure to electric and magnetic fields (EMF) is a phenomenon that has always been present. In the last two decades, there have been numerous worries about the possible effects of extremely low-frequency (ELF) fields on human health. Consequently, this study aims to measure and evaluate the effect of ELF fields on blood parameters and liver enzymes of personnel working in high-voltage power stations in the petrochemical industry. Methods This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was done in a petrochemical industry in southern Iran in 2021. Two groups of 50 people were selected to attain the research goals and classify jobs with the risk of exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) and the time spent on work. One group was exposed to ELF-EMF, and the other was regarded as the control group. Electromagnetic fields were measured using the HI-3604 device and the standard method of IEEE 1994-644. The workers' demographic data, blood parameters, and liver enzymes were also obtained from the workers' medical records. The course of changes in each of the blood parameters and liver enzymes and demographic variables in the control and case groups were then examined. In the last stage, the effect of the electric field and magnetic field on the blood parameters and liver enzymes of the two control and subject groups was conducted using the multiple regression model. Results The measured points in all stations are 200, and the minimum and maximum values of the magnetic field was 0.8 and 2019 mG, respectively. The minimum and maximum values of the electric field intensity was 0.003 and 215 V/m, respectively. The average results of the demographic variables and blood and liver indices in the control and case groups from 2018 to 2020 revealed that the average variables were not significantly different in the case and control groups (p-value>0.05). Moreover, workers' exposure to ELF-EMF was below the permissible limit. Conclusion Based on the results of the present study, ELF-EMF does not have any significant effects on demographic factors, blood parameters, and liver enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soode Moslemi
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ghotbi Ravandi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering and Safety at Work, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sajad Zare
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering and Safety at Work, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Future Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Corresponding author. Department of Occupational Health Engineering and Safety at Work, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hamidreza Tohidi Nik
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Amiri H, Shabkhiz F, Pournemati P, Saffar Kohneh Quchan AH, Zeighami Fard R. Swimming exercise reduces oxidative stress and liver damage indices of male rats exposed to electromagnetic radiation. Life Sci 2023; 317:121461. [PMID: 36731647 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatic damage caused by oxidative stress is one of the problems associated with the emission of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). In this study, the effects of swimming exercise (SE) on oxidative stress and liver cell damage caused by EMR emission in rats were investigated. METHODS Thirty-two rats (8 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups, including control (C), EMR, SE, and EMR + SE. During four weeks, the animals engaged in SE (30 min/session, 5session/week) and were also exposed to EMR (4 h/day, seven days/week) emission from a Wi-Fi 2.45GHZ router. The liver and blood samples were collected at 48 h after completing four weeks of SE to assess histopathological damage, oxidative stress, and liver enzymes. KEY FINDINGS Tissue sections showed severe liver damage in the EMR group compared to the C group, while the SE attenuated the liver damage. In the EMR group, compared to the C, SE and EMR + SE groups, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) decreased significantly, and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) increased significantly (P < 0.05). Swimming exercise in the SE and EMR + SE groups compared to EMR led to a significant increase in the activity of SOD and CAT and a significant decrease in the concentration of MDA and liver enzymes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The study findings showed that the SE is beneficial in attenuating the harmful effects of RF-EMR emitted from the Wi-Fi on the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Amiri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shabkhiz
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parisa Pournemati
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Reza Zeighami Fard
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Lubkowska A, Dudzińska W, Pluta W. Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Serum HSP70 Concentrations in Relation to Insulin Resistance and Lipid Profile in Lean and Overweight Young Men. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030655. [PMID: 36978903 PMCID: PMC10044875 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidants are generated by all cells during normal oxidative respiration, and as long as they are under the control of appropriate mechanisms, they act as intracellular signaling molecules participating in complex functions. Oxidative stress can also affect insulin levels in the body. The production of reactive oxygen species by-products can lead to insulin resistance. Heat shock proteins (70 kDa) protect cells from the damaging effects of heat shock but also oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to investigate the serum concentration of HSP70 in young, non-obese but overweight men (BMI ≤ 30 kg/m2) and to assess its association with the insulin resistance, lipid profile and antioxidant system of red blood cells. Fifty-seven young men were examined and divided into two groups: lean men (n = 30) and men overweight (n = 27). A statistically significant difference was observed in the BMI (p < 0.007), HSP70 concentration (p < 0.000), serum insulin concentration (p < 0.000), HOMA-IR (p < 0.0001), superoxide dismutase (p < 0.02) and glutathione peroxidase (p < 0.05) between the studied groups. There was a negative correlation between the concentration of HSP70 with the insulin level (r = −0.50; p < 0.0004) and with the HOMA-IR (r = −0.50; p < 0.0004). These changes were associated with an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Our findings suggest that measuring the extracellular concentration of HSP70 can be an important indicator in disorders of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lubkowska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Wioleta Dudzińska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Waldemar Pluta
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
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Genotoxic Risks to Male Reproductive Health from Radiofrequency Radiation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040594. [PMID: 36831261 PMCID: PMC9954667 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During modern era, mobile phones, televisions, microwaves, radio, and wireless devices, etc., have become an integral part of our daily lifestyle. All these technologies employ radiofrequency (RF) waves and everyone is exposed to them, since they are widespread in the environment. The increasing risk of male infertility is a growing concern to the human population. Excessive and long-term exposure to non-ionizing radiation may cause genetic health effects on the male reproductive system which could be a primitive factor to induce cancer risk. With respect to the concerned aspect, many possible RFR induced genotoxic studies have been reported; however, reports are very contradictory and showed the possible effect on humans and animals. Thus, the present review is focusing on the genomic impact of the radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) underlying the male infertility issue. In this review, both in vitro and in vivo studies have been incorporated explaining the role of RFR on the male reproductive system. It includes RFR induced-DNA damage, micronuclei formation, chromosomal aberrations, SCE generation, etc. In addition, attention has also been paid to the ROS generation after radiofrequency radiation exposure showing a rise in oxidative stress, base adduct formation, sperm head DNA damage, or cross-linking problems between DNA & protein.
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Ma L, Tian S, Zhang HL, Wang JY, Wang JW, Yan HL, Hu XG, Shao Q, Guo JM. Transcriptomic and metabolomic studies on the protective effect of molecular hydrogen against nuclear electromagnetic pulse-induced brain damage. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1103022. [PMID: 36817910 PMCID: PMC9929151 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1103022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Excessive doses of electromagnetic radiation pose a negative impact on the central nervous system and lead to mental disorders. Molecular hydrogen can scavenge intracellular hydroxyl radicals, acting as an antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory agent. We seek to assess the capability of molecular hydrogen to ameliorate brain damage induced by electromagnetic radiation. Methods NEMP (nuclear electromagnetic pulse), a subset of electromagnetic pulse with high voltage value that could cause severe brain injury, was applied to this study. Male wild-type rats were divided into four groups: the control group, the H2 (Molecular hydrogen) group, the NEMP group and the NEMP+H2 group. Rats in the H2 group and the NEMP+H2 group were fed with saturated hydrogen-rich water from 3 days before NEMP exposure (electromagnetic field intensity 400 kV/m, rising edge 20 ns and pulse width 200 ns) to the day of sacrifice. One day after exposure, animal behavior experiments were performed, and samples for transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis were collected. Seven days after exposure, histopathological experiments were conducted. Results The data from the elevated plus maze and the open field test showed that NEMP exposure elicited anxiety-like behavior in rats, which could be alleviated by H2 treatment. Histopathological results manifested that NEMP exposure-induced injuries of the neurons in the hippocampus and amygdala could be attenuated by H2 treatment. Transcriptomic results revealed that NEMP exposure had a profound effect on microtubule structure in the brain. And the combined analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics showed that H2 has a significant impact on the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, synaptic vesicle cycle and synapse etc. Moreover, it was indicated that the glutathione metabolic pathway played a vital role in the NEMP exposure-induced damage and the protective activity of H2. Conclusions H2 is identified as a potent agent against NEMP exposure-induced brain damage and has the potential to be a promising electromagnetic radiation protectant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ma
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beidaihe Rehabilitation and Recuperation Center of PLA, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Shuo Tian
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Ling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Yi Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,School of Basic Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,Incubation Base for Undergraduates' Innovation Practice, Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Wen Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,School of Basic Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,Incubation Base for Undergraduates' Innovation Practice, Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Li Yan
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Guang Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,Xu-Guang Hu ✉
| | - Qi Shao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,Qi Shao ✉
| | - Jia-Ming Guo
- Department of Radiation Medicine, College of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,Incubation Base for Undergraduates' Innovation Practice, Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Jia-Ming Guo ✉
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Davis D, Birnbaum L, Ben-Ishai P, Taylor H, Sears M, Butler T, Scarato T. Wireless technologies, non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and children: Identifying and reducing health risks. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2023; 53:101374. [PMID: 36935315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2023.101374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Children today are conceived and live in a sea of wireless radiation that did not exist when their parents were born. The launch of the digital age continues to transform the capacity to respond to emergencies and extend global communications. At the same time that this increasingly ubiquitous technology continues to alter the nature of commerce, medicine, transport and modern life overall, its varied and changing forms have not been evaluated for their biological or environmental impacts. Standards for evaluating radiation from numerous wireless devices were first set in 1996 to avoid heating tissue and remain unchanged since then in the U.S. and many other nations. A wide range of evidence indicates that there are numerous non-thermal effects from wireless radiation on reproduction, development, and chronic illness. Many widely used devices such as phones and tablets function as two-way microwave radios, sending and receiving various frequencies of information-carrying microwave radiation on multiple simultaneously operating antennas. Expert groups advising governments on this matter do not agree on the best approaches to be taken. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limited screen time for children under the age of two, but more than half of all toddlers regularly have contact with screens, often without parental engagement. Young children of parents who frequently use devices as a form of childcare can experience delays in speech acquisition and bonding, while older children report feelings of disappointment due to 'technoference'-parental distraction due to technology. Children who begin using devices early in life can become socially, psychologically and physically addicted to the technology and experience withdrawal upon cessation. We review relevant experimental, epidemiological and clinical evidence on biological and other impacts of currently used wireless technology, including advice to include key questions at pediatric wellness checkups from infancy to young adulthood. We conclude that consistent with advice in pediatric radiology, an approach that recommends that microwave radiation exposures be As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) seems sensible and prudent, and that an independently-funded training, research and monitoring program should be carried out on the long term physical and psychological impacts of rapidly changing technological milieu, including ways to mitigate impacts through modifications in hardware and software. Current knowledge of electrohypersensitivity indicates the importance of reducing wireless exposures especially in schools and health care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devra Davis
- Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey; Environmental Health Trust, Teton Village, WY, USA.
| | - Linda Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and National Toxicology Program, Scholar in Residence, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, USA
| | | | - Hugh Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Meg Sears
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Prevent Cancer Now, Ottawa, Canada
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Shirbandi K, Khalafi M, J Bevelacqua J, Sadeghian N, Adiban S, Bahaeddini Zarandi F, Mortazavi SA, Mortazavi SH, Mortazavi SMJ, S Welsh J. Exposure to Low Levels of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Emitted from Cell-phones as a Promising Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Scoping Review Study. J Biomed Phys Eng 2023; 13:3-16. [PMID: 36818013 PMCID: PMC9923247 DOI: 10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.2109-1398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most significant public health concerns and tremendous economic challenges. Studies conducted over the past decades show that exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) may relieve AD symptoms. OBJECTIVE To determine if exposure to RF-EMFs emitted by cellphones affect the risk of AD. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this review, all relevant published articles reporting an association of cell phone use with AD were studied. We systematically searched international datasets to identify relevant studies. Finally, 33 studies were included in the review. Our review discusses the effects of RF-EMFs on the amyloid β (Aβ), oxidative stress, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), neuronal death, and astrocyte responses. Moreover, the role of exposure parameters, including the type of exposure, its duration, and specific absorption rate (SAR), are discussed. RESULTS Progressive factors of AD such as Aβ, myelin basic protein (MBP), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and neurofilament light polypeptide (NFL) were decreased. While tau protein showed no change, factors affecting brain activity such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), cerebral blood flow (CBF), brain temperature, and neuronal activity were increased. CONCLUSION Exposure to low levels of RF-EMFs can reduce the risk of AD by increasing MAPK and GFAP and decreasing MBP. Considering the role of apoptosis in AD and the effect of RF-EMF on the progression of the process, this review indicates the positive effect of these exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Shirbandi
- Department of International Affairs (IAD), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khalafi
- Allied Health Science, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Najmeh Sadeghian
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saina Adiban
- Biotechnology Student, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - James S Welsh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Edward Hines Jr VA Hospital Hines, Illinois, USA
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Huang Z, Ding C, Huang X, Sun C, Zhong L. Exposure to 10 Hz Pulsed Magnetic Field Induced Slight Apoptosis and Reactive Oxygen Species in Primary Human Gingival Fibroblasts. Bioelectromagnetics 2022; 43:476-490. [PMID: 36490205 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extremely low frequency pulsed magnetic fields (MFs) have been increasingly used as an effective method in oral therapy, but its potential impact on health has not been clarified. In this study, we investigated the impact of 10 Hz pulsed MF exposure on primary human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) derived from eight healthy persons (four males and four females). Cells were exposed to 10 Hz pulsed MFs at 1.0 mT for 24 h. Cell apoptosis, cell cycle progression, intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, DNA damage, and cell proliferation were determined after exposure. The results showed that 10 Hz pulsed MFs exposure have slight effects on cellular apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and DNA damage in primary HGFs from some but not all samples. In addition, no significant effect was found on cell proliferation. © 2022 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- Stomatology Center, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Ding
- Stomatology Center, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinzhao Huang
- Stomatology Center, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics & Geriatrics Institute of Zhejiang Province, Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangjun Zhong
- Stomatology Center, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Stomatology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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Birnbaum LS, Taylor HS, Baldwin H, Ben-Ishai P, Davis D. RE: Cellular Telephone Use and the Risk of Brain Tumors: Update of the UK Million Women Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2022; 114:1551-1552. [PMID: 35703943 PMCID: PMC9664184 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djac110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Birnbaum
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and National Toxicology Program and Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hugh S Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Paul Ben-Ishai
- Department of Physics, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Devra Davis
- Correspondence to: Devra Davis, PhD, MPH, Environmental Health Trust, Jackson, PO Box 58, Teton Village, WY 83025, USA; Ondokus Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey (e-mail: )
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Scientific evidence invalidates health assumptions underlying the FCC and ICNIRP exposure limit determinations for radiofrequency radiation: implications for 5G. Environ Health 2022; 21:92. [PMID: 36253855 PMCID: PMC9576312 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the late-1990s, the FCC and ICNIRP adopted radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure limits to protect the public and workers from adverse effects of RFR. These limits were based on results from behavioral studies conducted in the 1980s involving 40-60-minute exposures in 5 monkeys and 8 rats, and then applying arbitrary safety factors to an apparent threshold specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4 W/kg. The limits were also based on two major assumptions: any biological effects were due to excessive tissue heating and no effects would occur below the putative threshold SAR, as well as twelve assumptions that were not specified by either the FCC or ICNIRP. In this paper, we show how the past 25 years of extensive research on RFR demonstrates that the assumptions underlying the FCC's and ICNIRP's exposure limits are invalid and continue to present a public health harm. Adverse effects observed at exposures below the assumed threshold SAR include non-thermal induction of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, cardiomyopathy, carcinogenicity, sperm damage, and neurological effects, including electromagnetic hypersensitivity. Also, multiple human studies have found statistically significant associations between RFR exposure and increased brain and thyroid cancer risk. Yet, in 2020, and in light of the body of evidence reviewed in this article, the FCC and ICNIRP reaffirmed the same limits that were established in the 1990s. Consequently, these exposure limits, which are based on false suppositions, do not adequately protect workers, children, hypersensitive individuals, and the general population from short-term or long-term RFR exposures. Thus, urgently needed are health protective exposure limits for humans and the environment. These limits must be based on scientific evidence rather than on erroneous assumptions, especially given the increasing worldwide exposures of people and the environment to RFR, including novel forms of radiation from 5G telecommunications for which there are no adequate health effects studies.
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Physical Differences between Man-Made and Cosmic Microwave Electromagnetic Radiation and Their Exposure Limits, and Radiofrequencies as Generators of Biotoxic Free Radicals. RADIATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/radiation2040022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical arguments for radiofrequency radiation exposure limits are currently based on the principle that radio frequencies (RF) and electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are non-ionising, and their exposure limits are even 100-fold lower than those emitted from the Sun in the whole RF-EMF spectrum. Nonetheless, this argument has been challenged by numerous experimental and theoretical studies on the diverse biological effects of RF-EMF at much lower power density (W/m2) levels than today’s exposing limits. On the other hand, less attention has been given to counterarguments based on the differences in the physics concepts underlying man-made versus natural electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and on the fact that man’s biology has been adapted to the natural EMR levels reaching Earth’s surface at single EMF wavelengths, which are the natural limits of man’s exposure to EMFs. The article highlights the main points of interaction of natural and man-made radiation with biomatter and reveals the physical theoretical background that explains the effects of man-made microwave radiation on biological matter. Moreover, the article extends its analysis on experimental quantum effects, establishing the “ionising-like” effects of man-made microwave radiation on biological matter.
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Schmid J, Thraen T, Hensinger P. Kritik am Artikel zu 5G: Aussagen entsprechen nicht dem Stand der
Forschung. AKTUELLE KARDIOLOGIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1786-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schmid
- Ärzte-Arbeitskreis digitale Medien, Stuttgart,
Deutschland
| | - Thomas Thraen
- Ärzte-Arbeitskreis digitale Medien, Stuttgart,
Deutschland
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Zadeh-Haghighi H, Simon C. Magnetic field effects in biology from the perspective of the radical pair mechanism. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220325. [PMID: 35919980 PMCID: PMC9346374 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of studies have found that weak magnetic fields can significantly influence various biological systems. However, the underlying mechanisms behind these phenomena remain elusive. Remarkably, the magnetic energies implicated in these effects are much smaller than thermal energies. Here, we review these observations, and we suggest an explanation based on the radical pair mechanism, which involves the quantum dynamics of the electron and nuclear spins of transient radical molecules. While the radical pair mechanism has been studied in detail in the context of avian magnetoreception, the studies reviewed here show that magnetosensitivity is widespread throughout biology. We review magnetic field effects on various physiological functions, discussing static, hypomagnetic and oscillating magnetic fields, as well as isotope effects. We then review the radical pair mechanism as a potential unifying model for the described magnetic field effects, and we discuss plausible candidate molecules for the radical pairs. We review recent studies proposing that the radical pair mechanism provides explanations for isotope effects in xenon anaesthesia and lithium treatment of hyperactivity, magnetic field effects on the circadian clock, and hypomagnetic field effects on neurogenesis and microtubule assembly. We conclude by discussing future lines of investigation in this exciting new area of quantum biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Zadeh-Haghighi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Christoph Simon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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Gholipour Hamedani B, Goliaei B, Shariatpanahi SP, Nezamtaheri M. An overview of the biological effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields combined with ionizing radiation. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 172:50-59. [PMID: 35513112 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
By growing the electrical power networks and electronic devices, electromagnetic fields (EMF) have become an inseparable part of the modern world. Considering the inevitable exposure to a various range of EMFs, especially at extremely low frequencies (ELF-EMF), investigating the biological effects of ELF-EMFs on biological systems became a global issue. The possible adverse consequences of these exposures were studied, along with their potential therapeutic capabilities. Also, their biological impacts in combination with other chemical and physical agents, specifically ionizing radiation (IR), as a co-carcinogen or as adjuvant therapy in combination with radiotherapy were explored. Here, we review the results of several in-vitro and in-vivo studies and discuss some proposed possible mechanisms of ELF-EMFs' actions in combination with IR. The results of these experiments could be fruitful to develop more precise safety standards for environmental ELF-EMFs exposures. Furthermore, it could evaluate the therapeutic capacities of ELF-EMFs alone or as an improver of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Gholipour Hamedani
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Goliaei
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Peyman Shariatpanahi
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryamsadat Nezamtaheri
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Sies H, Belousov VV, Chandel NS, Davies MJ, Jones DP, Mann GE, Murphy MP, Yamamoto M, Winterbourn C. Defining roles of specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell biology and physiology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:499-515. [PMID: 35190722 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00456-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 216.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
'Reactive oxygen species' (ROS) is a generic term that defines a wide variety of oxidant molecules with vastly different properties and biological functions that range from signalling to causing cell damage. Consequently, the description of oxidants needs to be chemically precise to translate research on their biological effects into therapeutic benefit in redox medicine. This Expert Recommendation article pinpoints key issues associated with identifying the physiological roles of oxidants, focusing on H2O2 and O2.-. The generic term ROS should not be used to describe specific molecular agents. We also advocate for greater precision in measurement of H2O2, O2.- and other oxidants, along with more specific identification of their signalling targets. Future work should also consider inter-organellar communication and the interactions of redox-sensitive signalling targets within organs and whole organisms, including the contribution of environmental exposures. To achieve these goals, development of tools that enable site-specific and real-time detection and quantification of individual oxidants in cells and model organisms are needed. We also stress that physiological O2 levels should be maintained in cell culture to better mimic in vivo redox reactions associated with specific cell types. Use of precise definitions and analytical tools will help harmonize research among the many scientific disciplines working on the common goal of understanding redox biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Sies
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Vsevolod V Belousov
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Giovanni E Mann
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Christine Winterbourn
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Rangkooy H, Rahmati A, Dehaghi BF. Base transceiver station antennae exposure and workers' health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2022; 29:863-868. [PMID: 35722815 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2022.2085892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the rapid development of technologies related to the communications industry, human exposure to electromagnetic fields has increased during recent decades. The study aimed at investigating the effect of exposure to waves emitted from the base transceiver stations (BTS) on workers' health. METHODS 240 workers (120 BTS maintenance workers (case group) and 120 office staff (control group)) participated in the study. In order to determine the general health conditions in two groups, along with electromagnetic waves exposure measurement, the general health questionnaire (GHQ) was completed and the data on blood parameters were assessed. RESULTS The mean age and job experience in the case and control groups were 34.1 ± 4.8 and 10.1 ± 6 years and 31.6 ± 5.5 and 8.8 ± 7 years, respectively. According to the GHQ results, only anxiety and insomnia subscales showed a significant difference between the two groups. The white blood cell and red blood cell counts in the case and control groups were 6715.6 ± 1591 and 7594 ± 2416, 5.3×106±4.6×105 and 5.05×106±5.39×105 per ml, respectively. Analysis of the results showed that the difference between the two groups was significant. CONCLUSION The results revealed that blood parameters in the BTS operators showed more changes. Thus, it can be concluded that these health impacts result from occupational exposure to BTS waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosseinali Rangkooy
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Afshin Rahmati
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Behzad Fouladi Dehaghi
- Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Abstract
The potential therapeutic uses of electromagnetic fields (EMF), part of the nonionizing radiation spectrum, increase with time. Among them, those considering the potential antitumor effects exerted by the Magnetic Fields (MFs), part of the EMF entity, have gained more and more interest. A recent review on this subject reports the MFs' effect on apoptosis of tumor cells as one of the most important breakthroughs. Apoptosis is considered a key mechanism regulating the genetic stability of cells and as such is considered of fundamental importance in cancer initiation and development. According to an atomic/sub-atomic analysis, based on quantum physics, of the complexity of biological life and the role played by oxygen and its radicals in cancer biology, a possible biophysical mechanism is described. The mechanism considers the influence of MFs on apoptosis through an effect on electron spin that is able to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration. Impacting on the delicate balance between ROS production and ROS elimination in tumor cells is considered a promising cancer therapy, affecting different biological processes, such as apoptosis and metastasis. An analysis in the literature, which allows correlation between MFs exposure characteristics and their influence on apoptosis and ROS concentration, supports the validity of the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santi Tofani
- Department of Medical Physics, Ivrea Hospital - ASL Torino Nord-Ovest TO4, Ivrea Torino, Italy.,Department of Public Health Science, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Ivrea Torino, Italy
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Cardiac Cell Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields: Focus on Oxdative Stress and Apoptosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050929. [PMID: 35625666 PMCID: PMC9138495 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) is a sensitive research topic. Despite extensive research, to date there is no evidence to conclude that exposure to EMFs influences the cardiovascular system. In the present study, we examined whether 915 MHz EMF exposure affects myocardial antioxidative and apoptotic status in vitro and in vivo. No statistically significant difference in the apoptotic cell profile and antioxidant capacity was observed between controls and short-term EMF-exposed mouse cardiomyocytes and H9C2 cardiomyoblasts. Compared with sham-exposed controls, mice subjected to a 915 MHz EMF for 48 h and 72 h had no significant effect on structural tissue integrity and myocardial expression of apoptosis and antioxidant genes. Therefore, these results indicate that short-term exposure to EMF in cardiac cells and tissues did not translate into a significant effect on the myocardial antioxidant defense system and apoptotic cell death.
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Tian L, Luo Y, Zhan A, Ren J, Qin H, Pan Y. Hypomagnetic Field Induces the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cognitive Deficits in Mice Hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073622. [PMID: 35408982 PMCID: PMC8998670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have found that hypomagnetic field (HMF) exposure impairs cognition behaviors in animals; however, the underlying neural mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction are unclear. The hippocampus plays important roles in magnetoreception, memory, and spatial navigation in mammals. Therefore, the hippocampus may be the key region in the brain to reveal its neural mechanisms. We recently reported that long-term HMF exposure impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis and cognition through reducing endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in adult neural stem cells that are confined in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus. In addition to adult neural stem cells, the redox state of other cells in the hippocampus is also an important factor affecting the functions of the hippocampus. However, it is unclear whether and how long-term HMF exposure affects ROS levels in the entire hippocampus (i.e., the dentate gyrus (DG) and ammonia horn (CA) regions). Here, we demonstrate that male C57BL/6J mice exposed to 8-week HMF exhibit cognitive impairments. We then found that the ROS levels of the hippocampus were significantly higher in these HMF-exposed mice than in the geomagnetic field (GMF) group. PCR array analysis revealed that the elevated ROS levels were due to HMF-regulating genes that maintain the redox balance in vivo, such as Nox4, Gpx3. Since high levels of ROS may cause hippocampal oxidative stress, we suggest that this is another reason why HMF exposure induces cognitive impairment, besides the hippocampal neurogenesis impairments. Our study further demonstrates that GMF plays an important role in maintaining hippocampal function by regulating the appropriate endogenous ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxiang Tian
- Biogeomagnetism Group, Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.L.); (A.Z.); (J.R.); (Y.P.)
- Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
- The Paleomagnetism and Geochronology Laboratory, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yukai Luo
- Biogeomagnetism Group, Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.L.); (A.Z.); (J.R.); (Y.P.)
- Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aisheng Zhan
- Biogeomagnetism Group, Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.L.); (A.Z.); (J.R.); (Y.P.)
- Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Biogeomagnetism Group, Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.L.); (A.Z.); (J.R.); (Y.P.)
- Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huafeng Qin
- Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
- The Paleomagnetism and Geochronology Laboratory, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yongxin Pan
- Biogeomagnetism Group, Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.L.); (A.Z.); (J.R.); (Y.P.)
- Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
- The Paleomagnetism and Geochronology Laboratory, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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47
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Mustafa E, Makinistian L, Luukkonen J, Juutilainen J, Naarala J. Do 50/60 Hz magnetic fields influence oxidative or DNA damage responses in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells? Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1581-1591. [PMID: 35320060 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2055803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: We investigated possible effects of 50 Hz and 60 Hz magnetic fields (MFs) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, DNA damage, DNA damage repair rate, as well as gene expression related to oxidative stress and DNA damage signaling.Materials and methods: Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were sham-exposed or exposed to 100 µTRMS MFs for 24 h, then assayed or further treated with 100 µM menadione for 1 h before the assay. The levels of ROS and cytosolic superoxide anion (O2•-) were assayed fluorometrically. DNA damage and gene expression were assayed by comet assay and RT-qPCR, respectively. To examine whether MFs affected DNA damage repair rate, cells were allowed to repair their DNA for 1 or 2 h after menadione treatment and then assayed for DNA damage.Results: There was suggestive evidence of a general low-magnitude increase in the expression of ROS-related genes (primarily genes with antioxidant activity) when quantified immediately after MF exposure, suggesting a response to a small increase in ROS level. The possible upregulation of ROS-related genes is supported by the finding that the level of menadione-induced ROS was consistently decreased by 50 Hz MFs (not significantly by 60 Hz MFs) in several measurements 30 - 60 min after MF exposure. MF exposures did not affect cytosolic O2•- levels, DNA damage, or its repair rate. Changes in the expression of DNA damage-signaling genes in the MF-exposed cells did not exceed the expected rate of false positive findings. No firm evidence was found for differential effects from 50 Hz vs. 60 Hz MFs.Conclusions: While only weak effects were found on the endpoints measured, the results are consistent with MF effects on ROS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Mustafa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Leonardo Makinistian
- Department of Physics and Institute of Applied Physics (INFAP), Universidad Nacional de San Luis-CONICET, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Jukka Luukkonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Juutilainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jonne Naarala
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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48
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Pooam M, Jourdan N, Aguida B, Dahon C, Baouz S, Terry C, Raad H, Ahmad M. Exposure to 1.8 GHz radiofrequency field modulates ROS in human HEK293 cells as a function of signal amplitude. Commun Integr Biol 2022; 15:54-66. [PMID: 35126804 PMCID: PMC8816398 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2022.2027698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern telecommunications industry is ubiquitous throughout the world, with a significant percentage of the population using cellular phones on a daily basis. The possible physiological consequences of wireless emissions in the GHz range are therefore of major interest, but remain poorly understood. Here, we show that exposure to a 1.8 GHz carrier frequency in the amplitude range of household telecommunications induces the formation of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) in human HEK293 cultured cells. The ROS concentrations detected by fluorescent imaging techniques increased significantly after 15 minutes of RF field exposure, and were localized to both nuclear and cytosolic cellular compartments. qPCR analysis showed altered gene expression of both anti-oxidative (SOD, GPX, GPX, and CAT) and oxidative (Nox-2) enzymes. In addition, multiple genes previously identified as responsive to static magnetic fields were found to also be regulated by RF, suggesting common features in response mechanisms. By contrast, many RF effects showed evidence of hormesis, whereby biological responsivity does not occur linearly as a function of signal amplitude. Instead, biphasic dose response curves occur with ‘blind’ spots at certain signal amplitudes where no measureable response occurs. We conclude that modulation of intracellular ROS can be a direct consequence of RF exposure dependent on signal frequency and amplitude. Since changes in intracellular ROS may have both harmful and beneficial effects, these could provide the basis for many reported physiological effects of RF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marootpong Pooam
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | - Colin Terry
- Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Haider Raad
- Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Margaret Ahmad
- Sorbonne Université - CNRS, Paris, France.,Department of Biology, Xavier University, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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49
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Mohamed AF, Nasr M, Amer ME, Abuamara TMM, Abd-Elhay WM, Kaabo HF, Matar EER, El Moselhy LE, Gomah TA, Deban MAEF, Shebl RI. Anticancer and antibacterial potentials induced post short-term exposure to electromagnetic field and silver nanoparticles and related pathological and genetic alterations: in vitro study. Infect Agent Cancer 2022; 17:4. [PMID: 35120563 PMCID: PMC8817517 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-022-00416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to antibiotics and anticancer therapy is a serious global health threat particularly in immunosuppressed cancer patients. Current study aimed to estimate the antibacterial and anticancer potentials of short-term exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) either in sole or combined form. METHODS Antibacterial activity was evaluated via determination of the bacterial viable count reduction percentage following exposure, whereas their ability to induce apoptosis in breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line was detected using annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and cell cycle analysis. Also, oxidative stress potential and molecular profile were investigated. RESULTS ELF-EMF and AgNPs significantly (p < 0.01) reduced K. pneumonia viable count of compared to that of S. aureus in a time dependent manner till reaching 100% inhibition when ELF-EMF was applied in combination to 10 µM/ml AgNPs for 2 h. Apoptosis induction was obvious following exposure to either ELF-EMF or AgNPs, however their apoptotic potential was intensified when applied in combination recording significantly (p < 0.001) induced apoptosis as indicated by elevated level of MCF-7 cells in the Pre G1 phase compared to control. S phase arrest and accumulation of cells in G2/M phase was observed following exposure to AgNPs and EMF, respectively. Up-regulation in the expression level of p53, iNOS and NF-kB genes as well as down-regulation of Bcl-2 and miRNA-125b genes were detected post treatment. CONCLUSIONS The antibacterial and anticancer potentials of these agents might be related to their ability to induce oxidative stress, suggesting their potentials as novel candidates for controlling infections and triggering cancer cells towards self-destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aly Fahmy Mohamed
- International Center for Training and Advanced Researches (ICTAR-Egypt), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Nasr
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Amer
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Tamer M M Abuamara
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wagih M Abd-Elhay
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan Fathy Kaabo
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emad Eldin R Matar
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila E El Moselhy
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | | | | | - Rania Ibrahim Shebl
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University (ACU), 4th Industrial Zone, Banks Complex, 6th October City, Cairo, Egypt.
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50
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Castaño-Vinyals G, Sadetzki S, Vermeulen R, Momoli F, Kundi M, Merletti F, Maslanyj M, Calderon C, Wiart J, Lee AK, Taki M, Sim M, Armstrong B, Benke G, Schattner R, Hutter HP, Krewski D, Mohipp C, Ritvo P, Spinelli J, Lacour B, Remen T, Radon K, Weinmann T, Petridou ET, Moschovi M, Pourtsidis A, Oikonomou K, Kanavidis P, Bouka E, Dikshit R, Nagrani R, Chetrit A, Bruchim R, Maule M, Migliore E, Filippini G, Miligi L, Mattioli S, Kojimahara N, Yamaguchi N, Ha M, Choi K, Kromhout H, Goedhart G, 't Mannetje A, Eng A, Langer CE, Alguacil J, Aragonés N, Morales-Suárez-Varela M, Badia F, Albert A, Carretero G, Cardis E. Wireless phone use in childhood and adolescence and neuroepithelial brain tumours: Results from the international MOBI-Kids study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 160:107069. [PMID: 34974237 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the possibility that use of mobile communicating devices, particularly wireless (mobile and cordless) phones, may increase brain tumour risk, has been a concern, particularly given the considerable increase in their use by young people. MOBI-Kids, a 14-country (Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Greece, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain) case-control study, was conducted to evaluate whether wireless phone use (and particularly resulting exposure to radiofrequency (RF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF)) increases risk of brain tumours in young people. Between 2010 and 2015, the study recruited 899 people with brain tumours aged 10 to 24 years old and 1,910 controls (operated for appendicitis) matched to the cases on date of diagnosis, study region and age. Participation rates were 72% for cases and 54% for controls. The mean ages of cases and controls were 16.5 and 16.6 years, respectively; 57% were males. The vast majority of study participants were wireless phones users, even in the youngest age group, and the study included substantial numbers of long-term (over 10 years) users: 22% overall, 51% in the 20-24-year-olds. Most tumours were of the neuroepithelial type (NBT; n = 671), mainly glioma. The odds ratios (OR) of NBT appeared to decrease with increasing time since start of use of wireless phones, cumulative number of calls and cumulative call time, particularly in the 15-19 years old age group. A decreasing trend in ORs was also observed with increasing estimated cumulative RF specific energy and ELF induced current density at the location of the tumour. Further analyses suggest that the large number of ORs below 1 in this study is unlikely to represent an unknown causal preventive effect of mobile phone exposure: they can be at least partially explained by differential recall by proxies and prodromal symptoms affecting phone use before diagnosis of the cases. We cannot rule out, however, residual confounding from sources we did not measure. Overall, our study provides no evidence of a causal association between wireless phone use and brain tumours in young people. However, the sources of bias summarised above prevent us from ruling out a small increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Castaño-Vinyals
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Sadetzki
- Cancer & Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology & Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - R Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - F Momoli
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Canada; Risk Science International, Ottawa, Canada
| | - M Kundi
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - F Merletti
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - J Wiart
- Laboratoire de Traitement et Communication de l'Information (LTCI), Telecom Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - A-K Lee
- Radio Technology Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - M Taki
- Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Graduate Schools of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Sim
- School of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - B Armstrong
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - G Benke
- School of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - R Schattner
- School of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - H-P Hutter
- Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - D Krewski
- Risk Science International, Ottawa, Canada; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Mohipp
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - P Ritvo
- York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Spinelli
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - B Lacour
- French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumors, CHRU, Nancy, France; Inserm UMR 1153, Center of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris University, Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Paris, France
| | - T Remen
- Inserm UMR 1153, Center of Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris University, Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers Team (EPICEA), Paris, France
| | - K Radon
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - T Weinmann
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - E Th Petridou
- Hellenic Society for Social Pediatrics & Health Promotion, Greece; Dept of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - M Moschovi
- Hellenic Society for Social Pediatrics & Health Promotion, Greece
| | - A Pourtsidis
- Hellenic Society for Social Pediatrics & Health Promotion, Greece
| | - K Oikonomou
- Hellenic Society for Social Pediatrics & Health Promotion, Greece
| | - P Kanavidis
- Hellenic Society for Social Pediatrics & Health Promotion, Greece
| | - E Bouka
- Hellenic Society for Social Pediatrics & Health Promotion, Greece
| | - R Dikshit
- Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - R Nagrani
- Centre for Cancer Epidemiology, Tata Memorial Centre, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India; Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Achterstrasse 30, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - A Chetrit
- Cancer & Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology & Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - R Bruchim
- Cancer & Radiation Epidemiology Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology & Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - M Maule
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - E Migliore
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - G Filippini
- Scientific Director's Office, Carlo Besta Foundation and Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - L Miligi
- Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology Branch, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - S Mattioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Italy
| | - N Kojimahara
- Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - N Yamaguchi
- Department of Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Saiseikai Research Institute of Care and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Ha
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - K Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - H Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - G Goedhart
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A 't Mannetje
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - A Eng
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - C E Langer
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Alguacil
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales, Salud y Medio Ambiente (RENSMA), Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - N Aragonés
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain; Epidemiology Section, Public Health Division, Department of Health of Madrid, 28035 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Morales-Suárez-Varela
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain; Unit of Public Health and Environmental Care, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - F Badia
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain; Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Albert
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Carretero
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain; Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - E Cardis
- Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain.
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