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Bozuyuk U, Wrede P, Yildiz E, Sitti M. Roadmap for Clinical Translation of Mobile Microrobotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2311462. [PMID: 38380776 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Medical microrobotics is an emerging field to revolutionize clinical applications in diagnostics and therapeutics of various diseases. On the other hand, the mobile microrobotics field has important obstacles to pass before clinical translation. This article focuses on these challenges and provides a roadmap of medical microrobots to enable their clinical use. From the concept of a "magic bullet" to the physicochemical interactions of microrobots in complex biological environments in medical applications, there are several translational steps to consider. Clinical translation of mobile microrobots is only possible with a close collaboration between clinical experts and microrobotics researchers to address the technical challenges in microfabrication, safety, and imaging. The clinical application potential can be materialized by designing microrobots that can solve the current main challenges, such as actuation limitations, material stability, and imaging constraints. The strengths and weaknesses of the current progress in the microrobotics field are discussed and a roadmap for their clinical applications in the near future is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Bozuyuk
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paul Wrede
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Erdost Yildiz
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
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2
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Oliveto S, Ritter P, Deroma G, Miluzio A, Cordiglieri C, Benvenuti MR, Mutti L, Raimondi MT, Biffo S. The Impact of 3D Nichoids and Matrix Stiffness on Primary Malignant Mesothelioma Cells. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:199. [PMID: 38397189 PMCID: PMC10887956 DOI: 10.3390/genes15020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is a type of cancer that affects the mesothelium. It is an aggressive and deadly form of cancer that is often caused by exposure to asbestos. At the molecular level, it is characterized by a low number of genetic mutations and high heterogeneity among patients. In this work, we analyzed the plasticity of gene expression of primary mesothelial cancer cells by comparing their properties on 2D versus 3D surfaces. First, we derived from primary human samples four independent primary cancer cells. Then, we used Nichoids, which are micro-engineered 3D substrates, as three-dimensional structures. Nichoids limit the dimension of adhering cells during expansion by counteracting cell migration between adjacent units of a substrate with their microarchitecture. Tumor cells grow effectively on Nichoids, where they show enhanced proliferation. We performed RNAseq analyses on all the samples and compared the gene expression pattern of Nichoid-grown tumor cells to that of cells grown in a 2D culture. The PCA analysis showed that 3D samples were more transcriptionally similar compared to the 2D ones. The 3D Nichoids induced a transcriptional remodeling that affected mainly genes involved in extracellular matrix assembly. Among these genes responsible for collagen formation, COL1A1 and COL5A1 exhibited elevated expression, suggesting changes in matrix stiffness. Overall, our data show that primary mesothelioma cells can be effectively expanded in Nichoids and that 3D growth affects the cells' tensegrity or the mechanical stability of their structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Oliveto
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.O.); (G.D.)
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, INGM, 20122 Milan, Italy; (P.R.); (A.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Paolo Ritter
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, INGM, 20122 Milan, Italy; (P.R.); (A.M.); (C.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Deroma
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.O.); (G.D.)
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, INGM, 20122 Milan, Italy; (P.R.); (A.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Annarita Miluzio
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, INGM, 20122 Milan, Italy; (P.R.); (A.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Chiara Cordiglieri
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, INGM, 20122 Milan, Italy; (P.R.); (A.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Mauro Roberto Benvenuti
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Medical Oncology, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Luciano Mutti
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, DISCAB, Aquila University, 67100 L’ Aquila, Italy;
- Department of Biotechnology, SHRO, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Stefano Biffo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.O.); (G.D.)
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, INGM, 20122 Milan, Italy; (P.R.); (A.M.); (C.C.)
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3
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Donnaloja F, Raimondi MT, Messa L, Barzaghini B, Carnevali F, Colombo E, Mazza D, Martinelli C, Boeri L, Rey F, Cereda C, Osellame R, Cerullo G, Carelli S, Soncini M, Jacchetti E. 3D photopolymerized microstructured scaffolds influence nuclear deformation, nucleo/cytoskeletal protein organization, and gene regulation in mesenchymal stem cells. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:036112. [PMID: 37692376 PMCID: PMC10491463 DOI: 10.1063/5.0153215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli from the extracellular environment affect cell morphology and functionality. Recently, we reported that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) grown in a custom-made 3D microscaffold, the Nichoid, are able to express higher levels of stemness markers. In fact, the Nichoid is an interesting device for autologous MSC expansion in clinical translation and would appear to regulate gene activity by altering intracellular force transmission. To corroborate this hypothesis, we investigated mechanotransduction-related nuclear mechanisms, and we also treated spread cells with a drug that destroys the actin cytoskeleton. We observed a roundish nuclear shape in MSCs cultured in the Nichoid and correlated the nuclear curvature with the import of transcription factors. We observed a more homogeneous euchromatin distribution in cells cultured in the Nichoid with respect to the Flat sample, corresponding to a standard glass coverslip. These results suggest a different gene regulation, which we confirmed by an RNA-seq analysis that revealed the dysregulation of 1843 genes. We also observed a low structured lamina mesh, which, according to the implemented molecular dynamic simulations, indicates reduced damping activity, thus supporting the hypothesis of low intracellular force transmission. Also, our investigations regarding lamin expression and spatial organization support the hypothesis that the gene dysregulation induced by the Nichoid is mainly related to a reduction in force transmission. In conclusion, our findings revealing the Nichoid's effects on MSC behavior is a step forward in the control of stem cells via mechanical manipulation, thus paving the way to new strategies for MSC translation to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Donnaloja
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Bianca Barzaghini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Carnevali
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Davide Mazza
- Istituto Scientifico Ospedale San Raffaele, Centro di Imaging Sperimentale, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Boeri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Rey
- Pediatric Research Center “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Center of Functional Genomic and Rare Diseases, “V. Buzzi” Children's Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies—CNR, and Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies—CNR, and Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Monica Soncini
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Jacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Barzaghini B, Carelli S, Messa L, Rey F, Avanzini MA, Jacchetti E, Maghraby E, Berardo C, Zuccotti G, Raimondi MT, Cereda C, Calcaterra V, Pelizzo G. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Expanded Inside the Nichoid Micro-Scaffold: a Focus on Anti-Inflammatory Response. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37363698 PMCID: PMC10027280 DOI: 10.1007/s40883-023-00296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising source for stem cell therapies in numerous diseases, including pediatric respiratory system diseases. Characterized by low immunogenicity, high anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory features, MSCs demonstrated an excellent therapeutic profile in numerous in vitro and preclinical models. MSCs reside in a specialized physiologic microenvironment, characterized by a unique combination of biophysical, biochemical, and cellular properties. The exploitation of the 3D micro-scaffold Nichoid, which simulates the native niche, enhanced the anti-inflammatory potential of stem cells through mechanical stimulation only, overcoming the limitation of biochemical and xenogenic growth factors application. Materials and Methods In this work, we expanded pediatric bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) inside the Nichoid and performed a complete cellular characterization with different approaches including viability assays, immunofluorescence analyses, RNA sequencing, and gene expression analysis. Results We demonstrated that BM-MSCs inside the scaffold remain in a stem cell quiescent state mimicking the condition of the in vivo environment. Moreover, the gene expression profile of these cells shows a significant up-regulation of genes involved in immune response when compared with the flat control. Conclusion The significant changes in the expression profile of anti-inflammatory genes could potentiate the therapeutic effect of BM-MSCs, encouraging the possible clinical translation for the treatment of pediatric congenital and acquired pulmonary disorders, including post-COVID lung manifestations. Lay Summary Regenerative medicine is the research field integrating medicine, biology, and biomedical engineering. In this context, stem cells, which are a fundamental cell source able to regenerate tissues and restore damage in the body, are the key component for a regenerative therapeutic approach. When expanded outside the body, stem cells tend to differentiate spontaneously and lose regenerative potential due to external stimuli. For this reason, we exploit the scaffold named Nichoid, which mimics the in vivo cell niche architecture. In this scaffold, mesenchymal stem cells "feel at home" due to the three-dimensional mechanical stimuli, and our findings could be considered as an innovative culture system for the in vitro expansion of stem cells for clinical translation. Future Perspective The increasing demand of safe and effective cell therapies projects our findings toward the possibility of improving cell therapies based on the use of BM-MSCs, particularly for their clinical translation in lung diseases. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Barzaghini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Pediatric Research Center “Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Letizia Messa
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Electronic, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Rey
- Pediatric Research Center “Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Avanzini
- Immunology and Transplantation Laboratory, Cell Factory, Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Jacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Maghraby
- Pediatric Research Center “Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Berardo
- Pediatric Research Center “Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianvincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Research Center “Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta,” Politecnico Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Center of Functional Genomics and Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Pediatrics, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gloria Pelizzo
- Pediatric Surgery Unit, Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Testa C, Oliveto S, Jacchetti E, Donnaloja F, Martinelli C, Pinoli P, Osellame R, Cerullo G, Ceri S, Biffo S, Raimondi MT. Whole transcriptomic analysis of mesenchymal stem cells cultured in Nichoid micro-scaffolds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:945474. [PMID: 36686258 PMCID: PMC9852851 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.945474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to be ideal candidates for clinical applications where not only regenerative potential but also immunomodulation ability is fundamental. Over the last years, increasing efforts have been put into the design and fabrication of 3D synthetic niches, conceived to emulate the native tissue microenvironment and aiming at efficiently controlling the MSC phenotype in vitro. In this panorama, our group patented an engineered microstructured scaffold, called Nichoid. It is fabricated through two-photon polymerization, a technique enabling the creation of 3D structures with control of scaffold geometry at the cell level and spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit, down to 100 nm. The Nichoid's capacity to maintain higher levels of stemness as compared to 2D substrates, with no need for adding exogenous soluble factors, has already been demonstrated in MSCs, neural precursors, and murine embryonic stem cells. In this work, we evaluated how three-dimensionality can influence the whole gene expression profile in rat MSCs. Our results show that at only 4 days from cell seeding, gene activation is affected in a significant way, since 654 genes appear to be differentially expressed (392 upregulated and 262 downregulated) between cells cultured in 3D Nichoids and in 2D controls. The functional enrichment analysis shows that differentially expressed genes are mainly enriched in pathways related to the actin cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix (ECM), and, in particular, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), thus confirming the important role of cell morphology and adhesions in determining the MSC phenotype. In conclusion, our results suggest that the Nichoid, thanks to its exclusive architecture and 3D cell adhesion properties, is not only a useful tool for governing cell stemness but could also be a means for controlling immune-related MSC features specifically involved in cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Testa
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy,Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy,*Correspondence: Carolina Testa, ; Manuela T. Raimondi,
| | - Stefania Oliveto
- Department of Bioscience (DBS), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Jacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Donnaloja
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Pinoli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology (IFN)-CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology (IFN)-CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Ceri
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Biffo
- Department of Bioscience (DBS), University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Manuela T. Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy,*Correspondence: Carolina Testa, ; Manuela T. Raimondi,
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Peculiarities of Integrating Mechanical Valves in Microfluidic Channels Using Direct Laser Writing. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:9411024. [PMID: 36245929 PMCID: PMC9568359 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9411024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a fast expanding scientific topic. One of the main areas of development directions in this field is the usage of additive manufacturing to fabricate functional components that would be later integrated directly into the human body. One such structure could be a microfluidic valve which could replace its biological counterpart in veins as it is worn out over the lifetime of a patient. In this work, we explore the possibility to produce such a structure by using multiphoton polymerization (MPP). This technology allows the creation of 3D structures on a micro- and nanometric scale. In this work, the fabrication of microfluidic systems by direct laser writing was carried out. These devices consist of a 100 μm diameter channel and within it a 200 μm long three-dimensional one-way mechanical valve. The idea of this device is to have a single flow direction for a fluid. For testing purposes, the valve was integrated into a femtosecond laser-made glass microfluidic system. Such a system acts as a platform for testing such small and delicate devices. Measurements of the dimensions of the device within such a testing platform were taken and the repeatability of this process was analyzed. The capability to use it for flow direction control is measured. Possible implications to the field of regenerative medicine are discussed.
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ABSTRACTS (BY NUMBER). Tissue Eng Part A 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2022.29025.abstracts] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Costa BL, Adão RMR, Maibohm C, Accardo A, Cardoso VF, Nieder JB. Cellular Interaction of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Polymer and Hydrogel 3D Microscaffold Templates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:13013-13024. [PMID: 35282678 PMCID: PMC8949723 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomimicking biological niches of healthy tissues or tumors can be achieved by means of artificial microenvironments, where structural and mechanical properties are crucial parameters to promote tissue formation and recreate natural conditions. In this work, three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds based on woodpile structures were fabricated by two-photon polymerization (2PP) of different photosensitive polymers (IP-S and SZ2080) and hydrogels (PEGDA 700) using two different 2PP setups, a commercial one and a customized one. The structures' properties were tuned to study the effect of scaffold dimensions (gap size) and their mechanical properties on the adhesion and proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), which can serve as a model for leukemic diseases, among other hematological applications. The woodpile structures feature gap sizes of 25, 50, and 100 μm and a fixed beam diameter of 25 μm, to systematically study the optimal cell colonization that promotes healthy cell growth and potential tissue formation. The characterization of the scaffolds involved scanning electron microscopy and mechanical nanoindenting, while their suitability for supporting cell growth was evaluated with live/dead cell assays and multistaining 3D confocal imaging. In the mechanical assays of the hydrogel material, we observed two different stiffness ranges depending on the indentation depth. Larger gap woodpile structures coated with fibronectin were identified as the most promising scaffolds for 3D BM-MSC cellular models, showing higher proliferation rates. The results indicate that both the design and the employed materials are suitable for further assays, where retaining the BM-MSC stemness and original features is crucial, including studies focused on BM disorders such as leukemia and others. Moreover, the combination of 3D scaffold geometry and materials holds great potential for the investigation of cellular behaviors in a co-culture setting, for example, mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells, to be further applied in medical research and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz
N. L. Costa
- INL—International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast
Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Av. Mestre José Veiga S/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
- CMEMS-UMinho,
University of Minho, DEI, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães 4800-058, Portugal
- Faculty
of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering (PME), Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo M. R. Adão
- INL—International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast
Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Av. Mestre José Veiga S/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Christian Maibohm
- INL—International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast
Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Av. Mestre José Veiga S/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Angelo Accardo
- Faculty
of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering (PME), Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa F. Cardoso
- CMEMS-UMinho,
University of Minho, DEI, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães 4800-058, Portugal
- CF-UM-UP,
Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e Porto, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jana B. Nieder
- INL—International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast
Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Av. Mestre José Veiga S/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
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9
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Ene-Iordache B, Campiglio CE, Raimondi MT, Remuzzi A. Characterization of the Microflow Through 3D Synthetic Niche Microenvironments Hosted in a Millifluidic Bioreactor. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:799594. [PMID: 34976990 PMCID: PMC8718690 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.799594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Development of new medicines is a lengthy process with high risk of failure since drug efficacy measured in vitro is difficult to confirm in vivo. Intended to add a new tool aiding drug discovery, the MOAB-NICHOID device was developed: a miniaturized optically accessible bioreactor (MOAB) housing the 3D engineered scaffold NICHOID. The aim of our study was to characterize the microflow through the 3D nichoid microenvironment hosted in the MOAB-NICHOID device. Methods: We used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to compute the flow field inside a very fine grid resembling the scaffold microenvironment. Results: The microflow inside the multi-array of nichoid blocks is fed and locally influenced by the mainstream flow developed in the perfusion chamber of the device. Here we have revealed a low velocity, complex flow field with secondary, backward, or local recirculation micro-flows induced by the intricate architecture of the nichoid scaffold. Conclusion: Knowledge of the microenvironment inside the 3D nichoids allows planning of cell experiments, to regulate the transport of cells towards the scaffold substrate during seeding or the spatial delivery of nutrients and oxygen which affects cell growth and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Ene-Iordache
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Ranica, Italy
- *Correspondence: Bogdan Ene-Iordache, ; Manuela Teresa Raimondi,
| | - Chiara Emma Campiglio
- Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Dalmine, Italy
| | - Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Bogdan Ene-Iordache, ; Manuela Teresa Raimondi,
| | - Andrea Remuzzi
- Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Dalmine, Italy
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10
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Maciulaitis J, Miskiniene M, Rekštytė S, Bratchikov M, Darinskas A, Simbelyte A, Daunoras G, Laurinaviciene A, Laurinavicius A, Gudas R, Malinauskas M, Maciulaitis R. Osteochondral Repair and Electromechanical Evaluation of Custom 3D Scaffold Microstructured by Direct Laser Writing Lithography. Cartilage 2021; 13:615S-625S. [PMID: 31072136 PMCID: PMC8804810 DOI: 10.1177/1947603519847745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess a novel 3D microstructured scaffold seeded with allogeneic chondrocytes (cells) in a rabbit osteochondral defect model. DESIGN Direct laser writing lithography in pre-polymers was employed to fabricate custom silicon-zirconium containing hybrid organic-inorganic (HOI) polymer SZ2080 scaffolds of a predefined morphology. Hexagon-pored HOI scaffolds were seeded with chondrocytes (cells), and tissue-engineered cartilage biocompatibility, potency, efficacy, and shelf-life in vitro was assessed by morphological, ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis. Osteochondral defect was created in the weight-bearing area of medial femoral condyle for in vivo study. Polymerized fibrin was added to every defect of 5 experimental groups. Cartilage repair was analyzed after 6 months using macroscopical (Oswestry Arthroscopy Score [OAS]), histological, and electromechanical quantitative potential (QP) scores. Collagen scaffold (CS) was used as a positive comparator for in vitro and in vivo studies. RESULTS Type II collagen gene upregulation and protein secretion was maintained up to 8 days in seeded HOI. In vivo analysis revealed improvement in all scaffold treatment groups. For the first time, electromechanical properties of a cellular-based scaffold were analyzed in a preclinical study. Cell addition did not enhance OAS but improved histological and QP scores in HOI groups. CONCLUSIONS HOI material is biocompatible for up to 8 days in vitro and is supportive of cartilage formation at 6 months in vivo. Electromechanical measurement offers a reliable quality assessment of repaired cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justinas Maciulaitis
- Institute of Sports, Lithuanian
University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania,Justinas Maciulaitis, Institute of Sports,
Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes st. 18, 9 House, Kaunas 47181,
Lithuania.
| | - Milda Miskiniene
- Laboratory of Immunology, National
Institute of Cancer, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sima Rekštytė
- Laser Research Center, Faculty of
Physics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Maksim Bratchikov
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry,
Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of
Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Adas Darinskas
- Laboratory of Immunology, National
Institute of Cancer, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agne Simbelyte
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate
of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Gintaras Daunoras
- Non-infectious Disease Department,
Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aida Laurinaviciene
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate
of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arvydas Laurinavicius
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate
of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rimtautas Gudas
- Institute of Sports, Lithuanian
University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - Romaldas Maciulaitis
- Institute of Physiology and
Pharmacology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas,
Lithuania
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11
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Micro-scaffolds as synthetic cell niches: recent advances and challenges. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 73:290-299. [PMID: 34619481 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Micro-fabrication and nano-fabrication provide useful approaches to address fundamental biological questions by mimicking the physiological microenvironment in which cells carry out their functions. In particular, 2D patterns and 3D scaffolds obtained via lithography, direct laser writing, and other techniques allow for shaping hydrogels, synthetic polymers and biologically derived materials to create structures for (single) cell culture. Applications of micro-scaffolds mimicking cell niches include stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, and lineage specification. This review moves from technological aspects of scaffold microfabrication for cell biological applications to a broad overview of advances in (stem) cell research: achievements for embryonic, induced pluripotent, mesenchymal, and neural stem cells are treated in detail, while a particular section is dedicated to micro-scaffolds used to study single cells in basic cell biology.
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12
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Neural Precursor Cells Expanded Inside the 3D Micro-Scaffold Nichoid Present Different Non-Coding RNAs Profiles and Transcript Isoforms Expression: Possible Epigenetic Modulation by 3D Growth. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091120. [PMID: 34572306 PMCID: PMC8472193 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs show relevant implications in various biological and pathological processes. Thus, understanding the biological implications of these molecules in stem cell biology still represents a major challenge. The aim of this work is to study the transcriptional dysregulation of 357 non-coding genes, found through RNA-Seq approach, in murine neural precursor cells expanded inside the 3D micro-scaffold Nichoid versus standard culture conditions. Through weighted co-expression network analysis and functional enrichment, we highlight the role of non-coding RNAs in altering the expression of coding genes involved in mechanotransduction, stemness, and neural differentiation. Moreover, as non-coding RNAs are poorly conserved between species, we focus on those with human homologue sequences, performing further computational characterization. Lastly, we looked for isoform switching as possible mechanism in altering coding and non-coding gene expression. Our results provide a comprehensive dissection of the 3D scaffold Nichoid's influence on the biological and genetic response of neural precursor cells. These findings shed light on the possible role of non-coding RNAs in 3D cell growth, indicating that also non-coding RNAs are implicated in cellular response to mechanical stimuli.
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13
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Makvandi P, Kirkby M, Hutton ARJ, Shabani M, Yiu CKY, Baghbantaraghdari Z, Jamaledin R, Carlotti M, Mazzolai B, Mattoli V, Donnelly RF. Engineering Microneedle Patches for Improved Penetration: Analysis, Skin Models and Factors Affecting Needle Insertion. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:93. [PMID: 34138349 PMCID: PMC8006208 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal microneedle (MN) patches are a promising tool used to transport a wide variety of active compounds into the skin. To serve as a substitute for common hypodermic needles, MNs must pierce the human stratum corneum (~ 10 to 20 µm), without rupturing or bending during penetration. This ensures that the cargo is released at the predetermined place and time. Therefore, the ability of MN patches to sufficiently pierce the skin is a crucial requirement. In the current review, the pain signal and its management during application of MNs and typical hypodermic needles are presented and compared. This is followed by a discussion on mechanical analysis and skin models used for insertion tests before application to clinical practice. Factors that affect insertion (e.g., geometry, material composition and cross-linking of MNs), along with recent advancements in developed strategies (e.g., insertion responsive patches and 3D printed biomimetic MNs using two-photon lithography) to improve the skin penetration are highlighted to provide a backdrop for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Melissa Kirkby
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Aaron R J Hutton
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Majid Shabani
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cynthia K Y Yiu
- Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zahra Baghbantaraghdari
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Rezvan Jamaledin
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care (iit@CRIB), Italian Institute of Technology, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Carlotti
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Mazzolai
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interface, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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14
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The nuclear import of the transcription factor MyoD is reduced in mesenchymal stem cells grown in a 3D micro-engineered niche. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3021. [PMID: 33542304 PMCID: PMC7862644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Smart biomaterials are increasingly being used to control stem cell fate in vitro by the recapitulation of the native niche microenvironment. By integrating experimental measurements with numerical models, we show that in mesenchymal stem cells grown inside a 3D synthetic niche both nuclear transport of a myogenic factor and the passive nuclear diffusion of a smaller inert protein are reduced. Our results also suggest that cell morphology modulates nuclear proteins import through a partition of the nuclear envelope surface, which is a thin but extremely permeable annular portion in cells cultured on 2D substrates. Therefore, our results support the hypothesis that in stem cell differentiation, the nuclear import of gene-regulating transcription factors is controlled by a strain-dependent nuclear envelope permeability, probably related to the reorganization of stretch-activated nuclear pore complexes.
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15
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Carelli S, Giallongo T, Rey F, Barzaghini B, Zandrini T, Pulcinelli A, Nardomarino R, Cerullo G, Osellame R, Cereda C, Zuccotti GV, Raimondi MT. Neural precursors cells expanded in a 3D micro-engineered niche present enhanced therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Nanotheranostics 2021; 5:8-26. [PMID: 33391972 PMCID: PMC7738947 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.50633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Stem Cells (SCs) show a great potential in therapeutics for restoring and regenerating native tissues. The clinical translation of SCs therapies is currently hindered by the inability to expand SCs in vitro in large therapeutic dosages, while maintaining their safety and potency. The use of biomaterials allows for the generation of active biophysical signals for directing SCs fate through 3D micro-scaffolds, such as the one named “Nichoid”, fabricated with two-photon laser polymerization with a spatial resolution of 100 nm. The aims of this study were: i) to investigate the proliferation, differentiation and stemness properties of neural precursor cells (NPCs) following their cultivation inside the Nichoid micro-scaffold; ii) to assess the therapeutic effect and safety in vivo of NPCs cultivated in the Nichoid in a preclinical experimental model of Parkinson's Disease (PD). Methods: Nichoids were fabricated by two photon laser polymerization onto circular glass coverslips using a home-made SZ2080 photoresist. NPCs were grown inside the Nichoid for 7 days, counted and characterized with RNA-Seq, Real Time PCR analysis, immunofluorescence and Western Blot. Then, NPCs were transplanted in a murine experimental model of PD, in which parkinsonism was induced by the intraperitoneal administration of the neurotoxin MPTP in C57/bl mice. The efficacy of engrafted Nichoid-expanded NPCs was evaluated by means of specific behavioral tests and, after animal sacrifice, with immunohistochemical studies in brain slices. Results: NPCs grown inside the Nichoid show a significantly higher cell viability and proliferation than in standard culture conditions in suspension. Furthermore, we report the mechanical conditioning of NPCs in 3D micro-scaffolds, showing a significant increase in the expression of pluripotency genes. We also report that such mechanical reprogramming of NPCs produces an enhanced therapeutic effect in the in vivo model of PD. Recovery of PD symptoms was significantly increased when animals were treated with Nichoid-grown NPCs, and this is accompanied by the recovery of dopaminergic markers expression in the striatum of PD affected mice. Conclusion: SCs demonstrated an increase in pluripotency potential when expanded inside the Nichoid, without the need of any genetic modification of cells, showing great promise for large-scale production of safe and functional cell therapies to be used in multiple clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephana Carelli
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, 20157, Italy
| | - Toniella Giallongo
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, 20157, Italy
| | - Federica Rey
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, 20157, Italy
| | - Bianca Barzaghini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Tommaso Zandrini
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN)-CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Pulcinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Riccardo Nardomarino
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN)-CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN)-CNR and Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Genomic and Postgenomic Lab, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center "Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi", L. Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, 20157, Italy
| | - Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milano, 20133, Italy
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16
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Parodi V, Jacchetti E, Bresci A, Talone B, Valensise CM, Osellame R, Cerullo G, Polli D, Raimondi MT. Characterization of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation within Miniaturized 3D Scaffolds through Advanced Microscopy Techniques. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8498. [PMID: 33187392 PMCID: PMC7696107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional culture systems and suitable substrates topographies demonstrated to drive stem cell fate in vitro by mechanical conditioning. For example, the Nichoid 3D scaffold remodels stem cells and shapes nuclei, thus promoting stem cell expansion and stemness maintenance. However, the mechanisms involved in force transmission and in biochemical signaling at the basis of fate determination are not yet clear. Among the available investigation systems, confocal fluorescence microscopy using fluorescent dyes enables the observation of cell function and shape at the subcellular scale in vital and fixed conditions. Contrarily, nonlinear optical microscopy techniques, which exploit multi-photon processes, allow to study cell behavior in vital and unlabeled conditions. We apply confocal fluorescence microscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), and second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy to characterize the phenotypic expression of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) towards adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation inside Nichoid scaffolds, in terms of nuclear morphology and specific phenotypic products, by comparing these techniques. We demonstrate that the Nichoid maintains a rounded nuclei during expansion and differentiation, promoting MSCs adipogenic differentiation while inhibiting chondrogenesis. We show that CARS and SHG techniques are suitable for specific estimation of the lipid and collagenous content, thus overcoming the limitations of using unspecific fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Parodi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering «G. Natta», Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.J.); (A.B.); (M.T.R.)
| | - Emanuela Jacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering «G. Natta», Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.J.); (A.B.); (M.T.R.)
| | - Arianna Bresci
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering «G. Natta», Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.J.); (A.B.); (M.T.R.)
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.T.); (C.M.V.); (R.O.); (G.C.); (D.P.)
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Benedetta Talone
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.T.); (C.M.V.); (R.O.); (G.C.); (D.P.)
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo M. Valensise
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.T.); (C.M.V.); (R.O.); (G.C.); (D.P.)
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Osellame
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.T.); (C.M.V.); (R.O.); (G.C.); (D.P.)
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.T.); (C.M.V.); (R.O.); (G.C.); (D.P.)
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Dario Polli
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (B.T.); (C.M.V.); (R.O.); (G.C.); (D.P.)
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie (IFN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Manuela T. Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering «G. Natta», Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.J.); (A.B.); (M.T.R.)
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17
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Dissecting the Effect of a 3D Microscaffold on the Transcriptome of Neural Stem Cells with Computational Approaches: A Focus on Mechanotransduction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186775. [PMID: 32942778 PMCID: PMC7555048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
3D cell cultures are becoming more and more important in the field of regenerative medicine due to their ability to mimic the cellular physiological microenvironment. Among the different types of 3D scaffolds, we focus on the Nichoid, a miniaturized scaffold with a structure inspired by the natural staminal niche. The Nichoid can activate cellular responses simply by subjecting the cells to mechanical stimuli. This kind of influence results in different cellular morphology and organization, but the molecular bases of these changes remain largely unknown. Through RNA-Seq approach on murine neural precursors stem cells expanded inside the Nichoid, we investigated the deregulated genes and pathways showing that the Nichoid causes alteration in genes strongly connected to mechanobiological functions. Moreover, we fully dissected this mechanism highlighting how the changes start at a membrane level, with subsequent alterations in the cytoskeleton, signaling pathways, and metabolism, all leading to a final alteration in gene expression. The results shown here demonstrate that the Nichoid influences the biological and genetic response of stem cells thorough specific alterations of cellular signaling. The characterization of these pathways elucidates the role of mechanical manipulation on stem cells, with possible implications in regenerative medicine applications.
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18
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Effect of the 3D Artificial Nichoid on the Morphology and Mechanobiological Response of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cultured In Vitro. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081873. [PMID: 32796521 PMCID: PMC7464958 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell fate and behavior are affected by the bidirectional communication of cells and their local microenvironment (the stem cell niche), which includes biochemical cues, as well as physical and mechanical factors. Stem cells are normally cultured in conventional two-dimensional monolayer, with a mechanical environment very different from the physiological one. Here, we compare culture of rat mesenchymal stem cells on flat culture supports and in the "Nichoid", an innovative three-dimensional substrate micro-engineered to recapitulate the architecture of the physiological niche in vitro. Two versions of the culture substrates Nichoid (single-layered or "2D Nichoid" and multi-layered or "3D Nichoid") were fabricated via two-photon laser polymerization in a biocompatible hybrid organic-inorganic photoresist (SZ2080). Mesenchymal stem cells, isolated from rat bone marrow, were seeded on flat substrates and on 2D and 3D Nichoid substrates and maintained in culture up to 2 weeks. During cell culture, we evaluated cell morphology, proliferation, cell motility and the expression of a panel of 89 mesenchymal stem cells' specific genes, as well as intracellular structures organization. Our results show that mesenchymal stem cells adhered and grew in the 3D Nichoid with a comparable proliferation rate as compared to flat substrates. After seeding on flat substrates, cells displayed large and spread nucleus and cytoplasm, while cells cultured in the 3D Nichoid were spatially organized in three dimensions, with smaller and spherical nuclei. Gene expression analysis revealed the upregulation of genes related to stemness and to mesenchymal stem cells' features in Nichoid-cultured cells, as compared to flat substrates. The observed changes in cytoskeletal organization of cells cultured on 3D Nichoids were also responsible for a different localization of the mechanotransducer transcription factor YAP, with an increase of the cytoplasmic retention in cells cultured in the 3D Nichoid. This difference could be explained by alterations in the import of transcription factors inside the nucleus due to the observed decrease of mean nuclear pore diameter, by transmission electron microscopy. Our data show that 3D distribution of cell volume has a profound effect on mesenchymal stem cells structure and on their mechanobiological response, and highlight the potential use of the 3D Nichoid substrate to strengthen the potential effects of MSC in vitro and in vivo.
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Bakhchova L, Jonušauskas L, Andrijec D, Kurachkina M, Baravykas T, Eremin A, Steinmann U. Femtosecond Laser-Based Integration of Nano-Membranes into Organ-on-a-Chip Systems. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13143076. [PMID: 32664211 PMCID: PMC7412128 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip devices are gaining popularity in medical research due to the possibility of performing extremely complex living-body-resembling research in vitro. For this reason, there is a substantial drive in developing technologies capable of producing such structures in a simple and, at the same time, flexible manner. One of the primary challenges in producing organ-on-chip devices from a manufacturing standpoint is the prevalence of layer-by-layer bonding techniques, which result in limitations relating to the applicable materials and geometries and limited repeatability. In this work, we present an improved approach, using three dimensional (3D) laser lithography for the direct integration of a functional part-the membrane-into a closed-channel system. We show that it allows the freely choice of the geometry of the membrane and its integration into a complete organ-on-a-chip system. Considerations relating to sample preparation, the writing process, and the final preparation for operation are given. Overall, we consider that the broader application of 3D laser lithography in organ-on-a-chip fabrication is the next logical step in this field's evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Bakhchova
- Institute for Automation Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-39-1675-7238
| | - Linas Jonušauskas
- Femtika Ltd., LT-10224 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.J.); (D.A.); (T.B.)
- Laser Research Center, Vilnius University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dovilė Andrijec
- Femtika Ltd., LT-10224 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.J.); (D.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Marharyta Kurachkina
- Institute of Physics, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.K.); (A.E.)
| | - Tomas Baravykas
- Femtika Ltd., LT-10224 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.J.); (D.A.); (T.B.)
| | - Alexey Eremin
- Institute of Physics, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.K.); (A.E.)
| | - Ulrike Steinmann
- Institute for Automation Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
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Raimondi MT, Donnaloja F, Barzaghini B, Bocconi A, Conci C, Parodi V, Jacchetti E, Carelli S. Bioengineering tools to speed up the discovery and preclinical testing of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 and therapeutic agents for COVID-19. Theranostics 2020; 10:7034-7052. [PMID: 32641977 PMCID: PMC7330866 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an update for the international research community on the cell modeling tools that could accelerate the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and could thus speed up the development of vaccines and therapeutic agents against COVID-19. Many bioengineering groups are actively developing frontier tools that are capable of providing realistic three-dimensional (3D) models for biological research, including cell culture scaffolds, microfluidic chambers for the culture of tissue equivalents and organoids, and implantable windows for intravital imaging. Here, we review the most innovative study models based on these bioengineering tools in the context of virology and vaccinology. To make it easier for scientists working on SARS-CoV-2 to identify and apply specific tools, we discuss how they could accelerate the discovery and preclinical development of antiviral drugs and vaccines, compared to conventional models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Donnaloja
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Bianca Barzaghini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Bocconi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudio Conci
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Parodi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Jacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering G. Natta, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stephana Carelli
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center “Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milano, Italy
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21
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Maibohm C, Silvestre OF, Borme J, Sinou M, Heggarty K, Nieder JB. Multi-beam two-photon polymerization for fast large area 3D periodic structure fabrication for bioapplications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8740. [PMID: 32457310 PMCID: PMC7250934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64955-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is capable of fabricating 3D structures with dimensions from sub-µm to a few hundred µm. As a direct laser writing (DLW) process, fabrication time of 3D TPP structures scale with the third order, limiting its use in large volume fabrication. Here, we report on a scalable fabrication method that cuts fabrication time to a fraction. A parallelized 9 multi-beamlets DLW process, created by a fixed diffraction optical element (DOE) and subsequent stitching are used to fabricate large periodic high aspect ratio 3D microstructured arrays with sub-micron features spanning several hundred of µm2. The wall structure in the array is designed with a minimum of traced lines and is created by a low numerical aperture (NA) microscope objective, leading to self-supporting lines omitting the need for line-hatching. The fabricated periodic arrays are applied in a cell - 3D microstructure interaction study using living HeLa cells. First indications of increased cell proliferation in the presence of 3D microstructures compared to planar surfaces are obtained. Furthermore, the cells adopt an elongated morphology when attached to the 3D microstructured surfaces. Both results constitute promising findings rendering the 3D microstructures a suited tool for cell interaction experiments, e.g. for cell migration, separation or even tissue engineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Maibohm
- Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics group, INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Oscar F Silvestre
- Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics group, INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jérôme Borme
- 2D Materials and Devices group, INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maina Sinou
- Departement d'Optique, IMT-Atlantique, Technopole Brest-Iroise, CS 83818, Brest, France
| | - Kevin Heggarty
- Departement d'Optique, IMT-Atlantique, Technopole Brest-Iroise, CS 83818, Brest, France
| | - Jana B Nieder
- Ultrafast Bio- and Nanophotonics group, INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
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22
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Abstract
Multiphoton 3D lithography is becoming a tool of choice in a wide variety of fields. Regenerative medicine is one of them. Its true 3D structuring capabilities beyond diffraction can be exploited to produce structures with diverse functionality. Furthermore, these objects can be produced from unique materials allowing expanded performance. Here, we review current trends in this research area. We pay particular attention to the interplay between the technology and materials used. Thus, we extensively discuss undergoing light-matter interactions and peculiarities of setups needed to induce it. Then, we continue with the most popular resins, photoinitiators, and general material functionalization, with emphasis on their potential usage in regenerative medicine. Furthermore, we provide extensive discussion of current advances in the field as well as prospects showing how the correct choice of the polymer can play a vital role in the structure’s functionality. Overall, this review highlights the interplay between the structure’s architecture and material choice when trying to achieve the maximum result in the field of regenerative medicine.
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23
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Zandrini T, Shan O, Parodi V, Cerullo G, Raimondi MT, Osellame R. Multi-foci laser microfabrication of 3D polymeric scaffolds for stem cell expansion in regenerative medicine. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11761. [PMID: 31409835 PMCID: PMC6692386 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48080-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High quality large scale fabrication of cellular scaffolds, with three-dimensional resolution comparable to cell size, is an important task to enable regenerative medicine applications with stem cells. We are using two-photon polymerization to produce our stem cell culture substrate called Nichoid, which we already demonstrated capable of stimulating cell proliferation while maintaining their stemness, without the need of dangerous additives. Parallelization of this technique can be achieved with the use of a spatial light modulator: here we show the results obtained combining this device with fast linear stages to produce Nichoid-covered substrates by two-photon polymerization. The well-polymerized structures confirm that this approach is particularly convenient for porous structures, and allows a significant time saving by a factor of almost five, with minor design adjustments. A Live & Dead assay was performed on mesenchymal stem cells cultured into the Nichoid microstructures in order to verify that no difference in cell viability is present, compared to microstructures fabricated by a single focus. This parallel setup opens the possibility to obtain a much larger number of microstructured substrates, that are essential to test new stem cell-based therapies. This approach can be also used for the fast fabrication of other kinds of cell culture devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Zandrini
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Milano, 20133, Italy. .,National Research Council, Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Milano, 20133, Italy.
| | - Oumin Shan
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Valentina Parodi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- National Research Council, Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Milano, 20133, Italy.,Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Manuela T Raimondi
- Politecnico di Milano, Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Roberto Osellame
- National Research Council, Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, Milano, 20133, Italy.,Politecnico di Milano, Department of Physics, Milano, 20133, Italy
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24
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Hippler M, Lemma ED, Bertels S, Blasco E, Barner-Kowollik C, Wegener M, Bastmeyer M. 3D Scaffolds to Study Basic Cell Biology. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1808110. [PMID: 30793374 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mimicking the properties of the extracellular matrix is crucial for developing in vitro models of the physiological microenvironment of living cells. Among other techniques, 3D direct laser writing (DLW) has emerged as a promising technology for realizing tailored 3D scaffolds for cell biology studies. Here, results based on DLW addressing basic biological issues, e.g., cell-force measurements and selective 3D cell spreading on functionalized structures are reviewed. Continuous future progress in DLW materials engineering and innovative approaches for scaffold fabrication will enable further applications of DLW in applied biomedical research and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hippler
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Enrico Domenico Lemma
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sarah Bertels
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Technical Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang-Gaede-Str. 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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25
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Lemma ED, Spagnolo B, De Vittorio M, Pisanello F. Studying Cell Mechanobiology in 3D: The Two-Photon Lithography Approach. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 37:358-372. [PMID: 30343948 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon lithography is a laser writing technique that can produce 3D microstructures with resolutions below the diffraction limit. This review focuses on its applications to study mechanical properties of cells, an emerging field known as mechanobiology. We review 3D structural designs and materials in the context of new experimental designs, including estimating forces exerted by single cells, studying selective adhesion on substrates, and creating 3D networks of cells. We then focus on emerging applications, including structures for assessing cancer cell invasiveness, whose migration properties depend on the cell mechanical response to the environment, and 3D architectures and materials to study stem cell differentiation, as 3D structure shape and patterning play a key role in defining cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Domenico Lemma
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Via Barsanti snc, 73010 Arnesano, Italy; Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione, via per Monteroni snc, 73100 Lecce, Italy; Current address: Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Zoologisches Institut, Zell- und Neurobiologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Barbara Spagnolo
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Via Barsanti snc, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Massimo De Vittorio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Via Barsanti snc, 73010 Arnesano, Italy; Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione, via per Monteroni snc, 73100 Lecce, Italy; These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Ferruccio Pisanello
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Via Barsanti snc, 73010 Arnesano, Italy; These authors equally contributed to this work.
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26
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Acevedo JP, Angelopoulos I, van Noort D, Khoury M. Microtechnology applied to stem cells research and development. Regen Med 2018; 13:233-248. [PMID: 29557299 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2017-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfabrication and microfluidics contribute to the research of cellular functions of cells and their interaction with their environment. Previously, it has been shown that microfluidics can contribute to the isolation, selection, characterization and migration of cells. This review aims to provide stem cell researchers with a toolkit of microtechnology (mT) instruments for elucidating complex stem cells functions which are challenging to decipher with traditional assays and animal models. These microdevices are able to investigate about the differentiation and niche interaction, stem cells transcriptomics, therapeutic functions and the capture of their secreted microvesicles. In conclusion, microtechnology will allow a more realistic assessment of stem cells properties, driving and accelerating the translation of regenerative medicine approaches to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Acevedo
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ioannis Angelopoulos
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile
| | - Danny van Noort
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Biotechnology, IFM, Linköping University, Sweden
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago, Chile.,Cells for Cells, Santiago, Chile.,Consorcio Regenero, Santiago, Chile
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27
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Wei S, Liu J, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Zheng M, Jin F, Dong X, Xing J, Duan X. Protein-Based 3D Microstructures with Controllable Morphology and pH-Responsive Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:42247-42257. [PMID: 29131565 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The microtechnology of controlling stimuli-responsive biomaterials at micrometer scale is crucial for biomedical applications. Here, we report bovine serum albumin (BSA)-based three-dimensional (3D) microstructures with tunable surface morphology and pH-responsive properties via two-photon polymerization microfabrication technology. The laser processing parameters, including laser power, scanning speed, and layer distance, are optimized for the fabrication of well-defined 3D BSA microstructures. The tunable morphology of BSA microstructures and a wide range of pH response corresponding to the swelling ratio of 1.08-2.71 have been achieved. The swelling behavior of the microstructures can be strongly influenced by the concentration of BSA precursor, which has been illustrated by a reasonable mechanism. A panda face-shaped BSA microrelief with reversible pH-responsive properties is fabricated and exhibits unique "facial expression" variations in pH cycle. We further design a mesh sieve-shaped microstructure as a functional device for promising microparticle separation. The pore sizes of microstructures can be tuned by changing the pH values. Therefore, such protein-based microstructures with controllable morphology and pH-responsive properties have potential applications especially in biomedicine and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , No. 135 Yaguan Road, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 266 Fangzheng Ave, Shuitu Technology Development Zone, Beibei District, Chongqing 400714, P. R. China
| | - Tingbin Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , No. 135 Yaguan Road, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Zheng
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technologies, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yanqihu Campus, Huaibei Town, Huaibei Zhang, Huairou District, Beijing 101407, P. R. China
| | - Feng Jin
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xianzi Dong
- Laboratory of Organic NanoPhotonics and Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Xing
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , No. 135 Yaguan Road, Haihe Education Park, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xuanming Duan
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 266 Fangzheng Ave, Shuitu Technology Development Zone, Beibei District, Chongqing 400714, P. R. China
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