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Wang YL, Chu KY, Hsieh TF, Yao CCJ, Lin CH, Lee ZH, Wang SK. Orodental malformations associated with human MSX1 sequence variants. J Am Dent Assoc 2024; 155:484-495.e21. [PMID: 38713117 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MSX1 sequence variants have been known to cause human tooth agenesis (TA) with or without orofacial clefts. However, their roles during the whole processes of tooth development are not fully understood. This study aimed to characterize a 4-membered family with TA carrying a novel MSX1 pathogenic variant and investigate the disease mechanism. METHODS The authors conducted whole exome analysis to define the disease-causing sequence variant. They performed microcomputed tomography, morphometric analyses, transcriptome profiling, and molecular characterization to study the affected teeth and the gene variant. RESULTS The authors identified an MSX1 pathogenic variant, p.Glu232∗, in affected family members with TA and concomitant orodental anomalies, namely, prominent maxillary labial frenum, central incisor diastema, median maxillary anterior alveolar cleft, tooth fusion, mandibular molar dysmorphology, thin dentin layer, and slender dental roots. MSX1-defective teeth were not apparently microdontic but had thin dentin layers. The mandibular molars showed a homeotic transformation to maxillary counterparts. Genes involved in extracellular matrix organization and dentinogenesis, such as DMP1 and MMP20, were downregulated in dental pulp tissues of MSX1-defective teeth. The p.Glu232∗-truncated MSX1 properly localized to the nucleus but partially lost its transactivation ability. Analyzing reported cases indicated that truncation sequence variants within the homeobox domain of MSX1 caused a more severe TA phenotype than those outside of the homeobox domain, probably due to dominant negativity compared with haploinsufficiency. CONCLUSIONS This study provides in vivo evidence that MSX1 contributes to developmental processes of various orodental tissues in humans. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Clinically, hypertrophic labial frenum, incisor diastema, and median maxillary anterior alveolar cleft might be considered diagnostic for MSX1-associated TA.
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Karaman GE, Ünal İ, Beler M, Üstündağ FD, Cansız D, Üstündağ ÜV, Emekli-Alturfan E, Akyüz S. Toothpastes for children and their detergent contents affect molecular mechanisms of odontogenesis in zebrafish embryos. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024; 47:15-25. [PMID: 36444776 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2150208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate how different types of toothpaste (TP) for children affected molecular mechanisms of odontogenesis in zebrafish embryos. Commercially available TPs were selected according to their detergent contents as the cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) containing TP (TP1) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) containing TP (TP2). TP3 contained no detergent. Effects of SLS, and CAPB alone were also examined. TP and detergent concentrations affecting development were determined as 750 mg/L and 4 mg/L, respectively. Embryos were exposed to TP1, TP2, TP3, SLS, CAPB, and embryo medium (control) for 72 h post fertilization. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and oxidant-antioxidant parameters were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Expressions of tooth development genes were evaluated by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Intraocular distance, lower jaw, and ceratohyal cartilage length were displayed using Alcian Blue staining. axin2 and wnt10a expressions increased in SLS and TP2 groups. igf2a and eve1 expressions decreased in all groups except TP3. nrOb1 expression decreased in TP1, SLS, and CAPB groups. Oxidant-antioxidant balance was disturbed in all groups except TP3, evidenced by increased lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide. SLS, and CAPB groups were more affected in terms of AChE, glutathione-S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase; perturbations were observed in cartilage structures. Altered expression of tooth development gene axin2 correlated with wnt10a, and with changes in cartilage structures in SLS and TP2 groups. TP3 group presented no disruptions in oxidant-antioxidant balance. Our study shows the availability of externally developing zebrafish embryos in examining the effects of TP' contents on embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Ece Karaman
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İsmail Ünal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merih Beler
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fümet Duygu Üstündağ
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Cansız
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ünsal Veli Üstündağ
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Akyüz
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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de La Dure-Molla M, Gaucher C, Dupré N, Bloch Zupan A, Berdal A, Chaussain C. [The tooth: A marker of developmental abnormalities]. Med Sci (Paris) 2024; 40:16-23. [PMID: 38299898 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tooth formation results from specific epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, which summarize a number of developmental processes. Tooth anomalies may thus reflect subclinical diseases of the kidney, bone and more broadly of the mineral metabolism, skin or nervous system. Odontogenesis starts from the 3rd week of intrauterine life by the odontogenic orientation of epithelial cells by a first PITX2 signal. The second phase is the acquisition of the number, shape, and position of teeth. It depends on multiple transcription and growth factors (BMP, FGF, SHH, WNT). These ecto-mesenchymal interactions guide cell migration, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation ending in the formation of the specific dental mineralized tissues. Thus, any alteration will have consequences on the tooth structure or shape. Resulting manifestations will have to be considered in the patient phenotype and the multidisciplinary care, but also may contribute to identify the altered genetic circuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel de La Dure-Molla
- Centre de référence maladies rares orales et dentaires, O-Rares, hôpital Rothschild, AP-HP, Paris ; université Paris Cité, UFR d'odontologie, Inserm, UMR1163, bases moléculaires et physiopathologiques des ostéochondrodysplasies, institut imagine, Paris ; FHU DDS Paris-Net, filière TETECOU, European Reference Network CRANIO
| | - Céline Gaucher
- FHU DDS Paris-Net, université Paris Cité, Inserm, AP-HP ; laboratoire BRIO URP2496, UFR d'odontologie, université Paris Cité, France ; Service de médecine bucco-dentaire, hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP ; Service de médecine génomique des maladies rares de système et d'organe, hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, Centre-Université Paris Cité, Montrouge, France
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- FHU DDS Paris-Net, université Paris Cité, Inserm, APHP ; équipe « Physiopathologie orale moléculaire », Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm U1138, université Paris Cité, Sorbonne université. UFR d'odontologie université Paris Cité. Centre de référence maladies rares O-Rares, hôpital Rothschild, AP-HP, Paris ; filière TETECOU, European Reference Network CRANIO, Paris
| | - Agnès Bloch Zupan
- Université de Strasbourg, institut de génétique et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire (IGBMC), Inserm U1258, CNRS- UMR7104, Illkirch ; faculté de chirurgie dentaire Robert Frank ; institut d'études avancées (USIAS) ; Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS), pôle de médecine et chirurgie bucco-dentaires, hôpital civil, centre de référence des maladies rares orales et dentaires O-Rares, filière santé maladies rares TETE COU, European Reference Network CRANIO, Strasbourg
| | - Ariane Berdal
- FHU DDS Paris-Net, université Paris Cité, Inserm AP-HP, équipe « Physiopathologie orale moléculaire », centre de recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm U1138, université Paris Cité, Sorbonne université. UFR d'odontologie, université Paris Cité. centre de référence maladies Rares O-Rares, hôpital Rothschild, AP-HP, Paris, filière TETECOU, European Reference Network CRANIO, Paris
| | - Catherine Chaussain
- FHU DDS Paris-Net, université Paris Cité, Inserm, AP-HP ; laboratoire BRIO URP2496, UFR d'odontologie ; AP-HP, hôpital Bretonneau ; centre de référence maladies Rares du métabolisme du calcium, phosphate et magnésium, filière OSCAR, European Reference Network BOND, Paris
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Wang SK, Zhang H, Wang YL, Seymen F, Koruyucu M, Simmer JP, Hu JCC. Phenotypic variability in LAMA3-associated amelogenesis imperfecta. Oral Dis 2023; 29:3514-3524. [PMID: 36326426 PMCID: PMC10154430 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is defined as inherited enamel malformations. LAMA3 (laminin alpha-3) encodes a critical protein component of the basement membrane (laminin-332). Individuals carrying heterozygous LAMA3 mutations have previously been shown to have localized enamel defects. This study aimed to define clinical phenotypes and to discern the genetic etiology for four AI kindreds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Whole-exome analyses were conducted to search for sequence variants associated with the disorder, and micro-computed tomography (μCT) to characterize the enamel defects. RESULTS The predominant enamel phenotype was generalized thin enamel with defective pits and grooves. Horizonal bands of hypoplastic enamel with chalky-white discoloration and enamel hypomineralization were also observed and demonstrated by μCT analyses of affected teeth. Four disease-causing LAMA3 mutations (NM_198129.4:c.3712dup; c.5891dup; c.7367del; c.9400G > C) were identified. Compound heterozygous MMP20 mutations (NM_004771.4:c.539A > G; c.692C > T) were also found in one proband with more severe enamel defects, suggesting a mutational synergism on disease phenotypes. Further analyses of the AI-causing mutations suggested that both α3A (short) and α3B (long) isoforms of LAMA3 are essential for enamel formation. CONCLUSIONS Heterozygous LAMA3 mutations can cause generalized enamel defects (AI1A) with variable expressivity. Laminin-332 is critical not only for appositional growth but also enamel maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Kai Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University School of Dentistry, No.1, Changde St., Taipei City 100, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Taiwan University Children’s Hospital, No.8, Zhongshan S. Rd., Taipei City 100, Taiwan
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Yin-Lin Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University School of Dentistry, No.1, Changde St., Taipei City 100, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Taiwan University Children’s Hospital, No.8, Zhongshan S. Rd., Taipei City 100, Taiwan
| | - Figen Seymen
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Altinbas University, Istanbul, 34147, Turkey
| | - Mine Koruyucu
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34116, Turkey
| | - James P. Simmer
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Jan C.-C. Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
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Lan R, Wu Y, Dai Q, Wang F. Gene mutations and chromosomal abnormalities in syndromes with tooth agenesis. Oral Dis 2023; 29:2401-2408. [PMID: 36219525 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to review the pathogenic mechanisms and clinical manifestations in syndromes with tooth agenesis (TA). Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man and PubMed databases were searched for a comprehensive review. Previous publications reported complicated aetiologies of syndromic TA. Gene mutations in conserved signalling pathways (WNT, EDA, SHH, FGF, and TGF-β/BMP) and crucial molecules (PAX9, PIXT2, IRF6, the p53 family, and subunits of RNA polymerase III) are the main causes of syndromic TA. In the process of odontogenesis, antagonistic or synergistic interactions are demonstrated in patients and murine models. Mutations in some genes (WNT10A, WNT10B, AXIN2, ANTXR1, MSX1, EDA, EDAR, and EDARADD) can result in both syndromic and isolated TA. In addition, chromosomal anomalies are also responsible for syndromic TA (Down syndrome, Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, Williams syndrome, and Pierre Robin sequence). The causes and manifestations of syndromic TA are highly complex, and this constitutes a clinical challenge. Mutations in signalling pathways and crucial molecules as well as chromosomal anomalies are responsible for syndromic TA. And there are overlaps between the causative genes of syndromic and isolated TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lan
- Department of Oral Implantology, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqun Wu
- Department of Second Dental Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinggang Dai
- Department of Second Dental Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Chu KY, Wang YL, Chen JT, Lin CH, Yao CCJ, Chen YJ, Chen HW, Simmer JP, Hu JCC, Wang SK. PAX9 mutations and genetic synergism in familial tooth agenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1524:87-96. [PMID: 37005710 PMCID: PMC10330062 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Familial tooth agenesis (FTA) is one of the most common craniofacial anomalies in humans. Loss-of-function mutations in PAX9 and WNT10A have been known to cause FTA with various expressivity. In this study, we identified five FTA kindreds with novel PAX9 disease-causing mutations: p.(Glu7Lys), p.(Val83Leu), p.(Pro118Ser), p.(Ser197Argfs*23), and c.771+4A>G. Concomitant PAX9 and WNT10A pathogenic variants found in two probands with severe phenotypes suggested an effect of mutational synergism. All overexpressed PAX9s showed proper nuclear localization, excepting the p.(Pro118Ser) mutant. Various missense mutations caused differential loss of PAX9 transcriptional ability. PAX9 overexpression in dental pulp cells upregulated LEF1 and AXIN2 expression, indicating a positive regulatory role for PAX9 in canonical Wnt signaling. Analyzing 176 cases with 63 different mutations, we observed a distinct pattern of tooth agenesis for PAX9-associated FTA: Maxillary teeth are in general more frequently affected than mandibular ones. Along with all second molars, maxillary bicuspids and first molars are mostly involved, while maxillary lateral incisors and mandibular bicuspids are relatively less affected. Genotypically, missense mutations are associated with fewer missing teeth than frameshift and nonsense variants. This study significantly expands the phenotypic and genotypic spectrums of PAX9-associated disorders and reveals a molecular mechanism of genetic synergism underlying FTA variable expressivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yu Chu
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University School of Dentistry, No.1, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Taiwan University Children’s Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Lin Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University School of Dentistry, No.1, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Taiwan University Children’s Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Tsu Chen
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University School of Dentistry, No.1, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Lin
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University School of Dentistry, No.1, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chen Jane Yao
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University School of Dentistry, No.1, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jane Chen
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University School of Dentistry, No.1, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Wen Chen
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Taiwan University Children’s Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - James P. Simmer
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jan C.-C. Hu
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shih-Kai Wang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University School of Dentistry, No.1, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Taiwan University Children’s Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Perkins RS, Singh R, Abell AN, Krum SA, Miranda-Carboni GA. The role of WNT10B in physiology and disease: A 10-year update. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1120365. [PMID: 36814601 PMCID: PMC9939717 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1120365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
WNT10B, a member of the WNT family of secreted glycoproteins, activates the WNT/β-catenin signaling cascade to control proliferation, stemness, pluripotency, and cell fate decisions. WNT10B plays roles in many tissues, including bone, adipocytes, skin, hair, muscle, placenta, and the immune system. Aberrant WNT10B signaling leads to several diseases, such as osteoporosis, obesity, split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM), fibrosis, dental anomalies, and cancer. We reviewed WNT10B a decade ago, and here we provide a comprehensive update to the field. Novel research on WNT10B has expanded to many more tissues and diseases. WNT10B polymorphisms and mutations correlate with many phenotypes, including bone mineral density, obesity, pig litter size, dog elbow dysplasia, and cow body size. In addition, the field has focused on the regulation of WNT10B using upstream mediators, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). We also discussed the therapeutic implications of WNT10B regulation. In summary, research conducted during 2012-2022 revealed several new, diverse functions in the role of WNT10B in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Perkins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Rishika Singh
- College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Amy N. Abell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Susan A. Krum
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States,Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Gustavo A. Miranda-Carboni
- Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Gustavo A. Miranda-Carboni,
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Zhang H, Gong X, Xu X, Wang X, Sun Y. Tooth number abnormality: from bench to bedside. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:5. [PMID: 36604408 PMCID: PMC9816303 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth number abnormality is one of the most common dental developmental diseases, which includes both tooth agenesis and supernumerary teeth. Tooth development is regulated by numerous developmental signals, such as the well-known Wnt, BMP, FGF, Shh and Eda pathways, which mediate the ongoing complex interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme. Abnormal expression of these crutial signalling during this process may eventually lead to the development of anomalies in tooth number; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this review, we summarized the major process of tooth development, the latest progress of mechanism studies and newly reported clinical investigations of tooth number abnormality. In addition, potential treatment approaches for tooth number abnormality based on developmental biology are also discussed. This review not only provides a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of tooth number abnormality in clinical practice but also facilitates the translation of basic research to the clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyan Gong
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Xu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- grid.64939.310000 0000 9999 1211Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genetic studies in humans and animal models have improved our understanding of the role of numerous genes in the etiology of nonsyndromic tooth agenesis (TA). The purpose of this review is to discuss recently identified genes potentially contributing to TA. RECENT FINDINGS Despite research progress, understanding the genetic factors underlying nonsyndromic TA has been challenging given the genetic heterogeneity, variable expressivity, and incomplete penetrance of putatively pathogenic variants often observed associated with the condition. Next-generation sequencing technologies have provided a platform for novel gene and variant discoveries and informed paradigm-shifting concepts in the etiology of TA. This review summarizes the current knowledge on genes and pathways related to nonsyndromic TA with a focus on recently identified genes/variants. Evidence suggesting possible multi-locus variation in TA is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariadne Letra
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, and Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
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KDF1 Novel Variant Causes Unique Dental and Oral Epithelial Defects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012465. [PMID: 36293320 PMCID: PMC9604338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte differentiation factor 1 (KDF1) is a recently identified and rare candidate gene for human tooth agenesis; however, KDF1-related morphological characteristics and pathological changes in dental tissue and the oral epithelium remain largely unknown. Here, we employed whole-exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing to screen for the suspected variants in a cohort of 151 tooth agenesis patients, and we segregated a novel KDF1 heterozygous missense variation, c.920G>C (p.R307P), in a non-syndromic tooth agenesis family. Essential bioinformatics analyses and tertiary structural predictions were performed to analyze the structural changes and functional impacts of the novel KDF1 variant. The subsequent functional assessment using a TOP-flash/FOP-flash luciferase reporter system demonstrated that KDF1 variants suppressed the activation of canonical Wnt signaling in 293T cells. To comprehensively investigate the KDF1-related oral morphological anomalies, we performed scanning electron microscopy and ground section of the lower right lateral deciduous incisor extracted from #285 proband, and histopathological assessment of the gingiva. The phenotypic analyses revealed a series of tooth morphological anomalies related to the KDF1 variant R307P, including a shovel-shaped lingual surface of incisors and cornicione-shaped marginal ridges with anomalous morphological occlusal grooves of premolars and molars. Notably, keratinized gingival epithelium abnormalities were revealed in the proband and characterized by epithelial dyskeratosis with residual nuclei, indistinct stratum granulosum, epithelial hyperproliferation, and impaired epithelial differentiation. Our findings revealed new developmental anomalies in the tooth and gingival epithelium of a non-syndromic tooth agenesis individual with a novel pathogenic KDF1 variant, broadening the phenotypic spectrum of KDF1-related disorders and providing new evidence for the crucial role of KDF1 in regulating human dental and oral epithelial development.
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Novel Candidate Genes for Non-Syndromic Tooth Agenesis Identified Using Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206089. [PMID: 36294409 PMCID: PMC9605476 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-syndromic tooth agenesis (ns-TA) is one of the most common dental anomalies characterized by the congenital absence of at least one permanent tooth (excluding third molars). Regarding the essential role of genetic factors in ns-TA aetiology, the present study aimed to identify novel pathogenic variants underlying hypodontia and oligodontia. In a group of 65 ns-TA patients and 127 healthy individuals from the genetically homogenous Polish population, the coding sequences of 423 candidate genes were screened using targeted next-generation sequencing. Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants were identified in 37 (56.92%) patients, including eight nucleotide alternations of genes not previously implicated in ns-TA (CHD7, CREBBP, EVC, LEF1, ROR2, TBX22 and TP63). However, since only single variants were detected, future research is required to confirm and fully understand their role in the aetiology of ns-TA. Additionally, our results support the importance of already known ns-TA candidate genes (AXIN2, EDA, EDAR, IRF6, LAMA3, LRP6, MSX1, PAX9 and WNT10A) and provide additional evidence that ns-TA might be an oligogenic condition involving the cumulative effect of rare variants in two or more distinct genes.
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Lee Y, Chae W, Kim YJ, Kim JW. Novel LRP6 Mutations Causing Non-Syndromic Oligodontia. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12091401. [PMID: 36143186 PMCID: PMC9504909 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12091401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of tooth formation is a series of reciprocal interactions between the ectoderm and mesoderm, and it is believed that many genetic factors are involved in this complex process. More than a dozen genes have been identified in non-syndromic tooth agenesis; however, the genetic etiology underlying tooth agenesis is not fully understood yet. In this study, we identified two novel LRP6 mutations in two non-syndromic oligodontia families. Both probands had 16 and 17 missing teeth in their permanent dentition. Mutational analysis identified a de novo frameshift mutation by a 1-bp insertion in exon 9 (NM_002336.2: c.1870dupA, p.(Met624Asnfs*29)) and a splicing donor site mutation in intron 8 (c.1762+2T>C). An in vitro splicing assay confirmed the deletion of exon 8, and the deletion would result in a frameshift. Due to the premature termination codons introduced by the frameshift, both mutant transcripts would be degraded by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, resulting in haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Lee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Wonseon Chae
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Youn Jung Kim
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jung-Wook Kim
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry & DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Molecular Genetics & DRI, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Kantaputra P, Jatooratthawichot P, Jintakanon K, Intachai W, Pradermdutsadeeporn P, Adisornkanj P, Tongsima S, Ngamphiw C, Olsen B, Tucker AS, Cairns JRK. Mutations in LRP6 highlight the role of WNT signalling in oral exostoses and dental anomalies. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 142:105514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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