Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)/PDGF Receptors (PDGFR) Axis as Target for Antitumor and Antiangiogenic Therapy

Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Wound healing is a complex biological process encompassing haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and matrix remodelling. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in regulating key events such as antimicrobial defence, platelet activation and angiogenesis. However, excessive ROS levels can induce oxidative stress (OS), disrupting the healing cascade and contributing to chronic wounds, inflammation and impaired tissue repair. Systemic conditions like diabetes, obesity, smoking and ageing further exacerbate OS, highlighting its clinical significance in wound management. Antioxidants (AOx), both endogenous and exogenous, have demonstrated therapeutic potential in mitigating OS, promoting wound closure and enhancing cellular recovery. Compounds like Vitamin E, curcumin, ferulic acid and resveratrol improve AOx enzyme activity, reduce oxidative damage and accelerate wound healing in multiple studies. Emerging evidence supports targeting oxidative pathways as a viable strategy to improve outcomes in chronic and systemic OS-related conditions. This review explores the dual role of ROS in wound healing, the impact of OS in systemic diseases, and the therapeutic potential of AOx in fostering optimal healing outcomes, advocating for robust clinical trials to establish standardised interventions.

Application of Platelet-Rich Plasma-Based Scaffolds in Soft and Hard Tissue Regeneration

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a blood product with higher platelet concentrations than whole blood, offering controlled delivery of growth factors (GFs) for regenerative medicine. PRP plays pivotal roles in tissue restoration mechanisms, including angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, and extracellular matrix development, making it applicable across various regenerative medicine treatments. Despite promising results in different tissue injuries, challenges such as short half-life and rapid deactivation by proteases persist. To address these challenges, biomaterial-based delivery scaffolds, such as sponges or hydrogels, have been investigated. Current studies exhibit that PRP-loaded scaffolds fix these issues due to the sustained release of GFs. In this regard, given the widespread application of PRP in clinical studies, the use of PRP-loaded scaffolds has drawn significant consideration in tissue engineering (TE). Therefore, this review briefly introduces PRP as a rich origin of GFs, its classification, and preparation methods and discusses PRP applications in regenerative medicine. This study also emphasizes and reviews the latest research on the using scaffolds for PRP delivery in diverse fields of TE, including skin, bone, and cartilage repair.

A bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation of PDGFD as a promising diagnostic biomarker for acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant blood cancer resulting from leukemia stem cells (LSCs) supplanting normal stem cells. Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) are important for LSCs but have not been studied in the development of AML. In this study, transcriptome data of PDGFs were sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and GTEx databases, and relevant differential expression and prognosis analysis were performed using R software packages and online tools (UCSC-Xena Shiny tools, GEPIA2, Kaplan-Meier Plotter databases, etc.). Then, we focused on PDGFD expression in AML, along with its clinical and diagnostic importance, drug resistance studies, and association with immunotherapy. The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was performed to verify the expression and clinical characteristics of PDGFD. Analyses of public data and clinical samples revealed that PDGFD expression was upregulated compared with other PDGF genes, and only this upregulation was associated with poor prognosis in AML. High expression of PDGFD showed a significant positive correlation with intermediate-high cytogenetic risk, NPM1 mutation, FLT3-ITD mutation, and unfavorable prognosis. ROC curve analysis indicated that PDGFD holds substantial diagnostic potential for AML patients. Functional enrichment analysis revealed the role of PDGFD in calcium and Rap1 signaling pathways. Additionally, PDGFD expression exhibited a significant positive correlation with natural killer cells and dendritic cells. Furthermore, we propose that MiR-203-3p targeting PDGFD has potential anti-leukemic effects in AML. In conclusion, PDGFD serves as a possible diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, as well as a target for cellular immunotherapy in AML.

Unravelling Paclitaxel Resistance in Gastric Cancer: The Role of Small Extracellular Vesicles in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and Extracellular Matrix Remodelling

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is a highly aggressive disease often complicated by resistance to chemotherapy agents like paclitaxel (PTX), which targets microtubules to induce apoptosis. Resistance arises through complex molecular mechanisms, including the overexpression of pro-angiogenic factors (VEGFA, ANG-2), activation of survival pathways (PDGFRβ, PPARγ), and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) driven by proteins such as VIM, E-CAD, N-CAD, and FLOT-1. The extracellular matrix (ECM), regulated by COL1A1 and influenced by PPARγ, acts as a physical barrier to drug penetration. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have emerged as critical mediators of intercellular communication and may influence these resistance pathways. Methods: This study investigated the role of sEVs isolated from metastatic GC patients treated with Ramucirumab and PTX. Patients were stratified by progression-free survival (PFS) into rapidly progressing (RP) and controlled disease (CD) groups. sEVs from these patients were applied to HCEC-1CT and HEPA-RG cell lines. Cell viability assays, gene and protein expression analyses, and bioinformatic studies were conducted to assess the impact of sEVs on resistance-related markers. Results: Results showed that sEVs from CD patients reduced the expression of markers associated with drug resistance, while sEVs from RP patients increased these markers, promoting angiogenesis, EMT, and ECM remodeling. These changes correlated with enhanced cell survival and resistance phenotypes. Bioinformatic analyses confirmed that sEVs modulate inflammation, ECM dynamics, and EMT pathways. Conclusions: In conclusion, sEVs from metastatic GC patients significantly influence chemoresistance and tumor progression. Targeting sEV-mediated signaling may offer novel therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance and improve treatment outcomes in gastric cancer.

Microenvironment-based immunotherapy in oral cancer: a comprehensive review

Oral cancer, a prevalent form of head and neck malignancy, accounts for 4% of global cancer cases. The most common type, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), has a survival rate of about 50%. Even though emerging molecular therapies show promise for managing oral cancer, current treatments like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have significant side effects. In addition, the complex tumor microenvironment (TME), involving the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cells like fibroblasts and stromal cells like immune cells, promotes tumor growth and inhibits immune responses, complicating treatment. Nonetheless, immunotherapy is crucial in cancer treatment, especially in oral cancers. Indeed, its effectiveness lies in targeting immune checkpoints such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors, as well as monoclonal antibodies like pembrolizumab and cetuximab, adoptive cell transfer methods (including CAR-T cell therapy), cytokine therapy such as IL-2, and tumor vaccines. Thus, these interventions collectively regulate tumor proliferation and metastasis by targeting the TME through autocrine-paracrine signaling pathways. Immunotherapy indeed aims to stimulate the immune system, leveraging both innate and adaptive immunity to counteract cancer cell signals and promote tumor destruction. This review will explore how the TME controls tumor proliferation and metastasis via autocrine-paracrine signaling pathways. It will then detail the effectiveness of immunotherapy in oral cancers, focusing on immune checkpoints, targeted monoclonal antibodies, adoptive cell transfer, cytokine therapy, and tumor vaccines.

The 20th Anniversary of Pegaptanib (MacugenTM), the First Approved Aptamer Medicine: History, Recent Advances and Future Prospects of Aptamers in Therapy

In addition to classic small-molecule drugs and modern protein-based biologics, an intriguing class of medicines is the therapeutic oligonucleotides. Most approved drugs in this category are antisense oligomers or those acting via RNA interference, both of which use base hybridization. Aptamers, also known as chemical antibodies form a smaller, yet equally interesting group of oligonucleotides that can recognize a wide range of molecular targets. Despite their high potential, only two aptamers have been approved to date, pegaptanib (MacugenTM) and avacincaptad pegol (IzervayTM), both for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many eye diseases, pegaptanib emerged as the first anti-VEGF agent and was used in various indications, further inspiring the development of other anti-VEGF therapies. In this review, we summarize the history of the first approved aptamer medicine, pegaptanib. We describe its chemistry and track its development from the earliest stages to the preclinical phase, clinical trials, and eventual regulatory approval. Additionally, we evaluate its position among other therapeutic agents and provide a comprehensive overview of pegaptanib's efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness, comparing these aspects with those of monoclonal antibodies with similar indications, bevacizumab and ranibizumab.

Cell membrane sialome machinery and regulation of receptor tyrosine kinases in gliomas: The functional relevance and therapeutic perspectives

Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors characterized by high aggressive potential, poor therapeutic response, and significantly reduced overall patient survival. Despite significant progress in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer, gliomas remain a clinical challenge due to the high molecular and cellular heterogeneity, which provides for multiple mechanisms of chemoresistance and adaptive plasticity. A better understanding of cellular regulatory mechanisms of intracellular signal transduction enables the development of targeted drug therapies and clinical application. The increasing evidence confirms the role of sialoglycans in the processing of cell membrane receptors via altered dimerization, activation, and autophosphorylation, which results in changes in cellular signaling and promotes cancer progression. Hence, the modified sialylation patterns, as a hallmark of cancer, have been described as modulators of chemotherapy effectiveness and drug resistance. The receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)-mediated signaling in glial tumors control cell growth, survival, migration, and angiogenesis. Here, we focus on the engagement of the sialome machinery in RTKs processing in gliomas and its importance as a suitable therapeutic target. The analysis of the sialylation pattern and its impact on the activity of growth factor receptors provides valuable insights into our understanding of the molecular and cellular complexity of glial tumors. This highlights the novel treatment approaches that could improve prognosis and patients' overall survival.

Sex Differences in VEGF and PDGF Ligand and Receptor Protein Expression during Adipose Tissue Expansion and Regression

Inadequate angiogenesis in obesogenic adipose tissue (AT) has been implicated in disrupted adipogenesis and metabolic disorders. Yet, key cellular and molecular regulators of AT angiogenesis remain largely unidentified. This study sought to identify the dysregulated elements within the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) systems during obesity progression. We employ a mouse model, comprising both male and female mice, to investigate the changes in the VEGF/PDGF concentration and their receptor distribution in AT during short- and long-term weight gain and weight loss. Our results reveal pronounced sex-specific differences in obesity progression, with male and female mice exhibiting distinct angiogenic ligand and receptor profiles under identical dietary interventions. This data also lays the groundwork for developing computational models of VEGF/PDGF signaling networks in AT, allowing for the simulation of complex biological interactions and the prediction of therapeutic outcomes.

Local delivery of platelet-derived factors mitigates ischemia and preserves ovarian function through angiogenic modulation: A personalized regenerative strategy for fertility preservation

As the most prominent and ideal modality in female fertility preservation, ovarian tissue cryopreservation, and transplantation often confront the challenge of ischemic damage and follicular loss from avascular transplantation. To surmount this impediment, we engineered a novel platelet-derived factors-encapsulated fibrin hydrogel (PFH), a paradigmatic biomaterial. PFH encapsulates autologous platelet-derived factors, utilizing the physiological blood coagulation cascade for precise local delivery of bioactive molecules. In our study, PFH markedly bolstered the success of avascular ovarian tissue transplantation. Notably, the quantity and quality of follicles were preserved with improved neovascularization, accompanied by decreased DNA damage, increased ovulation, and superior embryonic development rates under a Low-concentration Platelet-rich plasma-derived factors encapsulated fibrin hydrogel (L-PFH) regimen. At a stabilized point of tissue engraftment, gene expression analysis mirrored normal ovarian tissue profiles, underscoring the effectiveness of L-PFH in mitigating the initial ischemic insult. This autologous blood-derived biomaterial, inspired by nature, capitalizes on the blood coagulation cascade, and combines biodegradability, biocompatibility, safety, and cost-effectiveness. The adjustable properties of this biomaterial, even in injectable form, extend its potential applications into the broader realm of personalized regenerative medicine. PFH emerges as a promising strategy to counter ischemic damage in tissue transplantation, signifying a broader therapeutic prospect. (197 words).

Cell Homing Strategies in Regenerative Endodontic Therapy

Cell homing, a process that leverages the body's natural ability to recruit cells and repair damaged tissues, presents a promising alternative to cell transplantation methods. Central to this approach is the recruitment of endogenous stem/progenitor cells-such as those from the apical papilla, bone marrow, and periapical tissues-facilitated by chemotactic biological cues. Moreover, biomaterial scaffolds embedded with signaling molecules create supportive environments, promoting cell migration, adhesion, and differentiation for the regeneration of the pulp-dentin complex. By analyzing in vivo animal studies using cell homing strategies, this review explores how biomolecules and scaffold materials enhance the recruitment of endogenous stem cells to the site of damaged dental pulp tissue, thereby promoting repair and regeneration. It also examines the key principles, recent advancements, and current limitations linked to cell homing-based regenerative endodontic therapy, highlighting the interplay of biomaterials, signaling molecules, and their broader clinical implications.

Tissue Perfusion and Biomarkers Assessment Following Root Coverage Procedures

AIM

To assess tissue perfusion changes and wound healing biomarker levels after root coverage procedures with coronally advanced flap in combination with the cross-linked xenogeneic collagen matrix (CCMX), loaded either with a placebo or recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (rhPDGF).

METHODS

This study was designed as a secondary analysis from a previously published clinical trial, and it assessed the tissue perfusion changes over 6 months around multiple gingival recession defects, treated with either with CCMX alone (control) or with CCMX + rhPDGF (test). High frequency Doppler ultrasonography (HFUS) scans were obtained at sites of interest at baseline, 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after surgery. Dynamic tissue perfusion measurements (DTPMs) were performed at the midfacial, interproximal, and transverse aspects of the teeth by an operator, blinded to treatment allocation, using a software package. The expression of different wound healing biomarkers from the gingival crevicular fluid was also assessed.

RESULTS

The regression analyses showed similar tissue perfusion changes between the two groups throughout the majority of the 6 months. DTPMs at 2 weeks showed the test group to have significantly higher perfusion relief intensity (pRI, p < 0.001), mean perfused area (pA, p < 0.001), mean blood flow intensity (FImean, p = 0.021), and total blood flow intensity (FItot, p = 0.021) at the graft region of interest (ROI) compared to control sites. The test sites also exhibited significantly greater pA (p = 0.033) and blood flow intensity "blue" (FIblue, meaning flow away from the transducer, p = 0.035) at the level of the flap compared to the control sites. At 2 weeks, FIblue of the graft was directly correlated with the final mean root coverage (p = 0.008) and complete root coverage (p = 0.003). FImean and FItot of the graft exhibited a direct correlation with volume gain at 6 months (p = 0.031 for both parameters). The final GT gain was correlated to the early DTPMs (pA and FIblue) of the graft and the flap. The two groups exhibited different expressions of IL-1β, PDFG-BB, and VEGF over 3 months, with the 1-week levels of PDGF-BB that were associated with time to recovery.

CONCLUSIONS

HFUS allowed exquisite assessment of tissue perfusion occurring at the entire surgical reconstructive regions and also within the flap and the graft. Sites treated with CCMX + rhPDGF exhibited higher DTPMs, primarily within the graft and flap ROIs at the 2-week timepoint compared to sites augmented with CCMX + saline. Early DTPMs at the graft and flap ROIs showed associations with PROMs and the final clinical outcomes.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04462237.

A meta-analysis and systematic review of the clinical efficacy and safety of platelet-rich plasma combined with hyaluronic acid (PRP + HA) versus PRP monotherapy for knee osteoarthritis (KOA)

INTRODUCTION

KOA, a chronic degenerative joint disease, is commonly treated with intra-articular HA and PRP, used alone or in combination. However, the efficacy and safety of combination therapy (PRP + HA) remain unclear.

AIM

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the clinical effectiveness and safety profile of PRP + HA versus PRP monotherapy for KOA.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A systematic search was conducted using four electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library) to select publications published in peer-reviewed journals. The mean difference (MD) and risk ratio (RR) was calculated, along with their 95% confidence intervals. We assessed heterogeneity using Cochrane Q and I2statistics and the appropriate p-value. The analysis used RevMan 5.4. GRADE system was used for evidence assessment for each outcome parameter.

RESULTS

This meta-analysis of 11 RCTs (n = 1023 KOA patients) revealed that PRP + HA has substantial effectiveness than PRP alone in reducing OMAC total scores [MD -1.77 (95% CI -2.20 to - 1.34); I2 = 10%, and p < 0.001], VAS scores [MD -4.27 (95% CI -4.96 to - 3.58); I2 = 13%, and p < 0.001], and Lequesne index score [MD -5.48 (95% CI -6.56 to - 4.40); I2 = 16%, and p < 0.001], while increasing IKDC scores [MD -2.10 (95% CI -3.70 to - 0.50); I2 = 9%, and p = 0.01], with low risk of adverse events [RR 0.41 (95% CI 0.35 to 0.48); I2 = 12%, and p < 0.001].

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis reveals that, for patients with KOA, PRP + HA therapy is safe and yields better outcomes in pain relief and functional improvement compared to PRP monotherapy.

Endothelial-secreted Endocan activates PDGFRA and regulates vascularity and spatial phenotype in glioblastoma

Extensive neovascularization is a hallmark of glioblastoma (GBM). In addition to supplying oxygen and nutrients, vascular endothelial cells provide trophic support to GBM cells via paracrine signaling. Here we report that Endocan (ESM1), an endothelial-secreted proteoglycan, confers enhanced proliferative, migratory, and angiogenic properties to GBM cells and regulates their spatial identity. Mechanistically, Endocan exerts at least part of its functions via direct binding and activation of the PDGFRA receptor. Subsequent downstream signaling enhances chromatin accessibility of the Myc promoter and upregulates Myc expression inducing stable phenotypic changes in GBM cells. Furthermore, Endocan confers radioprotection on GBM cells in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of Endocan-PDGFRA signaling with ponatinib increases survival in the Esm1 wild-type but not in the Esm1 knock-out mouse GBM model. Our findings identify Endocan and its downstream signaling axis as a potential target to subdue GBM recurrence and highlight the importance of vascular-tumor interactions for GBM development.

Angiogenesis and EMT regulators in the tumor microenvironment in lung cancer and immunotherapy

Lung cancer remains the primary cause of cancer-related mortality, with factors such as postoperative tumor recurrence, metastasis, and therapeutic drug resistance exacerbating patient outcomes. Immunotherapy has emerged as a transformative approach, challenging conventional treatment paradigms for lung cancer. Consequently, advancing research in lung cancer immunotherapy is imperative. Recent studies indicate that numerous regulators within the tumor microenvironment (TME) drive tumor angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); these processes are interdependent, reciprocal, and collectively contribute to tumor progression. Tumor angiogenesis not only supplies adequate oxygen and nutrients for cellular proliferation but also establishes pathways facilitating tumor metastasis and creating hypoxic regions that foster drug resistance. Concurrently, EMT enhances metastatic potential and reinforces drug-resistance genes within tumor cells, creating a reciprocal relationship with angiogenesis. This interplay ultimately results in tumor invasion, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. This paper reviews key regulators of angiogenesis and EMT, examining their impact on lung cancer immunotherapy and progression, and investigates whether newly identified regulators could influence lung cancer treatment, thus offering valuable insights for developing future therapeutic strategies.

Physiological and tumor-associated angiogenesis: Key factors and therapy targeting VEGF/VEGFR pathway

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide and poses a significant challenge to effective treatment due to its complexity. Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is one of the cancer hallmarks and is a critical process in tumor growth and metastasis. The pivotal role of angiogenesis in cancer development has made antiangiogenic treatment a promising strategy for cancer therapy. To develop an effective therapy, it is essential to understand the basics of the physiological and tumor angiogenesis process. This review presents the primary factors related to physiological and tumor angiogenesis and the mechanisms of angiogenesis in tumors. We summarize potential molecular targets for cancer treatment by focusing on the vasculature, with the VEGF/VEGFR pathway being one of the most important and well-studied. Additionally, we present the advantages and limitations of currently used clinical protocols for cancer treatment targeting the VEGF/VEGFR pathway.

Elevated levels of PDGF-BB and VEGF are associated with a decreased risk of readmission or death in children with severe malarial anemia

BACKGROUND

Children with severe malarial anemia (SMA) typically have low in-hospital mortality but have a high risk of post-discharge readmission or death. We hypothesized that the dysregulation of hematopoiesis, vascular growth factors, and endothelial function that occurs in SMA might affect risk of readmission or death.

METHODS

Plasma was obtained from children 18 months to 12 years old with SMA (N=145) in Kampala, Uganda on admission, and outcomes were assessed over 12-month follow-up. Admission plasma levels of ten biomarkers of vascular growth, hematopoiesis, and endothelial function were compared to risk of readmission or death over 12-month follow-up.

RESULTS

Over 12-month follow-up, 19 of 145 children with SMA were either readmitted or died: 15 children were readmitted (13 with malaria) and 4 children died. In multivariable analyses adjusted for age and sex, elevated plasma levels of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on admission were independently associated with a decreased risk of all-cause readmission or death (adjusted hazard ratios [95% confidence intervals], 0.28 [0.16-0.51] and 0.19 [0.08-0.48], respectively) and a decreased risk of readmission due to severe malaria (0.27 [0.15, 0.51] and 0.16 [0.05, 0.47]) but not with risk of uncomplicated malaria (1.01 [0.53, 1.95] and 2.07 [0.93-4.64]).

CONCLUSIONS

In children with severe malarial anemia, elevated plasma levels of PDGF-BB and VEGF, two factors that promote angiogenesis, are associated with a decreased risk of readmission or death in the year following admission, primarily driven by a decrease in the risk of recurrent severe malaria.

The Role of Pericytes in Inner Ear Disorders: A Comprehensive Review

Inner ear disorders, including sensorineural hearing loss, Meniere's disease, and vestibular neuritis, are prevalent conditions that significantly impact the quality of life. Despite their high incidence, the underlying pathophysiology of these disorders remains elusive, and current treatment options are often inadequate. Emerging evidence suggests that pericytes, a type of vascular mural cell specialized to maintain the integrity and function of the microvasculature, may play a crucial role in the development and progression of inner ear disorders. The pericytes are present in the microvasculature of both the cochlea and the vestibular system, where they regulate blood flow, maintain the blood-labyrinth barrier, facilitate angiogenesis, and provide trophic support to neurons. Understanding their role in inner ear disorders may provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of these conditions and lead to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, improving the standard of living. This comprehensive review aims to provide a detailed overview of the role of pericytes in inner ear disorders, highlighting the anatomy and physiology in the microvasculature, and analyzing the mechanisms that contribute to the development of the disorders. Furthermore, we explore the potential pericyte-targeted therapies, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenic approaches, as well as gene therapy strategies.

Advancements in Omics and Breakthrough Gene Therapies: A Glimpse into the Future of Peripheral Artery Disease

Peripheral artery disease (PAD), a highly prevalent global disease, associates with significant morbidity and mortality in affected patients. Despite progress in endovascular and open revascularization techniques for advanced PAD, these interventions grapple with elevated rates of arterial restenosis and vein graft failure attributed to intimal hyperplasia (IH). Novel multiomics technologies, coupled with sophisticated analyses tools recently powered by advances in artificial intelligence, have enabled the study of atherosclerosis and IH with unprecedented single-cell and spatial precision. Numerous studies have pinpointed gene hubs regulating pivotal atherogenic and atheroprotective signaling pathways as potential therapeutic candidates. Leveraging advancements in viral and nonviral gene therapy (GT) platforms, gene editing technologies, and cutting-edge biomaterial reservoirs for delivery uniquely positions us to develop safe, efficient, and targeted GTs for PAD-related diseases. Gene therapies appear particularly fitting for ex vivo genetic engineering of IH-resistant vein grafts. This manuscript highlights currently available state-of-the-art multiomics approaches, explores promising GT-based candidates, and details GT delivery modalities employed by our laboratory and others to thwart mid-term vein graft failure caused by IH, as well as other PAD-related conditions. The potential clinical translation of these targeted GTs holds the promise to revolutionize PAD treatment, thereby enhancing patients' quality of life and life expectancy.

Increased Expression of PDGFA Is Associated With Poor Prognosis and Immune Infiltration in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGFA) has been shown to be upregulated in several tumors, contributing to their malignant phenotypes. However, its expression and function in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) are not clearly understood. Thus, we aimed to evaluate this issue using bioinformatic analyses and primary experimental validation.

METHODS

The expression of PDGFA was analyzed using popular bio-databases and further validated by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining. Survival analyses were then performed. The association between PDGFA expression levels and immune cell infiltration in the immune microenvironment was assessed.

RESULTS

PDGFA has been found to be significantly upregulated in a variety of cancers, including HNSC, and increased PDGFA expression may be an independent prognostic factor associated with immune cell infiltration in HNSC.

CONCLUSION

Overexpression of PDGFA in HNSC is significantly associated with poor prognosis and immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment (TME). PDGFA has potential as a molecular indicator for diagnosis, prognosis, and immune processes in HNSC.

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-Alpha (HIF-1α) and Cancer: Mechanisms of Tumor Hypoxia and Therapeutic Targeting

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) is necessary for cells to adapt to low oxygen levels often present in the tumor microenvironment. HIF-1α triggers a transcriptional program that promotes invasion, angiogenesis, metabolic reprogramming, and cell survival when it is active in hypoxic environments. These processes together lead to the growth and spread of tumors. This review article examines the molecular mechanisms by which HIF-1α contributes to tumor progression, including its regulation by oxygen-dependent and independent pathways, interactions with oncogenic signaling networks, and impact on the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, we explore current therapeutic strategies targeting HIF-1α, such as small molecule inhibitors, RNA interference, and immunotherapy approaches. Understanding the multifaceted roles of HIF-1α in cancer biology not only elucidates the complexities of tumor hypoxia but also opens avenues for developing novel and more effective cancer therapies.

Biologic Brachytherapy: Genetically Modified Surgical Flap as a Therapeutic Tool-A Systematic Review of Animal Studies

Surgical flaps are rudimentary tools in reconstructive surgery, especially following extensive solid tumour resections. They cover skin and soft tissue defects but are prone to ischaemia and necrosis. Since their primary aim is reconstruction, they rarely exhibit a therapeutic activity against the treated disease. Attempts have been made to develop a new therapeutic strategy-biologic brachytherapy, which uses genetically engineered surgical flaps as a drug delivery vehicle, allowing the flap tissue to act as a "biologic pump". This systematic review summarizes the preclinical evidence on using genetically modified surgical flaps. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science. The initial literature search yielded 714 papers, and, eventually, seventy-seven studies were included in qualitative analysis. The results show that genetic enhancement of flaps has been used as a local or systemic therapy for numerous disease models. Frequently, it has been used to increase flap survival and limit ischaemia or promote flap survival in a non-ischemic context, with some studies focusing on optimizing the technique of such gene therapy. The results show that genetically modified flaps can be successfully used in a variety of contexts, but we need more studies to implement this research into specific clinical scenarios.

Exploring angiogenic pathways in breast cancer: Clinicopathologic correlations and prognostic implications based on gene expression profiles from a large-scale genomic dataset

BACKGROUND

Angiogenesis inhibitors targeting VEGF, or its receptors have consistently produced disappointing clinical outcomes in breast cancer. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore alternative angiogenic pathways in breast cancer. This study aimed to describe the gene expression of pivotal pro-angiogenic genes in breast cancer and to further analyze the associations with the clinicopathologic tumor features, prognostic factors, and overall survival. Such findings would expand the understanding of the role of different angiogenic pathways in breast cancer pathogenesis and identify patients at risk of more aggressive disease who could be eligible for intense treatment regimens. Additionally, exploring angiogenic pathways helps identify new potential drug targets for breast cancer.

METHODS

The mRNA expression levels for eight pro-angiogenic genes [VEGFA, HGF, FGF1, FGF2, ANGPT1, ANGPT2, PDGFA, and PDGFB] were obtained from the METABRIC (Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium) dataset available at cBioPortal public domain. Pertinent demographic and tumor information were retrieved.

RESULTS

VEGFA and ANGPT2 genes had the highest expression levels with average mRNA log intensities of 7.18±0.7 and 7.11±0.53, respectively. VEGFA expression was not correlated with the expression of other pro-angiogenic genes, the clinicopathologic tumor features, and the overall survival of patients. FGF1, ANGPT1, and PDGFA mRNA levels were negatively correlated with the age of patients at diagnosis. The expression of FGF1 and FGF2 correlated inversely with tumor size and the Nottingham Prognostic Index (p = 0.03 and p = 0.002, respectively). Expression of HGF was significantly associated with advanced tumor stage (p<0.05). Expression of ANGPT1 and ANGPT2 was associated with hormone receptor-negative status and the non-luminal subtypes. PDGFB expression was significantly higher in patients with high-grade disease and HER2-positive status. Patients with high expression status of ANGPT2 and PDGFB had significantly reduced overall survival compared to those with low expression levels of these genes (p = 0.004 and p = 0.0001, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

In this dataset of patients with breast cancer, the expression levels of 8 different pro-angiogenic genes revealed remarkable differences in terms of their association with clinicopathologic tumor characteristics and prognosis. The expression of ANGPTs and PDGFs was associated with adverse tumor features, worse prognosis, and reduced survival in patients. Targeting ANGPTs and PDGF pathways could provide new insights for effective anti-angiogenic drugs in breast cancer.

Management of Pediatric Patient with Multiple Cranial, Intracranial, and Spinal Manifestations of Penttinen Syndrome: A Case Report

INTRODUCTION

Penttinen premature aging syndrome is caused by mutations in the PDGFRB gene. We describe the case of a 10-year-old girl with a de novo c.1994T>C variant in PDGFRB who developed multiple cranial, intracranial, and spinal manifestations, including macrocephaly, enlarged convexity subarachnoid spaces crossed by numerous vascularized arachnoid trabecule, hydrocephalus, spinal epidural lipomatosis, a low conus medullaris, calvarial thinning with large anterior fontanelle, and a skull fracture with bilateral epidural hematomas. Vascularized arachnoid granulations, spinal epidural lipomatosis, and low conus medullaris have not been previously described in Penttinen syndrome.

CASE PRESENTATION

A female with Penttinen syndrome diagnosed at 9 years of age initially presented as an infant with cutaneous hemangiomas and macrocephaly; imaging showed enlarged convexity subarachnoid spaces. Her convexity subarachnoid spaces continued to expand, leading to subdural shunt placement. At surgery, her enlarged subarachnoid spaces were found to contain numerous abnormally thick, vascularized arachnoid trabecule. Eventually, her subdural shunt failed and her ventricles enlarged, leading to ventricular shunt placement. A large, sunken anterior fontanelle which did not diminish in size led to cranioplasty with a custom implant. She later developed chronic back pain and imaging revealed spinal epidural lipomatosis, a low conus medullaris, and mild scoliosis. At 10 years of age, a fall from a chair resulted in a depressed skull fracture and bilateral parietal epidural hematomas. Emergency left parietal craniotomy was performed for evacuation of the left hematoma, and the patient recovered without complications. Intraoperatively, it was noted that her skull was extremely thin.

CONCLUSION

This case report highlights the clinical presentation and multifaceted neurosurgical management of a patient with Penttinen syndrome. The patient exhibited characteristic features including hypertrophic skin lesions, macrocephaly, and skeletal abnormalities. Our patient's vascularized arachnoid trabecule, spinal epidural lipomatosis, and low conus medullaris have not previously been reported in Penttinen syndrome. Her thin skull potentially contributed to the extent of her depressed skull fracture after her backwards fall and predisposed her toward developing epidural hematomas. Patients with Penttinen syndrome can have multiple cranial, intracranial, and spinal manifestations which may need the attention of a neurosurgeon.

The association between genetically predicted systemic inflammatory regulators and endometriosis: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Elevated levels of various cellular inflammatory markers have been observed in patients with endometriosis (EMs). However, a causal relationship between these markers and EMS has not been firmly established. This study aimed to assess the causality between cellular inflammatory markers and the onset of EMS using a bidirectional Mendelian randomization approach. Genetic associations for EMs were derived from the largest and most recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) involving 1937 EMS cases and 245,603 controls of European ancestry. Single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with 41 cellular cytokines and other systemic inflammatory regulators were identified from 8293 Finnish participants. Estimates were obtained using inverse-variance weighted, with sensitivity analyses conducted using MR-Egger, weighted median, and MR-PRESSO. Among the 41 systemic inflammatory regulators included in the analysis, none were associated with the risk of EMs. Elevated levels of IL-6 were associated with an increased risk of EMs (OR = 1.351, 95%CI = 1.015-1.797). Conversely, genetically predicted elevated levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) were associated with a reduced risk of EMs (OR = 0.856, 95%CI = 0.742-0.987). Genetically predicted elevations in IL-6 may contribute to an increased risk of EMs, while elevated PDGF-BB levels appear protective, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for EMs. Other systemic inflammatory regulators seem unrelated to EMs risk, potentially representing downstream effects or consequences of shared factors between inflammation and EMs.

The Categorization of Perinatal Derivatives for Orthopedic Applications

Musculoskeletal (MSK) pathology encompasses an array of conditions that can cause anything from mild discomfort to permanent injury. Their prevalence and impact on disability have sparked interest in more effective treatments, particularly within orthopedics. As a result, the human placenta has come into focus within regenerative medicine as a perinatal derivative (PnD). These biologics are sourced from components of the placenta, each possessing a unique composition of collagens, proteins, and factors believed to aid in healing and regeneration. This review aims to explore the current literature on PnD biologics and their potential benefits for treating various MSK pathologies. We delve into different types of PnDs and their healing effects on muscles, tendons, bones, cartilage, ligaments, and nerves. Our discussions highlight the crucial role of immune modulation in the healing process for each condition. PnDs have been observed to influence the balance between anti- and pro-inflammatory factors and, in some cases, act as biologic scaffolds for tissue growth. Additionally, we assess the range of PnDs available, while also addressing gaps in our understanding, particularly regarding biologic processing methods. Although certain PnD biologics have varying levels of support in orthopedic literature, further clinical investigations are necessary to fully evaluate their impact on human patients.

Current status of drugs targeting PDGF/PDGFR

As an important proangiogenic factor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptor PDGFR are highly expressed in a variety of tumors, fibrosis, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Targeting the PDGF/PDGFR pathway is therefore a promising therapeutic strategy. At present, a variety of PDGF/PDGFR targeted drugs with potential therapeutic effects have been developed, mainly including PDGF agonists, inhibitors targeting PDGFR and proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTACs). This review clarifies the structure, biological function and disease correlation of PDGF and PDGFR, and it discusses the current status of PDGFR-targeted drugs, so as to provide a reference for subsequent research.

The Edifice of Vasculature-On-Chips: A Focused Review on the Key Elements and Assembly of Angiogenesis Models

The conception of vascularized organ-on-a-chip models provides researchers with the ability to supply controlled biological and physical cues that simulate the in vivo dynamic microphysiological environment of native blood vessels. The intention of this niche research area is to improve our understanding of the role of the vasculature in health or disease progression in vitro by allowing researchers to monitor angiogenic responses and cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions in real time. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the essential elements, including cells, biomaterials, microenvironmental factors, microfluidic chip design, and standard validation procedures that currently govern angiogenesis-on-a-chip assemblies. In addition, we emphasize the importance of incorporating a microvasculature component into organ-on-chip devices in critical biomedical research areas, such as tissue engineering, drug discovery, and disease modeling. Ultimately, advances in this area of research could provide innovative solutions and a personalized approach to ongoing medical challenges.

Immune analysis of urine and plasma samples from patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the third most common type of urological malignancy worldwide, and it is associated with a silent progression and late manifestation. Patients with a metastatic form of ccRCC have a poor prognosis; however, when the disease is diagnosed early, it is largely curable. Currently, there are no biomarkers available in clinical practice for ccRCC. Thus, the aim of the present study was to measure 27 biologically relevant cytokines in preoperative and postoperative urine samples, and in preoperative plasma samples from 34 patients with ccRCC, and to evaluate their diagnostic significance. The concentrations of cytokines were assessed by multiplex immune assay. The results showed significantly higher levels of IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, IL-15, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)2, CCL3, CCL4, C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL)10, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), and lower levels of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in urine samples from patients prior to surgery compared with those in the controls. Notably, the urine levels of G-CSF, IL-5 and vascular endothelial growth factor differed following tumor removal compared with the preoperative urine levels. In addition, urinary G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-6, CXCL10, CCL5 and PDGF-BB appeared to be potential markers of tumor grade. Plasma from patients with ccRCC contained significantly higher levels of IL-6 and lower levels of CCL2 than control plasma. In conclusion, the present findings indicated that urinary and circulating cytokines may represent a promising novel tool for the early diagnosis of ccRCC and/or prediction of tumor grade.

Challenges and opportunities of developing small-molecule therapies for age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in senior adults. The disease can be categorized into two types: wet AMD and dry AMD. Wet AMD, also known as exudative or neovascular AMD, is less common but more severe than dry AMD and is responsible for 90% of the visual impairment caused by AMD and affects 20 million people worldwide. Current treatment options mainly involve biologics that inhibit the vascular endothelial growth factor or complement pathways. However, these treatments have limitations such as high cost, injection-related risks, and limited efficacy. Therefore, new therapeutic targets and strategies have been explored to improve the outcomes of patients with AMD. A promising approach is the use of small-molecule drugs that modulate different factors involved in AMD pathogenesis, such as tyrosine kinases and integrins. Small-molecule drugs offer advantages, such as oral administration, low cost, good penetration, and increased specificity for the treatment of wet and dry AMD. This review summarizes the current status and prospects of small-molecule drugs for the treatment of wet AMD. These advances are expected to support the development of effective and targeted treatments for patients with AMD.

LAGE3 promotes angiogenesis on hepatocellular carcinoma by stabilizing VEGFA mRNA

RNA modification plays important roles in various physiological and pathological process. LAGE3 is a component of EKC/KEOPS complex, which is probably involved in the formation of a threonylcarbamoyl group on adenosine at position 37 (t(6)A37) in tRNAs, but its exact role in HCC is less studied. Our study reveals that LAGE3 exhibits upregulated expression in HCC compared with normal hepatocellular tissue. High expression of LAGE3 promotes hepatocellular cell proliferation and migration. Further investigations suggest that the increased expression of LAGE3 cloud lead to upregulated VEGFA secretion and angiogenesis in HCC. The mechanistic study reveals LAGE3 is required for the VEGFA mRNA stability. This research may open new avenues for diagnosis and targeted therapy in HCC.

Proteomic analysis and functional validation reveal distinct therapeutic capabilities related to priming of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells with IFN-γ and hypoxia: potential implications for their clinical use

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous population of multipotent cells that can be obtained from various tissues, such as dental pulp, adipose tissue, bone marrow and placenta. MSCs have gained importance in the field of regenerative medicine because of their promising role in cell therapy and their regulatory abilities in tissue repair and regeneration. However, a better characterization of these cells and their products is necessary to further potentiate their clinical application. In this study, we used unbiased high-resolution mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis to investigate the impact of distinct priming strategies, such as hypoxia and IFN-γ treatment, on the composition and therapeutic functionality of the secretome produced by MSCs derived from the amniotic membrane of the human placenta (hAMSCs). Our investigation revealed that both types of priming improved the therapeutic efficacy of hAMSCs, and these improvements were related to the secretion of functional factors present in the conditioned medium (CM) and exosomes (EXOs), which play crucial roles in mediating the paracrine effects of MSCs. In particular, hypoxia was able to induce a pro-angiogenic, innate immune response-activating, and tissue-regenerative hAMSC phenotype, as highlighted by the elevated production of regulatory factors such as VEGFA, PDGFRB, ANGPTL4, ENG, GRO-γ, IL8, and GRO-α. IFN-γ priming, instead, led to an immunosuppressive profile in hAMSCs, as indicated by increased levels of TGFB1, ANXA1, THBS1, HOMER2, GRN, TOLLIP and MCP-1. Functional assays validated the increased angiogenic properties of hypoxic hAMSCs and the enhanced immunosuppressive activity of IFN-γ-treated hAMSCs. This study extends beyond the direct priming effects on hAMSCs, demonstrating that hypoxia and IFN-γ can influence the functional characteristics of hAMSC-derived secretomes, which, in turn, orchestrate the production of functional factors by peripheral blood cells. This research provides valuable insights into the optimization of MSC-based therapies by systematically assessing and comparing the priming type-specific functional features of hAMSCs. These findings highlight new strategies for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of MSCs, particularly in the context of multifactorial diseases, paving the way for the use of hAMSC-derived products in clinical practice.

CT-guided high dose rate brachytherapy can induce multiple systemic proteins of proliferation and angiogenesis predicting outcome in HCC

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

To determine the potential prognostic value of proliferation and angiogenesis plasma proteins following CT-guided high dose rate brachytherapy (HDR-BT) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For this prospective study, HDR-BT (1 × 15 Gy) was administered to 24 HCC patients. Plasma was obtained and analyzed using an Olink proteomics Target-96 immuno-oncology-panel that included multiple markers of angiogenesis and proliferation. Fold-change (FC) ratios were calculated by comparing baseline and 48 h post HDR-BT paired samples. Patients were classified as responders (n = 12) if they had no local progression within 6 months or systemic progression within 2 years. Non-responders (n = 12) had recurrence within 6 months and/or tumor progression or extrahepatic disease within 2 years.

RESULTS

Proliferation marker EGF was significantly elevated in non-responders compared to responders (p = 0.0410) while FGF-2, HGF, and PlGF showed no significant differences. Angiogenesis markers Angiopoietin-1 and PDGF-B were likewise significantly elevated in non-responders compared to responders (p = 0.0171, p = 0.0462, respectively) while Angiopoietin-2, VEGF-A, and VEGFR-2 did not differ significantly. Kaplan-Meier analyses demonstrated significantly shorter time to systemic progression in patients with increased EGF and Angiopoietin-1 (p = 0.0185, both), but not in patients with one of the remaining proteins elevated (all p > 0.1). Pooled analysis for these 9 proteins showed significantly shorter time to systemic progression for FC ≥1.3 and ≥1.5 for at least 3 proteins elevated (p = 0.0415, p = 0.0193, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Increased plasma levels of EGF and Angiopoietin-1 after HDR-BT for HCC are associated with poor response and may therefore function as predictive biomarkers of outcome.

ptx3a+ fibroblast/epicardial cells provide a transient macrophage niche to promote heart regeneration

Macrophages conduct critical roles in heart repair, but the niche required to nurture and anchor them is poorly studied. Here, we investigated the macrophage niche in the regenerating heart. We analyzed cell-cell interactions through published single-cell RNA sequencing datasets and identified a strong interaction between fibroblast/epicardial (Fb/Epi) cells and macrophages. We further visualized the association of macrophages with Fb/Epi cells and the blockage of macrophage response without Fb/Epi cells in the regenerating zebrafish heart. Moreover, we found that ptx3a+ epicardial cells associate with reparative macrophages, and their depletion resulted in fewer reparative macrophages. Further, we identified csf1a expression in ptx3a+ cells and determined that pharmacological inhibition of the csf1a pathway or csf1a knockout blocked the reparative macrophage response. Moreover, we found that genetic overexpression of csf1a enhanced the reparative macrophage response with or without heart injury. Altogether, our studies illuminate a cardiac Fb/Epi niche, which mediates a beneficial macrophage response after heart injury.

Decoding Tumor Angiogenesis for Therapeutic Advancements: Mechanistic Insights

Tumor angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels within the tumor microenvironment, is considered a hallmark of cancer progression and represents a crucial target for therapeutic intervention. The tumor microenvironment is characterized by a complex interplay between proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors, regulating the vascularization necessary for tumor growth and metastasis. The study of angiogenesis involves a spectrum of techniques, spanning from biomarker assessment to advanced imaging modalities. This comprehensive review aims to provide insights into the molecular intricacies, regulatory dynamics, and clinical implications of tumor angiogenesis. By delving into these aspects, we gain a deeper understanding of the processes driving vascularization in tumors, paving the way for the development of novel and effective antiangiogenic therapies in the fight against cancer.

Potential therapeutic strategies for osteoarthritis via CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene editing

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an incapacitating and one of the most common physically degenerative conditions with an assorted etiology and a highly complicated molecular mechanism that to date lacks an efficient treatment. The capacity to design biological networks and accurately modify existing genomic sites holds an apt potential for applications across medical and biotechnological sciences. One of these highly specific genomes editing technologies is the CRISPR/Cas9 mechanism, referred to as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, which is a defense mechanism constituted by CRISPR associated protein 9 (Cas9) directed by small non-coding RNAs (sncRNA) that bind to target DNA through Watson-Crick base pairing rules where subsequent repair of the target DNA is initiated. Up-to-date research has established the effectiveness of the CRISPR/Cas9 mechanism in targeting the genetic and epigenetic alterations in OA by suppressing or deleting gene expressions and eventually distributing distinctive anti-arthritic properties in both in vitro and in vivo osteoarthritic models. This review aims to epitomize the role of this high-throughput and multiplexed gene editing method as an analogous therapeutic strategy that could greatly facilitate the clinical development of OA-related treatments since it's reportedly an easy, minimally invasive technique, and a comparatively less painful method for osteoarthritic patients.

A TRP to Pathological Angiogenesis and Vascular Normalization

Uncontrolled angiogenesis underlies various pathological conditions such as cancer, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Hence, targeting pathological angiogenesis has become a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer and neovascular ocular diseases. However, current pharmacological treatments that target VEGF signaling have met with limited success either due to acquiring resistance against anti-VEGF therapies with serious side effects including nephrotoxicity and cardiovascular-related adverse effects in cancer patients or retinal vasculitis and intraocular inflammation after intravitreal injection in patients with AMD or PDR. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies which can control multiple aspects of the pathological microenvironment and regulate the process of abnormal angiogenesis. To this end, vascular normalization has been proposed as an alternative for antiangiogenesis approach; however, these strategies still focus on targeting VEGF or FGF or PDGF which has shown adverse effects. In addition to these growth factors, calcium has been recently implicated as an important modulator of tumor angiogenesis. This article provides an overview on the role of major calcium channels in endothelium, TRP channels, with a special focus on TRPV4 and its downstream signaling pathways in the regulation of pathological angiogenesis and vascular normalization. We also highlight recent findings on the modulation of TRPV4 activity and endothelial phenotypic transformation by tumor microenvironment through Rho/YAP/VEGFR2 mechanotranscriptional pathways. Finally, we provide perspective on endothelial TRPV4 as a novel VEGF alternative therapeutic target for vascular normalization and improved therapy. © 2024 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 14:5389-5406, 2024.

The role of long noncoding RNAs in ocular angiogenesis and vascular oculopathy

BACKGROUND

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA transcripts over 200 nucleotides in length that do not code for proteins. Initially considered a genomic mystery, an increasing number of lncRNAs have been shown to have vital roles in physiological and pathological conditions by regulating gene expression through diverse mechanisms depending on their subcellular localization. Dysregulated angiogenesis is responsible for various vascular oculopathies, including diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration, and corneal neovascularization. While anti-VEGF treatment is available, it is not curative, and long-term outcomes are suboptimal, and some patients are unresponsive. To better understand these diseases, researchers have investigated the role of lncRNAs in regulating angiogenesis and models of vascular oculopathies. This review summarizes recent research on lncRNAs in ocular angiogenesis, including the pro-angiogenic lncRNAs ANRIL, HOTAIR, HOTTIP, H19, IPW, MALAT1, MIAT, NEAT1, and TUG1, the anti-angiogenic lncRNAs MEG3 and PKNY, and the human/primate specific lncRNAs lncEGFL7OS, discussing their functions and mechanisms of action in vascular oculopathies.

A Comprehensive Overview on Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity: Insights into the Underlying Inflammatory and Oxidative Mechanisms

While oncotherapy has made rapid progress in recent years, side effects of anti-cancer drugs and treatments have also come to the fore. These side effects include cardiotoxicity, which can cause irreversible cardiac damages with long-term morbidity and mortality. Despite the continuous in-depth research on anti-cancer drugs, an improved knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of cardiotoxicity are necessary for early detection and management of cardiac risk. Although most reviews focus on the cardiotoxic effect of a specific individual chemotherapeutic agent, the aim of our review is to provide comprehensive insight into various agents that induced cardiotoxicity and their underlying mechanisms. Characterization of these mechanisms are underpinned by research on animal models and clinical studies. In order to gain insight into these complex mechanisms, we emphasize the role of inflammatory processes and oxidative stress on chemotherapy-induced cardiac changes. A better understanding and identification of the interplay between chemotherapy and inflammatory/oxidative processes hold some promise to prevent or at least mitigate cardiotoxicity-associated morbidity and mortality among cancer survivors.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Old and Emerging Therapeutic Targets

Liver cancer, predominantly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), globally ranks sixth in incidence and third in cancer-related deaths. HCC risk factors include non-viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, environmental exposures, and genetic factors. No specific genetic alterations are unequivocally linked to HCC tumorigenesis. Current standard therapies include surgical options, systemic chemotherapy, and kinase inhibitors, like sorafenib and regorafenib. Immunotherapy, targeting immune checkpoints, represents a promising avenue. FDA-approved checkpoint inhibitors, such as atezolizumab and pembrolizumab, show efficacy, and combination therapies enhance clinical responses. Despite this, the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a challenge, as the complex tumor ecosystem and the immunosuppressive microenvironment associated with it hamper the efficacy of the available therapeutic approaches. This review explores current and advanced approaches to treat HCC, considering both known and new potential targets, especially derived from proteomic analysis, which is today considered as the most promising approach. Exploring novel strategies, this review discusses antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T), and engineered antibodies. It then reports a systematic analysis of the main ligand/receptor pairs and molecular pathways reported to be overexpressed in tumor cells, highlighting their potential and limitations. Finally, it discusses TGFβ, one of the most promising targets of the HCC microenvironment.

Desmoid Tumors: Current Perspective and Treatment

OPINION STATEMENT

Desmoid tumors are rare tumors with a tendency to infiltrate locally. The lack of a standard treatment approach makes choosing the most appropriate treatment for patients challenging. Most experts recommend watchful observation for asymptomatic patients as spontaneous regression of tumor is observed in up to 20% of patients. Upfront resection of the desmoid tumor has fallen out of favor due to high morbidity and high relapse rates associated with the tumor. Systemic therapy has evolved over several decades. Where chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were used over the last several decades, tyrosine kinase inhibitors came to the forefront within the last decade. Most recently, gamma-secretase inhibitors have shown significant clinical benefit in patients with desmoid tumors, bringing forth an entirely new mechanistic approach. Several Wnt pathway inhibitors are also under development. Invasive approaches like cryoablation have also shown clinical benefit in patients with extra-abdominal desmoid tumors in recent years. The recent approval of nirogacestat has ushered in a new era of treatment for patients diagnosed with desmoid tumors. Several new molecules are expected to be approved over the coming years.

Antifibrotic Drugs against Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Pulmonary Fibrosis Induced by COVID-19: Therapeutic Approaches and Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the health and economy of the global population. Even after recovery from the disease, post-COVID-19 symptoms, such as pulmonary fibrosis, continue to be a concern. This narrative review aims to address pulmonary fibrosis (PF) from various perspectives, including the fibrotic mechanisms involved in idiopathic and COVID-19-induced pulmonary fibrosis. On the other hand, we also discuss the current therapeutic drugs in use, as well as those undergoing clinical or preclinical evaluation. Additionally, this article will address various biomarkers with usefulness for PF prediction, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and severity assessment in order to provide better treatment strategies for patients with this disease.

Biophysical Control of the Glioblastoma Immunosuppressive Microenvironment: Opportunities for Immunotherapy

GBM is the most aggressive and common form of primary brain cancer with a dismal prognosis. Current GBM treatments have not improved patient survival, due to the propensity for tumor cell adaptation and immune evasion, leading to a persistent progression of the disease. In recent years, the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been identified as a critical regulator of these pro-tumorigenic changes, providing a complex array of biomolecular and biophysical signals that facilitate evasion strategies by modulating tumor cells, stromal cells, and immune populations. Efforts to unravel these complex TME interactions are necessary to improve GBM therapy. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment strategy that utilizes a patient's own immune system for tumor eradication and has exhibited exciting results in many cancer types; however, the highly immunosuppressive interactions between the immune cell populations and the GBM TME continue to present challenges. In order to elucidate these interactions, novel bioengineering models are being employed to decipher the mechanisms of immunologically "cold" GBMs. Additionally, these data are being leveraged to develop cell engineering strategies to bolster immunotherapy efficacy. This review presents an in-depth analysis of the biophysical interactions of the GBM TME and immune cell populations as well as the systems used to elucidate the underlying immunosuppressive mechanisms for improving current therapies.

Extracellular Vesicles' Role in Angiogenesis and Altering Angiogenic Signaling

Angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessels formation from existing vasculature, plays a vital role in development, wound healing, and various pathophysiological conditions. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as crucial mediators in intercellular communication and have gained significant attention for their role in modulating angiogenic processes. This review explores the multifaceted role of EVs in angiogenesis and their capacity to modulate angiogenic signaling pathways. Through comprehensive analysis of a vast body of literature, this review highlights the potential of utilizing EVs as therapeutic tools to modulate angiogenesis for both physiological and pathological purposes. A good understanding of these concepts holds promise for the development of novel therapeutic interventions targeting angiogenesis-related disorders.

Rational design and synthesis of novel quinazolinone N-acetohydrazides as type II multi-kinase inhibitors and potential anticancer agents

In the current investigation, a new class of quinazolinone N-acetohydrazides 9a-v was designed as type II multi-kinase inhibitors. The target quinazolinones were tailored so that the quinazolinone moiety would occupy the front pocket of the binding sites of VEGFR-2, FGFR-1 and BRAF kinases, meanwhile, the phenyl group at position 2 would act as a spacer which was functionalized at position 4 with an N-acetohydrazide linker that could achieve the key interactions with the essential gate area amino acids. The hydrazide moiety was linked to diverse aryl derivatives to occupy the hydrophobic back pocket of the DFG-out conformation of target kinases. The synthesized quinazolinone derivatives 9a-v demonstrated moderate to potent VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity with IC50 spanning from 0.29 to 5.17 µM. Further evaluation of the most potent derivatives on FGFR-1, BRAFWT and BRAFV600E showed that the quinazolinone N-acetohydrazides 9d, 9e, 9f, 9l and 9m have a potent multi-kinase inhibitory activity. Concurrently, 9b, 9d, 9e, 9k, 9l, 9o, 9q demonstrated potent growth inhibitory activity on NCI cancer cell lines with GI50 reaching 0.72 µM. In addition, compound 9e arrested the cell cycle progression in MDA-MB-231 cell line at the G2/M phase and showed the ability to induce apoptosis.

Evaluation of platelet derived growth factor-BB levels in injectable platelet rich fibrin coated graft using gingival pedicle split thickness tunnel technique for isolated gingival recession: A randomized controlled trial

Background

Use of injectable-platelet rich fibrin (i-PRF) in the field of periodontal regeneration is quite well known due to its efficacy. The study was aimed to evaluate the platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) levels in cases of isolated gingival recession using gingival pedicle split thickness tunnel technique (GPST) and de-epithelialized gingival graft (DGG) with or without coating it with i-PRF.

Methodology

20 patients exhibiting Miller's class I/II isolated gingival recession were selected for this parallel arm randomized controlled trial. Recipient site was prepared using GPST technique, free gingival graft was harvested and de-epithelialized, further graft was coated with i-PRF and wound fluid samples from surgical site were collected at baseline, 3rd day and 7th day for group A. The same procedure without coating the graft in i-PRF was carried out for group B. Clinical parameters like probing depth, recession depth, recession width, width of keratinized gingiva, wound healing index (WHI), complete root coverage was recorded at baseline and after 4 months.

Results

Significant intergroup difference was seen in WHI and the levels of PDGF-BB from baseline to the last estimated time point (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The study emphasizes on the use of novel GPST technique in conjunction with DGG coated with liquid PRF, which has shown sustained release of PDGF-BB resulting in better wound healing.

Platelet-Rich Plasma for Heart Cell Regeneration Post-myocardial Infarction: A Propitious Therapeutic Approach

Globally, one of the primary factors leading to death is cardiovascular disorders, specifically coronary artery disease, which leads to myocardial infarction (MI). This article investigates the potential of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy for regenerating cardiac cells following MI. We look into the pathophysiology of MI, current treatment methods, and the heart's limited ability to heal itself. This is done to see if PRP could help the heart heal faster, reduce the size of the infarct, and stop scar tissue from forming. We analyze the production procedure of PRP, its composition of growth factors, and its utilization in many medical domains. The ways that PRP helps the heart heal are also being looked into. This includes how it affects inflammation, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation. Although we recognize the existing constraints, we meticulously take into account issues such as standardization, therapeutic variance, and potential harmful effects. This study highlights the importance of comprehensive guidelines, continuous research, and enhanced clinical applications to fully harness the potential of platelet-rich plasma in the regeneration of cardiac cells after a heart attack.

Unveiling Cellular Diversity in the Buffalo Corneal Stroma: Insights into Telocytes and Keratocytes Using Light Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope, and Immunofluorescence Analysis

Telocytes and keratocytes are important cells that maintain the structure and function of the cornea. The buffalo cornea, known for its resilience in harsh conditions, has not been extensively studied regarding the presence and role of telocytes and keratocytes. We used light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and immunofluorescence assays with platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα), CD34, and Vimentin markers to investigate their expression and localization in the cornea. TEM analysis confirmed the presence of spindle-shaped keratocytes with intercellular connections, while telocytes exhibited small spindle-shaped bodies with long, thin branches connecting to corneal keratocytes. Immunofluorescence findings showed that CD34 was more abundant near the endothelium, Vimentin was prominently expressed near the epithelium, and PDGFRα was uniformly distributed throughout the corneal stroma. Co-expression of CD34 and Vimentin, PDGFRα and Vimentin, as well as CD34 and PDGFRα, was observed in keratocytes and telocytes within the stroma, indicating the potential presence of mesenchymal cells. These results suggest the involvement of telocytes and keratocytes in corneal wound healing, transparency maintenance, and homeostasis. The co-expression of these markers highlights the critical role of telocytes and keratocytes in regulating corneal physiological functions, further enhancing our understanding of corneal biology in the buffalo model.

Pharmacological modulation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathways in Angiogenesis: A mechanistic perspective

The Sonic hedgehog (SHh) signaling pathway is an imperative operating network that helps in regulates the critical events during the development processes like multicellular embryo growth and patterning. Disruptions in SHh pathway regulation can have severe consequences, including congenital disabilities, stem cell renewal, tissue regeneration, and cancer/tumor growth. Activation of the SHh signal occurs when SHh binds to the receptor complex of Patch (Ptc)-mediated Smoothened (Smo) (Ptc-smo), initiating downstream signaling. This review explores how pharmacological modulation of the SHh pathway affects angiogenesis through canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical pathway for angiogenesis involves the activation of angiogenic cytokines such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), stromal cell-derived factor 1α, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and angiopoietins (Ang-1 and Ang-2), which facilitate the process of angiogenesis. The Non-canonical pathway includes indirect activation of certain pathways like iNOS/Netrin-1/PKC, RhoA/Rock, ERK/MAPK, PI3K/Akt, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch signaling pathway, and so on. This review will provide a better grasp of the mechanistic approach of SHh in mediating angiogenesis, which can aid in the suppression of certain cancer and tumor growths.

A Comprehensive Review on Platelet-Rich Plasma Activation: A Key Player in Accelerating Skin Wound Healing

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) activation is emerging as a promising and multifaceted tool for accelerating skin wound healing. This review extensively examines PRP's role in wound healing, focusing on its composition, mechanisms of action, activation methods, and clinical applications. PRP's potential to enhance both chronic and acute wound healing and its applications in cosmetic and aesthetic procedures are explored. Furthermore, this review investigates safety concerns, including adverse reactions, infection risks, and long-term safety implications. Looking to the future, emerging technologies, combination therapies, personalized medicine approaches, and regulatory developments are discussed, pointing towards an important and transformative era in wound healing and regenerative medicine. With its wide-ranging implications for healthcare, PRP activation has the potential to become a ubiquitous and essential therapeutic option, improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs.

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein overexpression is an independent poor prognostic indicator in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) interacts with various extracellular matrix proteins in tissues. Elevated COMP levels recently linked to worse overall survival in multiple cancer types. COMP's significance in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) remains uncertain. Here we report a retrospective study to explore COMP's impact on iCCA outcomes. We collected 182 patients' iCCA tumor tissues. COMP overexpression was associated with adverse factors like R1 resection (p = 0.008), advanced T stage (p < 0.001), large duct type (p = 0.004), and poorly differentiated histology (p = 0.002). COMP overexpression correlates with poorer DFS (HR, 3.651; p = 0.001), OS (HR, 1.827; p = 0.023), LRFS (HR, 4.077; p < 0.001), and MFS (HR, 3.718; p < 0.001). High COMP expression ties to worse overall survival (p = 0.0001), DSS (p < 0.0001), LRFS (p < 0.0001), and MFS (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, COMP overexpression links to poor prognosis and pathological features in iCCA, indicating its potential as a biomarker.