Prevent Effects of Lactobacillus Fermentum HY01 on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice

Bacillus siamensis Improves the Immune Status and Intestinal Health of Weaned Piglets by Improving Their Intestinal Microbiota

Previous studies on the early interference of gut microbiota by Bacillus siamensis (B. siamensis) in weaned piglets are rarely reported, and the present trial is a preliminary study. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of B. siamensis supplementation on the growth performance, serum biochemistry, immune response, fecal short-chain fatty acids and microbiota of weaned piglets. Sixty weaned piglets were randomly divided into a control group (CON) and a B. siamensis group (BS), which were fed a basal diet and the basal diet supplemented with 5 × 1010 CFU B. siamensis per kg, respectively. Each group had 3 replicates and 10 piglets per replicate. The trial lasted for 28 days. The results showed that B. siamensis significantly increased the serum growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) in piglets. Compared with the CON group, the levels of serum immunoglobulin and inflammatory factors in the BS group were significantly improved. In addition, the serum concentrations of zonulin and endotoxin (ET) in the BS group were lower. The dietary addition of B. siamensis significantly increased fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in piglets. Notably, B. siamensis improved the microbial composition by increasing beneficial genera, including Weissella, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Bifidobacterium, and decreasing pathogenic genera, including Pantoea, Fusobacterium and Gemella, in piglet feces. Correlation analysis showed that the benefits of dietary B. siamensis supplementation were closely related to its improved microbial composition. In summary, the addition of B. siamensis can improve the immunity function, inflammatory response, gut permeability and SCFA levels of weaned piglets, which may be achieved through the improvement of their microbiota.

Preventive effect of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus 2016SWU.05.0601 and its postbiotic elements on dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice

Microbial-based therapies are one of the hotspots in the field of ulcerative colitis research. The lactic acid bacteria and their postbiotics occupy a key position in microbial therapies, however, the mechanism by which they alleviate ulcerative colitis in mice is unknown. We investigated the effects of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus 2016SWU.05.0601 (Lr-0601) and its postbiotics on male Kunming mice with dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC). The results showed that Lr-0601 significantly alleviated the deterioration of UC and restored the expression of intestinal mechanical barrier proteins. In addition, Lr-0601 significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the body and regulated the expression of key regulatory genes of the NF-κB-iNOS/COX-2 signaling pathway in colon tissues to a large extent. Our results suggest that supplementation with Lr-0601 and its postbiotics can effectively prevent DSS-induced UC and have a beneficial effect on intestinal health, which also provides new insights and research bases for the prevention as well as the treatment of ulcerative colitis and other diseases related to intestinal barrier dysfunction and other diseases.

Chitosan-crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol anti-swelling hydrogel designed to prevent abdominal wall adhesion

Abdominal adhesion is a frequent clinical issue with a high incidence rate and consequences following intra-abdominal surgery. Although many anti-adhesion materials have been used in surgical procedures, additional research is still needed to determine which ones have the most robust wet tissue adhesion, the best anti-postoperative adhesion, and the best anti-inflammatory properties. We have developed an excellent tissue adhesion and anti-swelling polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan hydrogel (AS hydrogel). According to in vitro cell testing, AS hydrogel significantly decreased inflammation around cells and exhibited good biocompatibility. Further, we assessed how well AS hydrogel prevented intraperitoneal adhesion using a rabbit model with cecum and abdominal wall injuries. According to the data, AS hydrogel has excellent anti-inflammatory and biodegradability properties compared to the control group. It can also prevent intestinal and abdominal wall injuries from occurring during surgery. Based on these results, hydrogel appears to be a perfect new material to prevent postoperative abdominal wall adhesion.

Integrated Metabolomics and Gut Microbiome Analysis Reveals the Efficacy of a Phytochemical Constituent in the Management of Ulcerative Colitis

SCOPE

Cinnamaldehyde (CAH), a phytochemical constituent isolated from cinnamon, is gaining attention due to its nutritional and medicinal benefits. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of CAH in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC).

METHODS AND RESULTS

Integrated metabolomics and gut microbiome analysis are performed for 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) induced UC rats. The effect of CAH on colonic inflammation, lipid peroxidation, metabolic profiles, and gut microbiota is systematically explored. It finds that CAH improves the colitis-related symptoms, decreases disease activity index, increases the colon length and body weight, and alleviates histologic inflammation of UC rats. These therapeutic effects of CAH are due to suppression of inflammation and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, multi-omics analysis reveals that CAH treatment cause changes in plasma metabolome and gut microbiome in UC rats. CAH regulates lipid metabolic processes, especially phosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylcholines, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Meanwhile, CAH modulates the gut microbial structure by restraining pathogenic bacteria (such as Helicobacter) and increasing probiotic bacteria (such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus).

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate that CAH exerts a beneficial role in UC by synergistic modulating the balance in gut microbiota and the associated metabolites, and highlights the nutritional and medicinal value of CAH in UC management.

In vitro adhesion and anti-inflammatory properties of Limosilactobacillus fermentum FS-10 isolated from infant fecal sample

In this study, seven strains of Limosilactobacillus fermentum were isolated from an infant fecal sample and characterized using in vitro studies. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was used as a comparison because it is a well-documented commercial probiotic. The isolates were tested for attributes such as acid and phenol tolerance, bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity, and antibiotic sensitivity. One isolate, L. fermentum FS-10, displayed enhanced cell surface hydrophobicity (> 85%) and mucin adhesion. Mucin-binding helps colonization in the gut. The immunomodulatory property of L. fermentum FS-10 was evaluated by determining the modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-10, and nitric oxide (NO) in human acute monocytic leukemia (THP-1) cells under inflammatory conditions induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). L. fermentum FS-10 potently downregulated the expression of TNF-α and nitric oxide and upregulated IL-10 levels, indicating an anti-inflammatory response. Safety assessment of the strain revealed the absence of genes for virulence factors, toxin production, and antibiotic resistance, potentiating application as a probiotic strain.

The role of intestinal microecology in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer: A review

Intestinal microecology is a dominant and complex microecological system in human body. Generally, intestinal microecosystem consists of normal symbiotic flora and its living environment (including intestinal epithelial tissue and intestinal mucosal immune system). Commensal flora is the core component of microecology. Both structures of intestinal mucosa and functions of immune system are essential to maintain homeostasis of intestinal microecosystem. Under normal conditions, intestinal microorganisms and intestinal mucosa coordinate with each other to promote host immunity. When certain factors in the intestine are altered, such as disruption of the intestinal barrier causing dysbiosis of the intestinal flora, the immune system of the host intestinal mucosa makes a series of responses, which leads to the development of intestinal inflammation and promotes colorectal cancer. In this review, to further understand the relationship between intestinal microecology and intestinal diseases, we systematically elaborate the composition of the intestinal mucosal immune system, analyze the relationship between intestinal flora and mucosal immune system, and the role of intestinal flora on intestinal inflammatory diseases and colorectal cancer.

Intraspecific difference of Latilactobacillus sakei in inflammatory bowel diseases: Insights into potential mechanisms through comparative genomics and metabolomics analyses

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that have become a global health burden. Studies have revealed that Latilactobacillus sakei can effectively alleviate various immune diseases, including colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and metabolic disorders. Here, we obtained 72 strains of L. sakei from 120 fermentation and fecal samples across China. In total, 16 strains from different sources were initially screened in an in vitro Caco-2 model induced by dextran sulfate sodium. Subsequently, six strains (four exhibiting effectiveness and two exhibiting ineffectiveness) were selected for further validation in an in vivo colitis mouse model. The results demonstrated that L. sakei strains exhibited varying degrees of amelioration of the colitis disease process. Notably, L. sakei CCFM1267, the most effective strain, significantly restored colon length and tight-junction protein expression, and reduced the levels of cytokines and associated inflammatory enzymes. Moreover, L. sakei CCFM1267 upregulated the abundance of Enterorhabdus, Alloprevotella, and Roseburia, leading to increased levels of acetic acid and propionic acid. Conversely, the other four strains (L. sakei QJSSZ1L4, QJSSZ4L10, QGZZYRHMT1L6, and QGZZYRHMT2L6) only exhibited a partial remission effect, while L. sakei QJSNT1L10 displayed minimal impact. Therefore, L. sakei CCFM1267 and QJSNT1L10 were selected for further exploration of the mechanisms underlying their differential mitigating effects. Comparative genomics analysis revealed significant variations between the two strains, particularly in genes associated with carbohydrate-active enzymes, such as the glycoside hydrolase family, which potentially contribute to the diverse profiles of short-chain fatty acids in vivo. Additionally, metabolome analysis demonstrated that acetylcholine and indole-3-acetic acid were the main differentiating metabolites of the two strains. Therefore, the strains of L. sakei exhibited varying degrees of effectiveness in alleviating IBD-related symptoms, and the possible reasons for these variations were attributed to discrepancies in the carbohydrate-active enzymes and metabolites among the strains.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum T1 cell-free supernatants through suppression of oxidative stress and NF-κB- and MAPK-signaling pathways

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum T1 is an isolated probiotic lactic acid bacterium (LAB) from pickled vegetables in Chongqing, China. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity and the underlying mechanisms of L. plantarum T1 cell-free supernatant (CFS) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW264.7 macrophages in vitro. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), immunofluorescence, Griess methods, and western blotting were utilized to assess the anti-inflammatory cytokines and antioxidative effect of L. plantarum T1 CFS. Our results showed that L. plantarum T1 CFS pretreatment significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, including nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, as well as reactive oxygen species. Interestingly, L. plantarum T1 CFS unregulated the antioxidant indicators, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, L. plantarum T1 CFS activated the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This study showed the excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of L. plantarum T1 through multiple pathways, highlighting its potential for further research and application as a probiotic strain.IMPORTANCEL. plantarum T1 stood out in a series of acid and bile salt tolerance and bacterial inhibition tests as a probiotic isolated from paocai, which provides many health benefits to the host by inhibiting the growth of harmful pathogenic microorganisms and suppressing excessive levels of oxidative stress and inflammation. Not all LAB have good probiotic functions and are used in various applications. The anti-inflammatory antioxidant potential and mechanisms of L. plantarum T1 CFS have not been described and reported. By using RT-qPCR, Griess method, and western blotting, we showed that L. plantarum T1 CFS had anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Griess assay, TBA assay, WST-8 assay, immunofluorescence assay, RT-qPCR, and western blotting data revealed that its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms were associated with oxidative stress and NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of L. plantarum T1 CFS in paocai generates opportunities for probiotic product development.

Protaetia Brevitarsis-Derived Protein Hydrolysate Reduces Obesity-Related Colitis Induced by High-Fat Diet in Mice through Anti-Inflammatory Pathways

Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease characterized by inflammation in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the colon. Obesity is closely related to the occurrence and progression of colitis. The most plausible mechanism linking obesity and colitis is an excessive adipogenesis-related inflammatory response, which causes mucosal dysfunction. Obesity and colitis are linked by several etiologic mechanisms, including excessive adipogenesis, lipotoxicity, pro-inflammatory adipokines/cytokines, macrophage polarization, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and gut microbiota. These low-grade enteric inflammations cause mucosal layer damage, especially goblet cell dysfunction through mucin 2 (MUC2) misfolding, ultimately leading to colitis. Inhibiting the inflammatory response can be the most effective approach for treating obesity-related colitis. We focused on the anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenols in Protaectia brevitas larvae. The P. brevitas was prepared as a low molecular protein hydrolysate (PHPB) to increase the concentration of anti-inflammatory molecules. In the current study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of PHPB in an obesity-induced colitis mouse model. Compared with the high-fat diet (HFD) group, the group treated with PHPB exhibited reduced body/organ/fat weight, appetite/food intake inhibition, hypolipidemic effect on ectopic fat, and anti-adipogenic mechanism through the AMPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, we observed attenuated expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα, inhibition of pro-inflammatory molecules, stimulation of anti-inflammatory molecules, probiotic-like effect against obesogenic gut microbiota, inhibition of macrophage polarization into M1, suppression of oxidative/ER stress, and reduction of Muc2 protein misfolding in colon. These diverse anti-inflammatory responses caused histological and functional recovery of goblet cells, eventually improving colitis. Therefore, our findings suggest that the protein hydrolysate of Protaetia brevitarsis can improve obesity-related colitis through its anti-inflammatory activities.

Supplementation of microencapsulated probiotics modulates gut health and intestinal microbiota

The beneficial effect of probiotics on host health is impaired due to the substantial loss of survivability during gastric transit caused by small intestinal enzymes and bile acids. Encapsulation helps to preserve the probiotics species from severe environmental factors. Lactobacillus paracasei, highly sensitive probiotic species to gastric acid, was encapsulated with polyacrylate resin. C57BL/6 male mice were equally divided into three groups; control group was fed with basal diet without any additives, the un-encapsulated group was fed with 0.1% of a mixture of encapsulating material and L. paracasei, and encapsulated group was fed with 0.1% encapsulated L. paracasei (microcapsule) for 4 weeks. The result showed elevated fecal moisture percentage in the encapsulated group, but not in the un-encapsulated group. Further study showed that the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the small intestine was significantly higher compared to un-encapsulated and the control group. Microencapsulated probiotics also remarkably increased intestinal mucin and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentration, intestinal MUC-2, and tight junction protein mRNA expression levels improving the intestinal barrier function of mice. In addition, microcapsules also reduced proinflammatory factor mRNA expression, while considerably increasing anti-inflammatory factor mRNA expression. Microbiota metabolites, fecal LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) were downregulated, and acetate and lactate were upraised compared to control. Furthermore, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and TAOC levels were increased and Malondialdehyde (MDA) was decreased improving antioxidant capacity. Microflora and bioinformatic predictive analysis of feces showed that encapsulated probiotics remarkably increased Lactobacillus proportions. Mice's intestinal health can thus be improved by using microencapsulated probiotics.

An Overview of the Use and Applications of Limosilactobacillus fermentum in Broiler Chickens

The implementation of government regulations on antibiotic use, along with the public's concern for drug resistance, has strengthened interest in developing alternatives not only aimed at preserving animal production but also at reducing the effects of pathogenic infections. Probiotics, in particular, are considered microorganisms that induce health benefits in the host after consumption of adequate amounts; they have been established as a potential strategy for improving growth, especially by stimulating intestinal homeostasis. Probiotics are commonly associated with lactic acid bacteria, and Limosilactobacillus fermentum is a well-studied species recognized for its favorable characteristics, including adhesion to epithelial cells, production of antimicrobial compounds, and activation of receptors that prompt the transcription of immune-associated genes. Recently, this species has been used in animal production. Different studies have shown that the application of L. fermentum strains not only improves the intestinal ecosystem but also reduces the effects caused by potentially pathogenic microorganisms. These studies have also revealed key insights into the mechanisms behind the actions exerted by this probiotic. In this manuscript, we aim to provide a concise overview of the effects of L. fermentum administration on broiler chicken health and performance.

Effects of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Tibetan chickens on the growth performance and gut microbiota of broiler

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are organic supplements that have several advantages for the health of the host. Tibetan chickens are an ancient breed, which evolve unique gut microbiota due to their adaptation to the hypoxic environment of high altitude. However, knowledge of LAB isolated from Tibetan chickens is very limited. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the probiotic properties of Lactobacillus Plantarum (LP1), Weissella criteria (WT1), and Pediococcus pentosaceus (PT2) isolated from Tibetan chickens and investigate their effects on growth performance, immunoregulation and intestinal microbiome in broiler chickens. Growth performance, serum biochemical analysis, real-time PCR, and 16S rRNA sequencing were performed to study the probiotic effects of LP1, WT1, and PT2 in broiler chickens. Results showed that LP1, WT1 and PT2 were excellent inhibitors against Escherichia coli (E. coli ATCC25922), meanwhile, LP1, WT1, and PT2 significantly increased weekly weight gain, villus height, antioxidant ability and gut microbiota diversity indexes in broilers. In addition, LP1 and PT2 increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased Desulfovibrio in comparison with T1 (control group). Additionally, oral LAB can reduce cholesterol and regulate the expression of tight junction genes in broiler chickens, suggesting that LAB can improve the integrity of the cecal barrier and immune response. In conclusion, LAB improved the growth performance, gut barrier health, intestinal flora balance and immune protection of broiler chickens. Our findings revealed the uniqueness of LAB isolated from Tibetan chickens and its potential as a probiotic additive in poultry field.

Effect of isolated lactic acid bacteria on the quality and bacterial diversity of native grass silage

Objective

The objective of this study was to isolate lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from native grasses and naturally fermented silages, determine their identity, and assess their effects on silage quality and bacterial communities of the native grasses of three steppe types fermented for 60 days.

Methods

Among the 58 isolated LAB strains, Limosilactobacillus fermentum (BL1) and Latilactobacillus graminis (BL5) were identified using 16S rRNA sequences. Both strains showed normal growth at 15- 45°C temperature, 3-6.5% NaCl concentration, and pH 4-9. Two isolated LAB strains (labeled L1 and L5) and two commercial additives (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lentilactobacillus buchneri; designated as LP and LB, respectively) were added individually to native grasses of three steppe types (meadow steppe, MS; typical steppe, TS; desert steppe, DS), and measured after 60 d of fermentation. The fresh material (FM) of different steppe types was treated with LAB (1 × 10⁵ colony forming units/g fresh weight) or distilled water (control treatment [CK]).

Results

Compared with CK, the LAB treatment showed favorable effects on all three steppe types, i.e., reduced pH and increased water-soluble carbohydrate content, by modulating the microbiota. The lowest pH was found in the L5 treatment of three steppe types, at the same time, the markedly (p < 0.05) elevated acetic acid (AA) concentration was detected in the L1 and LB treatment. The composition of bacterial community in native grass silage shifted from Pantoea agglomerans and Rosenbergiella nectarea to Lentilactobacillus buchneri at the species level. The abundance of Lentilactobacillus buchneri and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum increased significantly in L1, L5, LP, and LB treatments, respectively, compared with CK (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

In summary, the addition of LAB led to the shifted of microbiota and modified the quality of silage, and L. fermentum and L. graminis improved the performance of native grass silage.

Synthesis and Biological Properties of Pyranocoumarin Derivatives as Potent Anti-Inflammatory Agents

This study aimed to synthesize 23 coumarin derivatives and analyze their anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages. A cytotoxicity test performed on LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages revealed that none of the 23 coumarin derivatives were cytotoxic. Among the 23 coumarin derivatives, coumarin derivative 2 showed the highest anti-inflammatory activity by significantly reducing nitric oxide production in a concentration-dependent manner. Coumarin derivative 2 inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6, and decreased the expression level of each mRNA. In addition, it inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, nuclear factor kappa-B p65 (NF-κB p65), and inducible nitric oxide synthase. These results indicated that coumarin derivative 2 inhibited LPS-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB p65 signal transduction pathways in RAW264.7 cells, as well as proinflammatory cytokines and enzymes related to inflammatory responses, to exert anti-inflammatory effects. Coumarin derivative 2 showed potential for further development as an anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.

A novel model of adenine-induced chronic kidney disease-associated gastrointestinal dysfunction in mice: The gut-kidney axis

Although constipation is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), there is no animal model that can be used to study the association between renal impairment and gastrointestinal function without interfering with the gastrointestinal tract of the model. Therefore, we determined whether adenine could induce CKD in association with gastrointestinal dysfunction. Six-week-old ICR mice were intraperitoneally injected with saline, 25, 50, or 75 mg adenine/kg body weight for 21 days. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), plasma creatinine, and renal histopathology were evaluated. Defecation status was evaluated from defecation frequency and fecal water content. Colonic smooth muscle contraction was measured by the organ bath technique, and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured using an Ussing chamber. In the 50 mg/kg treatment group, BUN and creatinine were significantly increased compared with control, and inflammatory cell infiltration, glomerular necrosis, tubular dilatation, and interstitial fibrosis were observed in renal tissues. Mice in this group also showed a significant decrease in defecation frequency, fecal water content, colonic motility index, and TEER. Overall, 50 mg/kg of adenine was the best dose to induce CKD with associated constipation and intestinal barrier impairment. Therefore, this adenine administration model can be recommended for CKD-associated gastrointestinal dysfunction research.

Anti-Inflammatory and Gut Microbiota Modulating Effects of Probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei MSMC39-1 on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Rats

Probiotics have been shown to possess several properties, depending on the strain. Some probiotics have important roles in preventing infection and balancing the immune system due to the interaction between the intestinal mucosa and cells in the immune system. This study aimed to examine the properties of three probiotic strains using the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibition test in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2 cells). It was revealed that the viable cells and heat-killed cells of the probiotic L. paracasei strain MSMC39-1 dramatically suppressed TNF-α secretion in Caco-2 cells. The strongest strains were then chosen to treat rats with colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Viable cells of the probiotic L. paracasei strain MSMC39-1 reduced aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase in the serum and significantly inhibited TNF-α secretion in the colon and liver tissues. Treatment with the probiotic L. paracasei strain MSMC39-1 alleviated the colon and liver histopathology in DSS-induced colitis rats. Furthermore, supplementation with probiotic L. paracasei strain MSMC39-1 increased the genus Lactobacillus and boosted the other beneficial bacteria in the gut. Thus, the probiotic L. paracasei strain MSMC39-1 exhibited an anti-inflammation effect in the colon and modulated the gut microbiota.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A focus on the Role of Probiotics in Ulcerative Colitis

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a cluster of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract characterized by chronic inflammation and imbalance of the gut microbiota in a genetically vulnerable host. Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) are well-known types of IBD, and due to its high prevalence, IBD has attracted the attention of researchers globally. The exact etiology of IBD is still unknown; however, various theories have been proposed to provide some explanatory clues that include gene-environment interactions and dysregulated immune response to the intestinal microbiota. These diseases are manifested by several clinical symptoms that depend on the affected segment of the intestine such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and rectal bleeding. In this era of personalized medicine, various options are developing starting from improved intestinal microecology, small molecules, exosome therapy, to lastly stem cell transplantation. From another aspect, and in parallel to pharmacological intervention, nutrition, and dietary support have shown effectiveness in IBD management. There is an increasing evidence supporting the benefit of probiotics in the prophylaxis and treatment of IBD. There are several studies that have demonstrated that different probiotics alleviate UC. The present review summarizes the progress in the IBD studies focusing and exploring more on the role of probiotics as a potential adjunct approach in UC management.

Lactobacillus gasseri JM1 Isolated from Infant Feces Alleviates Colitis in Mice via Protecting the Intestinal Barrier

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory bowel disease, and the intestinal barrier is an important line of defense against intestinal disease. Herein, we investigated the effect of Lactobacillus gasseri JM1 at different doses (1 × 10⁶, 1 × 10⁷, 1 × 10⁸ CFU/day) on colitis mice and explored the possible mechanism. The results showed that L. gasseri JM1 alleviated DSS-induced colitis in mice, with reductions in disease activity index (DAI), histological scores and myeloperoxidase activity as well as alleviation of colonic shortening. Furthermore, L. gasseri JM1 regulated the levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10; restored the expression of Claudin-3, Occludin, ZO-1, and MUC2; and increased the number of goblet cells and acidic mucin. The 16S rDNA sequencing results indicated that intervention with L. gasseri JM1 balanced the gut microbiota structure by elevating the abundance of beneficial bacteria (Oscillospira, Clostridium and Ruminococcus) and decreasing that of harmful bacteria (Shigella and Turicibacter). Meanwhile, the contents of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) increased. In conclusion, L. gasseri JM1 could alleviate intestinal barrier damage in colitis mice by modulating the tight junction structures, intestinal mucus layer, inflammatory cytokines, gut microbiota, and SCFAs. It can be considered a potential preventive strategy to alleviate colitis injury.

The Role of Probiotic Bacillus Spores and Amino Acids with Immunoglobulins on a Rat Enteropathy Model

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are some of the most widely used drugs due to their anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic pharmacological effects. Gastrointestinal side effects are some of the most severe and frequent side effects of NSAIDs. These depend on the balance of the gut microbiome, the abundance of Gram-negative bacteria, and the amount of lipopolysaccharide released. Therefore, restoring or improving gut bacteria balance with probiotic supplements could prove to be an adjuvant therapy against mild NSAID-induced enteropathy. Twenty-five Wistar albino male rats were divided into five groups. The negative control group was administered carboxymethylcellulose and the positive control group diclofenac (DIC), 8 mg/kg for 7 days, which represented the enteropathy model. Treatment groups consisted of a combination of pro-biotic spores (MSB), amino acids and immunoglobulins supplement (MM), which were also administered for 7 days. We analyzed hepatic injury markers (AST, ALT) and creatinine, and inflammatory markers, IL-6, TNF-α, PGE2, iNOS, as well as total antioxidant capacity. The results obtained in the present study suggest that the modulation of the intestinal microbiota by administration of probiotics (Bacillus spores), alone or in combination with immunoglobulins and amino acids, represents an attractive therapy for the prevention of NSAID-induced enteropathy.

Protective effect of Limosilactobacillus fermentum HFY06 on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice

Ulcerative colitis is one of the main gastrointestinal diseases that threaten human health. This study investigated the effect of Limosilactobacillus fermentum HFY06 (LF-HFY06) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis. The protective effect of LF-HFY06 was evaluated by examining the length and histopathological sections of colon, related biochemical indicators, and genes related to inflammation. Direct and microscopic observations showed that LF-HFY06 increased the length of the colon and ameliorated the pathological damage induced by DSS. The biochemical indicators showed that LF-HFY06 enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and catalase (CAT) in serum, while reducing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). It was also observed that the serum inflammatory cytokines levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 were decreased, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 level was increased. The qPCR experiment revealed that LF-HFY06 downregulated the mRNA expression levels of nuclear factor-κB-p65 (Rela), Tnf, Il 1b, Il 6, and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (Ptgs2) in colon tissues, and upregulated the mRNA expression of NF-κB inhibitor-α (Nfkbia) and Il 10. These data indicated that LF-HFY06 inhibited inflammation through the NF-κB signaling pathway to prevent the occurrence and development of colitis. This research demonstrates that probiotics LF-HFY06 have the potential to prevent and treat colitis.

Probiotic-Based Intervention in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: Conventional and New Approaches

Although there are number of available therapies for ulcerative colitis (UC), many patients are unresponsive to these treatments or experience secondary failure during treatment. Thus, the development of new therapies or alternative strategies with minimal side effects is inevitable. Strategies targeting dysbiosis of gut microbiota have been tested in the management of UC due to the unquestionable role of gut microbiota in the etiology of UC. Advanced molecular analyses of gut microbiomes revealed evident dysbiosis in UC patients, characterized by a reduced biodiversity of commensal microbiota. Administration of conventional probiotic strains is a commonly applied approach in the management of the disease to modify the gut microbiome, improve intestinal barrier integrity and function, and maintain a balanced immune response. However, conventional probiotics do not always provide the expected health benefits to a patient. Their benefits vary significantly, depending on the type and stage of the disease and the strain and dose of the probiotics administered. Their mechanism of action is also strain-dependent. Recently, new candidates for potential next-generation probiotics have been discovered. This could bring to light new approaches in the restoration of microbiome homeostasis and in UC treatment in a targeted manner. The aim of this paper is to provide an updated review on the current options of probiotic-based therapies, highlight the effective conventional probiotic strains, and outline the future possibilities of next-generation probiotic and postbiotic supplementation and fecal microbiota transplantation in the management of UC.

Preventive effect of Lactobacillus plantarum HFY15 on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 )-induced acute liver injury in mice

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) is the main chemical causing liver damage. In this experiment, the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum HFY15 treatment on CCl4 -induced acute liver injury was investigated using mice. Fifty adult mice were randomized into five study groups, each group with 10 ml kg-1 saline, 50 mg kg-1 silymarin, and 109 CFU kg-1 L. plantarum HFY15 and LDSB per day, and all the mice expect the normal group were injected 0.8% CCl4 (10 ml kg-1 ) on the 14th day. Following the 16 h induction of the liver injury, various biochemical markers were assessed for blood and liver tissue. After L. plantarum HFY15 treatment, the content of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglycerides (TG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in serum decreased by 67.7%, 65.0%, 41.9%, 59.5%, and 51.5%, respectively, and the level of antioxidant enzymes (total superoxide dismutation [T-SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione [GSH]) increased by more than twofold. Pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (INF-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) decreased by more than 45% in serum and live. What is more, L. plantarum HFY15 increased the expression of antiapoptosis genes Bcl-2 by eightfold, inhibiting the expression of proapoptotic genes Caspase-3 and Bax by about threefold. Lactobacillus plantarum HFY15 has obvious protective effects on CCl4 -induced liver injury by inhibiting oxidation, reducing the release of inflammatory factors, and exerting suppressive effect on apoptotic process in the CCl4 -induced liver injury. Lactobacillus plantarum HFY15 can be developed as edible lactic acid bacteria for preventing liver toxicity. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: L. plantarum HFY15 can alleviate liver injury caused by carbon tetrachloride toxicity through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways.

Effects of Lactobacillus fermentum HY01 on the quality characteristics and storage stability of yak yogurt

Lactobacillus fermentum HY01 is a probiotic strain screened from traditional yak yogurt, which can effectively relieve enteritis and constipation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of HY01 as an adjunct starter on the quality and storage of yak yogurt. A total of 36 main volatile flavor substances were detected in all samples. In particular, more aldehydes, esters, and alcohols were detected in yak yogurt prepared by mixed fermentation of L. fermentum HY01 and starter MY105 (including Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus). The rheological results showed that the yak yogurt prepared by mixed fermentation of L. fermentum HY01 and starter MY105 had higher apparent viscosity and lower tan δ value compared with compared with traditional yak yogurt, yak yogurt with only L. fermentum HY01, and cow yogurt with L. fermentum HY01 and starter MY105. Meanwhile, the conjugated linoleic acid in the yak yogurt prepared by mixed fermentation of L. fermentum HY01 and starter was significantly higher than those in the HY01 group or the yogurt starter group alone. After 28 d of storage at 4°C, the number of HY01 in the yak yogurt prepared by mixed fermentation of L. fermentum HY01 and starter was still higher than 10⁷ cfu/mL, its acidity was lower than 110°T, and its syneresis was the lowest. The results indicated that L. fermentum HY01 could improve the flavor, texture, and storage properties of yak yogurt.

Bifidobacterium longum Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis by Producing Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Protecting Intestinal Mechanical Barrier, Restoring Unbalanced Gut Microbiota, and Regulating the Toll-Like Receptor-4/Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathway

This study aimed to explore the effects and differences of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-producing Bifidobacterium longum on the alleviation of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and to explore its patterns. Different B. longum strains were administered at 10⁹ cfu/day 7 days before DSS treatment. B. longum CCFM681 significantly increased goblet cells, mucin2 (MUC2), claudin-3, α-catenin1, and ZO-1, but neither B. longum CCFM760 nor B. longum CCFM642 had those protective effects. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were downregulated, while IL-10 was upregulated by B. longum CCFM681 but neither by B. longum CCFM760 nor by B. longum CCFM642. Moreover, B. longum CCFM681 treatment inhibited the toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway. Furthermore, B. longum CCFM681 treatment rebalanced gut microbiota via regulating the diversity and key microorganisms. Colonic CLA concentrations in mice fed with B. longum CCFM681 were significantly higher than that of DSS-exposed mice, while those in B. longum CCFM760 and B. longum CCFM642 groups showed insignificant difference compared with the DSS group. Moreover, CLA showed a significantly positive correlation with the effectiveness of relieving colitis. B. longum CCFM681 alleviated colitis by protecting the intestinal mechanical barrier, modulating the gut microbiota, and inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and associated pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results will help the clinical trials of probiotics and the development of functional products for colitis.

Characterization of an exopolysaccharide (EPS-3A) produced by Streptococcus thermophilus ZJUIDS-2-01 isolated from traditional yak yogurt

Yak yogurt, one of the naturally fermented dairy products prepared by local herdsmen in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, contains a diverse array of microorganisms. We isolated and identified a novel Streptococcus thermophilus strain, ZJUIDS-2-01, from the traditional yak yogurt. We further purified and carried out detailed structural, physiochemical, and bioactivity studies of an exopolysaccharide (EPS-3A) produced by S. thermophilus ZJUIDS-2-01. The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of EPS-3A was estimated to be 1.38 × 10⁶ Da by High-Performance Gel Permeation Chromatography (HPGPC). The monosaccharide analysis established its composition to be glucose, galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, and rhamnose in a ratio of 5.2:2.5:6.4:1.0. The molecular structure of EPS-3A was determined by the combination of permethylation analysis, FT-IR, and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The ζ-potential measurements indicated that EPS-3A had a pKa value of ~4.40. The DSC yielded a melting point (T_m) of 80.4 °C and enthalpy change (ΔH) of 578 J/g for EPS-3A, comparable to those of the xanthan gum (XG), a commercial EPS. EPS-3A exhibited better O/W emulsion stability and flocculating capacity than XG. Furthermore, it also demonstrated similar antioxidant activity to XG and promising in vitro antibacterial properties. This work evidenced that EPS-3A derived from S. thermophilus ZJUIDS-2-01 holds the potential for food and industrial applications.

Polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme after UV/H2O2 degradation effectively ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis

In this study, degraded polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme (PSF-T2) were prepared by UV/H2O2 treatment for 2 h, and its effects on ameliorating dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis were evaluated using a mouse model. Results showed that PSF-T2 relieved colitis symptoms, characterized by increasing the colon length and body weight, decreasing disease activity index and relieving colon damage. In addition, PSF-T2 decreased the secretion and expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, and increased the expression of MUC-2, ZO-1 and occludin. Besides, PSF-T2 promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids and modulated gut microbiota composition (increasing the abundance of Lactobacillaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Oscillospiraceae and Desulfovibrionaceae, and decreasing Bacteroidaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae). These results suggested that polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme after UV/H2O2 degradation could ameliorate colitis by decreasing inflammation, protecting the intestinal barrier and modulating gut microbiota. It can provide a theoretical basis for the preparation of bioactive polysaccharides by free radical degradation.

Fortified Fermented Rice-Acid Can Regulate the Gut Microbiota in Mice and Improve the Antioxidant Capacity

The study aimed to explore the effects of fortified fermented rice-acid on the antioxidant capacity of mouse serum and the gut microbiota. Hair characteristics, body mass index, intestinal villus height, intestinal crypt depth, serum antioxidant capacity, and gut microbiota of mice were first measured and the correlation between the antioxidant capacity of mouse serum and the gut microbiota was then explored. The mice in the lactic acid bacteria group (L-group), the mixed bacteria group (LY-group), and the rice soup group (R-group) kept their weight well and had better digestion. The mice in the L-group had the better hair quality (dense), but the hair quality in the R-group and the yeast group (Y-group) was relatively poor (sparse). In addition, the inoculation of Lactobacillus paracasei H4-11 (L. paracasei H4-11) and Kluyveromyces marxianus L1-1 (K. marxianus L1-1) increased the villus height/crypt depth of the mice (3.043 ± 0.406) compared to the non-inoculation group (R-group) (2.258 ± 0.248). The inoculation of L. paracasei H4-11 and K. marxianus L1-1 in fermented rice-acid enhanced the blood antioxidant capacity of mouse serum (glutathione 29.503 ± 6.604 umol/L, malonaldehyde 0.687 ± 0.125 mmol/L, catalase 15.644 ± 4.618 U/mL, superoxide dismutase 2.292 ± 0.201 U/mL). In the gut microbiota of L-group and LY-group, beneficial microorganisms (Lactobacillus and Blautia) increased, but harmful microorganisms (Candidatus Arthromitus and Erysipelotrichales) decreased. L. paracasei H4-11 and K. marxianus L1-1 might have a certain synergistic effect on the improvement in antibacterial function since they reduced harmful microorganisms in the gut microbiota of mice. The study provides the basis for the development of fortified fermented rice-acid products for regulating the gut microbiota and improving the antioxidant capacity.

Gut Microbiota-Mediated Immunomodulatory Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258 Cultured in the Lava Seawater in the Colitis Mouse Model

The immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HDB1258 were evaluated in mice with colitis induced by Klebsiella oxytoca (KO). L. rhamnosus HDB1258 was cultured in the lava seawater (LS) to improve its probiotic properties. It increased adhesive ability to mucin with mRNA expression levels of chaperone proteins (such as GroEL/ES, DnaKJ, and HtrA). In the in vivo experiments, administration of KO caused an inflammation on the colon with gut dysbiosis. LH group (oral gavage of HDB1258 1.0 × 10⁹ colony forming units/day) showed that inflammatory biomarkers, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and PGE₂, were significantly decreased to less than half of the KO group, and Th1 cells were decreased in the spleen, but Treg cells were not affected. In contrast, the expression levels of secretory IgA and IL-10 were significantly increased, and the composition of gut microbiota in the LH group tended to recover similar to normal mice without any effect on the α-diversity. In conclusion, L. rhamnosus HDB1258 cultured in the LS could regulate competitively pathogenic bacteria in imbalanced flora with its improved mucin adhesive ability and was an effective immunomodulatory adjuvant for treating colitis by its regulatory function on intestinal inflammation.

Efficacy of Lactobacillus fermentum Isolated from the Vagina of a Healthy Woman against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella Infections In Vivo

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) that produce Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase are increasingly reported worldwide and have become more and more resistant to nearly all antibiotics during the past decade. The emergence of K. pneumoniae strains with decreased susceptibility to carbapenems, which are used as a last resort treatment option, is a significant threat to hospitalized patients worldwide as K. pneumoniae infection is responsible for a high mortality rate in the elderly and immunodeficient individuals. This study used Lactobacillus fermentum as a candidate probiotic for treating CRE-related infections and investigated its effectiveness. We treated mice with L. fermentum originating from the vaginal fluid of a healthy Korean woman and evaluated the Lactobacilli's efficacy in preventive, treatment, non-establishment, and colonization mouse model experiments. Compared to the control, pre-treatment with L. fermentum significantly reduced body weight loss in the mouse models, and all mice survived until the end of the study. The oral administration of L. fermentum after carbapenemresistant Klebsiella (CRK) infection decreased mortality and illness severity during a 2-week observation period and showed that it affects other strains of CRK bacteria. Also, the number of Klebsiella bacteria was decreased to below 5.5 log₁₀ CFU/ml following oral administration of L. fermentum in the colonization model. These findings demonstrate L. fermentum's antibacterial activity and its potential to treat CRE infection in the future.

L-citrulline enriched fermented milk with Lactobacillus helveticus attenuates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis in mice

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal diseases that causes worldwide suffering. L. helveticus is a probiotic that can enhance intestinal barrier function via alleviation of excessive inflammatory response. Citrulline, a functional amino acid, has been reported to stimulate muscle synthesis and to function with a prebiotic-like action with certain Lactobacillus strains. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential synergistic effect of combining L. helveticus and citrulline on protection against damage induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in a mouse model. 6-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed with DSS water and randomly divided for administering with different milk treatments: 1) plain milk (control or DSS control), 2) 1% (w/v) citrulline enriched milk (Cit_milk), 3) milk fermented with L. helveticus (LHFM) and 4) DSS+milk fermented with L. helveticus with 1% (w/v) citrulline (Cit_LHFM). The treatment effects on the survival and macroscopic and microscopic signs were examined. All treatments presented different degrees of protective effects on attenuating the damages induced by DSS. All treatments reduced the body weight loss, disease activity index (DAI), histological scores, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ) and production (IL-4) (all P <0.05) and the tight junction (TJ) protein (zonula occluden-1 (ZO-1) expression. LHFM and Cit_LHFM improved survival rate (both at P<0.05). Particularly, Cit_LHFM showed greater effects on protecting the damages induced by DSS, especially in ameliorating colonic permeability, TJ protein (ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1) expression and distribution as well as in reducing IL-4 and IL-17 expression (all P <0.05). Our findings suggested that the combination of and citrulline had significant synergistic effect on protecting against injury from DSS-induced colitis. Therefore, citrulline enriched L. helveticus fermented milk is suggested to be a potential therapy for treating IBD.

Pediococcus pentosaceus PP04 improves high-fat diet-induced liver injury by the modulation of gut inflammation and intestinal microbiota in C57BL/6N mice

In this study, Pediococcus pentococcus PP04 (PP04) isolated from the Northeast pickled cabbage was given to C57BL/6N mice for eight weeks, aiming to investigate the ameliorative effects of PP04 on liver injury induced by a high-fat diet. The western blot results suggested that PP04 ameliorated the increase of intestinal permeability by dramatically increasing the expressions of tight junction proteins, such as Occludin, Claudin-1 and ZO-1, which decreased hepatic lipopolysaccharides (LPS), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentrations to effectively alleviate the liver injury. Furthermore, PP04 relieved the high-fat diet-caused gut inflammation by the NF-κB/Nrf2 signaling pathway, which regulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines and antioxidants, to positively improve the liver injury. In addition, the 16S rDNA sequencing results inferred that PP04 had the potential to rebalance intestinal flora disorders through regulating the relative abundance of inflammation and obesity-related bacteria in mice.

A Novel Combination Therapy Using Rosuvastatin and Lactobacillus Combats Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats by Targeting the TXNIP/NLRP3 Interaction and Influencing Gut Microbiome Composition

Inflammasome targeting and controlling dysbiosis are promising therapeutic approaches to control ulcerative colitis. This report is the first to investigate the mechanisms underlying the coloprotective effects of rosuvastatin and Lactobacillus and their combined therapy on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats. Our results demonstrate the aggravation of intestinal inflammation as a consequence of an HFD following DSS administration. An association between dyslipidemia, LDL oxidation, CD36 expression, ROS generation, thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) upregulation, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation was demonstrated by DSS exposure in HFD-fed rats. We demonstrated that rosuvastatin/Lactobacillus significantly suppressed the DSS/HFD-induced increase in colon weight/length ratio, DAI, MDI, and myeloperoxidase, as well as corrected dysbiosis and improved histological characteristics. Additionally, caspase-1 activity and IL-1β-driven pyroptotic activity was significantly reduced. Rosuvastatin/Lactobacillus showed prominent anti-inflammatory effects as revealed by the IL-10/IL-12 ratio and the levels of TNF-α and IL-6. These latter effects may be attributed to the inhibition of phosphorylation-induced activation of NF-κB and a concomitant reduction in the expression of NLRP3, pro-IL-1β, and pro-IL-18. Furthermore, rosuvastatin/Lactobacillus reduced Ox-LDL-induced TXNIP and attenuated the inflammatory response by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. To conclude, rosuvastatin/Lactobacillus offers a safe and effective strategy for the management of ulcerative colitis.

The Protection of Crocin Against Ulcerative Colitis and Colorectal Cancer via Suppression of NF-κB-Mediated Inflammation

Background: In China, the incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) is increasing every year, but the etiology of UC remains unclear. UC is known to increase the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of crocin against UC and CRC in mouse models.

Methods: Crocin was used to treat the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC mice for 3 weeks, and Apc^MinC/Gpt mice with colorectal cancer for 8 weeks. Proteomics screening was used to detect changes in the protein profiles of colon tissues of UC mice. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and western blot were used to verify these changes.

Results: Crocin strongly reduced the disease activity index scores of UC mice, and improved the pathological symptoms of the colonic epithelium. The anti-inflammatory effects of crocin were indicated by its regulation of the activity of various cytokines, such as interleukins, via the modulation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling. Crocin significantly suppressed tumor growth in Apc^MinC/Gpt mice and ameliorated pathological alterations in the colon and liver, but had no effects on spleen and kidney. Additionally, crocin significantly decreased the concentrations of interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-α in the sera and colon tissues, suggesting its anti-inflammatory effects related to NF-κB signaling. Finally, 12-h incubation of SW480 cells with crocin caused cell cycle arrest, enhanced the apoptotic rate, promoted the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, and the over-accumulation of reactive oxygen species. From the theoretical analyses, phosphorylated residues on S536 may enhance the protein-protein interactions which may influence the conformational changes in the secondary structure of NF-κB.

Conclusion: The protective effects of crocin on UC and CRC were due to its suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammation.

An appraisal of the gut health modulatory effects of a calf faecal-origin probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius CPN60 using Wistar rats with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis

BACKGROUND

Probiotics of varied origins are being developed for augmenting the gut health of human and animals. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a calf-origin probiotic supplement on the gut health of Wistar rats for both healthy and colitis conditions.

RESULTS

Forty-eight rats were randomly distributed into four equal groups. The 42-day study involved feeding basal diet alone (CON) or diet supplemented with the calf-origin Lactobacillus salivarius strain CPN60 (PRO). The third (CONc) and fourth (PROc) groups of rats also received the same dietary treatments (CON and PRO, respectively) but were subjected to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis after 32 days of feeding. The results of a digestion trial conducted after 5 days of DSS administration revealed no influence of probiotic on the digestibility of nutrients. However, the reduced digestibility of protein and fat seen in the CONc rats was improved in the PROc group. The concentrations of lactate and acetate, propionate and butyrate, as well as total short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), were increased (P < 0.05) in the caecal and colonic digesta upon probiotic supplementation, together with significantly reduced colonic ammonia levels. Furthermore, there were reductions (P < 0.05) in acetate, butyrate and total SCFA levels in the caecal contents as a result of colitis. Probiotic supplementation increased (P < 0.05) lactobacilli and bifidobacteria counts in the colon, whereas clostridia and coliform counts were reduced (P < 0.05). These were reversed by the probiotic supplementation.

CONCLUSION

Dietary supplementation of L. salivarius CPN60 had a positive effect with respect to improving the overall gut health of healthy rats, as well as that of rats exposed to experimental colitis. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum Ameliorates DSS-Induced Colitis by Maintaining Intestinal Mechanical Barrier, Blocking Proinflammatory Cytokines, Inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB Signaling, and Altering Gut Microbiota

This study was designed to explore the effects and discrepancy of different CLA-producing Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum on relieving colitis and to investigate the potential mechanisms. B. pseudocatenulatum MY40C and CCFM680 were administered to mice with DSS-induced colitis. The content of tight junction proteins and mucin2 was significantly upregulated. TNF-α and IL-6 were downregulated, while IL-10 and PPAR-γ were upregulated. TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation was significantly inhibited. Moreover, each treated strain increased Allobaculum and decreased Sutterella, Bacteroides, and Oscillospira. The colonic conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with the effectiveness of strain in relieving colitis. In conclusion, MY40C and CCFM680 supplementation alleviated DSS-induced colitis by protecting intestinal mechanical barrier, modulating gut microbiota, blocking proinflammatory cytokines, and inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB pathway. These results are conducive to promote clinical trials and product development of probiotics for colitis.

Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 ameliorates high fat diet-induced obesity in mice through modulation of gut microbiota dysbiosis

Obesity is one of the main features of metabolic syndrome, where a low-grade chronic inflammation and gut dysbiosis contribute to the development of the related metabolic dysfunctions. Different probiotics have demonstrated beneficial effects on this condition, increasing the interest in the development of probiotic treatments. Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 has shown anti-inflammatory effects and capacity to modulate microbiota composition in different experimental models. In this study, L. fermentum CECT5716 was evaluated in a model of high fat diet-induced obesity in mice. It exerts anti-obesity effects, associated with its anti-inflammatory properties and amelioration of endothelial dysfunction and gut dysbiosis. The probiotic restores Akkermansia sp. abundance and reduced Erysipelotrichi class and Clostridium spp presence as well as increased Bacteroides proportion. In conclusion, this probiotic represents a very interesting approach. Our findings describe, for the first time, the ability of this probiotic to ameliorate experimental obesity through microbiome modulation, affecting different bacteria that have been reported to play a key role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Therefore, this suggests a potential use of L. fermentum CECT5716 in clinical practice, also taking into account that probiotic treatments have demonstrated to be relatively safe and well tolerated.

Dental pulp stem cells overexpressing hepatocyte growth factor facilitate the repair of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis

Background

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and recurrent disease without satisfactory treatment strategies. Dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) transplantation has been proposed as a potential therapy for UC. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of the rat hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene transduced into DPSCs for UC.

Methods

The therapeutic effects of HGF-DPSCs transplanted intravenously into a rat model of UC induced by 5% dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) were compared with the other treatment groups (LV-HGF group, DPSCs group and GFP-DPSCs group). Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were used to observe the localization and proliferation of HGF-DPSCs at the site of colon injury. The expression levels of inflammatory factors were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) and western blotting. The oxidative stress markers were detected by ELISA. DAI scores and body weight changes were used to macroscopically evaluate the treatment of rats in each group.

Results

Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry assays showed that HGF-DPSCs homed to colon injury sites and colocalized with intestinal stem cell (ISC) markers (Bmi1, Musashi1 and Sox9) and significantly promoted protein expression (Bmi1, Musashi1, Sox9 and PCNA). Anti-inflammatory cytokine (TGF-β and IL-10) expression was the highest in the HGF-DPSCs group compared with the other treatment groups, while the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and INF-γ) was the lowest. Additionally, the oxidative stress response results showed that malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression decreased while superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression increased, especially in the HGF-DPSCs group. The DAI scores showed a downward trend with time in the five treatment groups, whereas body weight increased, and the changes were most prominent in the HGF-DPSCs group.

Conclusions

The study indicated that HGF-DPSCs can alleviate injuries to the intestinal mucosa by transdifferentiating into ISC-like cells, promoting ISC-like cell proliferation, suppressing inflammatory responses and reducing oxidative stress damage, which provides new ideas for the clinical treatment of UC.

Preventive Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus XY27 on DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice

Introduction

Lactobacillus acidophilus is widely used as probiotic supplement in functional foods due to its beneficial regulatory effects on host, such as immune regulation, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities.

Aim

This study aimed to determine the preventive effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus XY27 (L. acidophilus XY27) on colitis induced by dextran sodium.

Methods

The mice were randomly divided into five groups. Except for the control group, the other four groups were induced for ulcerative colitis (UC) with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), and three groups in DSS-groups were treated with L. acidophilus XY27, L. bulgaricus, and salicylazosulfapyridine. The weight change, DAI score, colon length, and length to weight ratio were tested. The oxidation index and the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the serum were measured. Subsequently, the gene expression levels of inflammatory factors in the colon tissue were determined by the Real-Time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method.

Results

The results showed that the mice in the L. acidophilus XY27 group performed better in terms of weight, DAI score, colon length, and length to weight ratio or colonic pathological sections compared with the DSS-induced group. Further, the levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and myeloperoxidase activity in the serum of UC mice treated with L. acidophilus XY27 significantly decreased, while the levels of Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Catalase (CAT), and total superoxide dismutase (SOD) significantly increased. The gene expression levels of Ets-like transcription factor-1 (EIK-1), IL-12, IL-1β, Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), TNF-α, Escherichia coli, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and p100 in the colon significantly decreased while those of tight junction protein 1 (ZO-1), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), p53, and NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (IκB-α) increased in the L. acidophilus XY27 group.

Conclusion

The results of the experiment suggested that L. acidophilus XY27 prevented colitis and alleviated symptoms in mice with DSS-induced UC, and also repaired the intestinal barrier function.

Intestinal release of biofilm-like microcolonies encased in calcium-pectinate beads increases probiotic properties of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei

In this study, we show that calcium pectinate beads (CPB) allow the formation of 20 µm spherical microcolonies of the probiotic bacteria Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (formerly designated as Lactobacillus paracasei) ATCC334 with a high cell density, reaching more than 10 log (CFU/g). The bacteria within these microcolonies are well structured and adhere to a three-dimensional network made of calcium-pectinate through the synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and thus display a biofilm-like phenotype, an attractive property for their use as probiotics. During bacterial development in the CPB, a coalescence phenomenon arises between neighboring microcolonies accompanied by their peripheral spatialization within the bead. Moreover, the cells of L. paracasei ATCC334 encased in these pectinate beads exhibit increased resistance to acidic stress (pH 1.5), osmotic stress (4.5 M NaCl), the freeze-drying process and combined stresses, simulating the harsh conditions encountered in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In vivo, the oral administration of CPB-formulated L. paracasei ATCC334 in mice demonstrated that biofilm-like microcolonies are successfully released from the CPB matrix in the colonic environment. In addition, these CPB-formulated probiotic bacteria display the ability to reduce the severity of a DSS-induced colitis mouse model, with a decrease in colonic mucosal injuries, less inflammation, and reduced weight loss compared to DSS control mice. To conclude, this work paves the way for a new form of probiotic administration in the form of biofilm-like microcolonies with enhanced functionalities.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of indigo through regulating the IKKβ/IκB/NF-κB pathway in mice

This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of indigo in mice and explored the possible related mechanisms. Xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability tests were used in investigating the anti-inflammatory activities. The anti-nociceptive effects of indigo were assessed through acetic acid-induced writhing, hot plate test, and formalin test, and spontaneous locomotor activity and motor performance were evaluated. The mechanisms of activities of indigo were explored by evaluating the expression levels of IκB kinase (IKK)β, p-IKKβ, inhibitor κB (IκB)α, p-IκBα, p65 nuclear factor (NF)-kB, p-p65 NF-κB, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) through western blotting and the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results showed that indigo significantly reduced xylene-induced ear edema, carrageenan-induced paw edema, and acetic acid-induced vascular permeation. In addition, indigo significantly inhibited nociception induced by acetic acid and formalin. However, the level of nociception was not decreased by indigo in the hot plate test, and indigo did not affect spontaneous locomotor activity and motor performance. The expression levels of p-IKKβ, p-IκBα, p65 NF-kB, p-p65 NF-κB, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and PGE₂ decreased, whereas the expression level of IκBα increased obviously after indigo treatment. In conclusion, indigo exerts significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in mice by inhibiting IKKβ phosphorylation and reducing the production of important pain mediators, such as PGE₂ and COX-2, via the IKKβ/IκB/NF-κB pathway.

Lactobacillus plantarum L15 Alleviates Colitis by Inhibiting LPS-Mediated NF-κB Activation and Ameliorates DSS-Induced Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

Previous studies have suggested that the Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria strain could be effective in ulcerative colitis (UC) management. However, its effects are strain-specific and the related mechanisms for its attenuating effects on UC remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for the protective effect of L. plantarum on UC. Firstly, 15 L. plantarum strains were screened for potential probiotic characteristics with good tolerance to simulated human gastrointestinal transit and adhesion. Secondly, the inflammatory response of selected strains to the Caco-2 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was measured. Finally, an in vivo mouse model induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was used to assess the beneficial effects and likely action mechanisms the successfully screened in vitro strain, L. plantarum L15. In vitro results showed that L. plantarum L15 possessed the highest gastrointestinal transit tolerance, adhesion and reduction of pro-inflammatory abilities compared to the other screened strains. In vivo, high dose of L. plantarum L15 supplementation increased the body weight, colon length and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Pro-inflammatory cytokine production, disease activity index (DAI) levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) parameters decreased using this strain. In addition, L. plantarum L15 alleviated the histopathological changes in colon, modulated the gut microbiota, and decreased LPS secretion. The activities of this strain down-regulated the expression of TLR4 and MyD88 genes as well as genes associated with NF-κB signaling pathway. Our findings present L. plantarum L15 as a new probiotic, with promising application for UC management.

Prophylactic Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum YS4 on Oxazolone-Induced Colitis in BALB/c Mice

In the present research, the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum YS4 (LP-YS4) on colitis were tested in an oxazolone-induced mouse model. BALB/c mice were induced by oxazolone and then treated with LP-YS4. The serum levels of mice were analyzed using commercial kits and the protein and mRNA expression levels of mouse colon tissue were detected by Western blotting and qPCR assay, respectively. The results demonstrated that LP-YS4 significantly (P < 0.05) increased the colon length and ratio of colon weight/length in mice with colitis and attenuated the negative effects of colitis. The results also showed that treatment with LP-YS4 significantly reduced the serum concentrations of ET-1, SP, and IL-10 while significantly increasing those of SS, VIP, and IL-2 in colitis mice (P < 0.05). In addition, LP-YS4 significantly increased the activities of GSH and SOD while decreasing those of MPO and MDA in the colon tissue of colitis mice (P < 0.05). LP-YS4 also significantly upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of c-Kit, eNOS, nNOSe, and SCF in colitis mice while significantly downregulating the relative expression of iNOS. In summary, LP-YS4 could reduce the negative effects of colitis, and such effects were better than those of the common probiotic Lactobacillus bulgaricus.

Regulatory Effect of Lactobacillus brevis Bmb6 on Gut Barrier Functions in Experimental Colitis

The integrity of gut barrier functions is closely associated with the pathogenesis of colitis. It is speculated that Lactobacillus brevis Bmb6 alleviates colitis by improving the tight junction (TJ) of the inflamed intestinal epithelial layer. In the present study, the regulatory effects of L. brevis Bmb6 on the TJ barrier to ameliorate colitis-symptoms were investigated. Preliminary screening showed that L. brevis Bmb6 exhibited strong acid and bile acid tolerance, along with antioxidants and β-galactosidase activities. In a 14-day dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model, treatment with L. brevis Bmb6 significantly decreased in the disease activity index score. In addition, histological analyses showed that treatment with L. brevis Bmb6 protected the structural integrity of the intestinal epithelial layer and mucin-secreting goblet cells from DSS-induced damage, with only slight infiltration of immune cells. Interestingly, western blotting analyses showed that the expression of the TJ protein, zona occluden-1, was restored in Bmb6-treated mice, but not in DSS-induced mice. Consistently, the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ) was also suppressed in the Bmb6-treated mice. Hence, our findings suggest that suppression of inflammatory conditions enhanced expression of TJ protein, ZO-1, or vice versa, contributing to a colitis-ameliorating effect in L. brevis Bmb6.

The effect of selected Lactobacillus strains on dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse colitis model

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises two major illnesses: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse colitis model has been used in understanding the mechanism of IBD. This study was conducted to examine selected Lactobacillus spp. as potential IBD treatment in the DSS-induced animal model. Balb/c mice were used and colitis was induced by adding 5% dextran sodium sulfate into the drinking water for 8 days. Colon length, disease activity index (DAI) and histological analysis were measured as markers of inflammation in DSS colitis mice. The majority of the Lactobacillus species significantly prevented the shortening of the colon length compared with the DSS group. The DAI scores of mice were significantly reduced following usage of four Lactobacillus strains included: Lactobacillus plantarum 03 and 06, Lactobacillus brevis 02 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus 01. The histological analysis exhibited that oral administration of Lactobacillus strains had therapeutic effects on mice colitis. L. plantarum and L. brevis showed better therapeutic effect against DSS-induced acute colitis mice. The probiotic activities of these three isolates indicated that the probiotic effects were strain specific and none of these useful bacteria could exhibit all of the valued probiotic properties simultaneously.

Lactobacillus plantarum KSFY06 on d-galactose-induced oxidation and aging in Kunming mice

Yogurt from Xinjiang, China, is a traditional Chinese fermented food rich in beneficial microorganisms, such as Lactobacillus plantarum KSFY06. In this study, the effect of KSFY06 on oxidative aging was investigated using live animal experiments. Molecular biological methods were used to analyze the serum and tissues of mice with oxidative aging induced by d-galactose, which showed that KSFY06 can inhibit the decline of heart, liver, spleen, and kidney caused by aging. The KSFY06 strain increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) in serum and liver of aging mice, while the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) is reduced. Pathological observation showed that KSFY06 alleviated damage to the liver, spleen, and skin of oxidative aging mice. qPCR showed that, at high dose (2 × 109 cfu/kg per day), KSFY06 upregulates copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), catalase (CAT) mRNA expression, and its downstream inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression in liver and spleen tissues induced by d-gal. To a certain extent, these findings indicate that L. plantarum KSFY06 is able to protect against oxidative stress in the d-gal-induced aging model. In conclusion, L. plantarum KSFY06 may provide a potential research value in the prevention or alleviation of related diseases caused by oxidative stress.