Effects of Arachidonic Acid and Its Metabolites on Functional Beta-Cell Mass

The deregulation of arachidonic acid metabolism in ovarian cancer

Arachidonic acid (AA) is a crucial polyunsaturated fatty acid in the human body, metabolized through the pathways of COX, LOX, and cytochrome P450 oxidase to generate various metabolites. Recent studies have indicated that AA and its metabolites play significant regulatory roles in the onset and progression of ovarian cancer. This article examines the recent research advancements on the correlation between AA metabolites and ovarian cancer, both domestically and internationally, suggesting their potential use as biological markers for early diagnosis, targeted therapy, and prognosis monitoring.

The prostaglandin E2 EP3 receptor has disparate effects on islet insulin secretion and content in β-cells in a high-fat diet-induced mouse model of obesity

Signaling through prostaglandin E2 EP3 receptor (EP3) actively contributes to the β-cell dysfunction of type 2 diabetes (T2D). In T2D models, full-body EP3 knockout mice have a significantly worse metabolic phenotype than wild-type controls due to hyperphagia and severe insulin resistance resulting from loss of EP3 in extra-pancreatic tissues, masking any potential beneficial effects of EP3 loss in the β cell. We hypothesized β-cell-specific EP3 knockout (EP3 βKO) mice would be protected from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced glucose intolerance, phenocopying mice lacking the EP3 effector, Gαz, which is much more limited in its tissue distribution. When fed a HFD for 16 wk, though, EP3 βKO mice were partially, but not fully, protected from glucose intolerance. In addition, exendin-4, an analog of the incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1, more strongly potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in islets from both control diet- and HFD-fed EP3 βKO mice as compared with wild-type controls, with no effect of β-cell-specific EP3 loss on islet insulin content or markers of replication and survival. However, after 26 wk of diet feeding, islets from both control diet- and HFD-fed EP3 βKO mice secreted significantly less insulin as a percent of content in response to stimulatory glucose, with or without exendin-4, with elevated total insulin content unrelated to markers of β-cell replication and survival, revealing severe β-cell dysfunction. Our results suggest that EP3 serves a critical role in temporally regulating β-cell function along the progression to T2D and that there exist Gαz-independent mechanisms behind its effects.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The EP3 receptor is a strong inhibitor of β-cell function and replication, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target for the disease. Yet, EP3 has protective roles in extrapancreatic tissues. To address this, we designed β-cell-specific EP3 knockout mice and subjected them to high-fat diet feeding to induce glucose intolerance. The negative metabolic phenotype of full-body knockout mice was ablated, and EP3 loss improved glucose tolerance, with converse effects on islet insulin secretion and content.

The therapeutic effect of wine-processed Corni Fructus on chronic renal failure in rats through the interference with the LPS/IL-1-mediated inhibition of RXR function

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Corni Fructus, derived from the fruit of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc, is a widely utilized traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with established efficacy in the treatment of diverse chronic kidney diseases. Crude Corni Fructus (CCF) and wine-processed Corni Fructus (WCF) are the main processed forms of Corni Fructus. Generally, TCM is often used after processing (paozhi). Despite the extensive use of processed TCM, the underlying mechanisms of processing for most TCMs have been unclear so far.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In this study, an integrated strategy combined renal metabolomics with proteomics was established and investigated the potential processing mechanisms of CCF or WCF on chronic renal failure (CRF) models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Firstly, the differences in biochemical parameters and pathological histology were compared to evaluate the effects of CCF and WCF on CRF model rats. Then, the tissue differential metabolites and proteins between CCF and WCF on CRF model rats were screened based on metabolomics and proteomics technology. Concurrently, a combined approach of metabolomics and proteomics was employed to investigate the underlying mechanisms associated with these marker metabolic products and proteins.

RESULTS

Compared to the MG group, there were 27 distinct metabolites and 143 different proteins observed in the CCF-treatment group, while the WCF-treatment group exhibited 24 distinct metabolites and 379 different proteins. Further, the integration interactions analysis of the protein and lipid metabolite revealed that both WCF and CCF improved tryptophan degradation and LPS/IL-1-mediated inhibition of RXR function. WCF inhibited RXR function more than CCF via the modulation of LPS/IL-1 in the CRF model. Experimental results were validated by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Notably, the gene expression amount and protein levels of FMO3 and CYP2E1 among 8 genes influenced by WCF were higher compared to CCF.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for further study of Corni Fructus with different processing techniques in CRF. The findings also offer guidance for investigating the mechanism of action of herbal medicines in diseases employing diverse processing techniques.

Protective role of arachidonic acid against diabetic myocardial ischemic injury: a translational study of pigs, rats, and humans

AIM

Patients with diabetes mellitus have poor prognosis after myocardial ischemic injury. However, the mechanism is unclear and there are no related therapies. We aimed to identify regulators of diabetic myocardial ischemic injury.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Mass spectrometry-based, non-targeted metabolomic approach was used to profile coronary sinus blood from diabetic and non-diabetic Bama-mini pigs at 0.5-h post coronary artery ligation. Six metabolites had a |log2 (Fold Change)|> 1.3. Among them, the most changed is arachidonic acid (AA), levels of which were 32 times lower in diabetic pigs than in non-diabetic pigs. The AA-derived products, PGI2 and 6-keto-PGF1α, were also significantly reduced. AA treatment of cultured cardiomyocytes protected against cell death by 30% at 48 h of high glucose and oxygen deprivation, which coincided with increased mitophagic activity (as indicated by increased LC3II/LC3I, decreased p62 and increased parkin & PINK1), improved mitochondrial renewal (upregulation of Drp1 and FIS1), reduced ROS generation and increased ATP production. These cardioprotective effects were abolished by PINK1(a crucial mitophagy protein) knockdown or the autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine. The protective effect of AA was also inhibited by indomethacin and Cay10441, a prostacyclin receptor antagonist. Furthermore, diabetic Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to coronary ligation for 40 min and AA treatment (10 mg/day per animal gavaged) decreased myocardial infarct size, cell apoptosis index, inflammatory cytokines and improved heart function. Scanning electron microscopy showed more intact mitochondria in the border zone of infarcted myocardium in AA treated rats. Lastly, diabetic patients after myocardial infarction had lower plasma levels of AA and 6-keto-PGF1α and reduced cardiac ejection fraction, compared with non-diabetic patients after myocardial infarction. Plasma AA level was inversely correlated with fasting blood glucose.

CONCLUSIONS

AA protects against diabetic ischemic myocardial damage by promoting mitochondrial autophagy and renewal, which is related to AA derived PGI2 signaling. AA may represent a new strategy to treat diabetic myocardial ischemic injury.

Arachidonic acid-derived lipid mediators in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: fueling or dampening disease progression?

BACKGROUND

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by neuroinflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Considering the increasing prevalence among young adults worldwide and the disabling phenotype of the disease, a deeper understanding of the complexity of the disease pathogenesis is needed to ultimately improve diagnosis and personalize treatment opportunities. Recent findings suggest that bioactive lipid mediators (LM) derived from ω-3/-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), also termed eicosanoids, may contribute to MS pathogenesis. For example, disturbances in LM profiles and especially those derived from the ω-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) have been reported in people with MS (PwMS), where they may contribute to the chronicity of neuroinflammatory processes. Moreover, we have previously shown that certain AA-derived LMs also associated with neurodegenerative processes in PwMS, suggesting that AA-derived LMs are involved in more pathological events than solely neuroinflammation. Yet, to date, a comprehensive overview of the contribution of these LMs to MS-associated pathological processes remains elusive.

MAIN BODY

This review summarizes and critically evaluates the current body of literature on the eicosanoid biosynthetic pathway and its contribution to key pathological hallmarks of MS during different disease stages. Various parts of the eicosanoid pathway are highlighted, namely, the prostanoid, leukotriene, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) biochemical routes that include specific enzymes of the cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOX) families. In addition, cellular sources of LMs and their potential target cells based on receptor expression profiles will be discussed in the context of MS. Finally, we propose novel therapeutic approaches based on eicosanoid pathway and/or receptor modulation to ultimately target chronic neuroinflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration in MS.

SHORT CONCLUSION

The eicosanoid pathway is intrinsically linked to specific aspects of MS pathogenesis. Therefore, we propose that novel intervention strategies, with the aim of accurately modulating the eicosanoid pathway towards the biosynthesis of beneficial LMs, can potentially contribute to more patient- and MS subtype-specific treatment opportunities to combat MS.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NKK20 Increases Intestinal Butyrate Production and Inhibits Type 2 Diabetic Kidney Injury through PI3K/Akt Pathway

Nephropathy injury is a prevalent complication observed in individuals with diabetes, serving as a prominent contributor to end-stage renal disease, and the advanced glycation products (AGEs) are important factors that induce kidney injury in patients with diabetes. Addressing this condition remains a challenging aspect in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NKK20 strain (NKK20) which protects against diabetic kidney disease (DKD) based on animal and cell models. The results showed that the NKK20 can significantly reduce renal inflammatory response, serum oxidative stress response, and AGE concentration in diabetic mice. After treatment with NKK20, the kidney damage of diabetic mice was significantly improved, and more importantly, the concentration of butyrate, a specific anti-inflammatory metabolite of intestinal flora in the stool of diabetic mice, was significantly increased. In addition, nontargeted metabolomics analysis showed a significant difference between the metabolites in the mouse serum contents of the NKK20 administration group and those in the nephropathy injury group, in which a total of 24 different metabolites that were significantly affected by NKK20 were observed, and these metabolites were mainly involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism. Also, the administration of butyrate to human kidney- (HK-) 2 cells that were stimulated by AGEs resulted in a significant upregulation of ZO-1, Occludin, and E-cadherin gene expressions and downregulation of α-SMA gene expression. This means that butyrate can maintain the tight junction structure of HK-2 cells and inhibit fibrosis. Butyrate also significantly inhibited the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway. These results indicate that NKK20 can treat kidney injury in diabetic mice by reducing blood glucose and AGE concentration and increasing butyrate production in the intestine. By inhibiting PI3K pathway activation in HK-2 cells, butyrate maintains a tight junction structure of renal tubule epithelial cells and inhibits renal tissue fibrosis. These results suggest that NKK20 is helpful to prevent and treat the occurrence and aggravation of diabetic kidney injury.

A review on the relationship between Arachidonic acid 15-Lipoxygenase (ALOX15) and diabetes mellitus

Arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15), as one of the lipoxygenase family, is mainly responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of various fatty acids to produce a variety of lipid components, contributing to the pathophysiological processes of various immune and inflammatory diseases. Studies have shown that ALOX15 and its related products are widely distributed in human tissues and related to multiple diseases such as liver, cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and other diseases. Diabetes mellitus (DM), the disease studied in this article, is a metabolic disease characterized by a chronic increase in blood glucose levels, which is significantly related to inflammation, oxidative stress, ferroptosis and other mechanisms, and it has a high incidence in the population, accompanied by a variety of complications. Figuring out how ALOX15 is involved in DM is critical to understanding its role in diseases. Therefore, ALOX15 inhibitors or combination therapy containing inhibitors may deliver a novel research direction for the treatment of DM and its complications. This article aims to review the biological effect and the possible function of ALOX15 in the pathogenesis of DM.

Targeting metabolic pathways: a novel therapeutic direction for type 2 diabetes

Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent metabolic disease that causes multi-organ complications, seriously affecting patients' quality of life and survival. Understanding its pathogenesis remains challenging, with current clinical treatment regimens often proving ineffective.

Methods

In this study, we established a mouse model of T2DM and employed 16s rDNA sequencing to detect changes in the species and structure of gut flora. Additionally, we used UPLC-Q-TOF-MS to identify changes in urinary metabolites of T2DM mice, analyzed differential metabolites and constructed differential metabolic pathways. Finally, we used Pearman correlation analysis to investigate the relationship between intestinal flora and differential metabolites in T2DM mice, aiming to elucidate the pathogenesis of T2DM and provide an experimental basis for its clinical treatment.

Results

Our findings revealed a reduction in both the species diversity and abundance of intestinal flora in T2DM mice, with significantly decreased levels of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus and significantly increased levels of harmful bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori. Urinary metabolomics results identified 31 differential metabolites between T2DM and control mice, including Phosphatidylcholine, CDP-ethanolamine and Leukotriene A4, which may be closely associated with the glycerophospholipid and arachidonic acid pathways. Pearman correlation analysis showed a strong correlation between dopamine and gonadal, estradiol and gut microbiota, may be a novel direction underlying T2DM.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our study suggests that alterations in gut microbiota and urinary metabolites are characteristic features of T2DM in mice. Furthermore, a strong correlation between dopamine, estradiol and gut microbiota, may be a novel direction underlying T2DM, the aim is to provide new ideas for clinical treatment and basic research.

Noncanonical Regulation of cAMP-Dependent Insulin Secretion and Its Implications in Type 2 Diabetes

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and β-cell dysfunction in insulin resistance associated with obesity lead to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from β-cells occurs via a canonical pathway that involves glucose metabolism, ATP generation, inactivation of K ATP channels, plasma membrane depolarization, and increases in cytosolic concentrations of [Ca 2+ ] c . However, optimal insulin secretion requires amplification of GSIS by increases in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling. The cAMP effectors protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange factor activated by cyclic-AMP (Epac) regulate membrane depolarization, gene expression, and trafficking and fusion of insulin granules to the plasma membrane for amplifying GSIS. The widely recognized lipid signaling generated within β-cells by the β-isoform of Ca 2+ -independent phospholipase A 2 enzyme (iPLA 2 β) participates in cAMP-stimulated insulin secretion (cSIS). Recent work has identified the role of a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) activated signaling by the complement 1q like-3 (C1ql3) secreted protein in inhibiting cSIS. In the IGT state, cSIS is attenuated, and the β-cell function is reduced. Interestingly, while β-cell-specific deletion of iPLA 2 β reduces cAMP-mediated amplification of GSIS, the loss of iPLA 2 β in macrophages (MØ) confers protection against the development of glucose intolerance associated with diet-induced obesity (DIO). In this article, we discuss canonical (glucose and cAMP) and novel noncanonical (iPLA 2 β and C1ql3) pathways and how they may affect β-cell (dys)function in the context of impaired glucose intolerance associated with obesity and T2D. In conclusion, we provide a perspective that in IGT states, targeting noncanonical pathways along with canonical pathways could be a more comprehensive approach for restoring β-cell function in T2D. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:5023-5049, 2023.

A Study Based on Network Pharmacology Decoding the Multi-Target Mechanism of Duhuo Jisheng Decoction for the Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) poses a grim public health impact. Duhuo Jisheng Decoction (DJD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has recently received significant attention for its efficacy and safety in treating IDD. However, the pathological processes of IDD in which DJD interferes and molecular mechanism involved are poorly understood, which brings difficulties to the clinical practice of DJD for the treatment of IDD. This study systematically investigated the underlying mechanism of DJD treatment of IDD. Network pharmacology approaches were employed, integrating molecular docking and random walk with restart (RWR) algorithm, to identify key compounds and targets for DJD in the treatment of IDD. Bioinformatics approaches were used to further explore the biological insights in DJD treatment of IDD. The analysis identifies AKT1, PIK3R1, CHUK, ALB, TP53, MYC, NR3C1, IL1B, ERBB2, CAV1, CTNNB1, AR, IGF2, and ESR1 as key targets. Responses to mechanical stress, oxidative stress, cellular inflammatory responses, autophagy, and apoptosis are identified as the critical biological processes involved in DJD treatment of IDD. The regulation of DJD targets in extracellular matrix components, ion channel regulation, transcriptional regulation, synthesis and metabolic regulation of reactive oxygen products in the respiratory chain and mitochondria, fatty acid oxidation, the metabolism of Arachidonic acid, and regulation of Rho and Ras protein activation are found to be potential mechanisms in disc tissue response to mechanical stress and oxidative stress. MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB signaling pathways are identified as vital signaling pathways for DJD to treat IDD. Quercetin and Kaempferol are assigned a central position in the treatment of IDD. This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of DJD in treating IDD. It provides a reference for applying natural products to delay the pathological process of IDD.

Alterations of endogenous pain-modulatory system of the cerebral cortex in the neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain (NeP) remains a significant clinical challenge owing to insufficient awareness of its pathological mechanisms. We elucidated the aberrant metabolism of the cerebral cortex in NeP induced by the chronic constriction injury (CCI) using metabolomics and proteomics analyses. After CCI surgery, the values of MWT and TWL markedly reduced and maintained at a low level. CCI induced the significant dysregulation of 57 metabolites and 31 proteins in the cerebral cortex. Integrative analyses showed that the differentially expressed metabolites and proteins were primarily involved in alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, GABAergic synapse, and retrograde endocannabinoid signaling. Targeted metabolomics and western blot analysis confirmed the alterations of some key metabolites and proteins in endogenous pain-modulatory system. In conclusion, our study revealed the alterations of endocannabinoids system and purinergic system in the CCI group, and provided a novel perspective on the roles of endogenous pain-modulatory system in the pathological mechanisms of NeP.

Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics reveal the neuroprotective effect of nervonic acid on LPS-induced AD model mice

Nervonic acid (NA) is one of the long-chain fatty acids with significant biological activity that has been widely studied in recent years. It is believed that NA may play a crucial role in the recovery of human cognitive disorders. Although many literatures have shown that NA has some neuroprotective effect in experimental animal models, the detailed neuroprotective mechanism of NA is still poorly understood. In this study, we applied behavioral, transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches to analyze the neuroprotective effect of NA and its molecular mechanism in AD (Alzheimer's disease) model mice. We demonstrated that NA improved motor skills and learning and memory abilities of mice at the behavioral level. To further understand the specific pathways involved in this protective effect, we applied the metabolomics and transcriptomics profilings and focused on the expression patterns of genes that NA might alter, particularly those related to the accumulation of metabolites in the brain. According to the results, pathways related to neuroinflammation were significantly increased in LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced AD mice compared with the normal control, and pathways related to neuronal growth and synaptic plasticity were significantly downregulated. When NA was used for protection, these signaling pathways induced by LPS were partially reversed. At the same time, compared with the AD model group, upregulation of arachidonic acid metabolism, purine metabolism, and primary bile acid biosynthesis and downregulation of amino acid metabolic pathways were particularly pronounced in the NA treatment group. We also verified the enzymes of some metabolic pathways were consistent with transcriptome result. In summary, our results show that NA can significantly ameliorate LPS-induced neuroinflammation and deterioration of learning and memory, and exerts a neuroprotective function through regulation of multiple gene transcription and metabolism pathways. In particular, the arachidonic acid metabolism which related to inflammation and the amino acids metabolism which related to the synthesis of neurotransmitters were most significant response to NA treatment. Our results provided the first preliminary evidences for molecular mechanism investigation of NA from a combined transcriptome and metabolome perspective.

Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses provide insights into the attenuation of neuroinflammation by nervonic acid in MPTP-stimulated PD model mice

Nervonic acid is one of the most promising bioactive fatty acids, which is believed to be beneficial for the recovery of human cognitive disorders. However, the detailed neuroprotective effects and mode of action of nervonic acid have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, we used an MPTP-stimulated mouse Parkinson's disease (PD) model as a target to investigate the neuroprotective effects by behavioral tests and integrative analysis of trancriptomes and metabolomes of PD mouse brain with nervonic acid injections. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of transcriptomes showed that the genes involved in neuroinflammation were significantly increased after MPTP induction and have been greatly inhibited by nervonic acid injection, while nervonic acid also greatly improved nerve growth and synaptic plasticity pathways which were significantly downregulated by MPTP. At the same time, the upregulation of oleic acid and arachidonic acid metabolism pathways and the downregulation of amino acid metabolism pathways in metabolomes were particularly highlighted in the nervonic acid protection groups compared with the PD model. Meanwhile, it was found that arachidonic acid, oleic acid and taurine play an important regulatory role in the neuroprotective mechanism of nervonic acid through fatty acid metabolism by integrative analysis. Therefore, our study laid a solid foundation for further studies on the specific role of nervonic acid in the inhibition of PD at the level of metabolic regulation.

Plasma Prostaglandin E2 Metabolite Levels Predict Type 2 Diabetes Status and One-Year Therapeutic Response Independent of Clinical Markers of Inflammation

Over half of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are unable to achieve blood glucose targets despite therapeutic compliance, significantly increasing their risk of long-term complications. Discovering ways to identify and properly treat these individuals is a critical problem in the field. The arachidonic acid metabolite, prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), has shown great promise as a biomarker of β-cell dysfunction in T2D. PGE₂ synthesis, secretion, and downstream signaling are all upregulated in pancreatic islets isolated from T2D mice and human organ donors. In these islets, preventing β-cell PGE₂ signaling via a prostaglandin EP3 receptor antagonist significantly improves their glucose-stimulated and hormone-potentiated insulin secretion response. In this clinical cohort study, 167 participants, 35 non-diabetic, and 132 with T2D, were recruited from the University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics. At enrollment, a standard set of demographic, biometric, and clinical measurements were performed to quantify obesity status and glucose control. C reactive protein was measured to exclude acute inflammation/illness, and white cell count (WBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and fasting triglycerides were used as markers of systemic inflammation. Finally, a plasma sample for research was used to determine circulating PGE₂ metabolite (PGEM) levels. At baseline, PGEM levels were not correlated with WBC and triglycerides, only weakly correlated with ESR, and were the strongest predictor of T2D disease status. One year after enrollment, blood glucose management was assessed by chart review, with a clinically-relevant change in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) defined as ≥0.5%. PGEM levels were strongly predictive of therapeutic response, independent of age, obesity, glucose control, and systemic inflammation at enrollment. Our results provide strong support for future research in this area.

Eicosanoids in inflammation in the blood and the vessel

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are structural components of membrane phospholipids in cells. PUFAs regulate cellular function through the formation of derived lipid mediators termed eicosanoids. The oxygenation of 20-carbon PUFAs via the oxygenases cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, or cytochrome P450, generates a class of classical eicosanoids including prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes, and also the more recently identified hydroxy-, hydroperoxy-, epoxy- and oxo-eicosanoids, and the specialized pro-resolving (lipid) mediators. These eicosanoids play a critical role in the regulation of inflammation in the blood and the vessel. While arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids are extensively studied due to their pro-inflammatory effects and therefore involvement in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and the coronavirus disease 2019; in recent years, several eicosanoids have been reported to attenuate exacerbated inflammatory responses and participate in the resolution of inflammation. This review focused on elucidating the biosynthesis and the mechanistic signaling of eicosanoids in inflammation, as well as the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects of these eicosanoids in the blood and the vascular wall.

Study of Fungal Communities in Dry Red Wine Fermentation in Linfen Appellation, Shanxi

In this study, the fermentation mash of Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, and Matheran from Linfen, Shanxi Province, was sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform to analyze the structural diversity of fungal communities in different samples. The results showed that a total of 10 phyla, 125 families, and 187 genera were detected in the nine samples of this study. The main fungal phyla were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota. The main fungal genera are Hanseniaspora, Mortierella, Sclerotinia, Aureobasidium, Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Clavulina, Candida, etc. Hanseniaspora was the dominant genus in the pre-fermentation stage, accounting for more than 70%; Saccharomyces was the dominant genus in the middle and late fermentation stage, accounting for more than 75% in the middle fermentation stage and up to 90% in the late fermentation stage. This study provides a theoretical basis for monitoring and optimizing winemaking processes and introducing wine grape varieties in the Linfen region of Shanxi.