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Yokoyama T, Hirakawa M, Mochizuki K, Suzuki T, Nakajima K, Saino T. Distribution of P2X3 purinoceptor-immunoreactive sensory nerve endings in the carotid body of Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata). Anat Sci Int 2024; 99:68-74. [PMID: 37410337 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-023-00735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
In the carotid body of laboratory rodents, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-mediated transmission is regarded as critical for transmission from chemoreceptor type I cells to P2X3 purinoceptor-expressing sensory nerve endings. The present study investigated the distribution of P2X3-immunoreactive sensory nerve endings in the carotid body of the adult male Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) using multilabeling immunofluorescence. Immunoreactivity for P2X3 was detected in nerve endings associated with chemoreceptor type I cells immunoreactive for synaptophysin. Spherical or flattened terminal parts of P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings were in close apposition to the perinuclear cytoplasm of synaptophysin-immunoreactive type I cells. Immunoreactivity for ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (NTPDase2), which hydrolyzes extracellular ATP, was localized in the cell body and cytoplasmic processes of S100B-immunoreactive cells. NTPDase2-immunoreactive cells surrounded P2X3-immunoreactive terminal parts and synaptophysin-immunoreactive type I cells, but did not intrude into attachment surfaces between terminal parts and type I cells. These results suggest ATP-mediated transmission between type I cells and sensory nerve endings in the carotid body of the Japanese monkey, as well as those of rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 18-8 Ueda 3-Chome, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Masato Hirakawa
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Kei Mochizuki
- Department of Physiology (Integrative Physiology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Physiology (Integrative Physiology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Katsumi Nakajima
- Department of Physiology (Integrative Physiology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Saino
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
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Martínez-Barbero G, García-Mesa Y, Cobo R, Cuendias P, Martín-Biedma B, García-Suárez O, Feito J, Cobo T, Vega JA. Acid-Sensing Ion Channels' Immunoreactivity in Nerve Profiles and Glomus Cells of the Human Carotid Body. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17161. [PMID: 38138991 PMCID: PMC10743051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The carotid body is a major peripheral chemoreceptor that senses changes in arterial blood oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH, which is important for the regulation of breathing and cardiovascular function. The mechanisms by which the carotid body senses O2 and CO2 are well known; conversely, the mechanisms by which it senses pH variations are almost unknown. Here, we used immunohistochemistry to investigate how the human carotid body contributes to the detection of acidosis, analyzing whether it expresses acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) and determining whether these channels are in the chemosensory glomic cells or in the afferent nerves. In ASIC1, ASIC2, and ASIC3, and to a much lesser extent ASIC4, immunoreactivity was detected in subpopulations of type I glomus cells, as well as in the nerves of the carotid body. In addition, immunoreactivity was found for all ASIC subunits in the neurons of the petrosal and superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, where afferent and efferent neurons are located, respectively, innervating the carotid body. This study reports for the first time the occurrence of ASIC proteins in the human carotid body, demonstrating that they are present in glomus chemosensory cells (ASIC1 < ASIC2 > ASIC3 > ASIC4) and nerves, presumably in both the afferent and efferent neurons supplying the organ. These results suggest that the detection of acidosis by the carotid body can be mediated via the ASIC ion channels present in the type I glomus cells or directly via sensory nerve fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Martínez-Barbero
- Grupo SINPOS, Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (G.M.-B.); (Y.G.-M.); (R.C.); (P.C.); (O.G.-S.)
| | - Yolanda García-Mesa
- Grupo SINPOS, Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (G.M.-B.); (Y.G.-M.); (R.C.); (P.C.); (O.G.-S.)
| | - Ramón Cobo
- Grupo SINPOS, Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (G.M.-B.); (Y.G.-M.); (R.C.); (P.C.); (O.G.-S.)
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain
| | - Patricia Cuendias
- Grupo SINPOS, Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (G.M.-B.); (Y.G.-M.); (R.C.); (P.C.); (O.G.-S.)
| | - Benjamín Martín-Biedma
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Olivia García-Suárez
- Grupo SINPOS, Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (G.M.-B.); (Y.G.-M.); (R.C.); (P.C.); (O.G.-S.)
| | - Jorge Feito
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Complejo Asistencial Universitario, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Teresa Cobo
- Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Instituto Asturiano de Odontología, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - José A. Vega
- Grupo SINPOS, Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (G.M.-B.); (Y.G.-M.); (R.C.); (P.C.); (O.G.-S.)
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Providencia 7500912, Región Metropolitana, Chile
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Sweetland GD, Eggleston C, Bartz JC, Mathiason CK, Kincaid AE. Expression of the cellular prion protein by mast cells in the human carotid body. Prion 2023; 17:67-74. [PMID: 36943020 PMCID: PMC10038025 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2023.2193128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurologic disorders that can be transmitted by blood transfusion. The route for neuroinvasion following exposure to infected blood is not known. Carotid bodies (CBs) are specialized chemosensitive structures that detect the concentration of blood gasses and provide feedback for the neural control of respiration. Sensory cells of the CB are highly perfused and densely innervated by nerves that are synaptically connected to the brainstem and thoracic spinal cord, known to be areas of early prion deposition following oral infection. Given their direct exposure to blood and neural connections to central nervous system (CNS) areas involved in prion neuroinvasion, we sought to determine if there were cells in the human CB that express the cellular prion protein (PrPC), a characteristic that would support CBs serving as a route for prion neuroinvasion. We collected CBs from cadaver donor bodies and determined that mast cells located in the carotid bodies express PrPC and that these cells are in close proximity to blood vessels, nerves, and nerve terminals that are synaptically connected to the brainstem and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D. Sweetland
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Connor Eggleston
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jason C. Bartz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Candace K. Mathiason
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Anthony E. Kincaid
- Department of Pharmacy Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
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Lazarov NE, Atanasova DY. Neurochemical Anatomy of the Mammalian Carotid Body. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 2023; 237:63-103. [PMID: 37946078 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44757-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Carotid body (CB) glomus cells in most mammals, including humans, contain a broad diversity of classical neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and gaseous signaling molecules as well as their cognate receptors. Among them, acetylcholine, adenosine triphosphate and dopamine have been proposed to be the main excitatory transmitters in the mammalian CB, although subsequently dopamine has been considered an inhibitory neuromodulator in almost all mammalian species except the rabbit. In addition, co-existence of biogenic amines and neuropeptides has been reported in the glomus cells, thus suggesting that they store and release more than one transmitter in response to natural stimuli. Furthermore, certain metabolic and transmitter-degrading enzymes are involved in the chemotransduction and chemotransmission in various mammals. However, the presence of the corresponding biosynthetic enzyme for some transmitter candidates has not been confirmed, and neuroactive substances like serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid and adenosine, neuropeptides including opioids, substance P and endothelin, and gaseous molecules such as nitric oxide have been shown to modulate the chemosensory process through direct actions on glomus cells and/or by producing tonic effects on CB blood vessels. It is likely that the fine balance between excitatory and inhibitory transmitters and their complex interactions might play a more important than suggested role in CB plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai E Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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