Effects of Mean Artery Pressure and Blood pH on Survival Rate of Patients with Acute Kidney Injury Combined with Acute Hypoxic Respiratory Failure: A Retrospective Study

Risk analysis and mediation analysis of stress hyperglycemia ratio and all-cause mortality in patients with acute kidney injury

BACKGROUND

Stress hyperglycemia ratio (SHR) has been associated with increased mortality from various cerebrovascular events and a higher incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in certain patient populations. However, the relationship between SHR and the mortality risk in patients with AKI has not been fully elucidated. Our study sought to comprehensively investigate the association and potential mediating effects between SHR and 28-day and 90-day mortality in patients with AKI.

METHODS

3703 patients with AKI were included in this study. Feature importance variables were screened by a random forest algorithm, and the independent association of SHR with mortality risk was determined by Kaplan ‒ Meier survival analysis with Cox regression analysis. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) was conducted to assess the non-linear relationship between SHR and mortality risk. Mediation analysis was deployed to investigate the indirect effect of SHR on respiratory failure (RF) -mediated mortality risk.

RESULTS

Among the patients with AKI included in this study, the 28-day mortality was 13.6% and the 90-day mortality was 18.7%. Fully adjusted Cox regression demonstrated that SHR was an independent risk factor for 28-day mortality (HR, 1.77 [95% CI 1.38-2.27], P < 0.001) and 90-day mortality (HR, 1.69 [95% CI 1.36-2.11], P < 0.001) in patients with AKI. RCS analysis revealed a linear relationship between SHR and outcome events. Additionally, the effect of SHR on 28-day and 90-day mortality risk were mediated by an increased RF risk in 6.62% and 6.54%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

High SHR is an independent risk factor for 28-day and 90-day mortality in patients with AKI, and its effect is partly mediated by an increased risk of RF.

An early warning model for predicting major adverse kidney events within 30 days in acute pancreatitis patients

BACKGROUND

Renal impairment is a common outcome of acute pancreatitis. Nevertheless, research on predictive models for major adverse kidney events within 30 days (MAKE30) in acute pancreatitis (AP) has been scarce.

METHODS

A retrospective study was conducted at Gansu Provincial Hospital, involving 391 patients with acute pancreatitis who were categorized into non-MAKE30 (320 cases) and MAKE30 (71 cases) groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the independent risk factors for MAKE30 in the aforementioned patient cohort. The nomogram was developed utilizing findings from a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Subsequent evaluation of the nomogram involved the use of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis. Additionally, subgroup analyses were performed to different AP etiology and assess secondary outcomes.

RESULTS

Gender, respiratory rate (RR), creatinine (Cr), interleukin 6 (IL-6), prothrombin time (PT), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) were identified as associated predictors of Major Adverse Kidney Events within 30 days (MAKE30) in patients with acute pancreatitis. A nomogram model was developed based on these predictors. Evaluation using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analyses (DCA) demonstrated that the nomogram model exhibited significant discrimination (AUC = 0.842) > the SOFA score (AUC = 0.809), excellent calibration, and substantial clinical utility. Subgroup analysis showed the nomogram model provided good predictive value for both secondary outcomes and various etiologies.

CONCLUSION

This model shows promise in efficiently and accurately evaluating the risk of developing MAKE30 in acute pancreatitis patients within the first 24 h of hospitalization.

Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation versus standard medical management for massive pulmonary embolism

PURPOSE

There is limited research on the use and outcomes of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) treatment for massive pulmonary embolism (PE). This study compared VA-ECMO treatment for massive PE versus patients treated medically.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients diagnosed with massive PE at one hospital system were reviewed. VA-ECMO and non-ECMO groups were compared by t test and Chi-square. Mortality risk factors were identified by logistic regression. Survival was assessed by Kaplan Meier and propensity matching of groups.

RESULTS

Ninety-two patients were included (22 VA-ECMO and 70 non-ECMO). Age (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.03-1.13), arterial SBP (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94-0.99), albumin (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.8), and phosphorus (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.4-3.17) were independently associated with 30-day mortality. Alkaline phosphate (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05) and SOFA score (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.06-1.51) were associated with 1-year mortality. Propensity matching showed no difference in 30-day (59% VA-ECMO versus 72% non-ECMO, p = 0.363) or 1-year survival (50% VA-ECMO versus 64% non-ECMO, p = 0.355).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients treated with VA-ECMO for massive PE and medically treated patients have similar short- and long-term survival. Further research is needed to define clinical recommendations and benefits of intensive therapy such as VA-ECMO in this critically ill population.

A novel clinical prediction model for in-hospital mortality in sepsis patients complicated by ARDS: A MIMIC IV database and external validation study

Background

Sepsis complicated by ARDS significantly increases morbidity and mortality, underscoring the need for robust predictive models to enhance patient management.

Methods

We collected data on 6390 patients with ARDS-complicated sepsis from the MIMIC IV database. Following rigorous data cleaning, including outlier management, handling missing values, and transforming variables, we conducted univariate analysis and logistic multivariate regression. We employed the LASSO machine learning algorithm to identify risk factors closely associated with patient outcomes. These factors were then used to develop a new clinical prediction model. The model underwent preliminary assessment and internal validation, and its performance was further tested through external validation using data from 225 patients at a major tertiary hospital in China. This validation assessed the model's discrimination, calibration, and net clinical benefits.

Results

The model, illustrated by a concise nomogram, demonstrated significant discrimination with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.711 in the internal validation set and 0.771 in the external validation set, outperforming conventional severity scores such as the SOFA and SAPS II. It also showed good calibration and net clinical benefits.

Conclusions

Our model serves as a valuable tool for identifying sepsis patients with ARDS at high risk of in-hospital mortality. This could enable the implementation of personalized treatment strategies, potentially improving patient outcomes.

Hypotension during intensive care stay and mortality and morbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

The aim of this study is to provide a summary of the existing literature on the association between hypotension during intensive care unit (ICU) stay and mortality and morbidity, and to assess whether there is an exposure-severity relationship between hypotension exposure and patient outcomes.

METHODS

CENTRAL, Embase, and PubMed were searched up to October 2022 for articles that reported an association between hypotension during ICU stay and at least one of the 11 predefined outcomes. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. Results were gathered in a summary table and studies designed to investigate the hypotension-outcome relationship were included in the meta-analyses.

RESULTS

A total of 122 studies (176,329 patients) were included, with the number of studies varying per outcome between 0 and 82. The majority of articles reported associations in favor of 'no hypotension' for the outcomes mortality and acute kidney injury (AKI), and the strength of the association was related to the severity of hypotension in the majority of studies. Using meta-analysis, a significant association was found between hypotension and mortality (odds ratio: 1.45; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-1.88; based on 13 studies and 34,829 patients), but not for AKI.

CONCLUSION

Exposure to hypotension during ICU stay was associated with increased mortality and AKI in the majority of included studies, and associations for both outcomes increased with increasing hypotension severity. The meta-analysis reinforced the descriptive findings regarding mortality but did not yield similar support for AKI.

Fulminant Leptospirosis Presenting with Rapidly Developing Acute Renal Failure and Multiorgan Failure

Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the Leptospira genus, is a common zoonosis in tropical and subtropical regions and can lead to an epidemic following heavy rainfall or flooding. The primary reservoirs of Leptospira include rodents, wild animals, dogs, cats, amphibians, and others, but the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) remains the main source of human Leptospirosis. Humans are often accidental hosts and they can be infected through cuts, abrasions, mucosa, conjunctiva, or by ingesting contaminated water. The clinical manifestation of leptospirosis can vary from mild, nonspecific symptoms to a fatal outcome involving liver and renal failure, pulmonary hemorrhage, meningitis, and septic shock. The severity of fatal outcomes is likely to be due to virulence factors, host susceptibility, and epidemiological conditions. L. interrogans are associated with high-risk individuals, particularly patients older than 60 years of age in clinical settings. The current case study showed a foreign worker who presented with rapidly deteriorating clinical signs of fever, jaundice, impaired consciousness, and oliguric acute renal failure. Drawing from our experience, it is advisable to consider the possibility of leptospirosis diagnosis in patients who show clinical symptoms such as fever, hepatic failure with jaundice, and acute renal failure. This is particularly important for those individuals with a prior history of pathogen exposure. This case study had a strong suspicion of leptospirosis, which was confirmed by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and, later, the patient's recovery following treatment.

A Clinical Score for Predicting Successful Weaning from Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in Emergency Department; a Retrospective Cohort Study

Introduction

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) is recognized as an efficient treatment for patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) in emergency department (ED). This study aimed to develop a scoring system for predicting successful weaning from NIPPV in patients with ARF.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study patients with ARF who received NIPPV in the ED of Ramathibodi Hospital, Thailand, between January 2020 and March 2022 were evaluated. Factors associated with weaning from NIPPV were recorded and compared between cases with and without successful weaning from NIPPV. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to develop a predictive model for weaning from NIPPV in ED.

Results

A total of 494 eligible patients were treated with NIPPV of whom 203(41.1%) were successfully weaned during the study period. Based on the multivariate analysis the successful NIPPV weaning (SNOW) score was designed with six factors before discontinuation: respiratory rate, heart rate ≤ 100 bpm, systolic blood pressure ≥ 100 mmHg, arterial pH≥ 7.35, arterial PaCO2, and arterial lactate. The scores were classified into three groups: low, moderate, and high. A score of >14.5 points suggested a high probability of successful weaning from NIPPV with a positive likelihood ratio of 3.58 (95%CI: 2.56-4.99; p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the model in predicting successful weaning was 0.79 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.75-0.83).

Conclusion

It seems that the SNOW score could be considered as a helpful tool for predicting successful weaning from NIPPV in ED patients with ARF. A high predictive score, particularly one that exceeds 14.5, strongly suggests a high likelihood of successful weaning from NIPPV.

Tracking longitudinal biomarkers in burn patients with sepsis and acute kidney injury: an unsupervised clustering approach

BACKGROUND

Sepsis is a grave medical disorder characterized by a systemic inflammatory response to infection. Furthermore, it is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in hospitalized patients. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of sepsis and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Patients with burns are particularly vulnerable to developing sepsis and AKI due to the extensive tissue damage and immune suppression resulting from burn injury. In this study, unsupervised clustering algorithms were used to track longitudinal biomarkers in patients with burns and assess their impact on mortality.

METHODS

This retrospective study included adult patients with burns aged ≥ 18 years, who were admitted to the burn intensive care unit of Hallym University and Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital between July 2010 and December 2021. The patients were divided into two subgroups: those with sepsis (538 patients) and those without sepsis (826 patients). The longitudinal biomarkers were grouped into three clusters using the k-means clustering algorithm. Each cluster was assigned a letter from A to C according to its mortality rate.

RESULTS

The odds ratio (OR) of pH was 9.992 in the positive group and 31.745 in the negative group in cluster C. The OR for lactate dehydrogenase (LD) was 3.704 in the positive group and 6.631 in the negative group in cluster C. The OR for creatinine was 2.784 in the positive group and 8.796 in the negative group in cluster C. The OR for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in the negative group was 0.348, indicating a negative predictor of mortality. Regarding the application of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) and ventilation, ventilation was significant in both groups. In contrast, CRRT application was not significant in the sepsis-positive group. Furthermore, it was not selected as a variable in the negative group.

CONCLUSIONS

The pH, LD, and creatinine were significant in both groups, while lactate and platelets were significant in the sepsis-positive group. In addition, albumin, glucose, and BUN were significant in the sepsis-negative group. Continuous renal replacement therapy was not significant in either group. However, the use of a ventilator was associated with poor prognosis.

Comprehensive Management of Blood Pressure in Patients with Septic AKI

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the serious complications of sepsis in clinical practice, and is an important cause of prolonged hospitalization, death, increased medical costs, and a huge medical burden to society. The pathogenesis of AKI associated with sepsis is relatively complex and includes hemodynamic abnormalities due to inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and shock, which subsequently cause a decrease in renal perfusion pressure and eventually lead to ischemia and hypoxia in renal tissue. Active clinical correction of hypotension can effectively improve renal microcirculatory disorders and promote the recovery of renal function. Furthermore, it has been found that in patients with a previous history of hypertension, small changes in blood pressure may be even more deleterious for kidney function. Therefore, the management of blood pressure in patients with sepsis-related AKI will directly affect the short-term and long-term renal function prognosis. This review summarizes the pathophysiological mechanisms of microcirculatory disorders affecting renal function, fluid management, vasopressor, the clinical blood pressure target, and kidney replacement therapy to provide a reference for the clinical management of sepsis-related AKI, thereby promoting the recovery of renal function for the purpose of improving patient prognosis.