Leptin Signaling in Obesity and Colorectal Cancer

Identify key genes and biological processes participated in obesity-related cancer based on studying 12 cancers

Obesity significantly increases the risk of various diseases, particularly cancers, which present a serious threat to public health. Therefore, identifying cancers related to obesity and exploring their pathological pathways and key genes are highly significant for the prevention and treatment of these cancers. In this study, we propose the obesity and cancer edge connectivity based on expanded modular disease genes and expanded modular networks (OCEC_eDMN) algorithm, which based on the disease-related genes, Biological Process (BP) genes, and Protein-Potein Interaction (PPI) network. The algorithm utilizes Random Walk with Restart (RWR) to expand BP genes and disease genes to generate the expanded modular networks (eMNs) and disease genes (eMDs). Finally, this algorithm calculates the average interaction number between eMDs on eMNs. We utilize OCEC_eDMN to predict the ranking of 12 cancers related to obesity/morbid obesity and obtain an AUC of 0.93/0.84. Additionally, OCEC_eDMN reveals the significant BPs associated with obesity-cancer connections. For instance, "gluconeogenesis" plays a critical role in the connections between obesity and cancers. Through key driver analysis (KDA) on eMDs, we identify the key connectors in obesity-cancer connections. Genes such as GRB2 are instrumental in linking morbid obesity to colorectal cancer in the eMNs of "response to molecule of bacterial origin". The significant eMNs and key genes provide valuable references for the prevention and treatment of obesity-related cancers and carry important theoretical implications.

Biomarkers of inflammation and colorectal cancer risk

Globally, colorectal malignancy ranks among the most prevalent forms of cancer and stands as the third principal cause of cancer-associated mortality. Recent studies indicate that inflammatory processes play a significant role in the initiation and advancement of various malignancies, colorectal cancer included. It explores inflammatory biomarkers, with C-reactive protein (CRP) being a key focus. While CRP's elevation during inflammation is linked to tumorigenesis, studies on its association with CRC risk are inconsistent, showing gender and methodological differences. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), TNF - α, and their receptors also play roles in CRC development, yet research findings vary. Adiponectin and leptin, secreted by adipocytes, have complex associations with CRC, with gender disparities noted. In terms of screening, non-invasive methods like fecal occult blood tests (FOBTs) are widely used, and combining biomarkers with iFOBT shows potential. Multi-omics techniques, including genomics and microbiomics, offer new avenues for CRC diagnosis. Overall, while evidence highlights the significance of inflammatory biomarkers in CRC risk prediction, larger prospective studies are urgently needed to clarify their roles due to existing inconsistencies and methodological limitations.

FTO rs17817449 Variant Increases the Risk of Severe Obesity in a Brazilian Cohort: A Case-Control Study

Purpose

Obesity is a complex disease caused by a combination of genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors, and is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases. The leptin-melanocortin pathway integrates peripheral signals about the body's energy stores with a central neuronal circuit in the hypothalamus. This pathway has been extensively studied over the years, as genetic variations in genes related to it may play a crucial role in determining an individual's susceptibility to obesity. Therefore, we analyzed the association between obesity and specific polymorphisms in leptin-melanocortin-related genes such as LEPR rs1137101, POMC rs1042571, LEP rs7799039, BDNF rs6265, FTO rs17817449, CART rs121909065, and NPY rs16147/rs5574.

Patients and Methods

The study enrolled 501 participants from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with obesity class II or greater (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) and normal weight controls (18.5≤ BMI ≤24.9 kg/m2). We collected demographic, body composition, biochemical, and genotyping data by real-time PCR, and performed logistic and linear regression analyses to investigate the association of polymorphisms with severe obesity status and obesity-related quantitative parameters.

Results

Individuals with severe obesity had significantly higher anthropometric measures, blood pressure, and biochemical levels. The FTO rs17817449 TT genotype was associated with a significantly higher risk of developing severe obesity, and distinct cytokine expression was observed across the FTO rs17817449 genotypes. The BDNF rs6265 dominant-model and NPY rs16147 CC genotypes were associated with triglyceride levels and childhood obesity, respectively. Finally, individuals with obesity were more likely to carry a greater number of risk alleles than those without obesity.

Conclusion

Our study observed an important association between FTO rs17817449 polymorphism with obesity and obesity-related traits. Additionally, BDNF rs6265 dominant-model was associated with triglyceride serum levels, and NPY rs16147 may have a role in obesity onset.

Leptin increases chemosensitivity by inhibiting CPT1B in colorectal cancer cells

Background

Chemoresistance is a major cause of treatment failure in advanced colorectal cancer (CRC), severely impacting patient survival and quality of life. While conventional chemotherapy regimens can somewhat control tumor progression, their effectiveness is frequently compromised by the development of drug resistance in cancer cells. The aim of this study is to verify and elucidate the specific mechanisms by which leptin enhances chemosensitivity in CRC, providing valuable insights for the development of new combination chemotherapy options.

Methods

We examined the link between CRC chemoresistance and fatty-acid metabolism driven by the high expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1b (CPT1B) through an integrated approach combining bioinformatics and clinical sample analysis. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of leptin, an adipocyte-derived cytokine, on CRC cells' response to cisplatin.

Results

Leptin significantly enhanced CRC cells' chemosensitivity to cisplatin by downregulating CPT1B expression, thereby disrupting the fatty-acid oxidation pathways that support drug resistance. In mouse models, the coadministration of leptin and cisplatin resulted in notable reductions in tumor size and weight compared to cisplatin alone, underscoring leptin's potential to enhance chemotherapy efficacy.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that leptin, through modulation of CPT1B, may serve as a promising adjunct to chemotherapy for CRC, addressing the challenge of chemoresistance and improving therapeutic outcomes. The leptin-CPT1B axis may be potential therapeutic target, providing new avenues for CRC treatment strategies aimed at overcoming drug resistance.

Evaluation of Selected Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Adipokines in Colostrum from Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Adipokines related to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are an emerging area of interest. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between GDM and adipokine levels in human milk. This was an observational cohort study targeting mothers with gestational diabetes, which evaluated the association of maternal hyperglycemia severity, classified as GDM-G1 (diet treatment) and GDM-G2 (insulin treatment), with colostral adipokines involved in pro- and anti-inflammatory processes. Colostrum was collected from hyperglycemic (N = 34) and normoglycemic (N = 26) mothers, and adipokine levels were determined by immunoenzymatic assay. Among anti-inflammatory adipokines, only for irisin and vaspin, but not for obestatin and adropin, were significantly different levels noted between the GDM-G1, GDM-G2 and non-GDM cohorts. Colostrum of the GDM-G2 subgroup contained more vaspin (4.77 ng/mL) than that of normoglycemic mothers (3.12 ng/mL) and more irisin (26.95 μg/mL) than in the GDM-G1 subgroup (17.59 μg/mL). The levels of pro-inflammatory adipokines, namely, dermcidin, chemerin and visfatin, were at similar levels irrespective of maternal glycemia. Moreover, irisin showed a negative correlation with dermcidin in GDM-G2 and non-GDM cohorts. Associations were observed between colostral irisin and maternal preconception BMI, dermcidin and gestational age, and vaspin and maternal age. This study provides evidence that the way of restoring glucose homeostasis in pregnant women has an impact on the anti-inflammatory adipokines irisin and vaspin, but not on obestatin and adropin. GDM, regardless of severity, did not influence the colostral pro-inflammatory adipokines visfatin, chemerin and dermcidin.

LEP O-GlcNAcylation inactivates NF-κB pathway by suppressing LEP protein level and thus mediates cellular senescence and osteogenic differentiation in mouse mesenchymal stem cells

BACKGROUND

Cellular senescence is a key driver of decreased bone formation and osteoporosis. Leptin (LEP) has been implicated in cellular senescence and osteogenic differentiation. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which LEP mediates cellular senescence and osteogenic differentiation.

METHODS

C3H10T1/2 cells were treated with etoposide to induce cellular senescence, which was assessed by β-galactosidase staining. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting were used to measure the levels of senescence markers p21 and p16, as well as osteogenic differentiation-related genes ALP, COL1A1, and RUNX2. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red S staining were performed to evaluate osteogenic differentiation. The NF-κB pathway and O-GlcNAcylation were assessed by western blotting.

RESULTS

Etoposide treatment increased the number of senescent cells and the levels of p21 and p16, along with elevated LEP expression. These effects were reversed by LEP knockdown. Additionally, LEP knockdown increased ALP staining density and osteoblast mineralization nodules, as well as the mRNA and protein levels of ALP, COL1A1, and RUNX2, indicating that LEP knockdown promoted osteogenic differentiation in C3H10T1/2 cells. Mechanistically, LEP knockdown inactivated the NF-κB pathway by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of p65. Furthermore, OGT was found to promote O-GlcNAcylation of LEP at the S50 site.

CONCLUSION

Our findings demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation of LEP inactivated the NF-κB pathway by reducing LEP protein levels, thereby inhibiting cellular senescence and promoting osteogenic differentiation in C3H10T1/2 cells. This study may provide a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Association of "a body shape index" with the risk of developing colorectal cancer in U.S. patients with metabolic syndrome: evidence from the NHANES 1999-2018

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide and presents a significant challenge to public health. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a condition that is predominantly characterized by abdominal obesity and metabolic abnormalities such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia, and it is one of the critical risk factors for CRC. Traditional anthropometric measures have limitations in accurately assessing the risk associated with abdominal obesity. This study aimed to investigate the association between "A Body Shape Index" (ABSI) and the risk of developing CRC among individuals with MetS utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

METHODS

This cross-sectional study conducted a statistical analysis of all adult participants who met the diagnostic criteria for MetS in the NHANES data from 1999 to 2018. The ABSI was calculated to quantify abdominal obesity. ABSI is derived from a formula that incorporates waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), and height, and is calculated as ABSI = WC / (BMI^(2/3) × Height^(1/2)). Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to examine the independent association between ABSI and CRC incidence. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were employed to analyze the ability of ABSI compared to traditional metrics in identifying CRC risk.

RESULTS

This study involved 16,018 MetS patients with a mean age of 51.8 years, of whom 50.3% were male and 49.7% were female. Logistic regression adjusted for confounders revealed a significant association between an elevated ABSI and an increased risk of developing CRC (odds ratio (OR): 1.433, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.116 to 1.841; P = 0.005). ROC analyses confirmed that the predictive accuracy of the ABSI for the risk of developing CRC area under the curve (AUC): (0.668, 95% CI: 0.624 to 0.713) surpassed that of traditional measurement methods.

CONCLUSION

Among individuals with MetS, the ABSI is linked to an elevated risk of developing CRC. Compared with traditional anthropometric indices, the ABSI is a superior predictive marker for the risk of developing CRC.

A Review Article: The Relationship Between Obesity and Colorectal Cancer

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This article aims to review the recent literature assessing the relationship between obesity and colorectal carcinogenesis, the effect of obesity on the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), tools available to help augment the increased risk, and outcomes for patients who are affected by both obesity and colorectal cancer.

RECENT FINDINGS

The biochemical mechanisms contributing to CRC carcinogenesis are not well understood but are suspected to be related to adipose tissue leading to a pro-inflammatory state and changes in the gut microbiome. Individuals with obesity are at higher risk for CRC development, worse oncologic outcomes, and increased rates of post-operative complications. Bariatric surgery decreases CRC risk but results with GLP-1 agonists are heterogeneous. Prehabilitation is the only weight loss method that has been demonstrated to decrease risks of post-operative morbidity in this population. Obesity augments CRC risk and outcomes. There are persistent knowledge gaps in etiology and epidemiology for the increased CRC risk in obese patients and more research is required to identify the therapeutic advantage of weight loss on CRC risk.

Novel perspectives on the link between obesity and cancer risk: from mechanisms to clinical implications

Existing epidemiologic and clinical studies have demonstrated that obesity is associated with the risk of a variety of cancers. In recent years, an increasing number of experimental and clinical studies have unraveled the complex relationship between obesity and cancer risk and the underlying mechanisms. Obesity-induced abnormalities in immunity and biochemical metabolism, including chronic inflammation, hormonal disorders, dysregulation of adipokines, and microbial dysbiosis, may be important contributors to cancer development and progression. These contributors play different roles in cancer development and progression at different sites. Lifestyle changes, weight loss medications, and bariatric surgery are key approaches for weight-centered, obesity-related cancer prevention. Treatment of obesity-related inflammation and hormonal or metabolic dysregulation with medications has also shown promise in preventing obesity-related cancers. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms through which obesity affects the risk of cancer at different sites and explore intervention strategies for the prevention of obesity-associated cancers, concluding with unresolved questions and future directions regarding the link between obesity and cancer. The aim is to provide valuable theoretical foundations and insights for the in-depth exploration of the complex relationship between obesity and cancer risk and its clinical applications.

Unraveling the Role of the Human Gut Microbiome in Health and Diseases

The human gut is a complex ecosystem that supports billions of living species, including bacteria, viruses, archaea, phages, fungi, and unicellular eukaryotes. Bacteria give genes and enzymes for microbial and host-produced compounds, establishing a symbiotic link between the external environment and the host at both the gut and systemic levels. The gut microbiome, which is primarily made up of commensal bacteria, is critical for maintaining the healthy host's immune system, aiding digestion, synthesizing essential nutrients, and protecting against pathogenic bacteria, as well as influencing endocrine, neural, humoral, and immunological functions and metabolic pathways. Qualitative, quantitative, and/or topographic shifts can alter the gut microbiome, resulting in dysbiosis and microbial dysfunction, which can contribute to a variety of noncommunicable illnesses, including hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and irritable bowel syndrome. While most evidence to date is observational and does not establish direct causation, ongoing clinical trials and advanced genomic techniques are steadily enhancing our understanding of these intricate interactions. This review will explore key aspects of the relationship between gut microbiota, eubiosis, and dysbiosis in human health and disease, highlighting emerging strategies for microbiome engineering as potential therapeutic approaches for various conditions.

Leptin and leptin receptor gene polymorphisms and depression treatment response

OBJECTIVE

Associations between leptin (LEP) and leptin receptor (LEPR) gene polymorphisms and mood disorders have been found but not yet confirmed in multiple studies. The aim of our study was to study the associations between LEP and LEPR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and treatment response of depression. Associations between leptin levels and depression severity were also investigated.

METHODS

The data included 242 depressed patients in secondary psychiatric care. Symptoms of depression were assessed with the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Previously found LEP and LEPR SNPs associated with depression and other mood disorders were studied. Furthermore, all available LEP and LEPR SNPs were clumped using proxy SNPs to represent gene areas in r2 > 0.2 linkage disequilibrium and their association with treatment response was analysed with logistic regression.

RESULTS

Two proxy SNPs of LEPR gene, rs12564738 and rs12029311, were associated with MADRS response at 6 weeks (p adjusted = 0.024, p adjusted = 0.024). SNPs from previous studies were not associated with MADRS response, but LEPR rs12145690 from a previous study was strongly associated with rs12564738 (r2 = 0.94). The positive association between leptin levels and MADRS score at baseline after adjusting with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test score, and smoking was found (p = 0.011).

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that LEPR polymorphisms are associated with depression treatment response. We also found associations between leptin levels and depression independently of BMI. Further studies and meta-analyses are needed to confirm the significance of found SNPs and the role of leptin in depression.

Overweight and obesity significantly increase colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 66 studies revealing a 25-57% elevation in risk

The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been steadily rising, and obesity has been identified as a significant risk factor. Numerous studies suggest a strong correlation between excess body weight and increased risk of CRC, but comprehensive quantification through pooled analysis remains limited. This study aims to systematically review and meta-analyze the existing literature to evaluate the association between obesity and CRC risk, considering variations across sex and study designs. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Web of Science to identify randomized controlled trials and human clinical trials from 1992 to 2024. Statistical analysis was performed using the https://metaanalysisonline.com web application using a random effects model to estimate the pooled hazard rates (HR). Forest plots, funnel plots, and Z-score plots were utilized to visualize results. We identified 52 clinical trials and 14 case-control studies, encompassing a total of 83,251,050 and 236,877 subjects, respectively. The pooled analysis indicated that obesity significantly increased the prevalence of CRC (HR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.24-1.48, p < 0.01). This effect was consistent across sexes, with HRs of 1.57 (95% CI = 1.38-1.78, p = 0.01) for males and 1.25 (95% CI = 1.14-1.38, p < 0.01) for females. Case-control studies specifically showed an effect, but with marginal significance only (HR = 1.27, 95% CI = 0.98-1.65, p = 0.07). The Z-score plot indicated the need for additional analysis in the case-control group. A significant heterogeneity was observed across studies in all four settings. This meta-analysis provides robust evidence that obesity is a significant risk factor for colorectal cancer, with an overall hazard rate indicating a 36% increased risk. The effect is pronounced across both sexes, with males showing a slightly higher risk compared to females. Although case-control studies showed a weaker association, the overall trend supports the link between obesity and CRC. These results underscore the importance of public health interventions aimed at reducing obesity to potentially lower the risk of colorectal cancer.

Genetic and Anthropometric Interplay: How Waist-to-Hip Ratio Modulates LDL-c Levels in Mexican Population

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Genetic factors contribute to the physiopathology of obesity and its comorbidities. This study aimed to investigate the association of the SNPs ABCA1 (rs9282541), ADIPOQ (rs2241766), FTO (rs9939609), GRB14 (rs10195252), and LEPR (rs1805134) with various clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical variables.

METHODS

The study included 396 Mexican mestizo individuals with obesity and 142 individuals with normal weight. Biochemical markers were evaluated from peripheral blood samples, and SNP genotyping was performed using PCR with TaqMan probes. A genetic risk score (GRS) was computed using an additive model.

RESULTS

No significant associations were found between the SNPs ABCA1, ADIPOQ, FTO, and LEPR with obesity. However, the T allele of the GRB14 SNP was significantly associated with obesity (χ2 = 5.93, p = 0.01; OR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.08-2.12). A multivariate linear regression model (adjusted R-squared: 0.1253; p < 0.001) predicting LDL-c levels among all participants (n = 538) identified significant (p < 0.05) beta coefficients for several anthropometric and biochemical variables, as well as for the GRS. Additionally, the interaction between the GRS and the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) showed a negative beta coefficient (BC = -26.5307; p = 0.014). Participants with a WHR < 0.839 showed no effect of GRS on LDL-c concentration, while those with a WHR > 0.839 exhibited a greater effect of GRS (~9) at lower LDL-c concentrations (~50 mg/dL) and a lesser effect of GRS (~7) at higher LDL-c concentrations (~250 mg/dL).

CONCLUSIONS

A significant interaction between genetics and WHR influences LDL-c in Mexicans, which may contribute to the prevention and clinical management of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease.

The Impact of the Endocrine and Immunological Function of Adipose Tissue on Reproduction in Women with Obesity

Obesity, which leads to metabolic dysregulation and body function impairment, emerges as one of the pressing health challenges worldwide. Excessive body fat deposits comprise a dynamic and biologically active organ possessing its own endocrine function. One of the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of obesity is low-grade systemic inflammation mediated by pro-inflammatory factors such as free fatty acids, lipopolysaccharides, adipokines (including leptin, resistin and visfatin) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, Il-6), which are secreted by adipose tissue. Together with obesity-induced insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism, the exacerbated immune response has a negative impact on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis at all levels and directly affects reproduction. In women, it results in disrupted ovarian function, irregular menstrual cycles and anovulation, contributing to infertility. This review focuses on the abnormal intracellular communication, altered gene expression and signaling pathways activated in obesity, underscoring its multifactorial character and consequences at a molecular level. Extensive presentation of the complex interplay between adipokines, cytokines, immune cells and neurons may serve as a foundation for future studies in search of potential sites for more targeted treatment of reproductive disorders related to obesity.

Obesity-Associated Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) affects approximately 2 million people worldwide. Obesity is the major risk factor for CRC. In addition, obesity contributes to a chronic inflammatory stage that enhances tumor progression through the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition to an increased inflammatory response, obesity-associated cancer presents accrued molecular factors related to cancer characteristics, such as genome instability, sustained cell proliferation, telomere dysfunctions, angiogenesis, and microbial alteration, among others. Despite the evidence accumulated over the last few years, the treatments for obesity-associated CRC do not differ from the CRC treatments in normal-weight individuals. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on obesity-associated cancer, including its epidemiology, risk factors, molecular factors, and current treatments. Finally, we enumerate possible new therapeutic targets that may improve the conditions of obese CRC patients. Obesity is key for the development of CRC, and treatments resulting in the reversal of obesity should be considered as a strategy for improving antineoplastic CRC therapies.

Role of Different Variants of Leptin Receptor in Human Adrenal Tumor Types

The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of leptin receptor isoforms in adrenal tumors. In a single-center study, 96 patients (19 with adrenal cortical carcinoma and 77 with benign tumors) underwent an adrenalectomy. A total of 14 unaffected adrenal gland tissues from kidney donors were used as controls. Fasting blood samples were collected for laboratory tests, and mRNA expressions of leptin receptor isoforms were assessed by RT-qPCR. The study analyzed correlations between mRNA expressions and clinical data and measured NCI-H295R cell proliferation via a real-time cell analyzer. All adrenal lesions expressed leptin receptor isoforms. Significantly lower LepR1 expression was observed in carcinoma tissues than in adenomas and controls (p = 0.016). Expressions of LepR3&LepR6 were correlated with overall survival (p = 0.036), while LepR2&LepR4 and LepR5 expressions were inversely related to morning serum cortisol levels (p = 0.041). Leptin reduced NCI-H295R cell proliferation (p < 0.0001). The study highlights the diagnostic and prognostic significance of leptin receptor isoforms in adrenal tumors. Specifically, LepR1 may serve as a diagnostic marker for carcinomas, while LepR3&LepR6 have potential use as prognostic markers.

Identification of extracellular matrix-related biomarkers in colon adenocarcinoma by bioinformatics and experimental validation

Backgrounds

Extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important component of tumor microenvironment, and its abnormal expression promotes tumor formation, progression and metastasis.

Methods

Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify ECM-related hub genes based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) data. COAD clinical samples were used to verify the expression of potential biomarkers in tumor tissues, and siRNA was used to explore the role of potential biomarkers in cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Results

Three potential biomarkers (LEP, NGF and PCOLCE2) related to prognosis of COAD patients were identified and used to construct ERGPI. Immunohistochemical analysis of clinical samples showed that the three potential biomarkers were highly expressed in tumor tissues of COAD patients. Knockdown of LEP, NGF or PCOLCE2 inhibited COAD cell proliferation and EMT. Dictamnine inhibited tumor cell growth by binding to these three potential biomarkers based on molecular docking and transplanted tumor model.

Conclusion

The three biomarkers can provide new ideas for the diagnosis and targeted therapy of COAD patients.

Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. There are disparities in the epidemiology of CRC across different populations, most probably due to differences in exposure to lifestyle and environmental factors related to CRC. Prevention is the most effective method for controlling CRC. Primary prevention includes determining and avoiding modifiable risk factors (e.g., alcohol consumption, smoking, and dietary factors) as well as increasing protective factors (e.g., physical activity, aspirin). Further studies, especially randomized, controlled trials, are needed to clarify the association between CRC incidence and exposure to different risk factors or protective factors. Detection and removal of precancerous colorectal lesions is also an effective strategy for controlling CRC. Multiple factors, both at the individual and community levels (e.g., patient preferences, availability of screening modalities, costs, benefits, and adverse events), should be taken into account in designing and implementing CRC screening programs. Health policymakers should consider the best decision in identifying the starting age and selection of the most effective screening strategies for the target population. This review aims to present updated evidence on the epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of CRC.

FTO-mediated ZNF687 accelerates tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in colorectal cancer through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and lethal cancer. ZNF687 has been disclosed to take part in diversified cancers' progression by serving as a facilitator. However, the detailed regulatory functions of ZNF687 in the CRC have not been investigated. This work is planned to probe the impacts of ZNF687 on CRC progression. The IHC, RT-qPCR, and western blot assays were used to examine mRNA and protein gene expressions. The cell proliferation measurement was accompanied by a CCK-8 assay. The Transwell assay was performed to evaluate cell invasion and migration. The angiogenesis ability was evaluated by a tube formation experiment. The m6A level was evaluated through MeRIP and m6A dot blot assays. The binding ability between ZNF687 and FTO (fat mass and obesity associated protein) was tested through an RIP assay. The β-catenin nuclear translocation was assessed through an immunofluorescence assay. The tumor growth was evaluated through an in vivo assay. ZNF687 exhibited higher expression in CRC cells and resulted in a poor prognosis. Additionally, ZNF687 inhibition suppressed CRC cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, the suppression of ZNF687 retarded the Wnt pathway. Through rescue assays, the reduced cell migration, proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis mediated by ZNF687 knockdown could be reversed after BML-284 (the activator of the Wnt pathway) treatment. Finally, it was explained that ZNF687 knockdown inhibited in vivo tumor growth. This study manifested that FTO-mediated ZNF687 aggravated tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis of CRC through Wnt/β-catenin pathway. This finding may provide a hopeful molecular target for CRC treatment.

The solution structure of human leptin reveals a conformational plasticity important for receptor recognition

Leptin is a multi-potency cytokine that regulates various physiological functions, including weight control and energy homeostasis. Signaling of leptin is also important in many aging-related diseases. Leptin is required for the noncovalent crosslinking of different extracellular domains of leptin receptors, which is critical for receptor activation and downstream signaling. Nevertheless, the structure of intact apo-form leptin and the structural transition leptin undergoes upon receptor binding are not fully understood yet. Here, we determined the monomeric structure of wild-type human leptin by solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Leptin contains an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) in the internal A-B loop and the flexible helix E in the C-D loop, both of which undergo substantial local structural changes when leptin binds to its receptor. Our findings provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms of leptin signaling.

Leptin promotes proliferation of human undifferentiated spermatogonia by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway

BACKGROUND

Male infertility is a common disease affecting male reproductive health. Leptin is an important hormone that regulates various physiological processes, including reproductive function. However, few experimental studies have been carried out to elucidate the mechanism of leptin's effects on male reproductive function.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of leptin on testicular spermatogenesis and its mechanism, so as to provide potential targets for the treatment of patients with spermatogenic dysfunction.

METHODS

Testicular tissues were collected from eight prostate cancer patients undergoing surgical castration. GPR125-positive spermatogonia were isolated by two consecutive magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS), followed by incubation with conditioned medium. To identify the signaling pathway(s) involved in the effects of leptin, undifferentiated spermatogonia were treated with different concentrations of leptin and antagonists of leptin-related pathways. The proliferative effect of leptin was evaluated by cell counting using a hemocytometer. Expressions of p-AKT, p-ERK, p-STAT, and p-S6K were determined by western blotting analysis.

RESULTS

Leptin promoted the growth of human GPR125-positive spermatogonia in a concentration-dependent manner. The most significant proliferative effect was observed using 100 ng/mL leptin after 6 days of culture. Leptin significantly increased the phosphorylation of STAT3, AKT, and ERK in undifferentiated spermatogonia. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 inhibited the leptin-induced activation of AKT, ERK, and downstream S6K. Treatment with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin also inhibited S6K phosphorylation. Moreover, both LY294002 and rapamycin were found to inhibit the leptin-induced proliferation of undifferentiated spermatogonia. These results suggested that the leptin-induced proliferation of GPR125-positive spermatogonia was dependent on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Further exploration of proliferation and apoptotic markers suggested that leptin may alleviate cell apoptosis by regulating the expression of Bax and FasL.

CONCLUSIONS

A certain concentration of leptin (25∼100 ng/mL) could promote proliferation of undifferentiated spermatogonia, which was mediated by PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Chemical shift assignments of wildtype human leptin

Leptin is an adipose tissue-expressed 16-kDa hormone encoded by the ob/ob gene. It serves a crucial role in regulating diverse physiological processes, including body weight control, energy homeostasis regulation, promotion of cell proliferation, and more. Emerging research has also revealed potential implications of leptin in various aging-related diseases, suggesting multifaceted physiological roles of leptin. Structural investigation of wild-type leptin in apo form is of particular importance to understand its conformational plasticity for receptor interaction and recognition. Here, we report backbone and side-chain resonance assignments of wild-type human leptin as a basis for structural and functional studies on leptin-mediated signaling.

High-fat diet alters immune cells in spleen, kidney and tumor and impacts the volume growth of renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is strongly associated with abnormal or excessive fat deposition in the body, whose processes include persistent adipose inflammation and other disturbances with the development and function of immune cells. Researchers have recently become more and more interested in understanding how high-fat diet (HFD) affects the development and course of RCC by causing immunological dysfunction. Consequently, we explore the effect of HFD on the changes of immune cell groups in spleens, normal kidneys and tumors, mainly revealing the changes of T cells, B cells and NK cells, and further preliminarily exploring the changes of NK cell phenotype. Our findings demonstrate that: (1) HFD impacts the volume growth of ACHN tumor; (2) HFD increases the frequency of CD3+ T cell in spleen, normal kidney, and in tumor, while there are no significant change in CD19+ B cell in spleen, normal kidney and tumor; (3) HFD increases the frequency of NKp46+ NK cell in tumor, while HFD decrease the frequency of NKp46+ NK cell in spleen; (4) HFD increases the frequency of cNK in spleen, normal kidney and tumor, while HFD decreases the frequency of ILC1 in spleen, normal kidney and tumor. These data will open up new avenues for immunotherapy in individuals with obese renal cell carcinoma.

[Leptin-mediated ERK Signaling Pathway Promotes the Transformation of Rat Alveolar Type II Epithelial Cells Induced by Yunnan Tin Mine Dust]

BACKGROUND

Currently, a significant number of miners are involved in mining operations at the Gejiu tin mine in Yunnan. This occupational setting is associated with exposure to dust particles, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and radioactive radon, thereby significantly elevating the risk of lung cancer. This study aims to investigate the involvement of leptin-mediated extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling pathway in the malignant transformation of rat alveolar type II epithelial cells induced by Yunnan tin mine dust.

METHODS

Immortalized rat alveolar cells type II (RLE-6TN) cells were infected with Yunnan tin mine dust at a concentration of 200 μg/mL for nine consecutive generations to establish the infected cell model, which was named R₂₀₀ cells. The cells were cultured normally, named as R cells. The expression of leptin receptor in both cell groups was detected using the Western blot method. The optimal concentration of leptin and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor (U0126) on R₂₀₀ cells was determined using the MTT method. Starting from the 20th generation, the cells in the R group were co-cultured with leptin, while the cells in the R₂₀₀ group were co-cultured with the MEK inhibitor U0126. The morphological alterations of the cells in each group were visualized utilizing hematoxylin-eosin staining. Additionally, concanavalin A (ConA) was utilized to detect any morphological differences, and an anchorage-independent growth assay was conducted to assess the malignant transformation of the cells. The changes in the ERK signaling pathway in epithelial cells after the action of leptin were detected using the Western blot method.

RESULTS

Both the cells in the R group and R₂₀₀ group express leptin receptor OB-R. Compared to the R₂₀₀ group, the concentration of leptin at 100 ng/mL shows the most significant pro-proliferation effect. The proliferation of R₂₀₀ cells infected with the virus is inhibited by 30 μmol/L U0126, and a statistically significant divergence was seen when compared to the control group (P<0.05). Starting from the 25th generation, the cell morphology of the leptin-induced R₂₀₀ group (R₂₀₀L group) underwent changes, leading to malignant transformation observed at the 30th generation. The characteristics of malignant transformation became evident by the 40th generation in the R₂₀₀L group. In contrast, the other groups showed agglutination of P40 cells, and the speed of cell aggregation increased with an increase in ConA concentration. Notably, the R₂₀₀L group exhibited faster cell aggregation compared to the U0126-induced R₂₀₀ (R₂₀₀LU) group. Additionally, the cells in the R₂₀₀L group were capable of forming clones starting from P30, with a colony formation rate of 2.25‰±0.5‰. However, no clonal colonies were observed in the R₂₀₀LU group and R₂₀₀ group. The expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) was enhanced in cells of the R₂₀₀L group. However, when the cells in the R₂₀₀L group were treated with U0126, a blocking agent, the phosphorylation level of pERK decreased.

CONCLUSIONS

Leptin can promote the malignant transformation of lung epithelial cells infected by mine dust, and the ERK signaling pathway may be necessary for the transformation of alveolar type II epithelial cells induced by Yunnan tin mine dust.

EGCG alleviates obesity-exacerbated lung cancer progression by STAT1/SLC7A11 pathway and gut microbiota

Leptin is a nutritional cytokine, and it is closely related to the progression of cancer. However, the detailed effect of leptin in lung cancer remains poorly known. We found leptin-induced A549 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, which was reversed by epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) from green tea. Currently, we found that leptin-triggered M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages was inhibited by EGCG. Then, to investigate the underlying mechanism effect of leptin on A549 cells was studied. Aberrant activities of STAT1 are implicated in cancer development. Based on the cancer genome atlas data, STAT1 acted as an oncogene in lung cancer and EGCG greatly reduced STAT1 expression in A549 cells. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent nonapoptotic cell death. STAT1 served as a transcriptional activator for SLC7A11. EGCG restrained lung cancer cell growth induced by leptin via targeting STAT1-SLC7A11 mediated ferroptosis. A high-fat diet (HFD) feeding condition was combined with a multi-dose urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis model using C57BL/6J mice. Obesity was induced with a 60 kcal% HFD feeding. Serum leptin levels increased in urethane-administered and HFD-fed mice. Compared to the control diet-fed mice, the HFD-fed mice exhibited increased lung tumor burden and typical pro-tumorigenic STAT1 activation in lung tissues after urethane administration. In addition, HFD alters the gut microbiome by decreasing the abundance of Clostridia and by increasing the abundance of Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria while EGCG exhibited a reversed effect. These findings suggested that leptin promoted the development of lung tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo via mediating activation of the STAT-SLC7A11 pathway and gut microbiota.

Colorectal Cancer: From Risk Factors to Oncogenesis

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Numerous pathophysiological mechanisms, such as abnormal cell proliferation, cell differentiation, resistance to apoptosis, invasion of structures adjacent to colorectal tumor cells, and distant metastasis, are involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. These processes are initiated by the complex interaction of a number of genetic and environmental factors, including sedentary lifestyle, obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, or gut microbiota. Despite the significant progress achieved in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients with colorectal cancer, there has been recently a noteworthy increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer in individuals below the age of 50 years. Early-onset colorectal cancer has a different frequency of oncogenic mutations, a higher prevalence of mucinous histology, a distinct deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation profile, a more distal location, and lower survival rates. A significant improvement in the prognosis of these patients can be achieved through the detection and removal of modifiable risk factors, along with the implementation of personalized screening strategies for individuals at high risk for this malignancy. Furthermore, gaining comprehension of the pathophysiological mechanisms by which these risk factors contribute to the process of oncogenesis may facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic targets.

Recent progress in leptin signaling from a structural perspective and its implications for diseases

As a multi-potency cytokine, leptin not only plays a crucial role in controlling weight and energy homeostasis but also participates in the metabolic balance in the human body. Leptin is a small helical protein with a molecular weight of 16 kDa. It can interact with multiple subtypes of its receptors to initiate intracellular signal transduction and exerts physiological effects. Disturbances in leptin signaling may lead to obesity and a variety of metabolic diseases. Leptin was also found to be a critical factor in many diseases of the elderly. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the structural and molecular mechanisms of leptin signaling through its receptors with the aim of a deeper understanding of leptin-related diseases.

Targeting of Notch, IL-1, and leptin has therapeutic potential in xenograft colorectal cancer

Background/aim

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a fatal malignancy type and its occurence still needs to be explored mechanistically. Notch, IL-1, and leptin crosstalk is reported to play a role in the proliferation, migration, and expression of proangiogenic molecules. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of inhibition of Notch, IL-1, and leptin on CRC.

Materials and methods

To generate colorectal cancer tumor xenografts, 1 × 107 cells from exponentially growing cultures of HCT-15 cells were injected subcutaneously, at the axillary region of the left and right rear flanks of forty NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J (NOD/SCID) female mice. The mice were then monitored for the development of tumors and were randomly divided into five groups when tumor sizes reached a volume of approximately 150 mm3. Mice were used to determine the effectiveness of the gamma-secretase inhibitor (DAPT, Notch inhibitor), the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (Anakinra) and the leptin receptor antagonist (Allo aca) against tumor growth. The mice were euthanized by CO2 inhalation immediately after the treatments finished, and all efforts were made to minimize suffering. Tumors were excissed for RT-PCR and histological analysis.

Results

There is an intact Notch, IL-1, and leptin signaling axis, and in vivo antagonism of Notch, IL-1, and leptin affects mRNA and protein expression of inflammatory and angiogenic molecules.

Conclusion

Present data suggest that targeting Notch, IL-1, and leptin may be possesses therapeutic potential in CRC.

Evaluation of Circulating Leptin and Its Receptor (Ob-R) Tissue Expression in Colorectal Cancer, a Report From North of Iran

Background & Objective

Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone with a critical role in energy balance. As demonstrated by previous investigations, leptin acts as a proliferative and angiogenic factor in cancer cells. However, results regarding its role in colorectal cancer are still inconclusive. We aimed to evaluate serum leptin and tissue expression of leptin receptor (Ob-R) in normal and malignant samples of colorectal.

Methods

Serum and tissue samples from pathology-confirmed colorectal cancer patients and normal controls referring to a university hospital of Mazandaran were obtained during 2019-21. ELISA and immunohistochemistry were applied to determine leptin and Ob-R expression respectively.

Results

A total of 90 samples belonging to 46 normal and 44 CRC patients were enrolled. Normal and CRC groups included 32 (69.56%) and 21 (47.72%) female subjects respectively. The average leptin concentration in the normal group was 115.80 and, in the patient, group was 124.47 ng/mL (P=0.897). CRC cases showed an insignificantly higher Ob-R detection rate (P=0.086).

Conclusion

There was no significant difference in leptin and Ob-R expression between CRC patients and normal subjects. Thus, leptin and its receptor may not be useful as a biomarker of CRC.

Exercise and Weight Management: The Role of Leptin-A Systematic Review and Update of Clinical Data from 2000-2022

A well-balanced metabolism means a lower risk for metabolism-related neuropsychiatric disorders. Leptin is a secretory adipokine involved in the central control of appetite that appears to play a role in the etiology of feeding-related disorders. Additionally, the influence of exercise on feeding behaviors potentially modulates the circulation of metabolites that signal through the central nervous system. In this systematic review, we collected the recent clinical evidence on the effect of exercise on leptin concentrations in health individuals published from 2000 to 20 September 2022, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA 2020 statement). Six hundred and thirty-eight papers were retrieved and forty-eight papers were included in the qualitative synthesis. Data supports that exercise positively influences appetite via enhancing peripheral and central leptin signaling (reuptake), especially during weight loss. Exercise modulation of leptin signaling through leptin receptors helps to stabilize increases in food intake during periods of negative energy balance, prior to a decrease in the body fat tissue content. At a high intensity, exercise appears to counteract leptin resistance.

Malic Enzyme 1 (ME1) Promotes Adiposity and Hepatic Steatosis and Induces Circulating Insulin and Leptin in Obese Female Mice

Malic Enzyme 1 (ME1) supports lipogenesis, cholesterol synthesis, and cellular redox potential by catalyzing the decarboxylation of L-malate to pyruvate, and the concomitant reduction of NADP to NADPH. We examined the contribution of ME1 to the development of obesity by provision of an obesogenic diet to C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and MOD-1 (lack ME1 protein) female mice. Adiposity, serum hormone levels, and adipose, mammary gland, liver, and small intestine gene expression patterns were compared between experimental groups after 10 weeks on a diet. Relative to WT female mice, MOD-1 female mice exhibited lower body weights and less adiposity; decreased concentrations of insulin, leptin, and estrogen; higher concentrations of adiponectin and progesterone; smaller-sized mammary gland adipocytes; and reduced hepatosteatosis. MOD-1 mice had diminished expression of Lep gene in abdominal fat; Lep, Pparg, Klf9, and Acaca genes in mammary glands; Pparg and Cdkn1a genes in liver; and Tlr9 and Ffar3 genes in the small intestine. By contrast, liver expression of Cdkn2a and Lepr genes was augmented in MOD-1, relative to WT mice. Results document an integrative role for ME1 in development of female obesity, suggest novel linkages with specific pathways/genes, and further support the therapeutic targeting of ME1 for obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease.

Potential biomarkers in endometrial cancer: a narrative review

CONTEXT

Every year, approximately 0.4 million women suffer from endometrial cancer (EC) worldwide and it has become the most common gynecological malignancy. Almost 66% of EC cases are diagnosed at an early stage and can be cured by performing surgery while those at an advanced stage turns out to be fatal. Biomarkers of endometrial cancer would be very valuable for screening of women who are at high risk and in detecting the chance of recurrence of disease.

OBJECTIVE

The current article has reviewed studies published on expression of biomarkers and susceptibility to EC.

METHODS

Google Scholar and PubMed were used as searching platforms and we have majorly considered the literature from last 10 years.

RESULTS

Potential biomarkers of EC identified from various studies were summarised.

The Role of Adipokines in Inflammatory Mechanisms of Obesity

Adipokines are currently widely studied cellular signaling proteins produced by adipose tissue and involved in various processes, including inflammation; energy and appetite modulation; lipid and glucose metabolism; insulin sensitivity; endothelial cell functioning; angiogenesis; the regulation of blood pressure; and hemostasis. The current review attempted to highlight the key functions of adipokines in the inflammatory mechanisms of obesity, its complications, and its associated diseases. An extensive search for materials on the role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of obesity was conducted online using the PubMed and Scopus databases until October 2022.

Sex-Dependent Differences in Colorectal Cancer: With a Focus on Obesity

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and has the second highest cancer-related mortality in the world. The incident rates of CRC vary country-wise; however, population studies and data from different countries show a general increase in the CRC rate in young adults, males, and females ≥65 years. CRC incidence is affected by age, sex, environmental, dietary, hormonal, and lifestyle factors. Obesity is a known disease that is spreading rapidly throughout the world. A large body of literature indicates that, among many conditions, obesity is the increasing cause of CRC. Even though obesity is one of the known factors for CRC development, limited studies are available that explain the mechanistic link between obesity, sex hormones, and CRC development. Thus, this review summarizes the literature and aims to understand sex-dependent differences in CRC, especially in the context of obesity.

Insights behind the Relationship between Colorectal Cancer and Obesity: Is Visceral Adipose Tissue the Missing Link?

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health problem worldwide, with an estimated 1.9 million new cases and 915,880 deaths in 2020 alone. The etiology of CRC is complex and involves both genetic and lifestyle factors. Obesity is a major risk factor for CRC, and the mechanisms underlying this link are still unclear. However, the generalized inflammatory state of adipose tissue in obesity is thought to play a role in the association between CRC risk and development. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a major source of proinflammatory cytokines and other factors that contribute to the characteristic systemic low-grade inflammation associated with obesity. VAT is also closely associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME), and recent evidence suggests that adipocytes within the TME undergo phenotypic changes that contribute to tumor progression. In this review, we aim to summarize the current evidence linking obesity and CRC, with a focus on the role of VAT in tumor etiology and progression.

Human gut microbiota in health and disease: Unveiling the relationship

The human gut possesses millions of microbes that define a complex microbial community. The gut microbiota has been characterized as a vital organ forming its multidirectional connecting axis with other organs. This gut microbiota axis is responsible for host-microbe interactions and works by communicating with the neural, endocrinal, humoral, immunological, and metabolic pathways. The human gut microorganisms (mostly non-pathogenic) have symbiotic host relationships and are usually associated with the host’s immunity to defend against pathogenic invasion. The dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is therefore linked to various human diseases, such as anxiety, depression, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. The mechanism leading to the disease development has a crucial correlation with gut microbiota, metabolic products, and host immune response in humans. The understanding of mechanisms over gut microbiota exerts its positive or harmful impacts remains largely undefined. However, many recent clinical studies conducted worldwide are demonstrating the relation of specific microbial species and eubiosis in health and disease. A comprehensive understanding of gut microbiota interactions, its role in health and disease, and recent updates on the subject are the striking topics of the current review. We have also addressed the daunting challenges that must be brought under control to maintain health and treat diseases.

Insights into the constellating drivers of satiety impacting dietary patterns and lifestyle

Food intake and body weight regulation are of special interest for meeting today's lifestyle essential requirements. Since balanced energy intake and expenditure are crucial for healthy living, high levels of energy intake are associated with obesity. Hence, regulation of energy intake occurs through short- and long-term signals as complex central and peripheral physiological signals control food intake. This work aims to explore and compile the main factors influencing satiating efficiency of foods by updating recent knowledge to point out new perspectives on the potential drivers of satiety interfering with food intake regulation. Human internal factors such as genetics, gender, age, nutritional status, gastrointestinal satiety signals, gut enzymes, gastric emptying rate, gut microbiota, individual behavioral response to foods, sleep and circadian rhythms are likely to be important in determining satiety. Besides, the external factors (environmental and behavioral) impacting satiety efficiency are highlighted. Based on mechanisms related to food consumption and dietary patterns several physical, physiological, and psychological factors affect satiety or satiation. A complex network of endocrine and neuroendocrine mechanisms controls the satiety pathways. In response to food intake and other behavioral cues, gut signals enable endocrine systems to target the brain. Intestinal and gastric signals interact with neural pathways in the central nervous system to halt eating or induce satiety. Moreover, complex food composition and structures result in considerable variation in satiety responses for different food groups. A better understanding of foods and factors impacting the efficiency of satiety could be helpful in making smart food choices and dietary recommendations for a healthy lifestyle based on updated scientific evidence.

Study on the Mechanism of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction in Treating Dyslipidemia Based on Network Pharmacology

Objective. This study aimed to determine the active ingredients of Huanglian Jiedu decoction (HLJDD) and the targets for treating dyslipidemia through network pharmacology to facilitate further application of HJJDD in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Methods. Potential drug targets for dyslipidemia were identified with a protein-protein interaction network. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis were performed to elucidate the biological function and major pathways involved in the HLJDD-mediated treatment of dyslipidemia. Results. This approach revealed 22 components, 234 targets of HLJDD, and 221 targets of dyslipidemia. There were 14 components and 31 common targets between HLJDD and dyslipidemia treatment. GO enrichment analysis showed that these targets were mainly associated with the response to DNA-binding transcription factor activity, lipid localization and storage, reactive oxygen species metabolic process, and inflammatory response. The results of KEGG analysis indicated that the AGE-RAGE, NF-κB, HIF-1, IL-17, TNF, FoxO, and PPAR signalling pathways were enriched in the antidyslipidemic action of HLJDD. Conclusion. This study expounded the pharmacological actions and molecular mechanisms of HLJDD in treating dyslipidemia from a holistic perspective, which may provide a scientific basis for the clinical application of HLJDD.