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Andrieu J, Valade M, Lebideau M, Bretelle F, Mège JL, Wurtz N, Mezouar S, La Scola B, Baudoin JP. Pan-microscopic examination of monkeypox virus in trophoblasts cells reveals new insights into virions release through filopodia-like projections. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29620. [PMID: 38647027 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Vertical transmission has been described following monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection in pregnant women. The presence of MPXV has been reported in the placenta from infected women, but whether pathogens colonize placenta remains unexplored. We identify trophoblasts as a target cell for MPXV replication. In a pan-microscopy approach, we decipher the specific infectious cycle of MPXV and inner cellular structures in trophoblasts. We identified the formation of a specialized region for viral morphogenesis and replication in placental cells. We also reported infection-induced cellular remodeling. We found that MPXV stimulates cytoskeleton reorganization with intercellular extensions for MPXV cell spreading specifically to trophoblastic cells. Altogether, the specific infectious cycle of MPXV in trophoblast cells and these protrusions that were structurally and morphologically similar to filopodia reveal new insights into the infection of MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatane Andrieu
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Établissement Français du Sang, Anthropologie bio-culturelle, Droit, Éthique et Santé, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Margaux Valade
- Institut Recherche Développement, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny Infection, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Lebideau
- Institut Recherche Développement, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny Infection, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Bretelle
- Institut Recherche Développement, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny Infection, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Département de gynécologie et d'obstétrique, Gynépole, La Conception, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Établissement Français du Sang, Anthropologie bio-culturelle, Droit, Éthique et Santé, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Wurtz
- Institut Recherche Développement, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny Infection, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Établissement Français du Sang, Anthropologie bio-culturelle, Droit, Éthique et Santé, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Institut Recherche Développement, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny Infection, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Baudoin
- Institut Recherche Développement, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny Infection, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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2
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Brahim Belhaouari D, Baudoin JP, Lagier JC, Monnet-Corti V, La Scola B, Antezack A. Microscopic observations of SARS-CoV-2 like particles in different oral samples. Eur J Oral Sci 2022; 130:e12903. [PMID: 36404273 PMCID: PMC10099536 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The emerging coronavirus pneumonia epidemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection has spread rapidly around the world. The main routes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 are currently recognised as aerosol/droplet inhalation. However, the involvement of the oral cavity in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is poorly known. The current data indicates the presence of viral RNA in oral samples, suggesting the implication of saliva in SARS-CoV-2 transmission, however, no direct observation of SARS-CoV-2 particles in different oral samples has been reported. In this study, we investigated whether particles of SARS-CoV-2 were present in oral samples collected from three symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the correlative strategy of light microscopy and electron microscopy and immunofluorescence staining, we showed the presence of SARS-like particles in RT-qPCR SARS-CoV-2-positive saliva, dental plaque and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples. In the saliva samples, we demonstrated the presence of epithelial oral cells with morphogenetic features of SARS-CoV-2 infected cells. Inside those cells, vacuoles filled with nascent particles were observed, suggesting the potential infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 in oral tissues. Our results corroborate previous studies and confirm that the oral cavity may be a potential niche for SARS-CoV-2 infection and a potential source of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djamal Brahim Belhaouari
- IRD, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, MEPHI, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Baudoin
- IRD, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, MEPHI, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Hopital Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Lagier
- IRD, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, MEPHI, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Hopital Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Virginie Monnet-Corti
- IRD, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, MEPHI, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Hopital Timone, Marseille, France.,Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales, Ecole de Médecine Dentaire, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- IRD, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, MEPHI, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Hopital Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Angéline Antezack
- IRD, AP-HM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, MEPHI, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France.,Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille, Hopital Timone, Marseille, France.,Faculté des Sciences Médicales et Paramédicales, Ecole de Médecine Dentaire, Aix Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
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3
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Concentration of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Cell Culture Supernatants for Detection of Virus-like Particles by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112388. [PMID: 36366486 PMCID: PMC9698492 DOI: 10.3390/v14112388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is currently a need for new rapid viral diagnostic electron microscopy methods. Although the gold standard remains the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) negative staining method for electron microscopic examination of samples containing a virus, difficulties can arise when the virus particle content of the sample that has to be examined is poor. Such samples include supernatants of virus-infected cells that can be difficult to examine, as sometimes only a few virus particles are released in the culture medium upon infection. In addition to TEM, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can also be used for visualizing virus particles. One advantage of SEM over TEM is its ability to rapidly screen several large specimens, such as microscopy slides. In this study, we investigated this possibility and tested different coating molecules as well as the effect of centrifugation for analyzing SARS-CoV-2-virus-infected cell culture supernatants deposited on microscopy glass slides by SEM. We found that centrifugation of 25XConcanavalinA-coated microscopy glass slides in shell vials provided an improved method for concentrating SARS-CoV-2-virus-infected cell supernatants for virus-like particle detection by SEM.
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Le Bideau M, Pires de Souza GA, Boschi C, Baudoin JP, Penant G, Jardot P, Fenollar F, Colson P, Lenk M, La Scola B. Limited permissibility of ENL-R and Mv-1-Lu mink cell lines to SARS-CoV-2. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1003824. [PMID: 36312916 PMCID: PMC9597503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1003824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic started in the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China, which highlighted the scenario of frequent cross-species transmission events. From the outbreak possibly initiated by viral spill-over into humans from an animal reservoir, now we face the human host moving globally while interacting with domesticated and peridomestic animals. The emergence of a new virus into the ecosystem leads to selecting forces and species-specific adaptations. The adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 to other animals represents a risk to controlling the dissemination of this coronavirus and the emergence of new variants. Since 2020, several mink farms in Europe and the United States have had SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks with human-mink and mink-human transmission, where the mink-selected variants possibly hold evolutionary concerning advantages. Here we investigated the permissibility of mink lung-derived cells using two cell lines, Mv-1-Lu and ENL-R, against several lineages of SARS-CoV-2, including some classified as variants of concern. The viral release rate and the infectious titers indicate that these cells support infections by different SARS-CoV-2 lineages. The viral production occurs in the first few days after infection with the low viral release by these mink cells, which is often absent for the omicron variant for lung cells. The electron microscopy reveals that during the viral replication cycle, the endomembrane system of the mink-host cell undergoes typical changes while the viral particles are produced, especially in the first days of infection. Therefore, even if limited, mink lung cells may represent a selecting source for SARS-CoV-2 variants, impacting their transmissibility and pathogenicity and making it difficult to control this new coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Le Bideau
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Gabriel Augusto Pires de Souza
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Celine Boschi
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Baudoin
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Gwilherm Penant
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Priscilla Jardot
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Vecteurs – Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Aix Marseille Univ, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU), AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Matthias Lenk
- Collection of Cell Lines in Veterinary Medicine (CCLV), Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU) Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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5
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Ultrastructural analysis and three-dimensional reconstruction of cellular structures involved in SARS-CoV-2 spread. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 159:47-60. [PMID: 36175690 PMCID: PMC9521873 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02152-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton not only deals with numerous interaction and communication mechanisms at the cellular level but also has a crucial role in the viral infection cycle. Although numerous aspects of SARS-CoV-2 virus interaction at the cellular level have been widely studied, little has been reported about the structural and functional response of the cytoskeleton. This work aims to characterize, at the ultrastructural level, the modifications in the cytoskeleton of infected cells, namely, its participation in filopodia formation, the junction of these nanostructures forming bridges, the viral surfing, and the generation of tunnel effect nanotubes (TNT) as probable structures of intracellular viral dissemination. The three-dimensional reconstruction from the obtained micrographs allowed observing viral propagation events between cells in detail for the first time. More profound knowledge about these cell-cell interaction models in the viral spread mechanisms could lead to a better understanding of the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 disease and to find new therapeutic strategies.
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6
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Osman IO, Garrec C, de Souza GAP, Zarubica A, Belhaouari DB, Baudoin JP, Lepidi H, Mege JL, Malissen B, Scola BL, Devaux CA. Control of CDH1/E-Cadherin Gene Expression and Release of a Soluble Form of E-Cadherin in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Caco-2 Intestinal Cells: Physiopathological Consequences for the Intestinal Forms of COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:798767. [PMID: 35601094 PMCID: PMC9114883 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.798767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is the biggest pandemic the world has seen this century. Alongside the respiratory damage observed in patients with severe forms of the disease, gastrointestinal symptoms have been frequently reported. These symptoms (e.g., diarrhoea), sometimes precede the development of respiratory tract illnesses, as if the digestive tract was a major target during early SARS-CoV-2 dissemination. We hypothesize that in patients carrying intestinal SARS-CoV-2, the virus may trigger epithelial barrier damage through the disruption of E-cadherin (E-cad) adherens junctions, thereby contributing to the overall gastrointestinal symptoms of COVID-19. Here, we use an intestinal Caco-2 cell line of human origin which expresses the viral receptor/co-receptor as well as the membrane anchored cell surface adhesion protein E-cad to investigate the expression of E-cad after exposure to SARS-CoV-2. We found that the expression of CDH1/E-cad mRNA was significantly lower in cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 at 24 hours post-infection, compared to virus-free Caco-2 cells. The viral receptor ACE2 mRNA expression was specifically down-regulated in SARS-CoV-2-infected Caco-2 cells, while it remained stable in HCoV-OC43-infected Caco-2 cells, a virus which uses HLA class I instead of ACE2 to enter cells. It is worth noting that SARS-CoV-2 induces lower transcription of TMPRSS2 (involved in viral entry) and higher expression of B0AT1 mRNA (that encodes a protein known to co-express with ACE2 on intestinal cells). At 48 hours post-exposure to the virus, we also detected a small but significant increase of soluble E-cad protein (sE-cad) in the culture supernatant of SARS-CoV-2-infected Caco-2 cells. The increase of sE-cad release was also found in the intestinal HT29 cell line when infected by SARS-CoV-2. Beside the dysregulation of E-cad, SARS-CoV-2 infection of Caco-2 cells also leads to the dysregulation of other cell adhesion proteins (occludin, JAMA-A, zonulin, connexin-43 and PECAM-1). Taken together, these results shed light on the fact that infection of Caco-2 cells with SARS-CoV-2 affects tight-, adherens-, and gap-junctions. Moreover, intestinal tissues damage was associated to the intranasal SARS-CoV-2 infection in human ACE2 transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Omar Osman
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Clémence Garrec
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Gabriel Augusto Pires de Souza
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ana Zarubica
- Centre d’Immunophénomique (CIPHE), Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Marseille, France
| | - Djamal Brahim Belhaouari
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Baudoin
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hubert Lepidi
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Assitance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Assitance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d’Immunophénomique (CIPHE), Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Christian Albert Devaux
- Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Institut de recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Marseille, France
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