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Layla A, Syed QA, Zahoor T, Shahid M. Investigating the role of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum vs. spontaneous fermentation in improving nutritional and consumer safety of the fermented white cabbage sprouts. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:753-764. [PMID: 37700156 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceae sprouts are promising candidates for functional food because of their unique phytochemistry and high nutrient density compared to their seeds and matured vegetables. Despite being admired for their health-promoting properties, white cabbage sprouts have been least explored for their nutritional significance and behavior to lactic acid fermentation. This study aimed to investigate the role of lactic acid fermentation, i.e., inoculum vs. spontaneous, in reducing intrinsic toxicants load and improving nutrients delivering potential of the white cabbage sprouts. White cabbage sprouts with a 5-7 cm average size were processed as raw, blanched, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-inoculated fermentation, and spontaneous fermentation. Plant material was dehydrated at 40 °C and evaluated for microbiological quality, macronutrients, minerals, and anti-nutrient contents. The results indicate L. plantarum inoculum fermentation of blanched cabbage sprouts (IF-BCS) to increase lactic acid bacteria count of the sprouts from 0.97 to 8.47 log CFU/g. Compared with the raw cabbage sprouts (RCS), inoculum fermented-raw cabbage sprouts (IF-RCS), and spontaneous fermented-raw cabbage sprouts (SF-RCS), the highest content of Ca (447 mg/100 g d.w.), Mg (204 mg/100 g d.w.), Fe (9.3 mg/100 g d.w.), Zn (5 mg/100 g d.w.), and Cu (0.5 mg/100 g d.w.) were recorded in IF-BCS. L. plantarum-led fermentation of BCS demonstrated a reduction in phytates, tannins, and oxalates contents at a rate of 42%, 66%, and 53%, respectively, while standalone lactic acid fermentation of the raw sprouts reduced the burden of anti-nutrients in a range between 32 and 56%. The results suggest L. plantarum-led lactic acid fermentation coupled with sprout blanching is the most promising way to improve the nutritional quality and safety of the white cabbage sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Layla
- National Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Abbas Syed
- National Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Tahir Zahoor
- National Institute of Food Science & Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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2
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Deng RX, Zheng YY, Liu DJ, Liu JY, Zhang MN, Xi GY, Song LL, Liu P. The effect of ultrasonic power on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of frosted figs pectin. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 106:106883. [PMID: 38703594 PMCID: PMC11081804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound has been widely used in industry due to its high energy and efficiency. This study optimized the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) process of frosted figs pectin (FFP) using response surface methodology (RSM), and further investigated the effect of ultrasonic power on the structural characteristics and antioxidant activities of FFPs. The UAE method of FFP through RSM was optimized, and the optimal extraction process conditions, particle size of 100 mesh, pH value of 1.95, liquid-solid ratio of 47:1 (mL/g), extraction temperature of 50 °C and extraction time of 65 min, were obtained. The extraction rate of FFP under this condition was 37.97 ± 2.56 %. Then, the four FFPs modified by ultrasound were obtained by changing the ultrasonic power. Research had found that ultrasonic power had little effect on the monosaccharide composition, Zeta potential, as well as the thermal stability and appearance structure of the four FFPs. However, ultrasonic power had a significant impact on other properties of FFP: as the ultrasonic power increased, the DM% and particle size decreased continuously, while the total carbohydrate content increased. Meanwhile, ultrasonic power also had a significant impact on antioxidant activities of FFPs. From the research results, it could be seen that different ultrasonic power had certain changes in its spatial structure and properties, and the structural changes also affected the biological activity of FFP. The study of the effects of ultrasonic power on the physicochemical properties and biological activity of FFP lays the foundation for the development and application of FFP in food additives and natural drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xue Deng
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Natural Products Functional Factor Research and Development, Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Yi-Ying Zheng
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Natural Products Functional Factor Research and Development, Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Dong-Jie Liu
- Ansteel Beijing Research Institute CO., LTD., Changping, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Jing-Yi Liu
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Natural Products Functional Factor Research and Development, Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Meng-Nan Zhang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Natural Products Functional Factor Research and Development, Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Guang-Yuan Xi
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Natural Products Functional Factor Research and Development, Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Lu-Lu Song
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Natural Products Functional Factor Research and Development, Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China
| | - Pu Liu
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Natural Products Functional Factor Research and Development, Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China.
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3
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García-Tenesaca M, Llugany M, Boada R, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Valiente M. Phytochemical Profile, Bioactive Properties, and Se Speciation of Se-Biofortified Red Radish ( Raphanus sativus), Green Pea ( Pisum sativum), and Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa) Microgreens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:4947-4957. [PMID: 38393752 PMCID: PMC10921463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The impact of selenium (Se) enrichment on bioactive compounds and sugars and Se speciation was assessed on different microgreens (green pea, red radish, and alfalfa). Sodium selenite and sodium selenate at a total concentration of 20 μM (1:1) lead to a noticeable Se biofortification (40-90 mg Se kg-1 DW). In green pea and alfalfa, Se did not negatively impact phenolics and antioxidant capacity, while in red radish, a significant decrease was found. Regarding photosynthetic parameters, Se notably increased the level of chlorophylls and carotenoids in green pea, decreased chlorophyll levels in alfalfa, and had no effect on red radish. Se treatment significantly increased sugar levels in green pea and alfalfa but not in red radish. Red radish had the highest Se amino acid content (59%), followed by alfalfa (34%) and green pea (28%). These findings suggest that Se-biofortified microgreens have the potential as functional foods to improve Se intake in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn
M. García-Tenesaca
- GTS
Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mercè Llugany
- Plant
Physiology Group (BABVE), Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Roberto Boada
- GTS
Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Sánchez-Martín
- GTS
Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Manuel Valiente
- GTS
Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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4
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Tilahun S, Baek MW, An KS, Choi HR, Lee JH, Tae SH, Park DS, Hong JS, Jeong CS. Preharvest Methyl Jasmonate Treatment Affects the Mineral Profile, Metabolites, and Antioxidant Capacity of Radish Microgreens Produced without Substrate. Foods 2024; 13:789. [PMID: 38472902 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) application on the nutritional content and yield of five different colored radish microgreens. Microgreens were produced without substrate and subjected to 0.5 mM and 1.0 mM MeJA treatments on the 7th day, three days before harvest. The parameters measured included yield, dry matter, minerals, amino acids, secondary metabolites such as chlorophylls (Chls), anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolics, glucosinolates (GSLs), vitamin C, and antioxidant capacity. MeJA at 1.0 mM generally improved yield and dry weight across cultivars, and all microgreens exhibited rich mineral and amino acid composition, with the influence of cultivar being more significant than MeJA treatment. However, MeJA enhanced all cultivars' anthocyanins, GSLs, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activities. Generally, as the antioxidant capacity is the primary factor influencing the nutritional quality of microgreens, MeJA-treated microgreens, especially with selected superior cultivars such as 'Asia purple' and 'Koregon red', could offer a potential for cultivation of value-added, eco-friendly microgreens with substrate-free cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeles Tilahun
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma 378, Ethiopia
| | - Min Woo Baek
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Seok An
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Eco-Friendly Agricultural Product Safety Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Ryul Choi
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ho Tae
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Su Park
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sung Hong
- Department of Applied Biology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheon Soon Jeong
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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5
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Belošević SD, Milinčić DD, Gašić UM, Kostić AŽ, Salević-Jelić AS, Marković JM, Đorđević VB, Lević SM, Pešić MB, Nedović VA. Broccoli, Amaranth, and Red Beet Microgreen Juices: The Influence of Cold-Pressing on the Phytochemical Composition and the Antioxidant and Sensory Properties. Foods 2024; 13:757. [PMID: 38472870 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze in detail the phytochemical composition of amaranth (AMJ), red beet (RBJ), and broccoli (BCJ) microgreens and cold-pressed juices and to evaluate the antioxidant and sensory properties of the juices. The results showed the presence of various phenolic compounds in all samples, namely betalains in amaranth and red beet microgreens, while glucosinolates were only detected in broccoli microgreens. Phenolic acids and derivatives dominated in amaranth and broccoli microgreens, while apigenin C-glycosides were most abundant in red beet microgreens. Cold-pressing of microgreens into juice significantly altered the profiles of bioactive compounds. Various isothiocyanates were detected in BCJ, while more phenolic acid aglycones and their derivatives with organic acids (quinic acid and malic acid) were identified in all juices. Microgreen juices exhibited good antioxidant properties, especially ABTS•+ scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Microgreen juices had mild acidity, low sugar content, and good sensory acceptability and quality with the typical flavors of the respective microgreen species. Cold-pressed microgreen juices from AMJ, RBJ, and BCJ represent a rich source of bioactive compounds and can be characterized as novel functional products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spasoje D Belošević
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijel D Milinčić
- Food Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uroš M Gašić
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research Siniša Stanković-National Institute of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Ž Kostić
- Food Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana S Salević-Jelić
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana M Marković
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Verica B Đorđević
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Steva M Lević
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana B Pešić
- Food Chemistry and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Viktor A Nedović
- Food Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Food Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
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6
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Li R, Zhou Z, Zhao X, Li J. Application of Tryptophan and Methionine in Broccoli Seedlings Enhances Formation of Anticancer Compounds Sulforaphane and Indole-3-Carbinol and Promotes Growth. Foods 2024; 13:696. [PMID: 38472809 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Broccoli is a popular cruciferous vegetable that is well known for its abundant health-promoting biochemicals. The most important of these beneficial biochemicals are glucosinolates, including glucoraphanin and glucobrassicin. Glucoraphanin and glucobrassicin can be broken down by myrosinases into sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol, which have been demonstrated to have potent cancer-preventive properties. Efforts to increase glucoraphanin in broccoli seedlings have long been a focus; however, increasing glucoraphanin and glucobrassicin simultaneously, as well as enhancing myrosinase activity to release more sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol, have yet to be investigated. This study aims to investigate the impact of the combined application of tryptophan and methionine on the accumulation of sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol, as well as their precursors. Furthermore, we also examined whether this application has any effects on seedling growth and the presence of other beneficial compounds. We found that the application of methionine and tryptophan not only increased the glucoraphanin content by 2.37 times and the glucobrassicin content by 3.01 times, but that it also caused a higher myrosinase activity, resulting in a1.99 times increase in sulforaphane and a 3.05 times increase in indole-3-carbinol. In addition, better plant growth and an increase in amino acids and flavonoids were observed in broccoli seedlings with this application. In conclusion, the simultaneous application of tryptophan and methionine to broccoli seedlings can effectively enhance their health-promoting value and growth. Our study provides a cost-effective and multi-benefit strategy for improving the health value and yield of broccoli seedlings, benefiting both consumers and farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zihuan Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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7
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Waliat S, Arshad MS, Hanif H, Ejaz A, Khalid W, Kauser S, Al-Farga A. A review on bioactive compounds in sprouts: extraction techniques, food application and health functionality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2023.2176001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Waliat
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Hadia Hanif
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Afaf Ejaz
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waseem Khalid
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Safura Kauser
- Department of Food Science, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ammar Al-Farga
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ibb University, Ibb, Yemen
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8
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Bouranis JA, Wong CP, Beaver LM, Uesugi SL, Papenhausen EM, Choi J, Davis EW, Da Silva AN, Kalengamaliro N, Chaudhary R, Kharofa J, Takiar V, Herzog TJ, Barrett W, Ho E. Sulforaphane Bioavailability in Healthy Subjects Fed a Single Serving of Fresh Broccoli Microgreens. Foods 2023; 12:3784. [PMID: 37893677 PMCID: PMC10606698 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetable consumption is associated with numerous health benefits attributed to the phytochemical sulforaphane (SFN) that exerts antioxidant and chemopreventive properties, among other bioactive compounds. Broccoli sprouts, rich in SFN precursor glucoraphanin (GRN), have been investigated in numerous clinical trials. Broccoli microgreens are similarly rich in GRN but have remained largely unexplored. The goal of this study was to examine SFN bioavailability and the microbiome profile in subjects fed a single serving of fresh broccoli microgreens. Eleven subjects participated in a broccoli microgreens feeding study. Broccoli microgreens GRN and SFN contents and stability were measured. Urine and stool SFN metabolite profiles and microbiome composition were examined. Broccoli microgreens had similar GRN content to values previously reported for broccoli sprouts, which was stable over time. Urine SFN metabolite profiles in broccoli microgreens-fed subjects were similar to those reported previously in broccoli sprouts-fed subjects, including the detection of SFN-nitriles. We also reported the detection of SFN metabolites in stool samples for the first time. A single serving of broccoli microgreens did not significantly alter microbiome composition. We showed in this study that broccoli microgreens are a significant source of SFN. Our work provides the foundation for future studies to establish the health benefits of broccoli microgreens consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Bouranis
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.P.W.); (L.M.B.); (S.L.U.); (E.M.P.); (J.C.)
- School of Public Health and Nutrition, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Carmen P. Wong
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.P.W.); (L.M.B.); (S.L.U.); (E.M.P.); (J.C.)
- School of Public Health and Nutrition, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Laura M. Beaver
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.P.W.); (L.M.B.); (S.L.U.); (E.M.P.); (J.C.)
- School of Public Health and Nutrition, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Sandra L. Uesugi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.P.W.); (L.M.B.); (S.L.U.); (E.M.P.); (J.C.)
| | - Ethan M. Papenhausen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.P.W.); (L.M.B.); (S.L.U.); (E.M.P.); (J.C.)
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.P.W.); (L.M.B.); (S.L.U.); (E.M.P.); (J.C.)
| | - Edward W. Davis
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;
| | | | | | - Rekha Chaudhary
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
| | - Jordan Kharofa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (J.K.); (V.T.); (W.B.)
| | - Vinita Takiar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (J.K.); (V.T.); (W.B.)
| | - Thomas J. Herzog
- Department of OB/GYN, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
| | - William Barrett
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (J.K.); (V.T.); (W.B.)
| | - Emily Ho
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (J.A.B.); (C.P.W.); (L.M.B.); (S.L.U.); (E.M.P.); (J.C.)
- School of Public Health and Nutrition, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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9
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Siniawska M, Wojdyło A. Polyphenol Profiling by LC QTOF/ESI-MS and Biological Activity of Purple Passion Fruit Epicarp Extract. Molecules 2023; 28:6711. [PMID: 37764487 PMCID: PMC10535944 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A polyphenolic preparation in the form of the passion fruit epicarp extract was analyzed to identify and quantify the polyphenolic compounds using LC QTOF/ESI-MS and UPLC-PDA-FL. The analyzed parameters included antidiabetic activity (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase), inhibitory activity toward cholinesterase (AChE, BuChE), anti-inflammatory activity (COX-1, COX-2, 15-LOX) and antioxidant activity based on ORAC and ABTS. The polyphenolic preparation of the passion fruit epicarp extract contained 51 polyphenolic compounds representing five groups-flavones (25 compounds; 52% of total polyphenolic), flavonols (8; 16%), flavan-3-ols (6; 7%), phenolic acids (4; 3%), and anthocyanins (7; 21%), with derivatives of luteolin (13 derivatives) and apigenin (8 derivatives) as dominant compounds. The preparation was characterized by an antioxidant activity of 160.7 (ORAC) and 1004.4 mmol Trolox/100 mL (ABTS+o). The inhibitory activity toward α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase reached IC50 of 7.99, 12.80, and 0.42, respectively. The inhibition of cholinesterases (IC50) was 18.29 for AChE and 14.22 for BuChE. Anti-inflammatory activity as IC50 was 6.0 for COX-1, 0.9 for COX-2, and 4.9 for 15-LOX. Food enriched with passion fruit epicarp extract has a potentially therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneta Wojdyło
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Nutraceutical Plant Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
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10
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Tilahun S, Baek MW, An KS, Choi HR, Lee JH, Hong JS, Jeong CS. Radish microgreens produced without substrate in a vertical multi-layered growing unit are rich in nutritional metabolites. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1236055. [PMID: 37780508 PMCID: PMC10536316 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1236055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Growing microgreens on trays without substrate in a vertical multilayered growing unit offers several advantages over traditional agriculture methods. This study investigated the yield performance and nutritional quality of five selections of radish microgreens grown in sprouting trays, without a substrate using only water, in an indoor multilayer cultivation system using artificial light. Various parameters were measured, including fresh weight, dry matter, chlorophyll, minerals, amino acids, phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, vitamin C, glucosinolates, and antioxidant activity with four different in vitro assays. After ten days, the biomass had increased by 6-10 times, and the dry matter varied from 4.75-7.65%. The highest yield was obtained from 'Asia red', while the lowest was from 'Koregon red'. However, 'Koregon red' and 'Asia red' had the highest dry matter. 'Asia red' was found to have the highest levels of both Chls and vitamin C compared to the other cultivars, while 'Koregon red' exhibited the highest levels of total phenolics and flavonoids. Although variations in the levels of individual glucosinolates were observed, there were no significant differences in the total content of glucosinolates among the five cultivars. 'Asia purple' had the highest anthocyanin content, while 'Asia green 2' had the lowest. The K, Mg, and Na concentrations were significantly highest in 'Asia green 2', and the highest Ca was recorded in 'Asia purple'. Overall, 'Asia purple' and 'Koregon red' were the best cultivars in terms of nutritional quality among the tested radish microgreens. These cultivars exhibited high levels of dry weight, total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, essential and total amino acids, and antioxidant activities. Moreover, the implementation of this vertical cultivation method for microgreens, which relies solely on water and seeds known for their tall shoots during the sprouting could hold promise as a sustainable approach. This method can effectively be utilized for cultivar screening and fulfilling the nutritional and functional needs of the population while minimizing the environmental impacts associated with traditional agriculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeles Tilahun
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Horticulture and Plant Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Min Woo Baek
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Seok An
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Kangwon National University Eco-friendly Agricultural Product Safety Center, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Ryul Choi
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Lee
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sung Hong
- Department of Applied Biology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheon Soon Jeong
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Horticulture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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11
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Lin Y, Zhou C, Li D, Wu Y, Dong Q, Jia Y, Yu H, Miao P, Pan C. Integrated non-targeted and targeted metabolomics analysis reveals the mechanism of inhibiting lignification and optimizing the quality of pea sprouts by combined application of nano-selenium and lentinans. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:5096-5107. [PMID: 36974656 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignification causes a detrimental impact on the quality of edible sprouts. However, the mechanism of inhibition of lignification of edible sprouts by nano-selenium and lentinans remains unclear. RESULTS To reveal the mechanism of lignification regulation of sprouts by nano-selenium and lentinans, this study investigated the changes in antioxidant indicators, phytohormones, polyphenols, and metabolites in the lignin biosynthesis in pea sprouts following sprays of nano-selenium or/and lentinans twice. There was an overall increase in the aforementioned indices following treatment. In particular, the combined application of 5 mg L-1 nano-selenium and 20 mg L-1 lentinans was more effective than their individual applications in enhancing peroxidase, catalase, DPPH free-radical scavenging rate, luteolin, and sinapic acid, as well as inhibiting malondialdehyde generation and lignin accumulation. Combined with the results from correlation analysis, nano-selenium and lentinans may inhibit lignification by enhancing antioxidant systems, inducing phytohormone-mediated signaling, and enriching precursor metabolites (caffeyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, 4-coumaryl alcohol). In terms of the results of non-targeted metabolomics, the combined application of 5 mg L-1 nano-selenium and 20 mg L-1 lentinans mainly affected biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, and linoleic acid metabolism pathways, which supported and complemented results from targeted screenings. CONCLUSION Overall, the combined sprays of nano-selenium and lentinans showed synergistic effects in delaying lignification and optimizing the quality of pea sprouts. This study provides a novel and practicable technology for delaying lignification in the cultivation of edible sprouts. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxi Lin
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunran Zhou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yangliu Wu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qinyong Dong
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujiao Jia
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peijuan Miao
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Canping Pan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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12
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Fayezizadeh MR, Ansari NA, Sourestani MM, Hasanuzzaman M. Biochemical Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, Leaf Color Profile and Yield of Basil (Ocimum sp.) Microgreens in Floating System. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2652. [PMID: 37514265 PMCID: PMC10386441 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Basil is a great source of phytochemicals such as polyphenols, vitamin C, anthocyanin, and flavonoids. In this work, the biochemical compounds, antioxidant capacity, leaf color profile, and yield of 21 cultivars and genotypes of basil microgreen were investigated. Results showed that the highest antioxidant potential composite index (APCI) was measured in Persian Ablagh genotype (70.30). Twenty-one basil genotypes were classified into four clusters, including cluster 1 (lowest antioxidant capacity and total phenolic compounds), cluster 2 (lowest anthocyanin, vitamin C and APCI index), cluster 3 (highest vitamin C, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and APCI index), and cluster 4 (highest levels of anthocyanin). The principal components analysis (PCA) of basil genotypes showed diversity in terms of phytochemical components, and F1, F2, F3, and F4 explained the variation at the rate of 78.12%. The average annual temperature of the origin of basil seeds plays an important role in the synthesis of antioxidant content. Most of the seeds with moderate origin had a higher APCI index. The Persian Ablagh genotype, Violeto, and Kapoor cultivars can be recommended, according to their APCI index and yield. These cultivars can be used individually or in different ratios to produce different biochemical substances with different concentrations for various purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Fayezizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-43311, Iran
| | - Naser Alemzadeh Ansari
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-43311, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudi Sourestani
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-43311, Iran
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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13
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Poudel P, Duenas AEK, Di Gioia F. Organic waste compost and spent mushroom compost as potential growing media components for the sustainable production of microgreens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1229157. [PMID: 37469787 PMCID: PMC10352662 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1229157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Microgreens are emerging specialty crops becoming increasingly popular for their rich nutrient profile and variety of colors, flavors, and textures. The growing medium is a significant key factor in microgreen yield, quality, and sustainability. The widespread use of peat-based media raises questions regarding the environmental sustainability of microgreens production, and new substrates that are more sustainable are required. To this purpose, a study was designed with the objective of comparing eight alternative growing media evaluating their physicochemical properties and effect on yield, mineral profile, and nutritional quality of peas and radish microgreens. Tested substrates included a standard peat and perlite mixture (PP), coconut coir (CC), spent mushroom compost (SMC), organic waste compost (CMP), and 50:50 (v:v) mixes of PP and SMC, PP and CMP, CC and SMC, and CC and CMP. The physicochemical properties widely differed among the alternative substrates tested. SMC had high electrical conductivity and salt concentration, which resulted in poor seed germination. Growing media tested significantly influenced the production and nutritional quality of both microgreen species and variations were modulated by the species. With a 39.8% fresh yield increase or a small yield decrease (-14.9%) in radish and peas, respectively, PP+CMP (50:50, v/v) mix provided microgreens of similar or higher nutritional quality than PP, suggesting the potential of substituting at least in part peat with CMP. Using locally available CMP in mix with PP could reduce the microgreens industry reliance on peat while reducing costs and improving the sustainability of the production of microgreens. Further research is needed to evaluate also the potential economic and environmental benefits of using locally available organic materials like CMP as alternative growing media and peat-substitute to produce microgreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Poudel
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Anela E. K. Duenas
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU, United States
| | - Francesco Di Gioia
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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14
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Rybak M, Wojdyło A. Inhibition of α-Amylase, α-Glucosidase, Pancreatic Lipase, 15-Lipooxygenase and Acetylcholinesterase Modulated by Polyphenolic Compounds, Organic Acids, and Carbohydrates of Prunus domestica Fruit. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1380. [PMID: 37507919 PMCID: PMC10376563 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to establish the content of phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, and organic acids and to determine their potential to inactivate α-amylase, α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase, 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and antioxidant activity (ABTSo+ and FRAP) in 43 Prunus domestica cultivars. We identified 20 phenolic compounds, including, in the order of abundance, polymeric procyanidins, flavan-3-ols, phenolic acids, flavonols, and anthocyanins. The total content of phenolic compounds varied depending on the cultivar and ranged from 343.75 to 1419 mg/100 g d.w. The cultivars of Ś2, Ś11, and Ś16 accumulated the greatest amounts of polyphenols, while in cvs. Ś42, Ś35, and Ś20 polyphenols were the least abundant. The highest antioxidant potential of 7.71 (ABTSo+) and 13.28 (FRAP) mmoL Trolox/100 g d.w. was confirmed for cv. Ś11. P. domestica fruits showed inhibitory activity toward α-amylase (2.63-61.53), α-glucosidase (0.19-24.07), pancreatic lipase (0.50-8.20), and lipoxygenase (15-LOX; 4.19-32.67), expressed as IC50 (mg/mL). The anti-AChE effect was stronger than the anti-BuChE one. Cv. Ś3 did not inhibit AChE activity, while cv. Ś35 did not inhibit BuChE. Thanks to the abundance of biologically active compounds, P. domestica offers several health-promoting benefits and may prevent many diseases. For these reasons, they are worth introducing into a daily diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Rybak
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Nutraceutical Plant Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aneta Wojdyło
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Nutraceutical Plant Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
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15
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Wu DT, Li WX, Wan JJ, Hu YC, Gan RY, Zou L. A Comprehensive Review of Pea ( Pisum sativum L.): Chemical Composition, Processing, Health Benefits, and Food Applications. Foods 2023; 12:2527. [PMID: 37444265 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pisum sativum L., commonly referred to as dry, green, or field pea, is one of the most common legumes that is popular and economically important. Due to its richness in a variety of nutritional and bioactive ingredients, the consumption of pea has been suggested to be associated with a wide range of health benefits, and there has been increasing focus on its potential as a functional food. However, there have been limited literature reviews concerning the bioactive compounds, health-promoting effects, and potential applications of pea up to now. This review, therefore, summarizes the literature from the last ten years regarding the chemical composition, physicochemical properties, processing, health benefits, and potential applications of pea. Whole peas are rich in macronutrients, including proteins, starches, dietary fiber, and non-starch polysaccharides. In addition, polyphenols, especially flavonoids and phenolic acids, are important bioactive ingredients that are mainly distributed in the pea coats. Anti-nutritional factors, such as phytic acid, lectin, and trypsin inhibitors, may hinder nutrient absorption. Whole pea seeds can be processed by different techniques such as drying, milling, soaking, and cooking to improve their functional properties. In addition, physicochemical and functional properties of pea starches and pea proteins can be improved by chemical, physical, enzymatic, and combined modification methods. Owing to the multiple bioactive ingredients in peas, the pea and its products exhibit various health benefits, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-renal fibrosis, and regulation of metabolic syndrome effects. Peas have been processed into various products such as pea beverages, germinated pea products, pea flour-incorporated products, pea-based meat alternatives, and encapsulation and packing materials. Furthermore, recommendations are also provided on how to better utilize peas to promote their development as a sustainable and functional grain. Pea and its components can be further developed into more valuable and nutritious products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Wen-Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Jia-Jia Wan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Yi-Chen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
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16
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Alloggia FP, Bafumo RF, Ramirez DA, Maza MA, Camargo AB. Brassicaceae microgreens: A novel and promissory source of sustainable bioactive compounds. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 6:100480. [PMID: 36969565 PMCID: PMC10030908 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgreens are novel foods with high concentrations of bioactive compounds and can be grown easily and sustainably. Among all the microgreens genera produced, Brassicaceae stand out because of the wide evidence about their beneficial effects on human health attributed to phenolic compounds, vitamins, and particularly glucosinolates and their breakdown products, isothiocyanates and indoles. The phytochemical profile of each species is affected by the growing conditions in a different manner. The agronomic practices that involve these factors can be used as tools to modulate and enhance the concentration of certain compounds of interest. In this sense, the present review summarizes the impact of substrates, artificial lighting, and fertilization on bioactive compound profiles among species. Since Brassicaceae microgreens, rich in bioactive compounds, can be considered functional foods, we also included a discussion about the health benefits associated with microgreens' consumption reported in the literature, as well as their bioaccessibility and human absorption. Therefore, the present review aimed to analyze and systematize cultivation conditions of microgreens, in terms of their effects on phytochemical profiles, to provide possible strategies to enhance the functionality and health benefits of Brassicaceae microgreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia P. Alloggia
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Roberto F. Bafumo
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Daniela A. Ramirez
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina Institución, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Marcos A. Maza
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
- Cátedra de Enología I, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina Institución, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alejandra B. Camargo
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina Institución, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina
- Corresponding author. Laboratorio de Cromatografía para Agroalimentos, Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza, CONICET y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Alte. Brown 500, Chacras de Coria, Mendoza, Argentina.
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17
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Ali V, Rashid A, Kumar D, Vyas D. Stage-specific metabolomics suggests a trade-off between primary and secondary metabolites for nutritional advantage in Lepidium latifolium L. Food Chem 2023; 419:136035. [PMID: 37027970 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Lepidium latifolium L. is an established phytofood of the Ladakh Himalayas that contains differential content of important glucosinolates (GLS) in specific stages of sprouts. Therefore, in order to harness its nutraceutical potential, a comprehensive mass spectrometry-based stage-specific untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed. A total of 318 metabolites were detected, out of which 229 were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) changed during different stages. The Principal Component Analysis plot clearly differentiated different growth stages into three clusters. The nutritionally important metabolites, including amino acids, sugars, organic acids, and fatty acids, were found significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in the first cluster consisting of 1st, 2nd and 3rd week sprouts. The higher energy requirements during the early growth stages were observed with the higher metabolites of glycolysis and the TCA cycle. Further, the trade-off between primary and secondary sulfur-containing metabolites was observed, which may explain the differential GLS content in different growth stages.
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18
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Bhaswant M, Shanmugam DK, Miyazawa T, Abe C, Miyazawa T. Microgreens-A Comprehensive Review of Bioactive Molecules and Health Benefits. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020867. [PMID: 36677933 PMCID: PMC9864543 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgreens, a hypothesized term used for the emerging food product that is developed from various commercial food crops, such as vegetables, grains, and herbs, consist of developed cotyledons along with partially expanded true leaves. These immature plants are harvested between 7-21 days (depending on variety). They are treasured for their densely packed nutrients, concentrated flavors, immaculate and tender texture as well as for their vibrant colors. In recent years, microgreens are on demand from high-end restaurant chefs and nutritional researchers due to their potent flavors, appealing sensory qualities, functionality, abundance in vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive compounds, such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol, carotenoids, folate, tocotrienols, phylloquinones, anthocyanins, glucosinolates, etc. These qualities attracted research attention for use in the field of human health and nutrition. Increasing public concern regarding health has prompted humans to turn to microgreens which show potential in the prevention of malnutrition, inflammation, and other chronic ailments. This article focuses on the applications of microgreens in the prevention of the non-communicable diseases that prevails in the current generation, which emerged due to sedentary lifestyles, thus laying a theoretical foundation for the people creating awareness to switch to the recently introduced category of vegetable and providing great value for the development of health-promoting diets with microgreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maharshi Bhaswant
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Dilip Kumar Shanmugam
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India
| | - Taiki Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Chizumi Abe
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-795-3205
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Zhou Q, Liang W, Wan J, Wang M. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) microgreen prevents the formation of advanced glycation end products in model systems and breads. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 6:100490. [PMID: 37033738 PMCID: PMC10074504 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in daily diets poses a great threat to human health, since AGEs are closely related to some chronic metabolic diseases. In this study, we investigated the antiglycative capabilities of some popular microgreens in chemical model. Our data indicated that baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea) had the highest antiglycative activity during 4-wks incubation, with antioxidation being the main action route. Moreover, a bread model was set up to evaluate its antiglycative potential in real food model. The results showed that the fortification of baby spinach in bread significantly inhibited AGEs formation, with acceptable taste and food quality. Further study revealed that the antiglycative components were mainly distributed in leaves, which were separated via column chromatography and tentatively identified as chlorophyll derivatives. In summary, this study highlighted the antiglycative benefits of baby spinach which can be developed into healthy functional foods.
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20
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Hemp microgreens as an innovative functional food: Variation in the organic acids, amino acids, polyphenols, and cannabinoids composition of six hemp cultivars. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Different Vegetable Sprouts and Their Potential Role in the Formulation of Functional Foods against Various Disorders: A Literature-Based Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217320. [PMID: 36364145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the advantages of vegetable sprouts in the development of food products as well as their beneficial effects on a variety of disorders. Sprouts are obtained from different types of plants and seeds and various types of leafy, root, and shoot vegetables. Vegetable sprouts are enriched in bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, antioxidants, and vitamins. Currently, different conventional methods and advanced technologies are used to extract bioactive compounds from vegetable sprouts. Due to some issues in traditional methods, increasingly, the trend is to use recent technologies because the results are better. Applications of phytonutrients extracted from sprouts are finding increased utility for food processing and shelf-life enhancement. Vegetable sprouts are being used in the preparation of different functional food products such as juices, bread, and biscuits. Previous research has shown that vegetable sprouts can help to fight a variety of chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Furthermore, in the future, more research is needed that explores the extraordinary ways in which vegetable sprouts can be incorporated into green-food processing and preservation for the purpose of enhancing shelf-life and the formation of functional meat products and substitutes.
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22
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Effect of Wheat Crop Nitrogen Fertilization Schedule on the Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Sprouts and Wheatgrass Obtained from Offspring Grains. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152042. [PMID: 35956521 PMCID: PMC9370410 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work was aimed at investigating the effects of rate and timing of nitrogen fertilization applied to a maternal wheat crop on phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of edible sprouts and wheatgrass obtained from offspring grains. We hypothesized that imbalance in N nutrition experienced by the mother plants translates into transgenerational responses on seedlings obtained from the offspring seeds. To this purpose, we sprouted grains of two bread wheat cultivars (Bologna and Bora) grown in the field under four N fertilization schedules: constantly well N fed with a total of 300 kg N ha−1; N fed only very early, i.e., one month after sowing, with 60 kg N ha−1; N fed only late, i.e., at initial shoot elongation, with 120 kg N ha−1; and unfertilized control. We measured percent germination, seedling growth, vegetation indices (by reflectance spectroscopy), the phytochemical content (total phenols, phenolic acids, carotenoids, chlorophylls), and the antioxidant activity (by gold nanoparticles photometric assay) of extracts in sprout and wheatgrass obtained from the harvested seeds. Our main finding is that grains obtained from crops subjected to late N deficiency produced wheatgrass with much higher phenolic content (as compared to the other N treatments), and this was observed in both cultivars. Thus, we conclude that late N deficiency is a stressing condition which elicits the production of phenols. This may help counterbalance the loss of income related to lower grain yield in crops subjected to such an imbalance in N nutrition.
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Morphological, Molecular, and Biochemical Characterization of a Unique Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) Genotype Showing Seed-Coat Color Anomalies Due to Altered Anthocyanin Pathway. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141815. [PMID: 35890449 PMCID: PMC9319573 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the identification of a unique lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) genotype L4717-NM, a natural mutant (NM) derived from a variety L4717, producing brown, black, and spotted seed-coat colored seeds in a single plant, generation after generation, in different frequencies. The genetic similarity of L4717 with that of L4717-NM expressing anomalous seed-coat color was established using 54 SSR markers. In addition, various biochemical parameters such as TPC (total phenolic content), TFC (total flavonoid content), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), H2O2 (peroxide quantification), TCC (total carotenoids content), TAC (total anthocyanin content), and TAA (total ascorbic acid) were also studied in the seeds, sprouts, and seedlings of L4717, brown, black, and spotted seed-coat colored seeds. Stage-specific variations for the key biochemical parameters were recorded, and seedling stage was found the best for many parameters. Moreover, seeds with black seed coat showed better nutraceutical values for most of the studied traits. A highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) and positive correlation was observed between DPPH and TPC, TAA, TFC, etc., whereas, protein content showed a negative correlation with the other studied parameters. The seed coat is maternal tissue and we expect expression of seed-coat color as per the maternal genotype. However, such an anomalous seed-coat expression, which seems to probably be governed by some transposable element in the identified genotype, warrants more detailed studies involving exploitation of the anthocyanin pathway.
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Moraru PI, Rusu T, Mintas OS. Trial Protocol for Evaluating Platforms for Growing Microgreens in Hydroponic Conditions. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091327. [PMID: 35564050 PMCID: PMC9103178 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydroponic production of microgreens has potential to develop, at both an industrial, and a family level, due to the improved production platforms. The literature review found numerous studies which recommend procedures, parameters and best intervals for the development of microgreens. This paper aims to develop, based on the review of the literature, a set of procedures and parameters, included in a test protocol, for hydroponically cultivated microgreens. Procedures and parameters proposed to be included in the trial protocol for evaluating platforms for growing microgreens in hydroponic conditions are: (1) different determinations: in controlled settings (setting the optimal ranges) and in operational environments settings (weather conditions in the area/testing period); (2) procedures and parameters related to microgreen growth (obtaining the microgreens seedling, determining microgreen germination, measurements on the morphology of plants, microgreens harvesting); (3) microgreens production and quality (fresh biomass yield, dry matter content, water use efficiency, bioactive compound analysis, statistical analysis). Procedures and parameters proposed in the protocol will provide us with the evaluation information of the hydroponic platforms to ensure: number of growing days to reach desired size; yield per area, crop health, and secondary metabolite accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ioana Moraru
- Department of Technical and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Teodor Rusu
- Department of Technical and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence:
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Sharma S, Shree B, Sharma D, Kumar S, Kumar V, Sharma R, Saini R. Vegetable microgreens: The gleam of next generation super foods, their genetic enhancement, health benefits and processing approaches. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111038. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kaur N, Singh B, Kaur A, Yadav MP. Impact of growing conditions on proximate, mineral, phenolic composition, amino acid profile, and antioxidant properties of black gram, mung bean, and chickpea microgreens. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancydeep Kaur
- Department of Food Science and Technology Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar India
| | - Balwinder Singh
- P.G. Department of Biotechnology Khalsa College Amritsar India
| | - Amritpal Kaur
- Department of Food Science and Technology Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar India
| | - Madhav P. Yadav
- United States Department of Agriculture Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service Wyndmoor Pennsylvania USA
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The Nutritional Quality Potential of Microgreens, Baby Leaves, and Adult Lettuce: An Underexploited Nutraceutical Source. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030423. [PMID: 35159573 PMCID: PMC8834567 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in the cultivation of lettuce landraces is increasing because native varieties, as high-quality products, are particularly attractive to consumers. Lettuce is a popular leafy vegetable worldwide, and interest in the consumption of first leaves (microgreens) and seedlings (baby leaves) has grown due to the general belief that young plants offer higher nutritional value. The content of some bioactive compounds and antioxidants (chlorophylls, carotenoids, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, phenols, antioxidant activity) was monitored in six lettuce landraces and five commercial varieties, and compared across three development stages: microgreen, baby, and adult. Ascorbic acid and phenolic contents were 42% and 79% higher, respectively, in the early stages than in adult lettuces, and red-leaf varieties (CL4 and L11) stood out. This finding agrees with lettuce’s marked antioxidant capacity and correlates with its pigment contents, especially anthocyanins. The nutritional value of adult lettuce is conditioned by its size, shape, and head structure as phytochemical concentrations are regulated by light. The low content of ascorbic acid, phenolics, and anthocyanins in crisphead lettuce (CL5) is a clear example (49, 67%, and 27% lower, respectively, than the adult mean). Our results indicate the wide variability of lettuces’ nutritional characteristics and emphasize that traditional varieties are a helpful source of agricultural biodiversity.
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Dobrowolska-Iwanek J, Zagrodzki P, Galanty A, Fołta M, Kryczyk-Kozioł J, Szlósarczyk M, Rubio PS, Saraiva de Carvalho I, Paśko P. Determination of Essential Minerals and Trace Elements in Edible Sprouts from Different Botanical Families—Application of Chemometric Analysis. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030371. [PMID: 35159521 PMCID: PMC8834360 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: elemental deficiency may result in the malfunctioning of human organisms. Sprouts, with their attractive looks and well-established popularity, may be considered as alternative sources of elements in the diet. Moreover, the uptake of micro- and macronutrients from sprouts is better when compared to other vegetable sources. The aim of the study was to determine and compare the level of the selected essential minerals and trace elements in 25 sprouts from different botanical families, to preselect the richest species of high importance for human diets. Methods: the Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca determinations were performed using atomic absorption spectrometry with flame atomization and iodine by the colorimetric method. Results: beetroot sprouts had the highest levels of Zn, Fe, and Mg, while onion sprouts were the richest in Mn and Ca, among all of the tested sprouts. Sprouts of the Brassicaceae family were generally richer in Ca, Mg, and Zn than sprouts from the Fabaceae family. Results allow preselection of the most perspective sprouts as possible dietary sources of essential minerals and trace elements. For rucola, leeks, onions, and beetroot sprouts, the data on minerals and trace element compositions were performed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Dobrowolska-Iwanek
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.D.-I.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Paweł Zagrodzki
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.D.-I.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Maria Fołta
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.D.-I.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Jadwiga Kryczyk-Kozioł
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.D.-I.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (J.K.-K.)
| | - Marek Szlósarczyk
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Pol Salvans Rubio
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Campus, Joan XXIII 27-31, 08-028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Isabel Saraiva de Carvalho
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal;
| | - Paweł Paśko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; (J.D.-I.); (P.Z.); (M.F.); (J.K.-K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-126-205-670
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Can Light Spectrum Composition Increase Growth and Nutritional Quality of Linum usitatissimum L. Sprouts and Microgreens? HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed could be suitable for obtaining high-quality sprouts and microgreens thanks to high amounts of nutrients and antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anticancer compound content in its seeds. Recent studies highlighted that seedling growth, nutritional compound, and secondary metabolite content can be strongly managed by regulation of the light spectrum used during germination. The present study intended to shed light on flaxseed as emerging and novel species for sprouts and microgreens and to evaluate the effect of light, with different spectrum compositions (100% blue, 100% red, 100% green, and red:green:blue—1:1:1) on the performance of flax microgreens and sprouts grown indoors under controlled conditions. Microgreens showed, compared to sprouts, a higher chlorophyll (+62.6%), carotenoid (+24.4%), and phenol content (+37.8%), antioxidant capacity (+25.1%) and a lower dry matter content (−30.7%). Besides, microgreens treated with 100% blue light were characterized by the highest content of flavonoids (2.48 mg CAE g−1 FW), total phenols (3.76 mg GAE g−1 FW), chlorogenic acid (1.10 mg g−1 FW), and antioxidant capacity (8.06 µmol TEAC g−1 FW). The paper demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining flax sprouts and microgreens indoors with a considerable antioxidant capacity and health-promoting compounds by modulating the light spectrum.
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Low Temperatures Affect the Physiological Status and Phytochemical Content of Flat Leaf Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) Sprouts. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030264. [PMID: 35159416 PMCID: PMC8834612 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of plants in the juvenile stage becomes popular because sprouts are easy to grow, and they can be a tasty source of micro- and macro-nutrients and various phytochemicals. However, some environmental factors during sprout growth can affect their characteristics. In this article, we investigated how low temperatures during cultivation (8 °C) and additional exposure to freezing temperatures (−8 °C) affect the physiological status and phytochemical content of kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) sprouts compared to the control grown at 21 °C. We conducted five independent laboratory experiments and found that low temperature significantly increased proline content and decreased sprouts yield. In addition, low temperature caused a significant decrease in carotenoid and flavonoid content, while phenolic acid content and total glucosinolates content increased, but individual glucosinolates were differentially affected. Our results indicate that low temperatures affect the physiological status of kale sprouts and affect the content of phytochemicals.
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Nutritional values, beneficial effects, and food applications of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck). Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Research Trends on the Application of Electrolyzed Water in Food Preservation and Sanitation. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9122240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrolyzed water (EW) has been proposed as a novel promising sanitizer and cleaner in recent years. It is an effective antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent that has several advantages of being on the spot, environmentally friendly, cheap, and safe for human beings. Therefore, EW has been applied widely in various fields, including agriculture, food sanitation, livestock management, medical disinfection, clinical, and other fields using antibacterial technology. Currently, EW has potential significance for high-risk settings in hospitals and other clinical facilities. The research focus has been shifted toward the application of slightly acidic EW as more effective with some supplemental chemical and physical treatment methods such as ultraviolet radiations and ultrasound. This review article summarizes the possible mechanism of action and highlights the latest research studies in antimicrobial applications.
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Physicochemical characterization and biological potential of Japanese quince polyphenol extract treated by different drying techniques. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wojdyło A, Nowicka P. Profile of Phenolic Compounds of Prunus armeniaca L. Leaf Extract Determined by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and Their Antioxidant, Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Cholinesterase, and Anti-Inflammatory Potency. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121869. [PMID: 34942972 PMCID: PMC8698879 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the limited information available in the literature concerning leaves as by-products of Prunus armeniaca cultivation, the aim of this work was to identify and characterize their principal polyphenolic constituents by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and screening in vitro biological potency as antioxidant capacity (ABTS, online ABTS, FRAP, ORAC), antidiabetic (α-amylase, α-glucosidase), anti-obesity (pancreatic lipase), anti-cholinesterase (AChE and BChE), and anti-inflammatory (COX-1 and COX-2) inhibitory activity. Comparison of different polyphenolic extracts of P. armeniaca cultivar leaves according to their quantitative composition revealed them to be exceptional sources of hydroxycinnamic acids, and to a lesser extent as sources of flavonols. Polyphenol-rich apricot leaf extract (PrALe) showed the most effective anti-obesity action through inhibition of pancreatic lipase, COX-1 and antioxidant capacity, especially the oxygen radical absorbance capacity, which was particularly correlated with polyphenolic compounds. Online ABTS radical UPLC-PDA-PDA analysis clearly demonstrated that the three predominant compounds of PrALe are quercetin-3-O-rutinoside > 5-O- and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, which basically contribute to antioxidant potential. These results assist in the evaluation of plant sources of potential new raw materials for application in different commercial sectors, especially for food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals production.
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Wojdyło A, Nowicka P, Turkiewicz IP, Tkacz K, Hernandez F. Comparison of bioactive compounds and health promoting properties of fruits and leaves of apple, pear and quince. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20253. [PMID: 34642358 PMCID: PMC8511160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents characterization of healthy potential new sources of functional constituents with reference to basic plant sources. In this study, the phenolics, triterpene, isoprenoids (chlorophylls and carotenoids), amino acids, minerals, sugars and organic acids of different cultivars of pome species—apple, pear, quince—leaves vs. fruits and their enzymatic in vitro enzyme inhibition of hyperglycemic (α-glucosidase, α-amylase), obesity (pancreatic lipase), cholinesterase (acetylcholinesterase, butylcholinesterase), inflammatory (15-LOX, COX-1 and -2) and antioxidant capacity (ORAC, FRAP, ABTS) were evaluated. Leaves of pome species as a new plant sources were characterized by higher content of bioactive and nutritional compounds than basic fruits. The dominant fraction for quince, pear, and apple fruits was polymeric procyanidins. In quince and pear leaves flavan-3-ols, and in apple dihydrochalcones dominated. Triterpene was present in equal content in leaves and fruits. Leaves are excellent sources of amino acids and minerals (especially Ca, Mg, Fe, and K), with high content of organic acids and low content of sugars compared to fruits of pome species. Leaves of apples and pears most effectively inhibited COX-1, COX-2, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase enzyme but quince leaves showed the most effective inhibition of pancreatic lipase, AChE and BuChE, 15-LOX, and antioxidant capacity, which particularly correlated with bioactive compounds. Present study shows that leaves are promising sources of valuable compounds and may be used to produce functional foods as well as for medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Wojdyło
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Nutraceutical Plant Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Paulina Nowicka
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Nutraceutical Plant Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Igor Piotr Turkiewicz
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Nutraceutical Plant Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Tkacz
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Nutraceutical Plant Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Francisca Hernandez
- Department of Plant Science and Microbiology, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Carretera de Beniel, km 3.2, Orihuela, 03312, Alicante, Spain
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Bioactive Composition and Nutritional Profile of Microgreens Cultivated in Thailand. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11177981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microgreens are young and tender leafy vegetables that have gained wider consumer acceptance. This is attributed to their low caloric composition and rich micronutrient and antioxidant composition. The present study investigated the bioactive composition and proximate analysis of fourteen microgreens belonging to Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, Pedaliaceae, Polygonaceae, Convolvulaceae, and Malvaceae. All the microgreens showed low calories (20.22 to 53.43 kcal 100 g−1) and fat (0.15 to 0.66 g 100 g−1), whilst mung bean and lentil microgreens showed considerable amounts of carbohydrate (7.16 g 100 g−1) and protein (6.47 g 100 g−1), respectively. Lentil microgreens had the highest total chlorophyll (112.62 mg 100 g−1) and carotenoid (28.37 mg 100 g−1) contents, whilst buckwheat microgreens showed the highest total phenolic content (268.99 mg GAE 100 g−1) and DPPH• scavenging activity (90.83 mM TEAC g−1). The lentil microgreens also presented high ascorbic acid content (128.70 mg 100 g−1) along with broccoli, Chinese kale, purple radish, and red cabbage microgreens (79.11, 81.33, 82.58, and 89.49 mg 100 g−1, respectively). Anthocyanin content was only detected in purple radish (0.148 mg CGE 100 g−1) and red cabbage (0.246 mg CGE 100 g−1). The results provide basic information and highlight the benefits of utilizing genetic biodiversity to obtain microgreens with the desired nutrients and antioxidants.
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Truzzi F, Whittaker A, Roncuzzi C, Saltari A, Levesque MP, Dinelli G. Microgreens: Functional Food with Antiproliferative Cancer Properties Influenced by Light. Foods 2021; 10:foods10081690. [PMID: 34441474 PMCID: PMC8392261 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-proliferative/pro-oxidant efficacy of green pea, soybean, radish, Red Rambo radish, and rocket microgreens, cultivated under either fluorescent lighting (predominant spectral peaks in green and orange) or combination light-emitting diode (LED, predominant spectral peak in blue) was investigated using Ewing sarcoma lines, RD-ES and A673, respectively. All aqueous microgreen extracts significantly reduced cell proliferation (cancer prevention effect) to varying extents in two-dimensional sarcoma cell cultures. The effect of the polyphenol fraction in the aqueous food matrix was unrelated to total polyphenol content, which differed between species and light treatment. Only Pisum sativum (LED-grown) extracts exercised anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in both three-dimensional RD-ES and A673 spheroids (early tumor progression prevention), without cytotoxic effects on healthy L929 fibroblasts. A similar anti-tumor effect of Red Rambo radish (LED and fluorescent-grown) was evident only in the RD-ES spheroids. Aside from the promising anti-tumor potential of the polyphenol fraction of green pea microgreens, the latter also displayed favorable growth quality parameters, along with radish, under both light treatments over the 10 day cultivation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Truzzi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin, 44-40127 Bologna, Italy; (A.W.); (C.R.); (G.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-05-1209-6673
| | - Anne Whittaker
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin, 44-40127 Bologna, Italy; (A.W.); (C.R.); (G.D.)
| | - Chiara Roncuzzi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin, 44-40127 Bologna, Italy; (A.W.); (C.R.); (G.D.)
| | - Annalisa Saltari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (A.S.); (M.P.L.)
| | - Mitchell P. Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, CH 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (A.S.); (M.P.L.)
| | - Giovanni Dinelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin, 44-40127 Bologna, Italy; (A.W.); (C.R.); (G.D.)
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Le L, Gong X, An Q, Xiang D, Zou L, Peng L, Wu X, Tan M, Nie Z, Wu Q, Zhao G, Wan Y. Quinoa sprouts as potential vegetable source: Nutrient composition and functional contents of different quinoa sprout varieties. Food Chem 2021; 357:129752. [PMID: 33915464 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quinoa has a long history of cultivation and unique nutritional value. Quinoa sprouts can be eaten as leafy vegetables, but their nutritional quality is unknown. Ten quinoa sprout varieties (lines) were evaluated and compared for nutrient and functional composition. All quinoa sprout varieties had high contents of moisture content, reducing sugar, potassium, magnesium, and vitamin C. All varieties contained all essential amino acids, with leucine present in abundance. They had high contents of phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids (β-carotene and lycopene) as well as chlorophylls a and b. Overall, var. LL-01 had better nutrient and phytochemical composition than other varieties. The potential nutritionalhealth benefits of quinoa sprouts as a vegetable are important for both traditional and contemporary diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Le
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengluo road 2025, Shiling town, Longquanyi District, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuxiao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengluo road 2025, Shiling town, Longquanyi District, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi An
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengluo road 2025, Shiling town, Longquanyi District, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dabing Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengluo road 2025, Shiling town, Longquanyi District, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China; Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengluo road 2025, Shiling town, Longquanyi District, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China; Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianxin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengluo road 2025, Shiling town, Longquanyi District, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China; Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengluo road 2025, Shiling town, Longquanyi District, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China; Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Maoling Tan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengluo road 2025, Shiling town, Longquanyi District, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China; Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongli Nie
- Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengluo road 2025, Shiling town, Longquanyi District, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China; Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengluo road 2025, Shiling town, Longquanyi District, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China; Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengluo road 2025, Shiling town, Longquanyi District, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China; Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China.
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Dębski H, Wiczkowski W, Horbowicz M. Effect of Elicitation with Iron Chelate and Sodium Metasilicate on Phenolic Compounds in Legume Sprouts. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051345. [PMID: 33802449 PMCID: PMC7959454 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven-day-old sprouts of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris L.), and alfalfa (Medicagosativa L.) were studied. The legume seeds and then sprouts were soaked each day for 30 min during 6 days with water (control) or mixture of Fe-EDTA and sodium silicate (Optysil), or sodium silicate (Na-Sil) alone. Germination and sprout growing was carried out at temperature 20 ± 2 °C in 16/8 h (day/night) conditions. Phenolic compounds (free, ester, and glycosides) content were determined by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS using a multiple reaction monitoring of selected ions. Flavonoids and phenolic acids were released from their esters after acid hydrolysis and from glycosides by alkaline hydrolysis. The presence and high content of (−)-epicatechin (EC) in fenugreek sprouts was demonstrated for the first time. Applied elicitors decreased the level of free EC in fenugreek and alfalfa sprouts but enhanced the content of its esters. Besides, elicitors decreased the content of quercetin glycosides in lentil and fenugreek sprouts but increased the content of quercetin and apigenin glycosides in alfalfa sprouts. The applied elicitors decreased the glycoside levels of most phenolic acids in lentil and p-hydroxybenzoic acid in fenugreek, while they increased the content of this acid in alfalfa. The mixture of iron chelate and sodium silicate had less effect on changes in flavonoid and phenolic acid content in legume sprouts than silicate alone. In general, the used elicitors increased the content of total phenolic compounds in fenugreek and alfalfa sprouts and decreased the content in lentil sprouts. Among the evaluated elicitors, Optysil seems to be worth recommending due to the presence of iron chelate, which can be used to enrich sprouts with this element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Dębski
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland;
| | - Wiesław Wiczkowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Marcin Horbowicz
- Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 14, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-25-643-1232
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Wojdyło A, Nowicka P, Tkacz K, Turkiewicz IP. Fruit tree leaves as unconventional and valuable source of chlorophyll and carotenoid compounds determined by liquid chromatography-photodiode-quadrupole/time of flight-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-PDA-qTof-ESI-MS). Food Chem 2021; 349:129156. [PMID: 33581431 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the identification (by LC-PDA-qTof-ESI-MS) and quantification (by UPLC-PDA) of isoprenoids of the fruit tree leaves (FTL) of commonly consumed fruits: apple, pears, quince, apricot, peach, plums, sweet and sour cherry. The FTL were collected at 2 time points: after tree blooming and after fruit collection. In FTL 7 carotenoids and 16 chlorophylls were identified, but the number of labeled chlorophyll compounds depended on the species. FTL of apple, sour cherry and apricot were identified as the best sources of chlorophylls (mean 404.8, 388.7 and 364.5 mg/100 g dw, respectively) and sweet and sour cherry leaves as the best sources of carotenoids (831.4 and 1162.0 mg/100 g dw, respectively). A lower content of chlorophylls and carotenoids, but not significantly, was detected in leaves after autumn collection of fruits compared to leaves collected after blooming. Fruit tree leaves are good material for isolation of chlorophylls and carotenoids for application in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals or in the food industry, e.g. production of beverages or puree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Wojdyło
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Nowicka
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Tkacz
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Igor Piotr Turkiewicz
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, 37 Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
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