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Lorenzo-Redondo R, de Sant’Anna Carvalho AM, Hultquist JF, Ozer EA. SARS-CoV-2 genomics and impact on clinical care for COVID-19. J Antimicrob Chemother 2023; 78:ii25-ii36. [PMID: 37995357 PMCID: PMC10667012 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and worldwide spread of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the adaptation and rapid deployment of viral WGS and analysis techniques that had been previously applied on a more limited basis to other viral pathogens, such as HIV and influenza viruses. The need for WGS was driven in part by the low mutation rate of SARS-CoV-2, which necessitated measuring variation along the entire genome sequence to effectively differentiate lineages and characterize viral evolution. Several WGS approaches designed to maximize throughput and accuracy were quickly adopted by surveillance labs around the world. These broad-based SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequencing efforts revealed ongoing evolution of the virus, highlighted by the successive emergence of new viral variants throughout the course of the pandemic. These genomic insights were instrumental in characterizing the effects of viral mutations on transmissibility, immune escape and viral tropism, which in turn helped guide public health policy, the use of monoclonal antibody therapeutics and vaccine development strategies. As the use of direct-acting antivirals for the treatment of COVID-19 became more widespread, the potential for emergence of antiviral resistance has driven ongoing efforts to delineate resistance mutations and to monitor global sequence databases for their emergence. Given the critical role of viral genomics in the international effort to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, coordinated efforts should be made to expand global genomic surveillance capacity and infrastructure towards the anticipation and prevention of future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alexandre Machado de Sant’Anna Carvalho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Egon A Ozer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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2
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Zheng P, Zhou C, Ding Y, Liu B, Lu L, Zhu F, Duan S. Nanopore sequencing technology and its applications. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e316. [PMID: 37441463 PMCID: PMC10333861 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the development of Sanger sequencing in 1977, sequencing technology has played a pivotal role in molecular biology research by enabling the interpretation of biological genetic codes. Today, nanopore sequencing is one of the leading third-generation sequencing technologies. With its long reads, portability, and low cost, nanopore sequencing is widely used in various scientific fields including epidemic prevention and control, disease diagnosis, and animal and plant breeding. Despite initial concerns about high error rates, continuous innovation in sequencing platforms and algorithm analysis technology has effectively addressed its accuracy. During the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, nanopore sequencing played a critical role in detecting the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 virus genome and containing the pandemic. However, a lack of understanding of this technology may limit its popularization and application. Nanopore sequencing is poised to become the mainstream choice for preventing and controlling COVID-19 and future epidemics while creating value in other fields such as oncology and botany. This work introduces the contributions of nanopore sequencing during the COVID-19 pandemic to promote public understanding and its use in emerging outbreaks worldwide. We discuss its application in microbial detection, cancer genomes, and plant genomes and summarize strategies to improve its accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Zheng
- Department of Clinical MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Chuntao Zhou
- Department of Clinical MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Yuemin Ding
- Department of Clinical MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Clinical MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Liuyi Lu
- Department of Clinical MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Clinical MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Department of Clinical MedicineSchool of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of MedicineZhejiang University City CollegeHangzhouChina
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de Olazarra AS, Wang SX. Advances in point-of-care genetic testing for personalized medicine applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:031501. [PMID: 37159750 PMCID: PMC10163839 DOI: 10.1063/5.0143311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Breakthroughs within the fields of genomics and bioinformatics have enabled the identification of numerous genetic biomarkers that reflect an individual's disease susceptibility, disease progression, and therapy responsiveness. The personalized medicine paradigm capitalizes on these breakthroughs by utilizing an individual's genetic profile to guide treatment selection, dosing, and preventative care. However, integration of personalized medicine into routine clinical practice has been limited-in part-by a dearth of widely deployable, timely, and cost-effective genetic analysis tools. Fortunately, the last several decades have been characterized by tremendous progress with respect to the development of molecular point-of-care tests (POCTs). Advances in microfluidic technologies, accompanied by improvements and innovations in amplification methods, have opened new doors to health monitoring at the point-of-care. While many of these technologies were developed with rapid infectious disease diagnostics in mind, they are well-suited for deployment as genetic testing platforms for personalized medicine applications. In the coming years, we expect that these innovations in molecular POCT technology will play a critical role in enabling widespread adoption of personalized medicine methods. In this work, we review the current and emerging generations of point-of-care molecular testing platforms and assess their applicability toward accelerating the personalized medicine paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. de Olazarra
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - S. X. Wang
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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4
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Koskela von Sydow A, Lindqvist CM, Asghar N, Johansson M, Sundqvist M, Mölling P, Stenmark B. Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequencing using tiled amplicon enrichment and bait hybridization. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6461. [PMID: 37081087 PMCID: PMC10116481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) pandemic has led to extensive virological monitoring by whole genome sequencing (WGS). Investigating the advantages and limitations of different protocols is key when conducting population-level WGS. SARS-CoV-2 positive samples with Ct values of 14-30 were run using three different protocols: the Twist Bioscience SARS‑CoV‑2 protocol with bait hybridization enrichment sequenced with Illumina, and two tiled amplicon enrichment protocols, ARTIC V3 and Midnight, sequenced with Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies, respectively. Twist resulted in better coverage uniformity and coverage of the entire genome, but has several drawbacks: high human contamination, laborious workflow, high cost, and variation between batches. The ARTIC and Midnight protocol produced an even coverage across samples, and almost all reads were mapped to the SARS-CoV-2 reference. ARTIC and Midnight represent robust, cost-effective, and highly scalable methods that are appropriate in a clinical environment. Lineage designations were uniform across methods, representing the dominant lineages in Sweden during the period of collection. This study provides insights into methodological differences in SARS‑CoV‑2 sequencing and guidance in selecting suitable methods for various purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Koskela von Sydow
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
- Clinical Genomics, Science for Life Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Carl Mårten Lindqvist
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Clinical Genomics, Science for Life Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Naveed Asghar
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Magnus Johansson
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Martin Sundqvist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Paula Mölling
- Clinical Genomics, Science for Life Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bianca Stenmark
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Clinical Genomics, Science for Life Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Vo V, Harrington A, Afzal S, Papp K, Chang CL, Baker H, Aguilar P, Buttery E, Picker MA, Lockett C, Gerrity D, Kan HY, Oh EC. Identification of a rare SARS-CoV-2 XL hybrid variant in wastewater and the subsequent discovery of two infected individuals in Nevada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160024. [PMID: 36356728 PMCID: PMC9640213 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The identification of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants can predict new patterns of COVID-19 community transmission and lead to the deployment of public health resources. However, increased access to at-home antigen tests and reduced free PCR tests have recently led to data gaps for the surveillance of evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants. To overcome such limitations, we asked whether wastewater surveillance could be leveraged to detect rare variants circulating in a community before local detection in human cases. Here, we performed whole genome sequencing (WGS) of SARS-CoV-2 from a wastewater treatment plant serving Las Vegas, Nevada in April 2022. Using metrics that exceeded 100× depth at a coverage of >90 % of the viral genome, we identified a variant profile similar to the XL recombinant lineage containing 26 mutations found in BA.1 and BA.2 and three private mutations. Prompted by the discovery of this rare lineage in wastewater, we analyzed clinical COVID-19 sequencing data from Southern Nevada and identified two cases infected with the XL lineage. Taken together, our data highlight how wastewater genome sequencing data can be used to discover rare SARS-CoV-2 lineages in a community and complement local public health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Vo
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Precision Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Anthony Harrington
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Precision Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Salman Afzal
- Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Katerina Papp
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, USA
| | - Ching-Lan Chang
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Precision Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Hayley Baker
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Precision Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | | | - Erin Buttery
- Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Gerrity
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, USA.
| | - Horng-Yuan Kan
- Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA.
| | - Edwin C Oh
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Precision Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, UNLV School of Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
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Guest PC, Hawkins SFC, Rahmoune H. Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern by Genomic Surveillance Techniques. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1412:491-509. [PMID: 37378785 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-28012-2_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the application of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic methods in the study of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. We also describe the important role of machine learning tools to identify the most significant biomarker signatures and discuss the latest point-of-care devices that can be used to translate these findings to the physician's office or to bedside care. The main emphasis is placed on increasing our diagnostic capacity and predictability of disease outcomes to guide the most appropriate treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Guest
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Laboratory of Translational Psychiatry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Hassan Rahmoune
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Parai D, Choudhary HR, Dash GC, Behera S, Mishra N, Pattnaik D, Raghav SK, Mishra SK, Sahoo SK, Swain A, Mohapatra I, Pattnaik M, Moharana A, Jena SR, Praharaj I, Subhadra S, Kanungo S, Bhattacharya D, Pati S. Dynamicity and persistence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 antibody response after double dose and the third dose with BBV-152 and AZD1222 vaccines: A prospective, longitudinal cohort study. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:942659. [PMID: 36016787 PMCID: PMC9396971 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.942659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionVaccines are available worldwide to combat coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). However, the long-term kinetics of the vaccine-induced antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have not been sufficiently evaluated. This study was performed to investigate the persistence and dynamicity of BBV-152 (Covaxin)- and AZD1222 (Covishield)-induced immunoglobulin-G (IgG) antibodies over the year and neutralizing antibodies’ status after 1-month of booster dose.Materials and methodsThis 52-week longitudinal cohort study documented antibody persistence and neutralizing antibodies status among 304 healthcare workers (HCWs) from six hospitals and research facilities in Odisha, enrolled during January 2021 and continued till March 2022. IgG antibodies against spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 were quantified in an automated chemiluminescence immune assay-based (CLIA) platform and a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsAmong these 304 HCWs vaccinated with double doses, 154 HCWs (50.66%) were Covaxin recipients and the remaining 150 (49.34%) were Covishield recipients. During the follow-ups for seven times, a total of 114 participants were identified as vaccine breakthrough cases. In 190 non-infected HCWs, the median antibody titer was significantly waned from DD2 to DD10, both for Covaxin (231.8 vs. 42.7 AU/ml) and Covishield (1,884.6 vs. 369.2 AU/ml). No statistically significant differences in antibody titers were observed based on age, gender, comorbidities, and blood groups. The median inhibition activity of sVNT increased from 23.8 to 91.3% for Covaxin booster recipients and from 41.2 to 96.0% for Covishield booster recipients. Among 146 booster dose recipients, 48 were breakthrough cases after booster and all were contracted by the omicron variant.ConclusionThis year-long follow-up study found a 7- and 5-fold antibody waning in Covaxin and Covishield recipients, respectively, without any breakthrough infection history. However, individuals with booster breakthrough had mild symptoms and did not require hospital admission. The data also indicate the possible escape of omicron variants despite the presence of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debaprasad Parai
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Hari Ram Choudhary
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Girish Chandra Dash
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Susmita Behera
- Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati Medical College and Hospital, Brahmapur, Odisha, India
| | | | - Dipti Pattnaik
- Department of Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Sanjeeb Kumar Mishra
- Department of Community Medicine, Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Burla, Odisha, India
| | - Subrat Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Aparajita Swain
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ira Mohapatra
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Matrujyoti Pattnaik
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Aparnamayee Moharana
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sandhya Rani Jena
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ira Praharaj
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Subhra Subhadra
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Srikanta Kanungo
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Debdutta Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- Debdutta Bhattacharya,
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Department of Microbiology, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- *Correspondence: Sanghamitra Pati,
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Goussard P, Schubert P, Parker N, Myburgh C, Rabie H, van der Zalm MM, Van Zyl GU, Preiser W, Maponga TG, Verster J, Gie AG, Andronikou S. Fatal SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in a young infant: Autopsy findings. Pediatr Pulmonol 2022; 57:1363-1365. [PMID: 35243813 PMCID: PMC9088365 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Goussard
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pawel Schubert
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Noor Parker
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chantelle Myburgh
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helena Rabie
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marieke M van der Zalm
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gert U Van Zyl
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tongai G Maponga
- National Health Laboratory Service, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Janette Verster
- Division of Forensic Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andre G Gie
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Savvas Andronikou
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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9
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Review of the use of nanodevices to detect single molecules. Anal Biochem 2022; 654:114645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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