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Kumar M, Kumar D, Singh S, Chopra S, Mahmood S, Bhatia A. Quality by Design Perspective for Designing Foam-based Formulation: Current State of Art. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:410-419. [PMID: 38747045 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128289965240123074111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Foam-based delivery systems contain one or more active ingredients and dispersed solid or liquid components that transform into gaseous form when the valve is actuated. Foams are an attractive and effective delivery approach for medical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical uses. The foams-based delivery systems are gaining attention due to ease of application as they allow direct application onto the affected area of skin without using any applicator or finger, hence increasing the compliance and satisfaction of the patients. In order to develop foam-based delivery systems with desired qualities, it is vital to understand which type of material and process parameters impact the quality features of foams and which methodologies may be utilized to investigate foams. For this purpose, Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach is used. It aids in achieving quality-based development during the development process by employing the QbD concept. The critical material attributes (CMAs) and critical process parameters (CPPs) were discovered through the first risk assessment to ensure the requisite critical quality attributes (CQAs). During the initial risk assessment, the high-risk CQAs were identified, which affect the foam characteristics. In this review, the authors discussed the various CMAs, CPPs, CQAs, and risk factors associated in order to develop an ideal foam-based formulation with desired characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Devesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Shubham Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Shruti Chopra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Syed Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Amit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University (MRSPTU), Bathinda 151001, Punjab, India
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Quality by Design Assisted Optimization and Risk Assessment of Black Cohosh Loaded Ethosomal Gel for Menopause: Investigating Different Formulation and Process Variables. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020465. [PMID: 36839787 PMCID: PMC9966456 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) (CR) is a popular herb and is medically lauded for ameliorating myriad symptoms associated with menopause. However, its pharmaceutical limitations and non-availability of a patient-compliant drug delivery approach have precluded its prevalent use. Henceforth, the current research premise is aimed at developing an ethosomal gel incorporating triterpene enriched fraction (TEF) obtained from CR and evaluating its effectiveness through the transdermal application. TEF-loaded ethosomes were formulated using solvent injection, optimized and characterised. The optimized ethosomes were then dispersed into a polymeric gel base to form ethosomal gel which was further compared with the conventional gel by in-vitro and ex-vivo experiments. Here, the quality by design (QbD) approach was exploited for the optimization and development of ethosomal gel. The elements of QbD comprising initial risk assessment, design of experimentation (DoE), and model validation for the development of formulation have all been described in detail. The optimized ethosomes (F03) showed a nanometric size range, negative zeta potential and good entrapment. The in vitro release profile of gel revealed a burst release pattern following the Korsmeyer Peppas model having Fickian diffusion. The transdermal flux of ethosomal gel was observed to be more than that of conventional gel. Texture analysis and rheological characterization of the gel, revealed good strength showing shear thinning and pseudoplastic behaviour. The confocal microscope investigation revealed the deeper skin permeation of ethosomal gel than conventional gel. This result was further strengthened by DSC, IR and histological assessment of the animal skin (Wistar rat), treated with the optimized formulation. Conclusively, the implementation of QbD in the formulation resulted in a better understanding of the process and the product. It aids in the reduction of product variability and defects, hence improving product development efficiencies. Additionally, the ethosomal gel was found to be a more effective and successful carrier for TEF than the conventional gel through the transdermal route. Moreover, this demands an appropriate animal study, which is underway, for a stronger outcome.
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Safta DA, Ielciu I, Șuștic R, Hanganu D, Niculae M, Cenariu M, Pall E, Moldovan ML, Achim M, Bogdan C, Tomuță I. Chemical Profile and Biological Effects of an Herbal Mixture for the Development of an Oil-in-Water Cream. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:248. [PMID: 36678961 PMCID: PMC9861053 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Three individual hydroalcoholic extracts derived from Hamamelis virginiana leaves, Krameria lappacea root, Salix alba bark, and the resulting herbal mixture (HM) were assessed for the phytochemical profile as well as for antibacterial and cytotoxic potential. The chemical composition of the individual extracts and of their mixture was analyzed by chromatographical (LC-MS) and spectrophotometrical methods. The antimicrobial properties were evaluated by using the agar-well diffusion and the broth microdilution assays, whereas the potential cytotoxicity was investigated on human keratinocyte cell line by MTT method and apoptosis test. The HM composition revealed important amounts of valuable polyphenolic compounds provided from the individual extracts, having synergistic biological effects. All tested extracts displayed in vitro antimicrobial properties, with a significantly higher efficacy noticed for the HM when tested against Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, none of the tested extracts was responsible for in vitro cytotoxicity against the human keratinocytes in the selected concentration range. Furthermore, the HM was included in an oil-in-water cream for the nonpharmacological treatment of seborrheic dermatitis, developed and optimized by using a QbD approach. A D-optimal experimental plan with four factors that varied on two levels was used to investigate the effect of the quantitative variation of the formulation factors (emulsifier, co-emulsifier, thickening agent, oily phase ratio) on the characteristics of the cream in terms of firmness, consistency, adhesiveness, stringiness, spreadability, and viscosity. Based on the experimental results, an optimal formulation containing 2.5% emulsifier and 20% oily phase was prepared and analyzed. The obtained results showed appropriate quality characteristics of this novel cream, which may be used in the future to manage the associated symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Antonia Safta
- Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Irina Ielciu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Raffaela Șuștic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Daniela Hanganu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Niculae
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400374 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihai Cenariu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400374 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emoke Pall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400374 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mirela Liliana Moldovan
- Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marcela Achim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cătălina Bogdan
- Department of Dermopharmacy and Cosmetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Tomuță
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, 400010 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Timotijević MD, Ilić T, Marković B, Randjelović D, Cekić N, Nikolić I, Savić S, Pantelić I. Coupling AFM, DSC and FT-IR towards Elucidation of Film-Forming Systems Transformation to Dermal Films: A Betamethasone Dipropionate Case Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116013. [PMID: 35682693 PMCID: PMC9181258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric film-forming systems have emerged as an esthetically acceptable option for targeted, less frequent and controlled dermal drug delivery. However, their dynamic nature (rapid evaporation of solvents leading to the formation of thin films) presents a true characterization challenge. In this study, we tested a tiered characterization approach, leading to more efficient definition of the quality target product profiles of film-forming systems. After assessing a number of physico-chemico-mechanical properties, thermal, spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were introduced. Final confirmation of betamethasone dipropionate-loaded FFS biopharmaceutical properties was sought via an in vitro skin permeation study. A number of applied characterization methods showed complementarity. The sample based on a combination of hydrophobic Eudragit® RS PO and hydroxypropyl cellulose showed higher viscosity (47.17 ± 3.06 mPa·s) and film thickness, resulting in sustained skin permeation (permeation rate of 0.348 ± 0.157 ng/cm2 h), and even the pH of the sample with Eudragit® NE 30D, along with higher surface roughness and thermal analysis, implied its immediate delivery through the epidermal membrane. Therefore, this study revealed the utility of several methods able to refine the number of needed tests within the final product profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana D. Timotijević
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.D.T.); (T.I.); (I.N.); (S.S.); (I.P.)
| | - Tanja Ilić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.D.T.); (T.I.); (I.N.); (S.S.); (I.P.)
| | - Bojan Marković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence:
| | - Danijela Randjelović
- Centre of Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Nebojša Cekić
- Faculty of Technology, University of Niš, Bulevar Oslobođenja 124, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia;
- DCP Hemigal, Tekstilna 97, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia
| | - Ines Nikolić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.D.T.); (T.I.); (I.N.); (S.S.); (I.P.)
| | - Snežana Savić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.D.T.); (T.I.); (I.N.); (S.S.); (I.P.)
| | - Ivana Pantelić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.D.T.); (T.I.); (I.N.); (S.S.); (I.P.)
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Falusi F, Budai-Szűcs M, Csányi E, Berkó S, Spaits T, Csóka I, Kovács A. Investigation of the effect of polymers on dermal foam properties using the QbD approach. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 173:106160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kis N, Kovács A, Budai-Szűcs M, Erős G, Csányi E, Berkó S. The effect of non-invasive dermal electroporation on skin barrier function and skin permeation in combination with different dermal formulations. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Olejnik A, Sztorch B, Brząkalski D, Przekop RE. Silsesquioxanes in the Cosmetics Industry-Applications and Perspectives. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031126. [PMID: 35161068 PMCID: PMC8840497 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The rising demand for innovative and sophisticated personal care products is a driving factor for manufacturers to obtain new formulations that will fulfill the customers' preferences. In recent years, silsesquioxanes have attracted the attention of the cosmetics industry. These compounds have been proposed to be used in novel cosmetic formulations as emollient, dispersant, and viscosity modifiers. Therefore, this publication aims to review the main important aspects of polyhedral oligosilsesquioxanes as ingredients of personal care formulations, taking into consideration different types of products. The methods of obtaining these compounds were also presented. Additionally, the detailed analysis of patents dedicated to the application of silsesquioxanes in cosmetic formulations was also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Olejnik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (B.S.); (R.E.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bogna Sztorch
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (B.S.); (R.E.P.)
| | - Dariusz Brząkalski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Robert E. Przekop
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (B.S.); (R.E.P.)
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Kovács A, Kis N, Budai-Szűcs M, Gácsi A, Csányi E, Csóka I, Berkó S. QbD-Based Investigation of Dermal Semisolid in situ Film-Forming Systems for Local Anaesthesia. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:5059-5076. [PMID: 33239865 PMCID: PMC7680691 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s279727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of our research work was to develop dermally applicable, lidocaine hydrochloride (LID-HCl)-containing semisolid in situ film-forming systems (FFSs) using the Quality by Design (QbD) approach to increase drug permeation into the skin. METHODS Silicones were used to improve the properties of formulations and to increase the permeation through the skin. The QbD approach was applied to ensure quality-based development. With initial risk assessment, the critical material attributes (CMAs) and the critical process parameters (CPPs) were identified to ensure the required critical quality attributes (CQAs). RESULTS During the initial risk assessment, four high-risk CQAs, namely in vitro drug release, in vitro drug permeation, drying properties, and mechanical properties, and three medium-risk CQAs, namely pH, viscosity, and film appearance were identified and investigated. Moreover, four high-risk CMAs were also considered during the formulation: permeation enhancing excipients, drying excipients, film-forming excipients, and emollients. During the experiments, LID-HCl influenced these critical parameters highly, thereby reducing the drying time. The formulation containing 25% silicone showed the best mechanical properties (49 mN skin adhesion, 20.3% film flexibility, 1.27 N film burst strength), which could predict better patient adherence. In addition, in vitro permeation studies showed that formulation containing 50% silicone has the fastest permeation rate. The flux of diffused API was 6.763 µg/cm2/h, which is much higher compared to the silicone-free formulation (1.5734 µg/cm2/h), and it can already be observed in the lower part of the dermis in 0.5 hour. CONCLUSION Our results show that LID-HCl has great influence on the critical parameters of FFSs. The silicone content can improve the applicability of formulations and has a favorable effect on the permeation rate of LID-HCl into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kovács
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged6720, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Kis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged6720, Hungary
| | - Mária Budai-Szűcs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged6720, Hungary
| | - Attila Gácsi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged6720, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Csányi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged6720, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged6720, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Berkó
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged6720, Hungary
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Krenczkowska D, Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K, Wielgomas B, Bazar D, Jankowski Z. Ex Vivo Human Skin is not a Barrier for Cyclic Siloxanes (Cyclic Silicones): Evidence of Diffusion, Bioaccumulation, and Risk of Dermal Absorption Using a New Validated GC-FID Procedure. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060586. [PMID: 32599732 PMCID: PMC7355424 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic methylsiloxanes D4, D5, D6 (also called cyclic silicones) are widely used in various dermatological products and cosmetics, both for children and adults. As a result of their unique physicochemical properties, the production of cyclic methylsiloxanes has greatly increased over the last few years, which has resulted in increased exposure to mankind. The validated quantitative for gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis with using the transdermal diffusion system with vertical Franz cells demonstrated that ex vivo human skin is not a barrier to cyclic siloxanes. D4, D5, and D6 have a specific affinity to stratum corneum (SC) (especially D6), and can even diffuse into the deeper layers of the skin (epidermis (E) and dermis (D)), or into the receptor fluid as well. An important achievement of this work was the observation of the characteristic ratio partitioning D4, D5, and D6 in skin layers and receptor fluid (RF). The studies have shown that, in order to thoroughly understand the mechanism, it is important to determine not only the differences in the amounts of cumulated doses in total in all skin layers and receptor fluid, but also the mutual ratios of analyte concentrations existing between matrices. For example, in the case of the stratum corneum, the cumulative doses of D4, D5, and D6 were 27.5, 63.9, and 67.2 µg/cm2/24 h, respectively, and in the epidermis, they were 6.9, 29.9, and 10.7 µg/cm2/24 h, respectively, which confirmed the highest affinity of D6 to stratum corneum as the amount diffused into the epidermis was 2.8 times smaller compared to D5. The calculated epidermis-to-stratum corneum ratios of analyte concentrations also confirm this. The largest ratio was identified for D5 (E/SC = 47), followed by D4 (E/SC = 25), and finally by D6 (E/SC = 16). The analysis of the next stage of diffusion from epidermis to dermis revealed that in dermis the highest cumulative dose was observed for D5 (13.9 µg/cm2/24 h), while the doses of D4 and D6 were similar (5.1 and 5.3 µg/cm2/24 h). Considering the concentration gradient, it can be concluded that the diffusion of D5 and D6 occurs at a similar level, while D4 diffuses at a much higher level. These observations were also confirmed by the dermis-to-epidermis concentration ratios. The final stage of diffusion from dermis to the receptor fluid indicated that D4 was able to permeate easily, while D5 exhibited a difficult diffusion and the diffusion of D6 was limited. The receptor fluid-to-dermis concentration ratios (RF/D) were calculated for D4, D5, and D6: 80, 53, and 17, respectively. Our results also revealed the increased risk of D4 and D5 absorption into the blood and lymphatic systems, whereas D6 demonstrated the lowest risk. Therefore, we can argue that, among the three tested compounds, D6 is the safest one that can be used in dermatological, cosmetic, and personal care products. This study demonstrates that the stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis can be also considered reservoirs of cyclic methylsiloxanes. Therefore, these compounds can demonstrate potential long-term bioaccumulation, and can be absorbed to the bloodstream in a long-term and uncontrolled process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Krenczkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Krystyna Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-3491656
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Dagmara Bazar
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.K.); (D.B.)
| | - Zbigniew Jankowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland;
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