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Esteban-Medina M, de la Oliva Roque VM, Herráiz-Gil S, Peña-Chilet M, Dopazo J, Loucera C. drexml: A command line tool and Python package for drug repurposing. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:1129-1143. [PMID: 38510973 PMCID: PMC10950807 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We introduce drexml, a command line tool and Python package for rational data-driven drug repurposing. The package employs machine learning and mechanistic signal transduction modeling to identify drug targets capable of regulating a particular disease. In addition, it employs explainability tools to contextualize potential drug targets within the functional landscape of the disease. The methodology is validated in Fanconi Anemia and Familial Melanoma, two distinct rare diseases where there is a pressing need for solutions. In the Fanconi Anemia case, the model successfully predicts previously validated repurposed drugs, while in the Familial Melanoma case, it identifies a promising set of drugs for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Esteban-Medina
- Platform for Computational Medicine, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Seville, Spain
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Víctor Manuel de la Oliva Roque
- Platform for Computational Medicine, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Seville, Spain
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Sara Herráiz-Gil
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), U714, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Madrid, Spain
- Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Peña-Chilet
- Platform for Computational Medicine, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Seville, Spain
- Platform of Big Data, AI and Biostatistics, Health Research Institute La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Platform for Computational Medicine, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Seville, Spain
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), U715, Seville, Spain
- FPS/ELIXIR-es, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos Loucera
- Platform for Computational Medicine, Andalusian Public Foundation Progress and Health-FPS, Seville, Spain
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), U715, Seville, Spain
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Baptista Freitas M, Desmyter L, Badoer C, Smits G, Vandernoot I, T Kint de Roodenbeke D. POT1 tumour predisposition: a broader spectrum of associated malignancies and proposal for additional screening program. Eur J Hum Genet 2024:10.1038/s41431-024-01611-0. [PMID: 38839987 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-024-01611-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Protection of Telomeres Protein 1 (POT1) protein is an essential subunit of the shelterin telomere binding complex, regulating telomere length. Some POT1 gene pathogenic variants (PV) lead to telomere elongation, genomic instability and higher risk of cancer. POT1 tumour predisposition syndrome (POT1-TPD) has autosomal dominant inheritance and unknown penetrance. It is associated with increased risk of cutaneous melanoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, angiosarcoma and gliomas. In this work, we aim to describe a broader cancer phenotype related to POT1-TPD, in three families (two with a four generation pedigree, one with a five generation pedigree). The three index cases were referred to our oncogenetic centre for genetic counselling due to their personal history of cancer. Two underwent clinical exome sequencing of 4,867 genes associated with Mendelian genetic diseases, and another underwent gene panel sequencing including POT1, which identified three different POT1 PV: NC_000007.14(NM_015450.2):c.349C>T; NC_000007.14(NM_015450.2):c.233T>C and NC_000007.14(NM_015450.2):c.818G>A; already described in the literature. Referenced relatives, did a target genetic test (according to the POT1 PV identified in the family). In total, 37 individuals were tested (51.4% females), median age of 46 (22-81) years, with POT1 PV detected in 22. POT1-TPD was observed, but also a higher incidence of other cancers (other sarcomas, papillary thyroid cancer, early onset prostate cancer and leukaemia). These findings contribute to an increase in our knowledge about POT1 PV, and it can play a role in the definition of future POT1 PV screening criteria, POT1 carrier surveillance protocols (possibly considering screening for all types of sarcomas) and in genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Desmyter
- Center for Human Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cindy Badoer
- Center for Human Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Smits
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Vandernoot
- Center for Human Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Guida S, Puig S, DI Resta C, Sallustio F, Mangano E, Stabile G, Longo C, Pellacani G, Guida G, Rongioletti F. Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R): a review for dermatologists. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2024; 159:285-293. [PMID: 38376504 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.24.07839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) and its variants have a pivotal role in melanin synthesis. However, MC1R has been associated to non-pigmentary pathways related to DNA-repair activities and inflammation. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview about the role of MC1R in the skin. Specifically, after summarizing the current knowledge about MC1R structure and polymorphisms, we report data concerning the correlation between MC1R, phenotypic traits, skin aging, other diseases and skin cancers and their risk assessment through genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Guida
- Dermatology Clinic, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy -
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy -
| | - Susana Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas August Pi i Sunye, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chiara DI Resta
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Genomic Unit for the Diagnosis of Human Pathologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Sallustio
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mangano
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies (ITB), National Research Center (CNR), Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Stabile
- Dermatology Clinic, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Longo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Skin Cancer Center, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale, IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Guida
- Section of Molecular Biology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Rongioletti
- Dermatology Clinic, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Kanezawa K, Yagasaki H, Arakawa A, Hoshi R, Uehara S, Morioka I. Malignant melanoma in a 12-year-old boy 17 months after completing hepatoblastoma treatment. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e2118. [PMID: 38801212 PMCID: PMC11129619 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.2118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma is rare as a secondary malignant neoplasm among childhood cancer survivors. CASE We report a case of a 12-year-old boy who developed malignant melanoma with systemic metastases 17 months after completing treatment for hepatoblastoma. The diagnosis was made unexpectedly based on a bone marrow examination. The patient did not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and died 6 weeks after being diagnosed with melanoma. Whole-exome sequencing to examine 103 genes associated with cancer predisposition did not identify any germ-line variants. CONCLUSION This case study provides a unique example of melanoma in a childhood cancer survivor following hepatoblastoma treatment but does not identify any candidate variant to link hepatoblastoma and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kanezawa
- PediatricsNihon University Itabashi HospitalTokyoJapan
| | | | - Ayumu Arakawa
- Department of Pediatric OncologyNational Cancer Center HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Reina Hoshi
- Pediatric SurgeryNihon University Itabashi HospitalTokyoJapan
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Wunderlich K, Suppa M, Gandini S, Lipski J, White JM, Del Marmol V. Risk Factors and Innovations in Risk Assessment for Melanoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, and Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1016. [PMID: 38473375 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16051016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer globally and is preventable. Various risk factors contribute to different types of skin cancer, including melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. These risk factors encompass both extrinsic, such as UV exposure and behavioral components, and intrinsic factors, especially involving genetic predisposition. However, the specific risk factors vary among the skin cancer types, highlighting the importance of precise knowledge to facilitate appropriate early diagnosis and treatment for at-risk individuals. Better understanding of the individual risk factors has led to the development of risk scores, allowing the identification of individuals at particularly high risk. These advances contribute to improved prevention strategies, emphasizing the commitment to mitigating the impact of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wunderlich
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Suppa
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Dermatology, Institute Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Gandini
- Molecular and Pharmaco-Epidemiology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - J Lipski
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J M White
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - V Del Marmol
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Dermatology, Institute Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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Tognetti L, Cartocci A, Lallas A, Moscarella E, Stanganelli I, Nazzaro G, Paoli J, Fargnoli MC, Broganelli P, Kittler H, Perrot JL, Cataldo G, Cevenini G, Lo Conte S, Simone L, Cinotti E, Rubegni P. A European Multicentric Investigation of Atypical Melanocytic Skin Lesions of Palms and Soles: The iDScore-PalmoPlantar Database. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:460. [PMID: 38472933 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14050460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The differential diagnosis of atypical melanocytic palmoplantar skin lesions (aMPLs) represents a diagnostic challenge, including atypical nevi (AN) and early melanomas (MMs) that display overlapping clinical and dermoscopic features. We aimed to set up a multicentric dataset of aMPL dermoscopic cases paired with multiple anamnestic risk factors and demographic and morphologic data. Methods: Each aMPL case was paired with a dermoscopic and clinical picture and a series of lesion-related data (maximum diameter value; location on the palm/sole in 17 areas; histologic diagnosis; and patient-related data (age, sex, family history of melanoma/sunburns, phototype, pheomelanin, eye/hair color, multiple/dysplastic body nevi, and traumatism on palms/soles). Results: A total of 542 aMPL cases-113 MM and 429 AN-were collected from 195 males and 347 females. No sex prevalence was found for melanomas, while women were found to have relatively more nevi. Melanomas were prevalent on the heel, plantar arch, and fingers in patients aged 65.3 on average, with an average diameter of 17 mm. Atypical nevi were prevalent on the plantar arch and palmar area of patients aged 41.33 on average, with an average diameter of 7 mm. Conclusions: Keeping in mind the risk profile of an aMPL patient can help obtain a timely differentiation between malignant/benign cases, thus avoiding delayed and inappropriate excision, respectively, with the latter often causing discomfort/dysfunctional scarring, especially at acral sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Tognetti
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cartocci
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aimilios Lallas
- First Department of Dermatology, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elvira Moscarella
- Dermatology Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Naples, Italy
| | - Ignazio Stanganelli
- Skin Cancer Unit, Scientific Institute of Romagna for the Study of Cancer, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Istituto Tumori della Romagna (IRST), 47014 Meldola, Italy
- Department of Dermatology, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Gianluca Nazzaro
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - John Paoli
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Paolo Broganelli
- Dermatology Unit, University Hospital of Torino, 4020 Torino, Italy
| | - Harald Kittler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Luc Perrot
- Dermatology Unit, University Hospital of St-Etienne, 42270 Saint Etienne, France
| | - Gennaro Cataldo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Cevenini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sofia Lo Conte
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Leonardelli Simone
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elisa Cinotti
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Pietro Rubegni
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Al Hmada Y, Brodell RT, Kharouf N, Flanagan TW, Alamodi AA, Hassan SY, Shalaby H, Hassan SL, Haikel Y, Megahed M, Santourlidis S, Hassan M. Mechanisms of Melanoma Progression and Treatment Resistance: Role of Cancer Stem-like Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:470. [PMID: 38275910 PMCID: PMC10814963 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the third most common type of skin cancer, characterized by its heterogeneity and propensity to metastasize to distant organs. Melanoma is a heterogeneous tumor, composed of genetically divergent subpopulations, including a small fraction of melanoma-initiating cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and many non-cancer stem cells (non-CSCs). CSCs are characterized by their unique surface proteins associated with aberrant signaling pathways with a causal or consequential relationship with tumor progression, drug resistance, and recurrence. Melanomas also harbor significant alterations in functional genes (BRAF, CDKN2A, NRAS, TP53, and NF1). Of these, the most common are the BRAF and NRAS oncogenes, with 50% of melanomas demonstrating the BRAF mutation (BRAFV600E). While the successful targeting of BRAFV600E does improve overall survival, the long-term efficacy of available therapeutic options is limited due to adverse side effects and reduced clinical efficacy. Additionally, drug resistance develops rapidly via mechanisms involving fast feedback re-activation of MAPK signaling pathways. This article updates information relevant to the mechanisms of melanoma progression and resistance and particularly the mechanistic role of CSCs in melanoma progression, drug resistance, and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Al Hmada
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.A.H.); (R.T.B.)
| | - Robert T. Brodell
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.A.H.); (R.T.B.)
| | - Naji Kharouf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.K.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas W. Flanagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Abdulhadi A. Alamodi
- College of Health Sciences, Jackson State University, 310 W Woodrow Wilson Ave Ste 300, Jackson, MS 39213, USA;
| | - Sofie-Yasmin Hassan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Hosam Shalaby
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Sarah-Lilly Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.K.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mosaad Megahed
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Simeon Santourlidis
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Medical Faculty, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.K.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Research Laboratory of Surgery-Oncology, Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Grădinaru TC, Vlad A, Gilca M. Bitter Phytochemicals as Novel Candidates for Skin Disease Treatment. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 46:299-326. [PMID: 38248322 PMCID: PMC10814078 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin diseases represent a global healthcare challenge due to their rising incidence and substantial socio-economic burden. While biological, immunological, and targeted therapies have brought a revolution in improving quality of life and survival rates for certain dermatological conditions, there remains a stringent demand for new remedies. Nature has long served as an inspiration for drug development. Recent studies have identified bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) in both skin cell lines and human skin. Additionally, bitter natural compounds have shown promising benefits in addressing skin aging, wound healing, inflammatory skin conditions, and even skin cancer. Thus, TAS2Rs may represent a promising target in all these processes. In this review, we summarize evidence supporting the presence of TAS2Rs in the skin and emphasize their potential as drug targets for addressing skin aging, wound healing, inflammatory skin conditions, and skin carcinogenesis. To our knowledge, this is a pioneering work in connecting information on TAS2Rs expression in skin and skin cells with the impact of bitter phytochemicals on various beneficial effects related to skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora-Cristiana Grădinaru
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (T.-C.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Adelina Vlad
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marilena Gilca
- Department of Functional Sciences I/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (T.-C.G.); (M.G.)
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9
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Sortino AMF, Soares de Sá BC, Martins MA, Bertolli E, de Paula RB, Lopes Pinto CA, David Filho WJ, Tavoloni Braga JC, Duprat Neto JP, Carraro DM, Curado MP. Multiple Primary Melanoma: A Five-Year Prospective Single-Center Follow-Up Study of Two MC1R R/R Genotype Carriers. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2102. [PMID: 37895483 PMCID: PMC10608495 DOI: 10.3390/life13102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple primary melanoma (MPM) is a diagnostic challenge even with ancillary imaging technologies available to dermatologists. In selected patients' phenotypes, the use of imaging approaches can help better understand lesion characteristics, and aid in early diagnosis and management. METHODS Under a 5-year prospective single-center follow-up, 58 s primary melanomas (SPMs) were diagnosed in two first-degree relatives, with fair skin color, red hair, green eyes, and personal history of one previous melanoma each. Patients' behavior and descriptive demographic data were collected from medical records. The information on the first two primary melanomas (PMs) were retrieved from pathology reports. The characteristics of 60 melanomas were collected from medical records, video dermoscopy software, and pathology reports. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) was performed prior to excision of 22 randomly selected melanomas. RESULTS From February 2018 to May 2023, two patients underwent a pooled total of 214 excisional biopsies of suspect lesions, resulting in a combined benign versus malignant treatment ratio (NNT) of 2.0:1.0. The number of moles excised for each melanoma diagnosed (NNE) was 1.7:1.0 and 6.9:1.0 for the female and male patient respectively. The in-situ melanoma/invasive melanoma ratio (IIR) demonstrated a higher proportion of in-situ melanomas for both patients. From June 2018 to May 2023, a total of 58 SPMs were detected by the combination of total body skin exam (TBSE), total body skin photography (TBSP), digital dermoscopy (DD), and sequential digital dermoscopy imaging (SDDI) via comparative approach. The younger patient had her PM one month prior to the second and third cutaneous melanomas (CMs), characterizing a case of synchronous primary CM. The male older relative had a total of 7 nonsynchronous melanomas. CONCLUSIONS This CM cohort is composed of 83.3% in-situ melanoma and 16.7% invasive melanoma. Both patients had a higher percentage of SPM with clinical nevus-like morphology (84.5%), global dermoscopic pattern of asymmetric multiple component (60.3%) and located on the lower limbs (46.6%). When RCM was performed prior to excision, 81% of SPM had features suggestive of malignancy. As well, invasive melanomas were more frequent in the lower limbs (40%). In the multivariate model, for the two high-risk patients studied, the chance of a not associated with nevus ("de novo") invasive SPM diagnosis is 25 times greater than the chance of a diagnosis of a nevus-associated invasive SPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Fagundes Sortino
- Clínica Dermatológica Dermatis, Rua Joaquim Floriano 466, Itaim Bibi, São Paulo 04534-002, SP, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Rua Dona Adma Jafet 115, Bela Vista, São Paulo 01308-050, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Alberto Martins
- Centro Universitário Saúde ABC, Surgery Department, Avenida Lauro Gomes 2000, Vila Sacadura Cabral, Santo André 09060-870, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bertolli
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Rua Dona Adma Jafet 115, Bela Vista, São Paulo 01308-050, SP, Brazil
- A Beneficência Portuguesa de São Paulo–BP Mirante, Rua Martiniano de Carvalho 965, Bela Vista, São Paulo 01323-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Brito de Paula
- AC Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Pires da Mota 1.167, Aclimação, São Paulo 01529-001, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Waldec Jorge David Filho
- Hospital Alemão Oswaldo-Cruz, Rua Treze de Maio 1815, Bela Vista, São Paulo 01323-903, SP, Brazil;
| | | | | | - Dirce Maria Carraro
- AC Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Pires da Mota 1.167, Aclimação, São Paulo 01529-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Curado
- AC Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Pires da Mota 1.167, Aclimação, São Paulo 01529-001, SP, Brazil
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Roccuzzo G, Giordano S, Granato T, Cavallo F, Mastorino L, Avallone G, Pasini B, Quaglino P, Ribero S. Phenotypic and Dermoscopic Patterns of Familial Melanocytic Lesions: A Pilot Study in a Third-Level Center. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3772. [PMID: 37568588 PMCID: PMC10416987 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer. It is estimated that 5% to 10% of the underlying mutations are hereditary and responsible for familial (or hereditary) melanoma. These patients are prone to the early development and higher risk of multiple melanomas. In recent years, an increasing number of genes have been identified thanks to genetic testing, allowing the subsequent surveillance of individuals at risk, yet it is still difficult to predict the presence of these mutations on a clinical basis. In this scenario, specific phenotypic and dermoscopic features could help clinicians in their identification. The aim of this work has been to correlate mutations to prevalent dermoscopic patterns, paving the way for reference models useful in clinical practice. In our cohort, out of 115 patients referred to genetic counseling for melanoma, 25 tested positive (21.7%) for critical mutations: CDKN2A (n = 12), MITF (n = 3), BAP1 (n = 1), MC1R (n = 3), PTEN (n = 1), TYR (n = 2), OCA2 (n = 1), and SLC45A2 (n = 2). The phenotype profiles obtained through the digital acquisition, analysis, and description of both benign and malignant pigmented lesions showed a predominance of the type II skin phenotype, with an elevated mean total nevus number (182 moles, range 75-390). As for dermoscopic features, specific mutation-related patterns were described in terms of pigmentation, areas of regression, and vascular structures. Although further studies with larger cohorts are needed, our work represents the beginning of a new approach to the study and diagnosis of familial melanoma, underlining the importance of clinical and dermoscopic patterns, which may constitute a reference model for each gene, enabling comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Roccuzzo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Thomas Granato
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Cavallo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Mastorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Gianluca Avallone
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Pasini
- Medical Genetics Unit, AOU ‘Città Della Salute e Della Scienza’-‘Molinette’ Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Simone Ribero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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11
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Zhang L, Shi Z, Zhang F, Chen B, Qiu W, Cai L, Lin X. Ubiquitination-related biomarkers in metastatic melanoma patients and their roles in tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1170190. [PMID: 37274231 PMCID: PMC10235493 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1170190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is the deadliest type of cutaneous malignancy. Ubiquitination is a process of protein sorting and degradation that exhibits multiple functions in the progression of various tumors. This study aimed to characterize a set of genes for ubiquitination in SKCM. Methods The expression patterns of ubiquitin-associated genes (URGs) and the corresponding clinical information in SKCM tissues were comprehensively analyzed based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. We performed univariate and multivariate Cox proportional regression models to characterize the risk scores and identify four critical genes related to prognostic ubiquitination (HCLS1, CORO1A, NCF1 and CCRL2), which were used to construct the prognostic signatures. We also studied the effects of HCLS1, CORO1A and CCRL2 on tumor metastasis-related indicators at the cellular level through in vitro experiments. Results SKCM patients in the low-risk group showing a longer survival than those in the high-risk group. Characteristic risk scores correlated with several clinicopathological variables and reflected the infiltration of multiple immune cells. In addition, the knockdown of CLS1, CORO1A and CCRL2 affected cellular malignant biological behavior through the EMT signaling pathway. Conclusion This study provides a novel and prospective strategy to improve the clinical survival of SKCM patients.
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Yang TT, Yu S, Ke CLK, Cheng ST. The Genomic Landscape of Melanoma and Its Therapeutic Implications. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051021. [PMID: 37239381 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive malignancies of the skin. The genetic composition of melanoma is complex and varies among different subtypes. With the aid of recent technologies such as next generation sequencing and single-cell sequencing, our understanding of the genomic landscape of melanoma and its tumor microenvironment has become increasingly clear. These advances may provide explanation to the heterogenic treatment outcomes of melanoma patients under current therapeutic guidelines and provide further insights to the development of potential new therapeutic targets. Here, we provide a comprehensive review on the genetics related to melanoma tumorigenesis, metastasis, and prognosis. We also review the genetics affecting the melanoma tumor microenvironment and its relation to tumor progression and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Pingtung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Pingtung 900, Taiwan
| | - Sebastian Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Li Khale Ke
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal SiaoGang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tsung Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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13
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Roth A, Boutko A, Lampley N, Olivares S, Gerami P. Indoor tanning is associated with an increased risk of multiple primary melanomas: A case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2023; 88:867-868. [PMID: 36400324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2022.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Roth
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anastasiya Boutko
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nathaniel Lampley
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shantel Olivares
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Pedram Gerami
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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14
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Pereira I, Monteiro C, Pereira-Silva M, Peixoto D, Nunes C, Reis S, Veiga F, Hamblin MR, Paiva-Santos AC. Nanodelivery systems for cutaneous melanoma treatment. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 184:214-247. [PMID: 36773725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is a multifactorial disease whose treatment still presents challenges: the rapid progression to advanced CM, which leads to frequent recurrences even after surgical excision and, notably, the low response rates and resistance to the available therapies, particularly in the case of unresectable metastatic CM. Thereby, alternative innovative therapeutic approaches for CM continue to be searched. In this review we discuss relevant preclinical research studies, and provide a broad-brush analysis of patents and clinical trials which involve the application of nanotechnology-based delivery systems in CM therapy. Nanodelivery systems have been developed for the delivery of anticancer biomolecules to CM, which can be administered by different routes. Overall, nanosystems could promote technological advances in several therapeutic modalities and can be used in combinatorial therapies. Nevertheless, the results of these preclinical studies have not been translated to clinical applications. Thus, concerted and collaborative research studies involving basic, applied, translational, and clinical scientists need to be performed to allow the development of effective and safe nanomedicines to treat CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Pereira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina Monteiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Pereira-Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana Peixoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Nunes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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15
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Lambertini M, Zengarini C, Ravaioli GM, Veronesi G, Mussi M, Ferrari T, Braschi G, Campione E, Dika E. Multiple primary melanomas: Is there a correlation between dermoscopic features and germline mutations? Australas J Dermatol 2023; 64:e182-e185. [PMID: 36774630 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lambertini
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Corrado Zengarini
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Maria Ravaioli
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Veronesi
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Mussi
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiziano Ferrari
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Elena Campione
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Emi Dika
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Vírseda-González D, Lázaro-Ochaita P, Ribas Despuig G, Avilés-Izquierdo JA. Melanocortin 1 receptor variants and their association with phenotypic characteristics and sporadic multiple primary melanomas in a cohort of 402 Spanish subjects. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:678-683. [PMID: 36602233 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene is considered to be a major determinant of the risk of melanoma. The role of MC1R polymorphisms as predisposing factors for the development of a second primary melanoma is not well established. The present study analyses the characteristics from subjects with certain MC1R variants without any other genetic predisposition, as well as the risk of second primary melanoma associated with these variants. We performed a prospective longitudinal single-centre study based on follow-up information of 402 patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma. MC1R gene was sequenced in all subjects. High-risk variants were defined as those previously associated with melanoma (V60L, V92M, I155T, R160W, R163Q and D294H). 253 (63%) patients had at least one predisposing variant. These individuals had higher proportion of red/blonde hair, multiple primary melanomas and first melanoma diagnosis under the age of 60. Second primary melanomas were detected in 28 (3.8%) subjects. Having more than 25 melanocytic nevi was associated significantly to the development of second primary melanomas. A higher proportion of individuals carrying at least one predisposing MC1R variant develop a second melanoma, although statistical significance was not reached. Therefore, some MC1R polymorphisms might determine clinical and histological differences between patients with cutaneous melanoma and may represent a risk factor for second primary melanoma, although more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Lázaro-Ochaita
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Ribas Despuig
- Grupo de Investigación en Imagen Médica (GIBI230), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico de La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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17
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Genodermatoses – Opportunities for Early Detection and Cancer Prevention. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2022; 10:1-13. [PMID: 36213090 PMCID: PMC9531856 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-022-00203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Melanoma Management: From Epidemiology to Treatment and Latest Advances. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194652. [PMID: 36230575 PMCID: PMC9562203 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Melanoma is a major public health issue that claims the lives of thousands of people every year. Furthermore, the outlook for the coming years is not encouraging with increasing morbidity and mortality trends. This review aims to offer an updated overview of various aspects related to cutaneous melanoma, from epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, prevention, diagnosis and staging. Moreover, conventional treatments currently available as well as the latest advances in clinical trials regarding new drugs and/or combinations, including nanotechnology-based strategies are also reviewed. Abstract Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer, whose morbidity and mortality indicators show an increasing trend worldwide. In addition to its great heterogeneity, melanoma has a high metastatic potential, resulting in very limited response to therapies currently available, which were restricted to surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy for many years. Advances in knowledge about the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease have allowed the development of new therapeutic classes, such as immune checkpoint and small molecule kinase inhibitors. However, despite the incontestable progress in the quality of life and survival rates of the patients, effectiveness is still far from desired. Some adverse side effects and resistance mechanisms are the main barriers. Thus, the search for better options has resulted in many clinical trials that are now investigating new drugs and/or combinations. The low water solubility of drugs, low stability and rapid metabolism limit the clinical potential and therapeutic use of some compounds. Thus, the research of nanotechnology-based strategies is being explored as the basis for the broad application of different types of nanosystems in the treatment of melanoma. Future development focus on challenges understanding the mechanisms that make these nanosystems more effective.
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Amalinei C, Grigoraș A, Lozneanu L, Căruntu ID, Giușcă SE, Balan RA. The Interplay between Tumour Microenvironment Components in Malignant Melanoma. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58030365. [PMID: 35334544 PMCID: PMC8953474 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma has shown an increasing incidence during the last two decades, exhibiting a large spectrum of locations and clinicopathological characteristics. Although current histopathological, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and molecular methods provide a deep insight into its biological behaviour and outcome, melanoma is still an unpredictable disease, with poor outcome. This review of the literature is aimed at updating the knowledge regarding melanoma’s clinicopathological and molecular hallmarks, including its heterogeneity and plasticity, involving cancer stem cells population. A special focus is given on the interplay between different cellular components and their secretion products in melanoma, considering its contribution to tumour progression, invasion, metastasis, recurrences, and resistance to classical therapy. Furthermore, the influences of the specific tumour microenvironment or “inflammasome”, its association with adipose tissue products, including the release of “extracellular vesicles”, and distinct microbiota are currently studied, considering their influences on diagnosis and prognosis. An insight into melanoma’s particular features may reveal new molecular pathways which may be exploited in order to develop innovative therapeutic approaches or tailored therapy.
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