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Mulinge MM, Abisi HK, Kabahweza HM, Okutoyi L, Wamalwa DC, Nduati RW. The Role of Maternal Secretor Status and Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Early Childhood Development: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Breastfeed Med 2024. [PMID: 38577928 DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2023.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Background: Breast milk is the gold standard of infant nutrition, delivering nutrients and bioactive molecules as needed to support optimal infant growth and cognitive development. Increasing evidence links human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) to these early childhood development milestones. Aims: To summarize and synthesize the evidence relating to HMOs and infant brain development, physical growth, and cognitive development. In addition, HMO concentrations in secretor and nonsecretor mothers were compared via a meta-analysis. Study Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out in accordance with the PRISMA statement. This review used three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) and was limited to English-language articles published between 2000 and June 30, 2023. Results: The initial searches yielded 245 articles, 27 of which were included in the systematic review and 12 in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed a substantial between-study heterogeneity, I2 = 97.3%. The pooled effect was 0.21 (95% CI: -0.41 to 0.83; p = 0.484), indicating that secretors had higher HMO concentrations, although this difference was not statistically significant. At one month of age, 2'FL, 3FL, and 3'SL play an important role in brain maturation and thus play a critical role in cognitive development. Secretors produce higher concentrations of 2'FL and 3'SL, explaining the benefits to infants of secretor mothers. Growth velocity was correlated to fucosylated and sialylated HMO concentrations, with lower concentrations linked to stunting. Conclusions: According to evidence from the systematically reviewed articles, HMOs are essential for a child's early development, but the extent to which they have an impact depends on maternal secretor status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Mulinge
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hellen K Abisi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hellen M Kabahweza
- Department of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lydia Okutoyi
- Department of Health Care Quality, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dalton C Wamalwa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ruth W Nduati
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Gough EK, Edens TJ, Carr L, Robertson RC, Mutasa K, Ntozini R, Chasekwa B, Geum HM, Baharmand I, Gill SK, Mutasa B, Mbuya MNN, Majo FD, Tavengwa N, Francis F, Tome J, Evans C, Kosek M, Prendergast AJ, Manges AR. Bifidobacterium longum modifies a nutritional intervention for stunting in Zimbabwean infants. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.01.18.24301438. [PMID: 38293149 PMCID: PMC10827232 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.18.24301438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Child stunting is an indicator of chronic undernutrition and reduced human capital. However, it remains a poorly understood public health problem. Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) have been widely tested to reduce stunting, but have modest effects. The infant intestinal microbiome may contribute to stunting, and is partly shaped by mother and infant histo-blood group antigens (HBGA). We investigated whether mother-infant fucosyltransferase status, which governs HBGA, and the infant gut microbiome modified the impact of SQ-LNS on stunting at age 18 months among Zimbabwean infants in the SHINE Trial ( NCT01824940 ). We found that mother-infant fucosyltransferase discordance and Bifidobacterium longum reduced SQ-LNS efficacy. Infant age-related microbiome shifts in B. longum subspecies dominance from infantis , a proficient human milk oligosaccharide utilizer, to suis or longum , proficient plant-polysaccharide utilizers, were partly influenced by discordance in mother-infant FUT2+/FUT3- phenotype, suggesting that a "younger" microbiome at initiation of SQ-LNS reduces its benefits on stunting.
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Liu S, Mao Y, Wang J, Tian F, Hill DR, Xiong X, Li X, Zhao Y, Wang S. Lactational and geographical variation in the concentration of six oligosaccharides in Chinese breast milk: a multicenter study over 13 months postpartum. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1267287. [PMID: 37731395 PMCID: PMC10508235 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1267287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Understanding the variations of oligosaccharide in breast milk contribute to better study how human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) play a role in health-promoting benefits in infants. Methods Six abundant HMOs, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) and 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL), in breast milk collected at 0-5 days, 10-15 days, 40-45 days, 200-240 days, and 300-400 days postpartum from six locations across China were analyzed using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography-pulsed amperometric detector. Results The concentration of individual HMO fluctuated dynamically during lactational stages. The median ranges of 2'-FL, 3-FL, LNT, LNnT, 3'-SL, and 6'-SL across the five lactational stages were 935-2865 mg/L, 206-1325 mg/L, 300-1473 mg/L, 32-317 mg/L, 106-228 mg/L, and 20-616 mg/L, respectively. The prominent variation was observed in the content of 6'-SL, which demonstrates a pattern of initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease. Among the five lactational stages, the transitional milk has the highest concentration, which was 31 times greater than the concentration in mature milk at 300-400 days postpartum, where the content is the lowest. Geographical location also influenced the content of HMOs. LNT and LNnT were the highest in mature milk of mothers from Lanzhou among the six sites at 40-240 days postpartum. Breast milks were categorized into two groups base on the abundance of 2'-FL (high and low). There was no significant difference in the proportions of high and low 2'-FL phenotypes among the six sites, and the percentages of high and low 2'-FL phenotypes were 79% and 21%, respectively, across all sites in China. Discussion This study provided a comprehensive dataset on 6 HMOs concentrations in Chinese breast milk during the extended postpartum period across a wide geographic range and stratified by high and low 2'-FL phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingyi Mao
- Abbott Nutrition Research & Development Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Tian
- Abbott Nutrition Research & Development Center, Shanghai, China
| | - David R. Hill
- Abbott Nutrition Research & Development Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Xiaoying Xiong
- Abbott Nutrition Research & Development Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Abbott Nutrition Research & Development Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanrong Zhao
- Abbott Nutrition Research & Development Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Pheeha SM, Tamuzi JL, Chale-Matsau B, Manda S, Nyasulu PS. A Scoping Review Evaluating the Current State of Gut Microbiota Research in Africa. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2118. [PMID: 37630678 PMCID: PMC10458939 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has emerged as a key human health and disease determinant. However, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding the composition, diversity, and function of the gut microbiota, specifically in the African population. This scoping review aims to examine the existing literature on gut microbiota research conducted in Africa, providing an overview of the current knowledge and identifying research gaps. A comprehensive search strategy was employed to identify relevant studies. Databases including MEDLINE (PubMed), African Index Medicus (AIM), CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Science Citation index (Web of Science), Embase (Ovid), Scopus (Elsevier), WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), and Google Scholar were searched for relevant articles. Studies investigating the gut microbiota in African populations of all age groups were included. The initial screening included a total of 2136 articles, of which 154 were included in this scoping review. The current scoping review revealed a limited number of studies investigating diseases of public health significance in relation to the gut microbiota. Among these studies, HIV (14.3%), colorectal cancer (5.2%), and diabetes mellitus (3.9%) received the most attention. The top five countries that contributed to gut microbiota research were South Africa (16.2%), Malawi (10.4%), Egypt (9.7%), Kenya (7.1%), and Nigeria (6.5%). The high number (n = 66) of studies that did not study any specific disease in relation to the gut microbiota remains a gap that needs to be filled. This scoping review brings attention to the prevalent utilization of observational study types (38.3%) in the studies analysed and emphasizes the importance of conducting more experimental studies. Furthermore, the findings reflect the need for more disease-focused, comprehensive, and population-specific gut microbiota studies across diverse African regions and ethnic groups to better understand the factors shaping gut microbiota composition and its implications for health and disease. Such knowledge has the potential to inform targeted interventions and personalized approaches for improving health outcomes in African populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Pheeha
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7500, South Africa; (S.M.P.)
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
| | - Jacques L. Tamuzi
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7500, South Africa; (S.M.P.)
| | - Bettina Chale-Matsau
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Samuel Manda
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Peter S. Nyasulu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7500, South Africa; (S.M.P.)
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
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Fontaine F, Turjeman S, Callens K, Koren O. The intersection of undernutrition, microbiome, and child development in the first years of life. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3554. [PMID: 37322020 PMCID: PMC10272168 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39285-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Undernutrition affects about one out of five children worldwide. It is associated with impaired growth, neurodevelopment deficits, and increased infectious morbidity and mortality. Undernutrition, however, cannot be solely attributed to a lack of food or nutrient deficiency but rather results from a complex mix of biological and environmental factors. Recent research has shown that the gut microbiome is intimately involved in the metabolism of dietary components, in growth, in the training of the immune system, and in healthy development. In this review, we look at these features in the first three years of life, which is a critical window for both microbiome establishment and maturation and child development. We also discuss the potential of the microbiome in undernutrition interventions, which could increase efficacy and improve child health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanette Fontaine
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
- Université Paris- Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Sondra Turjeman
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Karel Callens
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Omry Koren
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
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Weerasuriya W, Saunders JE, Kis L, Ho TT, Xu K, Lemas DJ, Groer MW, Louis-Jacques AF. Maternal Gut Microbiota in the Postpartum Period: A Systematic Review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2023; 285:130-147. [PMID: 37116306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2023.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated the importance of the gut microbiota during pregnancy, and there is emerging literature on the postpartum maternal gut microbiota. The primary objective of this paper was to synthesize the literature on the postpartum gut microbiome composition and diversity measured in stool samples from healthy mothers of predominantly term infants. The secondary objectives were (1) to identify biological and environmental factors that influence postpartum maternal gut microbiota and (2) to assess health conditions and clinical intermediate measures associated with postpartum gut microbiota changes in all mothers. Electronic searches were conducted November 9, 2020 and updated July 25, 2021 without publication time limits on PubMed, Embase, CINHAL, Scopus, Cochrane Library, BioArchives, and OpenGrey.eu. Primary research on maternal gut microbiota in the postpartum (up to one year after childbirth) were eligible. Postpartum gut microbiota comparisons to pregnancy or non-pregnancy gut microbiota were of interest, therefore, studies examining these in addition to the postpartum were included. Studies were excluded if they were only conducted in animals, infants, pregnancy, or microbiome of other body locations (e.g., vaginal). Data extraction of microbial composition and diversity were completed and synthesized narratively. Studies were assessed for risk of bias. A total of 2512 articles were screened after deduplication and 27 were included in this review. Of the 27 included studies, 22 addressed the primary objective. Firmicutes was the predominant phylum in the early (<6 weeks) and late postpartum (6 weeks to 1 year). In early postpartum, Bacteroides was the predominant genus. Findings from longitudinal assessments of alpha and beta diversity from the early to the late postpartum varied. Nineteen of the 27 studies assessed biological and environmental factors influencing the postpartum gut microbial profile changes. Timing of delivery, probiotic supplementation, triclosan exposure, and certain diets influenced the postpartum gut microbiota. Regarding health conditions and intermediate clinical measures assessed in 8 studies; inflammatory bowel disease, postpartum depression, early-onset preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, excessive gestational weight gain, and anthropometric measures such as body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio were related to gut microbiota changes. There is limited data on the maternal postpartum gut microbiota and how it influences maternal health. We need to understand the postpartum maternal gut microbiome, establish how it differs from non-pregnancy and pregnancy states, and determine biological and environmental influencers. Future research of the gut microbiome's significance for the birthing parent in the postpartum could lead to a new understanding of how to improve maternal short and long-term health.
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Wang K, Duan F, Sun T, Zhang Y, Lu L. Galactooligosaccharides: Synthesis, metabolism, bioactivities and food applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-17. [PMID: 36632761 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2164244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Prebiotics are non-digestible ingredients that exert significant health-promoting effects on hosts. Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) have remarkable prebiotic effects and structural similarity to human milk oligosaccharides. They generally comprise two to eight sugar units, including galactose and glucose, which are synthesized from substrate lactose by microbial β-galactosidase. Enzyme sources from probiotics have received particular interest because of their safety and potential to synthesize specific structures that are particularly metabolized by intestinal probiotics. Owing to advancements in modern analytical techniques, many GOS structures have been identified, which vary in degree of polymerization, glycosidic linkage, and branch location. After intake, GOS adjust gut microbiota which produce short chain fatty acids, and exhibit excellent biological activities. They selectively stimulate the proliferation of probiotics, inhibit the growth and adhesion of pathogenic bacteria, alleviate gastrointestinal, neurological, metabolic and allergic diseases, modulate metabolites production, and adjust ion storage and absorption. Additionally, GOS are safe and stable, with high solubility and clean taste, and thus are widely used as food additives. GOS can improve the appearance, flavor, taste, texture, viscosity, rheological properties, shelf life, and health benefits of food products. This review systemically covers GOS synthesis, structure identifications, metabolism mechanisms, prebiotic bioactivities and wide applications, focusing on recent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Feiyu Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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8
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Giorgetti A, Paganini D, Nyilima S, Kottler R, Frick M, Karanja S, Hennet T, Zimmermann MB. The effects of 2'-fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose, galacto-oligosaccharides, and maternal human milk oligosaccharide profile on iron absorption in Kenyan infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:64-72. [PMID: 36789945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether prebiotic human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), such as 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), enhance iron absorption in infants is unknown. Moreover, whether maternal HMO profile affects absorption of iron fortificants or the effects of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and/or HMO on iron absorption is uncertain. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to test whether consumption of 3.0 g GOS or HMO enhances iron absorption from iron-fortified maize porridge in partially breastfed Kenyan infants and whether maternal HMO profile modulates these effects. METHODS In a randomized, prospective crossover study, 55 infants (aged 8-12 mo) were fed test meals fortified with 1 of the following: 1) 5.0 mg iron as 54Fe-labeled ferrous fumarate (FeFum); 2) 5.0 mg iron as 58FeFum and 3.0 g GOS (FeFum+GOS); and 3) 5.0 mg iron as 57FeFum and 2.0 g 2'-FL and 1.0 g LNnT (FeFum+HMO). Fractional iron absorption (FIA) was assessed by erythrocyte incorporation of iron isotopes. HMO profiles were determined by capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced florescence detection. Data were analyzed with mixed-effect models, and iron dialyzability was measured in vitro. RESULTS Of the 55 infants included, 49 were fed as instructed. FIA from the FeFum+GOS group [median (IQR) 22.2% (16.5%-25.9%)] was higher than that from the FeFum group [12.5% (9.5%-20.9%)] (P = 0.005). FIA from the FeFum+HMO group was 13.3% (7.1%-24.4%) and did not differ from the FeFum group (P = 0.923). Maternal HMO profile did not predict FIA or modulate the effects of GOS or HMO on FIA. Iron dialyzability ratios at pH 2 of FeFum+GOS to FeFum and FeFum+HMO to FeFum were 2.1 and 0.9 (P = 0.001 and P = 0.322), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In Kenyan infants consuming FeFum-fortified maize porridge, co-provision of 3.0 g GOS increased FIA by 78%, whereas co-provision of 3.0 g HMO did not affect FIA. Variations in maternal HMO profile, including secretor and Lewis phenotype, did not predict FIA. These data argue against a physiologic role for 2'-FL and LNnT in facilitating iron absorption in infancy. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04163406 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04163406).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Giorgetti
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daniela Paganini
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Suzane Nyilima
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Simon Karanja
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thierry Hennet
- Department of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael B Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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9
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Derrien M, Mikulic N, Uyoga MA, Chenoll E, Climent E, Howard-Varona A, Nyilima S, Stoffel NU, Karanja S, Kottler R, Stahl B, Zimmermann MB, Bourdet-Sicard R. Gut microbiome function and composition in infants from rural Kenya and association with human milk oligosaccharides. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2178793. [PMID: 36794816 PMCID: PMC9980514 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2178793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota evolves rapidly after birth, responding dynamically to environmental factors and playing a key role in short- and long-term health. Lifestyle and rurality have been shown to contribute to differences in the gut microbiome, including Bifidobacterium levels, between infants. We studied the composition, function and variability of the gut microbiomes of 6- to 11-month-old Kenyan infants (n = 105). Shotgun metagenomics showed Bifidobacterium longum to be the dominant species. A pangenomic analysis of B. longum in gut metagenomes revealed a high prevalence of B. longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) in Kenyan infants (80%), and possible co-existence of this subspecies with B. longum subsp. longum. Stratification of the gut microbiome into community (GMC) types revealed differences in composition and functional features. GMC types with a higher prevalence of B. infantis and abundance of B. breve also had a lower pH and a lower abundance of genes encoding pathogenic features. An analysis of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) classified the human milk (HM) samples into four groups defined on the basis of secretor and Lewis polymorphisms revealed a higher prevalence of HM group III (Se+, Le-) (22%) than in most previously studied populations, with an enrichment in 2'-fucosyllactose. Our results show that the gut microbiome of partially breastfed Kenyan infants over the age of six months is enriched in bacteria from the Bifidobacterium community, including B. infantis, and that the high prevalence of a specific HM group may indicate a specific HMO-gut microbiome association. This study sheds light on gut microbiome variation in an understudied population with limited exposure to modern microbiome-altering factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Derrien
- Advanced Health & Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Palaiseau, France,CONTACT Muriel Derrien Advanced Health & Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Palaiseau, France
| | - Nadja Mikulic
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mary A Uyoga
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Empar Chenoll
- ADM-Biopolis, ADM, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eric Climent
- ADM-Biopolis, ADM, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adrian Howard-Varona
- ADM-Biopolis, ADM, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Suzane Nyilima
- Public and Community Health Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nicole U Stoffel
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Karanja
- Public and Community Health Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Bernd Stahl
- Advanced Health & Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael B Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphaëlle Bourdet-Sicard
- Advanced Health & Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Palaiseau, France,Raphaëlle Bourdet-Sicard Advanced Health & Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Palaiseau, France
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Moya-Alvarez V, Eussen SRBM, Mank M, Koyembi JCJ, Nyasenu YT, Ngaya G, Mad-Bondo D, Kongoma JB, Stahl B, Sansonetti PJ, Bourdet-Sicard R. Human milk nutritional composition across lactational stages in Central Africa. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1033005. [PMID: 36466422 PMCID: PMC9709887 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1033005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The African region encompasses the highest undernutrition burden with the highest neonatal and infant mortality rates globally. Under these circumstances, breastfeeding is one of the most effective ways to ensure child health and development. However, evidence on human milk (HM) composition from African women is scarce. This is of special concern, as we have no reference data from HM composition in the context of food insecurity in Africa. Furthermore, data on the evolution of HM across lactational stages in this setting lack as well. In the MITICA study, we conducted a cohort study among 48 Central-African women and their 50 infants to analyze the emergence of gut dysbiosis in infants and describe the mother-infant transmission of microbiota between birth and 6 months of age. In this context, we assessed nutritional components in HM of 48 lactating women in Central Africa through five sampling times from week 1 after birth until week 25. Unexpectedly, HM-type III (Secretor + and Lewis genes -) was predominant in HM from Central African women, and some nutrients differed significantly among HM-types. While lactose concentration increased across lactation periods, fatty acid concentration did not vary significantly. The overall median level of 16 detected individual human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs; core structures as well as fucosylated and sialylated ones) decreased from 7.3 g/l at week 1 to 3.5 g/l at week 25. The median levels of total amino acids in HM dropped from 12.8 mg/ml at week 1 to 7.4 mg/ml at week 25. In contrast, specific free amino acids increased between months 1 and 3 of lactation, e.g., free glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid, and serine. In conclusion, HM-type distribution and certain nutrients differed from Western mother HM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Moya-Alvarez
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U1202, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Epidemiology of Emergent Diseases Unit, Global Health Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Simone R. B. M. Eussen
- Human Milk Research and Analytical Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marko Mank
- Human Milk Research and Analytical Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Yawo Tufa Nyasenu
- Laboratoire d'Analyses Médicales, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et d'Immunologie, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Gilles Ngaya
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et d'Immunologie, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Daniel Mad-Bondo
- Direction du Service de Santé de la Gendarmerie, Sis Camp Henri Izamo, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Jean-Bertrand Kongoma
- Direction du Service de Santé de la Gendarmerie, Sis Camp Henri Izamo, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Bernd Stahl
- Human Milk Research and Analytical Science, Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Philippe J. Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, INSERM U1202, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, Paris, France
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11
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Kijner S, Kolodny O, Yassour M. Human milk oligosaccharides and the infant gut microbiome from an eco-evolutionary perspective. Curr Opin Microbiol 2022; 68:102156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Wang J, Chen MS, Wang RS, Hu JQ, Liu S, Wang YYF, Xing XL, Zhang BW, Liu JM, Wang S. Current Advances in Structure-Function Relationships and Dose-Dependent Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6328-6353. [PMID: 35593935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
HMOs (human milk oligosaccharides) are the third most important nutrient in breast milk. As complex glycans, HMOs play an important role in regulating neonatal intestinal immunity, resisting viral and bacterial infections, displaying anti-inflammatory characteristics, and promoting brain development. Although there have been some previous reports of HMOs, a detailed literature review summarizing the structure-activity relationships and dose-dependent effects of HMOs is lacking. Hence, after introducing the structures and synthetic pathways of HMOs, this review summarizes and categorizes identified structure-function relationships of HMOs. Differential mechanisms of different structural HMOs utilization by microorganisms are summarized. This review also emphasizes the recent advances in the interactions between different health benefits and the variance of dosage effect based on in vitro cell tests, animal experiments, and human intervention studies. The potential relationships between the chemical structure, the dosage selection, and the physiological properties of HMOs as functional foods are vital for further understanding of HMOs and their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Meng-Shan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rui-Shan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuan-Yi-Fei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Long Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bo-Wei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing-Min Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Science and Health, School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China
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13
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Weighted analysis of 2'-fucosylactose, 3-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose, 3'-sialyllactose, and 6'-sialyllactose concentrations in human milk. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112877. [PMID: 35304182 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over 150 human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been identified and their concentrations in human milk vary depending on Secretor and Lewis blood group status, environmental and geographical factors, lactation stage, gestational period, and maternal health. Quantitation of HMOs in human milk has been the focus of numerous studies, however, comprehensive and weighted statistical analyses of their levels in human milk are lacking. Therefore, weighted means, standard deviations, medians, interquartile ranges, and 90th percentiles for 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL) and 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL) were calculated using random sampling and the levels of these HMOs in human milk reported in the literature. Probability distributions of the reported levels were also constructed. Although the levels reported in the published studies varied, the weighted means for 2'-FL, 3-FL, LNT, 3'-SL, and 6'-SL were calculated to be 2.58, 0.57, 0.94, 0.28, and 0.39 g/L, respectively, which are consistent with those that have been previously determined in other systematic analyses. Likely due to the use of weighting, the 90th percentiles were greater than the 95% confidence limits that have been previously calculated. Our study therefore provides accurate and important statistical data to help support the level of appropriate HMO supplementation in infant formula.
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14
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Sprenger N, Tytgat HL, Binia A, Austin S, Singhal A. Biology of human milk oligosaccharides: from Basic Science to Clinical Evidence. J Hum Nutr Diet 2022; 35:280-299. [PMID: 35040200 PMCID: PMC9304252 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been researched by scientists for over 100 years, driven by the substantial evidence for the nutritional and health benefits of mother's milk. Yet research has truly bloomed during the last decade, thanks to the progress in biotechnology, which allowed the production of large amounts of bona fide HMOs. The availability of HMOs has been particularly crucial for the renewed interest in HMO research because of the low abundance or even absence of HMOs in farmed animal milk. This interest is reflected in the increasing number of original research publications and reviews on HMOs. Here, we provide an overview and critical discussion on structure function relations of HMOs that highlight why they are such interesting and important components of human milk. Clinical observations in breastfed infants backed by basic research from animal models provide guidance as to what physiological roles for HMOs are to be expected. From an evidence-based nutrition viewpoint, we discuss the current data supporting clinical relevance of specific HMOs based on randomized placebo controlled clinical intervention trials in formula-fed infants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Sprenger
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hanne Lp Tytgat
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aristea Binia
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sean Austin
- Nestlé Institute of Food Safety and Analytical Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Atul Singhal
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
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15
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Allali I, Abotsi RE, Tow LA, Thabane L, Zar HJ, Mulder NM, Nicol MP. Human microbiota research in Africa: a systematic review reveals gaps and priorities for future research. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:241. [PMID: 34911583 PMCID: PMC8672519 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the human microbiome in health and disease is an emerging and important area of research; however, there is a concern that African populations are under-represented in human microbiome studies. We, therefore, conducted a systematic survey of African human microbiome studies to provide an overview and identify research gaps. Our secondary objectives were: (i) to determine the number of peer-reviewed publications; (ii) to identify the extent to which the researches focused on diseases identified by the World Health Organization [WHO] State of Health in the African Region Report as being the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in 2018; (iii) to describe the extent and pattern of collaborations between researchers in Africa and the rest of the world; and (iv) to identify leadership and funders of the studies. METHODOLOGY We systematically searched Medline via PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Academic Search Premier, Africa-Wide Information through EBSCOhost, and Web of Science from inception through to 1st April 2020. We included studies that characterized samples from African populations using next-generation sequencing approaches. Two reviewers independently conducted the literature search, title and abstract, and full-text screening, as well as data extraction. RESULTS We included 168 studies out of 5515 records retrieved. Most studies were published in PLoS One (13%; 22/168), and samples were collected from 33 of the 54 African countries. The country where most studies were conducted was South Africa (27/168), followed by Kenya (23/168) and Uganda (18/168). 26.8% (45/168) focused on diseases of significant public health concern in Africa. Collaboration between scientists from the United States of America and Africa was most common (96/168). The first and/or last authors of 79.8% of studies were not affiliated with institutions in Africa. Major funders were the United States of America National Institutes of Health (45.2%; 76/168), Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (17.8%; 30/168), and the European Union (11.9%; 20/168). CONCLUSIONS There are significant gaps in microbiome research in Africa, especially those focusing on diseases of public health importance. There is a need for local leadership, capacity building, intra-continental collaboration, and national government investment in microbiome research within Africa. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Allali
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Centre of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Regina E Abotsi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Lemese Ah Tow
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Paediatrics and Anaesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Evaluation of Medicine, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather J Zar
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
- MRC Unit on Child & Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicola M Mulder
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark P Nicol
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, M504, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
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16
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Wang Y, Ze X, Rui B, Li X, Zeng N, Yuan J, Li W, Yan J, Li M. Studies and Application of Sialylated Milk Components on Regulating Neonatal Gut Microbiota and Health. Front Nutr 2021; 8:766606. [PMID: 34859034 PMCID: PMC8631720 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.766606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is rich in sialic acids (SA), which are commonly combined with milk oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. As a functional nutrient component, SA-containing milk components have received increasing attention in recent years. Sialylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have been demonstrated to promote the growth and metabolism of beneficial gut microbiota in infants, bringing positive outcomes to intestinal health and immune function. They also exhibit antiviral and bacteriostatic activities in the intestinal mucosa of new-borns, thereby inhibiting the adhesion of pathogens to host cells. These properties play a pivotal role in regulating the intestinal microbial ecosystem and preventing the occurrence of neonatal inflammatory diseases. In addition, some recent studies also support the promoting effects of sialylated HMOs on neonatal bone and brain development. In addition to HMOs, sialylated glycoproteins and glycolipids are abundant in milk, and are also critical to neonatal health. This article reviews the current research progress in the regulation of sialylated milk oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates on neonatal gut microbiota and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushuang Wang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaolei Ze
- Science and Technology Centre, By-Health Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Binqi Rui
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xinke Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Nina Zeng
- Science and Technology Centre, By-Health Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieli Yuan
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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17
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Miniello VL, Verga MC, Miniello A, Di Mauro C, Diaferio L, Francavilla R. Complementary Feeding and Iron Status: " The Unbearable Lightness of Being" Infants. Nutrients 2021; 13:4201. [PMID: 34959753 PMCID: PMC8707490 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The complementary feeding (CF) period that takes place between 6 and 24 months of age is of key importance for nutritional and developmental reasons during the transition from exclusively feeding on milk to family meals. In 2021, a multidisciplinary panel of experts from four Italian scientific pediatric societies elaborated a consensus document on CF, focusing in particular on healthy term infants. The aim was to provide healthcare providers with useful guidelines for clinical practice. Complementary feeding is also the time window when iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are most prevalent. Thus, it is appropriate to address the problem of iron deficiency through nutritional interventions. Adequate iron intake during the first two years is critical since rapid growth in that period increases iron requirements per kilogram more than at any other developmental stage. Complementary foods should be introduced at around six months of age, taking into account infant iron status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Leonardo Miniello
- Nutrition Unit, Department of Pediatrics, “Giovanni XXIII” Children Hospital, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Miniello
- Department of Allergology and Immunology, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Cristina Di Mauro
- Regional Centre of Pharmacovigilance Campania, Department of Experimental Medicine, University “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | | | - Ruggiero Francavilla
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, “Giovanni XXIII” Children Hospital, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy;
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18
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Tougas SR, Lodha N, Vandermeer B, Lorenzetti DL, Tarr PI, Tarr GAM, Chui L, Vanderkooi OG, Freedman SB. Prevalence of Detection of Clostridioides difficile Among Asymptomatic Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2021; 175:e212328. [PMID: 34338715 PMCID: PMC8329794 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Detection of Clostridioides difficile has frequently been described in asymptomatic infants and children, but accurate estimates across the age spectrum are unavailable. OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of C difficile detection among asymptomatic children across the age spectrum. DATA SOURCES This systematic review and meta-analysis included a search of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2020. Search terms included Clostridium difficile, Peptoclostridium difficile, Clostridioides difficile, CDF OR CDI OR c diff OR c difficile, Clostridium infections OR cd positive diarrhea OR cd positive diarrhea OR Clostridium difficile OR Peptoclostridium difficile OR pseudomembranous colitis OR pseudomembranous enterocolitis, enterocolitis, and pseudomembranous. These were combined with the following terms: bacterial colonization and colonization OR colonized OR colonizing OR epidemiology OR prevalence OR seroprevalence. STUDY SELECTION Studies were screened independently by 2 authors. Studies were included if they reported testing for C difficile among asymptomatic children (ie, children without diarrhea) younger than 18 years. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data were extracted independently and in duplicate by 2 reviewers. Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were used. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was prevalence of C difficile detection among asymptomatic children. Secondary outcomes included prevalence of toxigenic vs nontoxigenic strains of C difficile and prevalence of C difficile detection stratified by geographic region, income status, testing method, and year of testing. RESULTS A total of 95 studies with 19 186 participants were included. Rates of detection of toxigenic or nontoxigenic C difficile were greatest among infants aged 6 to 12 months (41%; 95% CI, 32%-50%) and decreased to 12% (95% CI, 7%-18%) among children aged 5 to 18 years. The prevalence of toxigenic C difficile colonization was lower, peaking at 14% (95% CI, 8%-21%) among infants aged 6 to 12 months and decreasing to 6% (95% CI, 2%-11%) among children older than 5 years. Although prevalence differed by geographic region (ie, North and South America vs Europe: β, -0.151, P = .001; North and South America vs Western Pacific: β, 0.136, P = .007), there was no difference by testing method (ie, culture vs polymerase chain reaction: β, 0.069, P = .052; culture vs enzyme immunoassay: β, -0.178, P = .051), income class (low-middle income vs high income: β, -0.144, P = .23; upper-middle vs high income: β, -0.020, P = .64), or period (before 1990 vs 2010-2020: β, -0.125, P = .19; 1990-1999 vs 2010-2020: β, -0.037, P = .42; 2000-2009 vs 2010-2020: β, -0.006, P = .86). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this systematic review and meta-analysis, C difficile colonization rates among children were greatest at 6 to 12 months of age and decreased thereafter. These estimates may provide context for interpreting C difficile test results among young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Tougas
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nidhi Lodha
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ben Vandermeer
- Alberta Research Centre for Health Evidence, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Diane L Lorenzetti
- Department of Community Health Sciences and the Health Sciences Library, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Phillip I Tarr
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Gillian A M Tarr
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Linda Chui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Otto G Vanderkooi
- Alberta Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Community Health Sciences, and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen B Freedman
- Alberta Children's Hospital, Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Emergency Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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19
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The Mean of Milk: A Review of Human Milk Oligosaccharide Concentrations throughout Lactation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082737. [PMID: 34444897 PMCID: PMC8398195 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are non-digestible and structurally diverse complex carbohydrates that are highly abundant in human milk. To date, more than 200 different HMO structures have been identified. Their concentrations in human milk vary according to various factors such as lactation period, mother’s genetic secretor status, and length of gestation (term or preterm). The objective of this review is to assess and rank HMO concentrations from healthy mothers throughout lactation at a global level. To this aim, published data from pooled (secretor and non-secretor) human milk samples were used. When samples were reported as secretor or non-secretor, means were converted to a pooled level, using the reported mean of approximately 80/20% secretor/non-secretor frequency in the global population. This approach provides an estimate of HMO concentrations in the milk of an average, healthy mother independent of secretor status. Mean concentrations of HMOs were extracted and categorized by pre-defined lactation periods of colostrum (0–5 days), transitional milk (6–14 days), mature milk (15–90 days), and late milk (>90 days). Further categorizations were made by gestational length at birth, mother’s ethnicity, and analytical methodology. Data were excluded if they were from preterm milk, unknown sample size and mothers with any known disease status. A total of 57 peer-reviewed articles reporting individual HMO concentrations published between 1996 and 2020 were included in the review. Pooled HMO means reported from 31 countries were analyzed. In addition to individual HMO concentrations, 12 articles reporting total HMO concentrations were also analyzed as a basis for relative HMO abundance. Total HMOs were found as 17.7 g/L in colostrum, 13.3 g/L in transitional milk, and 11.3 g/L in mature milk. The results show that HMO concentrations differ largely for each individual HMO and vary with lactation stages. For instance, while 2′-FL significantly decreased from colostrum (3.18 g/L ± 0.9) to late milk (1.64 g/L ± 0.67), 3-FL showed a significant increase from colostrum (0.37 g/L ± 0.1) to late milk (0.92 g/L ± 0.5). Although pooled human milk contains a diverse HMO profile with more than 200 structures identified, the top 10 individual HMOs make up over 70% of total HMO concentration. In mature pooled human milk, the top 15 HMOs in decreasing order of magnitude are 2′-FL, LNDFH-I (DFLNT), LNFP-I, LNFP-II, LNT, 3-FL, 6′-SL, DSLNT, LNnT, DFL (LDFT), FDS-LNH, LNFP-III, 3′-SL, LST c, and TF-LNH.
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20
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Mehta S, Huey SL, McDonald D, Knight R, Finkelstein JL. Nutritional Interventions and the Gut Microbiome in Children. Annu Rev Nutr 2021; 41:479-510. [PMID: 34283919 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-021020-025755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays an integral role in health and disease, and diet is a major driver of its composition, diversity, and functional capacity. Given the dynamic development of the gut microbiome in infants and children, it is critical to address two major questions: (a) Can diet modify the composition, diversity, or function of the gut microbiome, and (b) will such modification affect functional/clinical outcomes including immune function, cognitive development, and overall health? We synthesize the evidence on the effect of nutritional interventions on the gut microbiome in infants and children across 26 studies. Findings indicate the need to study older children, assess the whole intestinal tract, and harmonize methods and interpretation of findings, which are critical for informing meaningful clinical and public health practice. These findings are relevant for precision health, may help identify windows of opportunity for intervention, and may inform the design and delivery of such interventions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Mehta
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Global Health, and Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; .,Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Samantha L Huey
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Daniel McDonald
- Center for Microbiome Innovation and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Center for Microbiome Innovation and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.,Departments of Bioengineering and Computer Science & Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Julia L Finkelstein
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Global Health, and Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; .,Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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21
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Sánchez C, Fente C, Regal P, Lamas A, Lorenzo MP. Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) and Infant Microbiota: A Scoping Review. Foods 2021; 10:1429. [PMID: 34203072 PMCID: PMC8234547 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant solid component of breast milk. However, the newborn cannot assimilate them as nutrients. They are recognized prebiotic agents (the first in the newborn diet) that stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms, mainly the genus Bifidobacterium, dominant in the gut of breastfed infants. The structures of the oligosaccharides vary mainly according to maternal genetics, but also other maternal factors such as parity and mode of delivery, age, diet, and nutritional status or even geographic location and seasonality cause different breast milk oligosaccharides profiles. Differences in the profiles of HMO have been linked to breast milk microbiota and gut microbial colonization of babies. Here, we provide a review of the scope of reports on associations between HMOs and the infant gut microbiota to assess the impact of HMO composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sánchez
- Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Montepríncipe, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.); (M.P.L.)
| | - Cristina Fente
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.R.); (A.L.)
| | - Patricia Regal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.R.); (A.L.)
| | - Alexandre Lamas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Santiago de Compostela University, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (P.R.); (A.L.)
| | - María Paz Lorenzo
- Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Montepríncipe, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, Boadilla del Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain; (C.S.); (M.P.L.)
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22
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Wang A, Koleva P, du Toit E, Geddes DT, Munblit D, Prescott SL, Eggesbø M, Johnson CC, Wegienka G, Shimojo N, Campbell D, Kozyrskyj AL, Slupsky CM. The Milk Metabolome of Non-secretor and Lewis Negative Mothers. Front Nutr 2021; 7:576966. [PMID: 33634158 PMCID: PMC7901958 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.576966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The functional role of milk for the developing neonate is an area of great interest, and a significant amount of research has been done. However, a lot of work remains to fully understand the complexities of milk, and the variations imposed through genetics. It has previously been shown that both secretor (Se) and Lewis blood type (Le) status impacts the human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) content of human milk. While some studies have compared the non-HMO milk metabolome of Se+ and Se− women, none have reported on the non-HMO milk metabolome of Se− and Le– mothers. Method and Results: To determine the differences in the non-HMO milk metabolome between Se–Le– mothers and other HMO phenotypes (Se+Le+, Se+Le–, and Se–Le+), 10 milk samples from 10 lactating mothers were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Se or Le HMO phenotypes were assigned based on the presence and absence of 6 HMOs generated by the Se and Le genes. After classification, 58 milk metabolites were compared among the HMO phenotypes. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified clear separation between Se–Le– milk and the other milks. Fold change analysis demonstrated that the Se–Le– milk had major differences in free fatty acids, free amino acids, and metabolites related to energy metabolism. Conclusion: The results of this brief research report suggest that the milk metabolome of mothers with the Se–Le– phenotype differs in its non-HMO metabolite composition from mothers with other HMO phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidong Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States
| | - Petya Koleva
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Elloise du Toit
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Donna T Geddes
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel Munblit
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Section of Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan L Prescott
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,The ORIGINS Project, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Childrens Hospital, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Merete Eggesbø
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine C Johnson
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Ganesa Wegienka
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Naoki Shimojo
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Dianne Campbell
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anita L Kozyrskyj
- InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,InVivo Planetary Health of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN), West New York, NJ, United States.,Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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23
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Jorgensen JM, Young R, Ashorn P, Ashorn U, Chaima D, Davis JCC, Goonatilleke E, Kumwenda C, Lebrilla CB, Maleta K, Prado EL, Sadalaki J, Totten SM, Wu LD, Zivkovic AM, Dewey KG. Associations of human milk oligosaccharides and bioactive proteins with infant growth and development among Malawian mother-infant dyads. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:209-220. [PMID: 33096556 PMCID: PMC7779225 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) and bioactive breast milk proteins have many beneficial properties. Information is sparse regarding associations between these milk constituents and infant growth and development in lower-income countries. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine associations of milk content of HMOs and bioactive proteins at 6 mo postpartum with infant growth and motor and cognitive development. These are secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trial in rural Malawi. METHODS Breast milk samples were analyzed at 6 mo (n = 659) for general categories of HMOs (total HMOs, fucosylated HMOs, and sialylated HMOs), 51 individual HMOs, and 6 bioactive proteins (lactalbumin, lactoferrin, lysozyme, antitrypsin, IgA, and osteopontin). We examined associations of the relative abundances of HMOs and concentrations of bioactive proteins with infant growth from 6 to 12 mo [change in length-for-age (ΔLAZ), weight-for-age, weight-for-length, and head circumference z-scores] as well as ability to stand or walk alone at 12 mo, and motor and language skills, socioemotional development, executive function, and working memory at 18 mo. Analyses were adjusted for covariates and multiple hypothesis testing. RESULTS Among all participants, there were inverse associations of IgA and lactoferrin concentrations with motor skills (P = 0.018 and P = 0.044), and a positive association of lactalbumin concentration with motor skills (P = 0.038). Among secretors only [fucosyltransferase 2 gene (FUT2) positive], there were positive associations of absolute abundance of HMOs with ΔLAZ (P = 0.035), and relative abundance of fucosylated and sialylated HMOs with language at 18 mo (P < 0.001 and P = 0.033, respectively), and inverse associations of osteopontin with standing and walking at 12 mo (P = 0.007 and 0.002, respectively). Relative abundances of several individual HMOs were associated with growth and development, mostly among secretors. CONCLUSIONS Certain bioactive breast milk proteins and HMOs are associated with infant growth and motor and cognitive development. Further studies are needed to determine if a causal relation exists.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01239693.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh M Jorgensen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Young
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Per Ashorn
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulla Ashorn
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - David Chaima
- Department of Community Health, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | | | - Chiza Kumwenda
- Department of Community Health, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Maleta
- Department of Community Health, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | - John Sadalaki
- Department of Community Health, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Sarah M Totten
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lauren D Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Angela M Zivkovic
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn G Dewey
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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24
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Docq S, Spoelder M, Wang W, Homberg JR. The Protective and Long-Lasting Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Cognition in Mammals. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113572. [PMID: 33233361 PMCID: PMC7700157 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, research indicated that Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) may serve to enhance cognition during development. HMOs hereby provide an exciting avenue in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to cognitive development. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the reported observations regarding the effects of HMOs on memory and cognition in rats, mice and piglets. Our main findings illustrate that the administration of fucosylated (single or combined with Lacto-N-neoTetraose (LNnT) and other oligosaccharides) and sialylated HMOs results in marked improvements in spatial memory and an accelerated learning rate in operant tasks. Such beneficial effects of HMOs on cognition already become apparent during infancy, especially when the behavioural tasks are cognitively more demanding. When animals age, its effects become increasingly more apparent in simpler tasks as well. Furthermore, the combination of HMOs with other oligosaccharides yields different effects on memory performance as opposed to single HMO administration. In addition, an enhanced hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) response both at a young and at a mature age are reported as well. These results point towards the possibility that HMOs administered either in singular or combination forms have long-lasting, beneficial effects on memory and cognition in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Docq
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Marcia Spoelder
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Wendan Wang
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd., Jinshan road 1, Hohhot 010110, China;
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.D.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-24-3610906
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25
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In Love with Shaping You-Influential Factors on the Breast Milk Content of Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Their Decisive Roles for Neonatal Development. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113568. [PMID: 33233832 PMCID: PMC7699834 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are structurally versatile sugar molecules constituting the third major group of soluble components in human breast milk. Based on the disaccharide lactose, the mammary glands of future and lactating mothers produce a few hundreds of different HMOs implicating that their overall anabolism utilizes rather high amounts of energy. At first sight, it therefore seems contradictory that these sugars are indigestible for infants raising the question of why such an energy-intensive molecular class evolved. However, in-depth analysis of their molecular modes of action reveals that Mother Nature created HMOs for neonatal development, protection and promotion of health. This is not solely facilitated by HMOs in their indigestible form but also by catabolites that are generated by microbial metabolism in the neonatal gut additionally qualifying HMOs as natural prebiotics. This narrative review elucidates factors influencing the HMO composition as well as physiological roles of HMOs on their way through the infant body and within the gut, where a major portion of HMOs faces microbial catabolism. Concurrently, this work summarizes in vitro, preclinical and observational as well as interventional clinical studies that analyzed potential health effects that have been demonstrated by or were related to either human milk-derived or synthetic HMOs or HMO fractions.
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26
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Lemoine A, Tounian P. Childhood anemia and iron deficiency in sub-Saharan Africa – risk factors and prevention: A review. Arch Pediatr 2020; 27:490-496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Rusu IG, Suharoschi R, Vodnar DC, Pop CR, Socaci SA, Vulturar R, Istrati M, Moroșan I, Fărcaș AC, Kerezsi AD, Mureșan CI, Pop OL. Iron Supplementation Influence on the Gut Microbiota and Probiotic Intake Effect in Iron Deficiency-A Literature-Based Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1993. [PMID: 32635533 PMCID: PMC7400826 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency in the human body is a global issue with an impact on more than two billion individuals worldwide. The most important functions ensured by adequate amounts of iron in the body are related to transport and storage of oxygen, electron transfer, mediation of oxidation-reduction reactions, synthesis of hormones, the replication of DNA, cell cycle restoration and control, fixation of nitrogen, and antioxidant effects. In the case of iron deficiency, even marginal insufficiencies may impair the proper functionality of the human body. On the other hand, an excess in iron concentration has a major impact on the gut microbiota composition. There are several non-genetic causes that lead to iron deficiencies, and thus, several approaches in their treatment. The most common methods are related to food fortifications and supplements. In this review, following a summary of iron metabolism and its health implications, we analyzed the scientific literature for the influence of iron fortification and supplementation on the gut microbiome and the effect of probiotics, prebiotics, and/or synbiotics in iron absorption and availability for the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Gabriela Rusu
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.G.R.); (R.S.); (D.C.V.); (C.R.P.); (S.A.S.); (A.C.F.); (A.D.K.); (C.I.M.)
| | - Ramona Suharoschi
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.G.R.); (R.S.); (D.C.V.); (C.R.P.); (S.A.S.); (A.C.F.); (A.D.K.); (C.I.M.)
| | - Dan Cristian Vodnar
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.G.R.); (R.S.); (D.C.V.); (C.R.P.); (S.A.S.); (A.C.F.); (A.D.K.); (C.I.M.)
| | - Carmen Rodica Pop
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.G.R.); (R.S.); (D.C.V.); (C.R.P.); (S.A.S.); (A.C.F.); (A.D.K.); (C.I.M.)
| | - Sonia Ancuța Socaci
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.G.R.); (R.S.); (D.C.V.); (C.R.P.); (S.A.S.); (A.C.F.); (A.D.K.); (C.I.M.)
| | - Romana Vulturar
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iuliu Hatieganu, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University Babes-Bolyai, 400327 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Magdalena Istrati
- Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology “Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor”, 400158 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ioana Moroșan
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Anca Corina Fărcaș
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.G.R.); (R.S.); (D.C.V.); (C.R.P.); (S.A.S.); (A.C.F.); (A.D.K.); (C.I.M.)
| | - Andreea Diana Kerezsi
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.G.R.); (R.S.); (D.C.V.); (C.R.P.); (S.A.S.); (A.C.F.); (A.D.K.); (C.I.M.)
| | - Carmen Ioana Mureșan
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.G.R.); (R.S.); (D.C.V.); (C.R.P.); (S.A.S.); (A.C.F.); (A.D.K.); (C.I.M.)
| | - Oana Lelia Pop
- Department of Food Science, University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (I.G.R.); (R.S.); (D.C.V.); (C.R.P.); (S.A.S.); (A.C.F.); (A.D.K.); (C.I.M.)
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28
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Zeuner B, Meyer AS. Enzymatic transfucosylation for synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2020; 493:108029. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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29
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Li D, Li S, Wu Y, Jin M, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Han Y. Cloning and Characterization of a New β-Galactosidase from Alteromonas sp. QD01 and Its Potential in Synthesis of Galacto-Oligosaccharides. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18060312. [PMID: 32545859 PMCID: PMC7344425 DOI: 10.3390/md18060312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As prebiotics, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs) can improve the intestinal flora and have important applications in medicine. β-galactosidases could promote the synthesis of GOSs in lactose and catalyze the hydrolysis of lactose. In this study, a new β-galactosidase gene (gal2A), which belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 2, was cloned from marine bacterium Alteromonas sp. QD01 and expressed in Escherichia coli. The molecular weight of Gal2A was 117.07 kDa. The optimal pH and temperature of Gal2A were 8.0 and 40 °C, respectively. At the same time, Gal2A showed wide pH stability in the pH range of 6.0–9.5, which is suitable for lactose hydrolysis in milk. Most metal ions promoted the activity of Gal2A, especially Mn2+ and Mg2+. Importantly, Gal2A exhibited high transglycosylation activity, which can catalyze the formation of GOS from milk and lactose. These characteristics indicated that Gal2A may be ideal for producing GOSs and lactose-reducing dairy products.
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Human Milk Oligosaccharide Profile Variation Throughout Postpartum in Healthy Women in a Brazilian Cohort. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030790. [PMID: 32192176 PMCID: PMC7146368 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) composition varies throughout lactation and can be influenced by maternal characteristics. This study describes HMO variation up to three months postpartum and explores the influences of maternal sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics in a Brazilian prospective cohort. We followed 101 subjects from 28–35 gestational weeks (baseline) and throughout lactation at 2–8 (visit 1), 28–50 (visit 2) and 88–119 days postpartum (visit 3). Milk samples were collected at visits 1, 2 and 3, and 19 HMOs were quantified usinghigh-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL). Friedman post-hoc test, Spearman rank correlation for maternal characteristics and HMOs and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) were used to define the HMO profile. Most women were secretors (89.1%) and presented high proportion of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′FL) at all three sample times, while lacto-N-tetraose (LNT, 2–8 days) and lacto-N-fucopentaose II (LNFPII, 28–50 and 88–119 days) were the most abundant HMOs in non-secretor women. Over the course of lactation, total HMO weight concentrations (g/L) decreased, but total HMO molar concentrations (mmol/L) increased, highlighting differential changes in HMO composition over time. In addition, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and parity influence the HMO composition in healthy women in this Brazilian cohort.
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