1
|
Xiao Y, Feng Y, Zhao J, Chen W, Lu W. Achieving healthy aging through gut microbiota-directed dietary intervention: Focusing on microbial biomarkers and host mechanisms. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00092-4. [PMID: 38462039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population aging has become a primary global public health issue, and the prevention of age-associated diseases and prolonging healthy life expectancies are of particular importance. Gut microbiota has emerged as a novel target in various host physiological disorders including aging. Comprehensive understanding on changes of gut microbiota during aging, in particular gut microbiota characteristics of centenarians, can provide us possibility to achieving healthy aging or intervene pathological aging through gut microbiota-directed strategies. AIM OF REVIEW This review aims to summarize the characteristics of the gut microbiota associated with aging, explore potential biomarkers of aging and address microbiota-associated mechanisms of host aging focusing on intestinal barrier and immune status. By summarizing the existing effective dietary strategies in aging interventions, the probability of developing a diet targeting the gut microbiota in future is provided. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This review is focused on three key notions: Firstly, gut microbiota has become a new target for regulating health status and lifespan, and its changes are closely related to age. Thus, we summarized aging-associated gut microbiota features at the levels of key genus/species and important metabolites through comparing the microbiota differences among centenarians, elderly people and younger people. Secondly, exploring microbiota biomarkers related to aging and discussing future possibility using dietary regime/components targeted to aging-related microbiota biomarkers promote human healthy lifespan. Thirdly, dietary intervention can effectively improve the imbalance of gut microbiota related to aging, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics, but their effects vary among.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| | - Yingxuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China
| | - Wenwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Seo B, Jeon K, Kim WK, Jang YJ, Cha KH, Ko G. Strain-Specific Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Strain KBL1027 in Koreans. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10213-7. [PMID: 38411865 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is one of the most dominant commensal bacteria in the human gut, and certain anti-inflammatory functions have been attributed to a single microbial anti-inflammatory molecule (MAM). Simultaneously, substantial diversity among F. prausnitzii strains is acknowledged, emphasizing the need for strain-level functional studies aimed at developing innovative probiotics. Here, two distinct F. prausnitzii strains, KBL1026 and KBL1027, were isolated from Korean donors, exhibiting notable differences in the relative abundance of F. prausnitzii. Both strains were identified as the core Faecalibacterium amplicon sequence variant (ASV) within the healthy Korean cohort, and their MAM sequences showed a high similarity of 98.6%. However, when a single strain was introduced to mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, KBL1027 showed the most significant ameliorative effects, including alleviation of colonic inflammation and restoration of gut microbial dysbiosis. Moreover, the supernatant from KBL1027 elevated the secretion of IL-10 cytokine more than that of KBL1026 in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) cells, suggesting that the strain-specific, anti-inflammatory efficacy of KBL1027 might involve effector compounds other than MAM. Through analysis of the Faecalibacterium pan-genome and comparative genomics, strain-specific functions related to extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis were identified in KBL1027, which could contribute to the observed morphological disparities. Collectively, our findings highlight the strain-specific, anti-inflammatory functions of F. prausnitzii, even within the same core ASV, emphasizing the influence of their human origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boram Seo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungchan Jeon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon-Ki Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jin Jang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Cha
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- N-Bio, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Human and Environmental Microbiome, Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- KoBioLabs Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Al Hakeem WG, Cason EE, Adams D, Fathima S, Shanmugasundaram R, Lourenco J, Selvaraj RK. Characterizing the Effect of Campylobacter jejuni Challenge on Growth Performance, Cecal Microbiota, and Cecal Short-Chain Fatty Acid Concentrations in Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:473. [PMID: 38338116 PMCID: PMC10854649 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to understand the effect of C. jejuni challenge on the cecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration to form a better understanding of the host-pathogen interaction. Sixty broilers were randomly allocated into two treatments: control and challenge. Each treatment was replicated in six pens with five birds per pen. On day 21, birds in the challenge group were orally gavaged with 1 × 108C. jejuni/mL, while the control group was mock challenged with PBS. The C. jejuni challenge had no effect on body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. On day 28, the C. jejuni challenge decreased the observed features and Shannon index compared to the control group. On the species level, the C. jejuni challenge decreased (p = 0.02) the relative abundance of Sellimonas intestinalis on day 28 and increased (p = 0.04) the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium sp002160895 on day 35 compared to the control group. The C. jejuni challenge did not change the microbial function and the cecal concentrations of SCFA on days 28 and 35 compared to the control group. In conclusion, C. jejuni might alter the gut microbiota's composition and diversity without significantly compromising broilers' growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walid G. Al Hakeem
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060, USA; (W.G.A.H.); (E.E.C.); (D.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Emily E. Cason
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060, USA; (W.G.A.H.); (E.E.C.); (D.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Daniel Adams
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060, USA; (W.G.A.H.); (E.E.C.); (D.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Shahna Fathima
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060, USA; (W.G.A.H.); (E.E.C.); (D.A.); (S.F.)
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA;
| | - Jeferson Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 3060, USA; (W.G.A.H.); (E.E.C.); (D.A.); (S.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang R, Ren Y, Javad HU, Zhou Z, Jiang W, Shu X. Dietary Dihydromyricetin Zinc Chelate Supplementation Improves the Intestinal Health of Magang Geese. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04065-z. [PMID: 38263355 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
To fulfill the nutritional requirements of poultry, effective Zn supplementation is required due to Zn deficiency in basic feed. In this study, we investigated the effects of DMY-Zn (dihydromyricetin zinc chelate) on the growth performance, morphology, and biochemical indices; the expression of intestinal barrier-related genes; the intestinal microflora; and the cecum metabolome of Magang geese. A total of 300 14-day-old Magang geese (equal number of males and females) with an average body weight of 0.82 ± 0.08 kg were randomly divided into five groups and fed a basal diet; these groups were given DMY-Zn (low, medium, or high level of DMY-Zn with 30, 55, or 80 mg/kg Zn added to the basal diet) or ZnSO4 (80 mg/kg Zn added) for 4 weeks. Our results revealed that DMY-Zn significantly impacts growth and biochemical indices and plays a significant role in regulating the intestinal barrier and microflora. DMY-Zn is involved in the upregulation of intestinal barrier gene (ZO1 and MUC2) expression, as well as upregulated Zn-related gene expression (ZIP5). On the other hand, a low concentration of DMY-Zn increased the ɑ diversity index and the abundance of Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium. Additionally, a cecal metabolomics study showed that the main metabolic pathways affected by DMY-Zn were the pentose phosphate pathway, the biosynthesis of different alkaloids, and the metabolism of sphingolipids. In conclusion, DMY-Zn can reduce feed intake, increase the expression of intestinal barrier-related genes, help maintain the intestinal microflora balance, and increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the intestine to improve intestinal immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renkai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hafiz Umer Javad
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agricultural Engineering, 24 East Sand Street, Guangzhou, 510225, China
- Guangxi College and University Key Laboratory of High-Value Utilization of Seafood and Prepared Food in Beibu Gulf, College of Food Engineering, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyin Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xugang Shu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai University of Agricultural Engineering, 24 East Sand Street, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Verstraeten S, Layec S, Auger S, Juste C, Henry C, Charif S, Jaszczyszyn Y, Sokol H, Beney L, Langella P, Thomas M, Huillet E. Faecalibacterium duncaniae A2-165 regulates the expression of butyrate synthesis, ferrous iron uptake, and stress-response genes based on acetate consumption. Sci Rep 2024; 14:987. [PMID: 38200051 PMCID: PMC10781979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The promising next-generation probiotic Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is one of the most abundant acetate-consuming, butyrate-producing bacteria in the healthy human gut. Yet, little is known about how acetate availability affects this bacterium's gene expression strategies. Here, we investigated the effect of acetate on temporal changes in the transcriptome of F. duncaniae A2-165 cultures using RNA sequencing. We compared gene expression patterns between two growth phases (early stationary vs. late exponential) and two acetate levels (low: 3 mM vs. high: 23 mM). Only in low-acetate conditions, a general stress response was activated. In high-acetate conditions, there was greater expression of genes related to butyrate synthesis and to the importation of B vitamins and iron. Specifically, expression was strongly activated in the case of the feoAABC operon, which encodes a FeoB ferrous iron transporter, but not in the case of the feoAB gene, which encodes a second putative FeoAB transporter. Moreover, excess ferrous iron repressed feoB expression but not feoAB. Lastly, FeoB but not FeoAB peptides from strain A2-165 were found in abundance in a healthy human fecal metaproteome. In conclusion, we characterized two early-stationary transcriptomes based on acetate consumption and this work highlights the regulation of feoB expression in F. duncaniae A2-165.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Verstraeten
- Micalis Institute, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Séverine Layec
- Micalis Institute, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sandrine Auger
- Micalis Institute, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medecine (PaCeMM) FHU, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Juste
- Micalis Institute, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Céline Henry
- Micalis Institute, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sawiya Charif
- Micalis Institute, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Yan Jaszczyszyn
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Micalis Institute, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medecine (PaCeMM) FHU, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Beney
- UMR PAM, INRAe, Université Bourgogne Franche-Conté, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- Micalis Institute, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medecine (PaCeMM) FHU, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Thomas
- Micalis Institute, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medecine (PaCeMM) FHU, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Eugénie Huillet
- Micalis Institute, INRAe, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
- Paris Center for Microbiome Medecine (PaCeMM) FHU, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ragavan ML, Hemalatha S. The functional roles of short chain fatty acids as postbiotics in human gut: future perspectives. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:275-285. [PMID: 38222911 PMCID: PMC10786766 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The significance of gut microbiome and their metabolites (postbiotics) on human health could be a promising approach to treat various diseases that includes inflammatory bowel diseases, colon cancer, and many neurological disorders. Probiotics with potential mental health benefits (psychobiotics) can alter the gut-brain axis via immunological, humoral, neuronal, and metabolic pathways. Recently, probiotic bacteria like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have been demonstrated for SCFAs production, which play a crucial role in a variety of diseases. These acids could enhance the production of mucins, antimicrobial proteins (bacteriocins and peptides), cytokines (Interleukin 10 and 18) and neurotransmitters (serotonin) in the intestine to main the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier system and other immune functions. In this review, we discuss about two mechanisms such as (i) SCFAs mediated intestinal barrier system, and (ii) SCFAs mediated gut-brain axis to elucidate the therapeutic options for the treatment/prevention of various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Hemalatha
- School of Life Sciences, BSACIST, Vandalur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Essex M, Rios Rodriguez V, Rademacher J, Proft F, Löber U, Markó L, Pleyer U, Strowig T, Marchand J, Kirwan JA, Siegmund B, Forslund SK, Poddubnyy D. Shared and Distinct Gut Microbiota in Spondyloarthritis, Acute Anterior Uveitis, and Crohn's Disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024; 76:48-58. [PMID: 37471465 DOI: 10.1002/art.42658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a group of immune-mediated diseases highly concomitant with nonmusculoskeletal inflammatory disorders, such as acute anterior uveitis (AAU) and Crohn's disease (CD). The gut microbiome represents a promising avenue to elucidate shared and distinct underlying pathophysiology. METHODS We performed 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing on stool samples of 277 patients (72 CD, 103 AAU, and 102 SpA) included in the German Spondyloarthritis Inception Cohort and 62 back pain controls without any inflammatory disorder. Discriminatory statistical methods were used to disentangle microbial disease signals from one another and a wide range of potential confounders. Patients were naive to or had not received treatment with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) for >3 months before enrollment, providing a better approximation of a true baseline disease signal. RESULTS We identified a shared, immune-mediated disease signal represented by low abundances of Lachnospiraceae taxa relative to controls, most notably Fusicatenibacter, which was most abundant in controls receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug monotherapy and implied to partially mediate higher serum C-reactive protein. Patients with SpA showed an enrichment of Collinsella, whereas human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27+ individuals displayed enriched Faecalibacterium. CD patients had higher abundances of a Ruminococcus taxon, and previous conventional/synthetic DMARD therapy was associated with increased Akkermansia. CONCLUSION Our work supports the existence of a common gut dysbiosis in SpA and related inflammatory pathologies. We reveal shared and disease-specific microbial associations and suggest potential mediators of disease activity. Validation studies are needed to clarify the role of Fusicatenibacter in gut-joint inflammation, and metagenomic resolution is needed to understand the relationship between Faecalibacterium commensals and HLA-B27.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Essex
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC; a cooperation of the Max Delbrück Center and Charité-Universitätsmedizin), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin (a corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), Berlin, Germany
| | - Valeria Rios Rodriguez
- Medical Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Rademacher
- Medical Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Proft
- Medical Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Löber
- ECRC, MDC, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lajos Markó
- ECRC, MDC, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Pleyer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Campus Virchow, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany, and Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School and Center for Individualized Infection Medicine (CiiM; a joint venture between the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jérémy Marchand
- MDC and BIH Metabolomics Platform at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer A Kirwan
- MDC and BIH Metabolomics Platform at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany, and University of Nottingham School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Loughborough, UK
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Medical Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sofia K Forslund
- ECRC, MDC, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and DZHK, Berlin, and Structural and Computational Biology Unit, EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Denis Poddubnyy
- Department of Gastroentergology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and German Rheumatism Research Center (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bircher L, Sourabié AM, Paurevic M, Hochuli J, Geirnaert A, Navas C, Drogue B, Lacroix C. Faecalibacterium duncaniae A2-165 growth is strongly promoted by yeast extract and vitamin B5 in cGMP medium. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14374. [PMID: 38019136 PMCID: PMC10832529 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Several gut microbial species within the Faecalibacterium genus have emerged as promising next-generation probiotics (NGP) due to their multifunctional protective effects against gastrointestinal and systemic disorders. To enable clinical studies and further applications, improved methods for cultivating Faecalibacterium must be developed in compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practice regulations, which is complicated by its oxygen sensitivity and complex nutritional requirements. Different yeast-based nutrients (YBNs), including yeast extracts (YEs) and yeast peptones (YPs), are ubiquitously used when cultivating microbes to supply a broad range of macro- and micronutrients. In this study, we evaluated six experimental YBNs, namely three YEs, two YPs and a yeast cell wall product (YCW), and eight B-vitamins in the cultivation of Faecalibacterium duncaniae A2-165, former Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, using growth assays in microtitre plates, dose-effect studies in Hungate tube fermentations and fully controlled bioreactor experiments. We demonstrated that YEs promote F. duncaniae A2-165 growth in a nutritionally limited medium, while YPs and YCW lacked essential growth factors for enabling cell propagation. High cell density was obtained in controlled bioreactors using a medium containing 2-4% of a selected YE and 1% casein peptone (3.4 ± 1.7 × 109 -5.1 ± 1.3 × 109 cells mL-1 ). Among all tested B-vitamins, we identified B5 as a strong growth promoter. Replacing casein peptone with YP and supplementing with vitamin B5 further increased biomass by approximately 50% (6.8 ± 1.7 × 109 cells mL-1 ). Hence, empirical selection of YE, YP and B5 allowed formulation of a high-yielding animal allergen-free nutritive medium to produce F. duncaniae A2-165. Selecting nutritionally suitable YBNs and combining these with other key nutrients are important steps for optimizing production of NGP with high yields and lower cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Bircher
- Department Health Science and Technology, Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and HealthETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Alain M. Sourabié
- Science Technology and Innovation DepartmentProcelys by LeSaffreMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Marijana Paurevic
- Department Health Science and Technology, Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and HealthETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Janina Hochuli
- Department Health Science and Technology, Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and HealthETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Annelies Geirnaert
- Department Health Science and Technology, Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and HealthETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Chloé Navas
- Science Technology and Innovation DepartmentProcelys by LeSaffreMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Benoît Drogue
- Science Technology and Innovation DepartmentProcelys by LeSaffreMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | - Christophe Lacroix
- Department Health Science and Technology, Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and HealthETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Angelova IY, Kovtun AS, Averina OV, Koshenko TA, Danilenko VN. Unveiling the Connection between Microbiota and Depressive Disorder through Machine Learning. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16459. [PMID: 38003647 PMCID: PMC10671666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, investigation of the gut-brain axis and the connection between the gut microbiota and the human nervous system and mental health has become one of the most popular topics. Correlations between the taxonomic and functional changes in gut microbiota and major depressive disorder have been shown in several studies. Machine learning provides a promising approach to analyze large-scale metagenomic data and identify biomarkers associated with depression. In this work, machine learning algorithms, such as random forest, elastic net, and You Only Look Once (YOLO), were utilized to detect significant features in microbiome samples and classify individuals based on their disorder status. The analysis was conducted on metagenomic data obtained during the study of gut microbiota of healthy people and patients with major depressive disorder. The YOLO method showed the greatest effectiveness in the analysis of the metagenomic samples and confirmed the experimental results on the critical importance of a reduction in the amount of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii for the manifestation of depression. These findings could contribute to a better understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in major depressive disorder and potentially lead the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Y. Angelova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 119333 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.K.); (O.V.A.); (V.N.D.)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Botin T, Ramirez-Chamorro L, Vidic J, Langella P, Martin-Verstraete I, Chatel JM, Auger S. The Tolerance of Gut Commensal Faecalibacterium to Oxidative Stress Is Strain Dependent and Relies on Detoxifying Enzymes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0060623. [PMID: 37382539 PMCID: PMC10370306 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00606-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Obligate anaerobic bacteria in genus Faecalibacterium are among the most dominant taxa in the colon of healthy individuals and contribute to intestinal homeostasis. A decline in the abundance of this genus is associated with the occurrence of various gastrointestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases. In the colon, these diseases are accompanied by an imbalance between the generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and oxidative stress is closely linked to disruptions in anaerobiosis. In this work, we explored the impact of oxidative stress on several strains of faecalibacteria. An in silico analysis of complete genomes of faecalibacteria revealed the presence of genes encoding O2- and/or ROS-detoxifying enzymes, including flavodiiron proteins, rubrerythrins, reverse rubrerythrins, superoxide reductases, and alkyl peroxidase. However, the presence and the number of these detoxification systems varied greatly among faecalibacteria. These results were confirmed by O2 stress survival tests, in which we found that strains differed widely in their sensitivity. We showed the protective role of cysteine, which limited the production of extracellular O2•- and improved the survival of Faecalibacterium longum L2-6 under high O2 tension. In the strain F. longum L2-6, we observed that the expression of genes encoding detoxifying enzymes was upregulated in the response to O2 or H2O2 stress but with different patterns of regulation. Based on these results, we propose a first model of the gene regulatory network involved in the response to oxidative stress in F. longum L2-6. IMPORTANCE Commensal bacteria in the genus Faecalibacterium have been proposed for use as next-generation probiotics, but efforts to cultivate and exploit the potential of these strains have been limited by their sensitivity to O2. More broadly, little is known about how commensal and health-associated bacterial species in the human microbiome respond to the oxidative stress that occurs as a result of inflammation in the colon. In this work, we provide insights regarding the genes that encode potential mechanisms of protection against O2 or ROS stress in faecalibacteria, which may facilitate future advances in work with these important bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Botin
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1319, MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Luis Ramirez-Chamorro
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1319, MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jasmina Vidic
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1319, MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1319, MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Isabelle Martin-Verstraete
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 6047, Laboratoire Pathogénèse des Bactéries Anaérobies, Paris, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Chatel
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1319, MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sandrine Auger
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR1319, MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Martín R, Rios-Covian D, Huillet E, Auger S, Khazaal S, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Sokol H, Chatel JM, Langella P. Faecalibacterium: a bacterial genus with promising human health applications. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad039. [PMID: 37451743 PMCID: PMC10410495 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, many diseases are associated with alterations in gut microbiota, namely increases or decreases in the abundance of specific bacterial groups. One example is the genus Faecalibacterium. Numerous studies have underscored that low levels of Faecalibacterium are correlated with inflammatory conditions, with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the forefront. Its representation is also diminished in the case of several diseases, including colorectal cancer (CRC), dermatitis, and depression. Additionally, the relative presence of this genus is considered to reflect, at least in part, intestinal health status because Faecalibacterium is frequently present at reduced levels in individuals with gastrointestinal diseases or disorders. In this review, we first thoroughly describe updates to the taxonomy of Faecalibacterium, which has transformed a single-species taxon to a multispecies taxon over the last decade. We then explore the links discovered between Faecalibacterium abundance and various diseases since the first IBD-focused studies were published. Next, we examine current available strategies for modulating Faecalibacterium levels in the gut. Finally, we summarize the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects that have been attributed to this genus. Together, epidemiological and experimental data strongly support the use of Faecalibacterium as a next-generation probiotic (NGP) or live biotherapeutic product (LBP).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Martín
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - David Rios-Covian
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eugénie Huillet
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sandrine Auger
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sarah Khazaal
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Luis G Bermúdez-Humarán
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, F-75012 Paris, France
- Paris Centre for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Chatel
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shin JH, Lee Y, Song EJ, Lee D, Jang SY, Byeon HR, Hong MG, Lee SN, Kim HJ, Seo JG, Jun DW, Nam YD. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii prevents hepatic damage in a mouse model of NASH induced by a high-fructose high-fat diet. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1123547. [PMID: 37007480 PMCID: PMC10060964 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1123547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionNonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an advanced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis. A dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been associated with the pathophysiology of NASH, and probiotics have proven helpful in its treatment and prevention. Although both traditional and next-generation probiotics have the potential to alleviate various diseases, studies that observe the therapeutic effect of next-generation probiotics on NASH are lacking. Therefore, we investigated whether a next-generation probiotic candidate, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, contributed to the mitigation of NASH.MethodsIn this study, we conducted 16S rRNA sequencing analyses in patients with NASH and healthy controls. To test F. prausnitzii could alleviate NASH symptoms, we isolated four F. prausnitzii strains (EB-FPDK3, EB-FPDK9, EB-FPDK11, and EB-FPYYK1) from fecal samples collected from four healthy individuals. Mice were maintained on a high-fructose high-fat diet for 16 weeks to induce a NASH model and received oral administration of the bacterial strains. Changes in characteristic NASH phenotypes were assessed via oral glucose tolerance tests, biochemical assays, and histological analyses.Results16S rRNA sequencing analyses confirmed that the relative abundance of F. prausnitzii reduced significantly in patients with NASH compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). In the NASH mice, F. prausnitzii supplementation improved glucose homeostasis, prevented hepatic lipid accumulation, curbed liver damage and fibrosis, restored damaged gut barrier functions, and alleviated hepatic steatosis and liver inflammation. Furthermore, real-time PCR assays documented that the four F. prausnitzii strains regulated the expression of genes related to hepatic steatosis in these mice.DiscussionOur study, therefore, confirms that the administration of F. prausnitzii bacteria can alleviate NASH symptoms. We propose that F. prausnitzii has the potential to contribute to the next-generation probiotic treatment of NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hee Shin
- Research Group of Personalized Diet, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonmi Lee
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Song
- Research Group of Personalized Diet, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyung Lee
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Yul Jang
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Rim Byeon
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Gi Hong
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Nam Lee
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gu Seo
- R&D Center, Enterobiome Inc., Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Jae-Gu Seo,
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Dae Won Jun,
| | - Young-Do Nam
- Research Group of Personalized Diet, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Young-Do Nam,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Auger S, Mournetas V, Chiapello H, Loux V, Langella P, Chatel JM. Gene co-expression network analysis of the human gut commensal bacterium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in R-Shiny. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271847. [PMID: 36399439 PMCID: PMC9674144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is abundant in the healthy human intestinal microbiota, and the absence or scarcity of this bacterium has been linked with inflammatory diseases and metabolic disorders. F. prausnitzii thus shows promise as a next-generation probiotic for use in restoring the balance of the gut microbial flora and, due to its strong anti-inflammatory properties, for the treatment of certain pathological conditions. However, very little information is available about gene function and regulation in this species. Here, we utilized a systems biology approach—weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA)–to analyze gene expression in three publicly available RNAseq datasets from F. prausnitzii strain A2-165, all obtained in different laboratory conditions. The co-expression network was then subdivided into 24 co-expression gene modules. A subsequent enrichment analysis revealed that these modules are associated with different kinds of biological processes, such as arginine, histidine, cobalamin, or fatty acid metabolism as well as bacteriophage function, molecular chaperones, stress response, or SOS response. Some genes appeared to be associated with mechanisms of protection against oxidative stress and could be essential for F. prausnitzii’s adaptation and survival under anaerobic laboratory conditions. Hub and bottleneck genes were identified by analyses of intramodular connectivity and betweenness, respectively; this highlighted the high connectivity of genes located on mobile genetic elements, which could promote the genetic evolution of F. prausnitzii within its ecological niche. This study provides the first exploration of the complex regulatory networks in F. prausnitzii, and all of the “omics” data are available online for exploration through a graphical interface at https://shiny.migale.inrae.fr/app/faeprau.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Auger
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- * E-mail: (SA); (VM)
| | - Virginie Mournetas
- ADLIN Science, Pépinière « Genopole Entreprises », Evry, France
- * E-mail: (SA); (VM)
| | | | - Valentin Loux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, MaIAGE, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, BioinfOmics, MIGALE Bioinformatics Facility, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Marc Chatel
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hu W, Gao W, Liu Z, Fang Z, Wang H, Zhao J, Zhang H, Lu W, Chen W. Specific Strains of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Ameliorate Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice in Association with Gut Microbiota Regulation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142945. [PMID: 35889903 PMCID: PMC9325077 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence linking Faecalibacterium prausnitzii abundance to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is accumulating; however, the causal relationship remains obscure. In this study, 12 F. prausnitzii strains were orally administered to high fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice for 12 weeks to evaluate the protective effects of F. prausnitzii on NAFLD. We found that five F. prausnitzii strains, A2-165, LB8, ZF21, PL45, and LC49, significantly restored serum lipid profiles and ameliorated glucose intolerance, adipose tissue dysfunction, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in a mouse model of NAFLD. Moreover, two strains, LC49 and LB8, significantly enhanced short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and modulated the gut microbiota. Based on the combined analysis of linear discriminant analysis effect size and microbial communities, the core microbiome related to NAFLD comprised Odoribacter, Roseburia, Erysipelatoclostridium, Tyzzerella, Faecalibaculum, Blautia, and Acetatifactor, and the last five genera can be reversed by treatment with the LC49 and LB8 strains. Additionally, the LC49 and LB8 strains enriched Lactobacillus, Ileibacterium, Faecalibacterium, Dubosiella, and Bifidobacterium and downregulated pathways involving carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis. Interestingly, LC49 supplementation also upregulated tryptophan metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation, which might be related to NAFLD prevention. Collectively, F. prausnitzii LC49 and LB8 exerted considerable anti-NAFLD and microbiota-regulating effects, indicating their potential as probiotic agents for NAFLD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (W.G.); (Z.L.); (Z.F.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (W.G.); (Z.L.); (Z.F.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zongmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (W.G.); (Z.L.); (Z.F.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhifeng Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (W.G.); (Z.L.); (Z.F.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hongchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (W.G.); (Z.L.); (Z.F.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (W.G.); (Z.L.); (Z.F.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (W.G.); (Z.L.); (Z.F.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- (Yangzhou) Institute of Food Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Yangzhou 225004, China
- Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (W.G.); (Z.L.); (Z.F.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-510-8519-7302
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (W.H.); (W.G.); (Z.L.); (Z.F.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (H.Z.); (W.C.)
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|