Status and Future Scope of Soft Nanoparticles-Based Hydrogel in Wound Healing

Fabrication of gelatine/fucoidan nanogel-coated silver nanoparticles for the treatment of wound healing therapy and nursing care

Microbial infections and tissue damage by dressing removal are common problems in wound healing. In this study, gelatine/fucoidan nanogel coated with silver nanoparticles (Ag@Gel/Fu) by simple polymerization technique to assess the antibacterial potential Against human infectious pathogens and wound healing activity Against L929 fibroblast cells. The incorporation of silver nanoparticles in Ag@Gel/Fu nanogel was confirmed by UV-vis, XRD, and SEM analysis techniques. The results of the antibacterial assay revealed that the Ag@Gel/Fu nanogel showed excellent bacterial growth reduction and zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, depending upon the concentrations. In vitro wound healing results exhibit rapid regeneration of L929 cells in a short duration. It has more advantages, such as Ag@Gel/Fu, to prevent damage to outer skin tissue by infections. It is the more significant bacterial and biofilm infection control of the wound sites. The overall results confirmed that coating of biopolymer and marine polysaccharide fucoidan enhances the biological property of Ag@Gel/Fu nanogel and wound healing potential. Ag@Gel/Fu nanogel co-culture with fibroblast cells showed no cytotoxic effect after 48 h. Finally, Ag@Gel/Fu nanogel is an effective material for infected wound healing nursing care applications.

Adhesive transparent antimicrobial quaternized chitosan/oxidized dextran/polydopamine nanoparticle hydrogels for accelerated wound healing

Hydrogels possessing appropriate adhesion and antibacterial properties have emerged as promising dressings for expediting wound healing, while also providing the convenience of visualizing the wound site to accurately monitor the healing process. In this study, we incorporated oxidized and degraded polydopamine nanoparticles into quaternized chitosan/oxidized dextran hydrogel QOP series, resulting in enhanced transmittance exceeding 95 % and adhesion strengths reaching up to 19.4 kPa. Moreover, these hydrogels exhibit a well-defined porous structure, rapid gelling ability (<50 s), exceptional self-healing capacity, and a swelling rate surpassing 760 %. Furthermore, the QOP hydrogels demonstrate outstanding hemocompatibility (hemolysis rate < 3 %) and cytocompatibility (cell viability >100 %). In addition, they display potent inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus pasteuri and Escherichia coli, with bactericidal rates exceeded 90 %. The closure of MRSA-infected wounds along with H&E and Masson staining analysis revealed that QOP hydrogels can expedite wound healing by stimulating collagen deposition and facilitating angiogenesis.

Advances in soft nanoparticle-based platforms for human and veterinary trichomoniasis therapy: A scoping review

This scoping review focuses on drug delivery systems based on soft materials designed for the administration of drugs with anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity. It primarily examines their use in addressing human trichomoniasis, exploring their physicochemical characteristics, in vitro and in vivo evaluation and identifying existing challenges and gaps. Given the economic burden and the One Health approach, formulations developed aiming at treating animal infections - cattle and poultry - were also discussed. The review involved searching electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, to find studies published until May 2024; out of the 103 articles retrieved, 18 fulfilled the eligibility criteria. This study investigated soft-nanoparticle formulations, including polymericand lipid-based systems, and their incorporation into suitable formulations for topical application, including hydrogels and polymeric films. Additionally, the discussion covered toxicology and highlighted the knowledge gaps related to the potential use of these formulations in humans. Anti-trichomonas soft nano-based formulations emerge as promising candidates for treating gynecological and animal infections. In conclusion, further preclinical testing is necessary, as none of the formulations have progressed to human clinical trials and have only been evaluated in animal models.

An antibacterial, antioxidant and hemostatic hydrogel accelerates infectious wound healing

Hydrogel drug-delivery system that can effectively load antibacterial drugs, realize the in-situ drug release in the microenvironment of wound infection to promote wound healing. In this study, a multifunctional hydrogel drug delivery system (HA@TA-Okra) was constructed through the integration of hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA) matrix with tannic acid (TA) and okra extract. The composition and structural characteristics of HA@TA-Okra system and its unique advantages in the treatment of diverse wounds were systematically evaluated. TA, due to its unique chemical structure, is able to anchor within the HAMA network through interactions and cross-linking, conferring exceptional mechanical strength and stability to the hydrogel. Both TA and okra extract possess antioxidant and antibacterial properties, and when they two acts synergistically they can effectively scavenge free radicals, enhance antibacterial action, diminishing the risk of wound infection. In vitro experiments revealed that HA@TA-Okra system has superior properties, such as rapid gel response, remarkable swelling regulation, and potent antioxidant ability. Furthermore, the HA@TA-Okra system significantly outperformed conventional dressings in terms of hemostatic performance in a rat hemorrhage model. We further evaluated the repair role of HA@TA-Okra system in vivo by establishing an animal model of full-thickness skin defects and a model of infected total skin defects. The results confirmed its positive effects in fighting bacterial infection, reducing inflammation and promoting wound healing. In summary, the HA@TA-Okra system exhibits comprehensive properties such as antibacterial, antioxidant and hemostatic properties, which has a potential application in the field of tissue repair medicine.

Blended ƙ-carrageenan and xanthan gum hydrogel containing ketoprofen-loaded nanoemulsions: Design, characterization, and evaluation in an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis

This study reports the preparation of hydrogels (HG) made with xanthan gum (XG) and ƙ-carrageenan (KC) polysaccharides containing ketoprofen (KET)-loaded nanoemulsions (NK) and their evaluation in a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model. The nano-based HGs exhibited nanometric-sized droplets (~ 100 nm), an acidic pH (5.10-6.83), drug content above 85%, a suitable spreadability factor, and pseudoplastic flow behavior. The most promising blend (HGCX 2:1) demonstrated sustained KET release, reaching 81.44 ± 6.11% after 5 h, and superior drug concentration in the skin layers (237.91 ± 41.0 µg/g). The formulation was selected due to its enhanced bioadhesiveness, with the HG-NK formulation showing the highest bioadhesion force and occlusion factor. RA was induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) intraplantar injection into the left hind paw of male and female Swiss mice. Treatments with HGs were applied to the animals' dorsal region for 7 days. Notably, HG-NK demonstrated remarkable efficacy, reversing mechanical sensitivity in male mice and significantly reducing thermal sensitivity in both genders. Moreover, HG-NK provided a significant reduction in paw edema (52-fold in males, 27-fold in females) and inflammatory markers, such as myeloperoxidase activity (32-fold in males, 14-fold in females) and lipid peroxidation (2.5-fold in males, twofold in females). The formulation also promoted greater permeation of KET across the skin. These findings underscore the significant reduction in inflammatory markers by the HG-NK formulation, highlighting its potent anti-inflammatory effects and potential as a promising therapeutic strategy for managing RA.

Natural Bletilla striata Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogels for Accelerating Hemostasis

Most of the existing hydrogel dressings have inadequacies in mechanical performance, biological activities, compatibility, or versatility, which results in the development of rapid, green, and cost-effective approaches for hydrogels in biochemical and biomedical applications becoming a top-priority task. Herein, inspired by the inherent bioactivity, water retention properties, and biocompatibility of natural polysaccharide hydrogels, we have prepared self-healing gels. Using Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), and borax via borate ester linkages, we created hemostatic and self-healing Chinese herbal medicine hydrogels in varying concentrations (2.5%, 3.0%, and 4.0%). A rotational rheometer was used to describe the hydrogels' shape and rheological characteristics. At all concentrations, it was found that the hydrogels' elastic modulus (G') consistently and significantly outperformed their viscous modulus (G″), suggesting a robust internal structure. All of the hydrogels had cell viability levels as high as 100% and hemolysis rates below 1%, indicating the hydrogels' outstanding biocompatibility. Furthermore, the hydrogels demonstrated superior hemostatic qualities in an in vivo mouse tail amputation model, as well as in in vitro coagulation tests. The results show that the hydrogel possesses excellent self-healing properties, as well as a good biocompatibility and hemostatic performance, thus paving the way for the development of a potential hemostatic green hydrogel.

Hybrid thermosensitive hydrogel/amniotic membrane structure incorporating S-nitrosothiol microparticles: potential uses for controlled nitric oxide delivery

Insufficient levels of nitric oxide may lead to chronic and acute wounds. Additionally, it is crucial that nitric oxide is prepared in a controlled-release manner due to its gaseous nature and short half-life. To address this issue, utilizing nitric oxide donors, particularly S-nitrosothiols such as S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), could efficiently overcome instability and aid in biomedical applications. Decellularized human amniotic membranes are also best known for their anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and antimicrobial properties to promote wound epithelization. In this study, a novel nitric oxide-generated wound dressing based on an amniotic membrane was investigated. This construct consisted of a chitosan/β-glycerophosphate thermosensitive hydrogel covered with a decellularized human amniotic layer embedded with GSNO-loaded polylactic acid microparticles. The structure of GSNO was confirmed by spectrometric, elemental, and chemical analyses. The GSNO-loaded microparticles had a diameter of 40.66 ± 6.92 µm, and an encapsulation efficiency of 45.6 ± 6.74%. The hybrid construct and GSNO-loaded microparticles enhanced the long-term stable release of GSNO compared to free GSNO. The construct released nitric oxide ranging from 24 to 68 nM/mg during 7 days. The thermosensitive hydrogel was formed at 32.7 ± 1 °C and had a porous structure with a pore size of 41.76 ± 9.76 µm. The MTT and live/dead assays performed on human dermal fibroblast cells demonstrated suitable cell viability and adhesion to the final construct. Further, hemolysis analysis revealed less than a 5% hemolysis rate due to negligible blood cell adhesion. Overall, the prepared hybrid construct demonstrated suitable characteristics as a potential active wound dressing capable of controlled nitric oxide delivery.

Polysaccharide-Stabilized Semisolid Emulsion with Vegetable Oils for Skin Wound Healing: Impact of Composition on Physicochemical and Biological Properties

Background/Objectives: The demand for natural-based formulations in chronic wound care has increased, driven by the need for biocompatible, safe, and effective treatments. Natural polysaccharide-based emulsions enriched with vegetable oils present promising benefits for skin repair, offering structural support and protective barriers suitable for sensitive wound environments. This study aimed to develop and evaluate semisolid polysaccharide-based emulsions for wound healing, incorporating avocado (Persea gratissima) and blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) oils (AO and BO, respectively). Both gellan gum (GG) and kappa-carrageenan (KC) were used as stabilizers due to their biocompatibility and gel-forming abilities. Methods: Four formulations were prepared (F1-GG-AO; F2-KC-AO; F3-GG-BO; F4-KC-BO) and evaluated for physicochemical properties, spreadability, rheology, antioxidant activity, occlusive and bioadhesion potential, biocompatibility, and wound healing efficacy using an in vitro scratch assay. Results: The pH values (4.74-5.06) were suitable for skin application, and FTIR confirmed excipient compatibility. The formulations showed reduced occlusive potential, pseudoplastic behavior with thixotropy, and adequate spreadability (7.13-8.47 mm2/g). Lower bioadhesion indicated ease of application and removal, enhancing user comfort. Formulations stabilized with KC exhibited superior antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging) and fibroblast biocompatibility (CC50% 390-589 µg/mL) and were non-hemolytic. Both F2-KC-AO and F4-KC-BO significantly improved in vitro wound healing by promoting cell migration compared to other formulations. Conclusions: These findings underscore the potential of these emulsions for effective wound treatment, providing a foundation for developing skin care products that harness the therapeutic properties of polysaccharides and plant oils in a natural approach to wound care.

Exploring Cationic Guar Gum: Innovative Hydrogels and Films for Enhanced Wound Healing

Background/Objectives: This study developed and characterized hydrogels (HG-CGG) and films (F-CGG) based on cationic guar gum (CGG) for application in wound healing. Methods: HG-CGG (2% w/v) was prepared by gum thickening and evaluated for pH, stability, spreadability, and viscosity. F-CGG was obtained using an aqueous dispersion of CGG (6% w/v) and the solvent casting method. F-CGG was characterized for thickness, weight uniformity, morphology, mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, and swelling potential. Both formulations were evaluated for bioadhesive potential on intact and injured porcine skin, as well as antioxidant activity. F-CGG was further studied for biocompatibility using hemolysis and cell viability assays (L929 fibroblasts), and its wound-healing potential by the scratch assay. Results: HG-CGG showed adequate viscosity and spreadability profiles for wound coverage, but its bioadhesive strength was reduced on injured skin. In contrast, F-CGG maintained consistent bioadhesive strength regardless of skin condition (6554.14 ± 540.57 dyne/cm2 on injured skin), presenting appropriate mechanical properties (flexible, transparent, thin, and resistant) and a high swelling capacity (2032 ± 211% after 6 h). F-CGG demonstrated superior antioxidant potential compared to HG-CGG (20.50 mg/mL ABTS+ radical scavenging activity), in addition to exhibiting low hemolytic potential and no cytotoxicity to fibroblasts. F-CGG promoted the proliferation of L929 cells in vitro, supporting wound healing. Conclusions: Therefore, CGG proved to be a promising material for developing formulations with properties suitable for cutaneous use. F-CGG combines bioadhesion, antioxidant activity, biocompatibility, cell proliferation, and potential wound healing, making it promising for advanced wound treatment.

A novel chitosan-PEG hydrogel embedded with in situ silver nanoparticles of Clerodendrum glandulosum Lindl. extract: evaluation of its in vivo diabetic wound healing properties using an image-guided machine learning model

The pathophysiology of chronic wounds related to diabetes mellitus is a result of a series of complications induced by hyperglycemia. The symptoms include impaired growth factor production, decreased keratinocyte proliferation and migration, reduced angiogenesis and cytokine synthesis, lowered matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production, neuropathy, reduced nitric oxide synthase production, decreased fibroblast synthesis and migration, and impaired inflammatory cell functions. This multifaceted mechanism of diabetic wounds needs a suitable novel topical formulation that can deliver the active constituent by a controlled means, target the various stages of wound healing, absorb the wound exudates, and prevent secondary infections. To meet the above requirements, the Clerodendrum glandulosum (CG) extract reduced silver nanoparticle (AgNP) impregnated chitosan-polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel was synthesized. The findings of the physicochemical characterization studies suggested that the hydrogel exhibited excellent formulation characteristics and showed controlled release for seven days, making it suitable for chronic wound healing studies. In subsequent studies, these formulations showed good antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, and hemocompatibility, with the least cytotoxic properties. The results of the diabetic wound healing studies showed a faster wound closure rate and improved extracellular matrix formation. These antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties suggest that the CG-AgNP loaded chitosan-PEG hydrogel is a promising material for novel topical formulation of diabetic wounds.

A critical overview of challenging roles of medicinal plants in improvement of wound healing technology

PURPOSE

Chronic diseases often hinder the natural healing process, making wound infections a prevalent clinical concern. In severe cases, complications can arise, potentially leading to fatal outcomes. While allopathic treatments offer numerous options for wound repair and management, the enduring popularity of herbal medications may be attributed to their perceived minimal side effects. Hence, this review aims to investigate the potential of herbal remedies in efficiently treating wounds, presenting a promising alternative for consideration.

METHODS

A literature search was done including research, reviews, systematic literature review, meta-analysis, and clinical trials considered. Search engines such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were used while retrieving data. Keywords like Wound healing 'Wound healing and herbal combinations', 'Herbal wound dressing', Nanotechnology and Wound dressing were used.

RESULT

This review provides valuable insights into the role of natural products and technology-based formulations in the treatment of wound infections. It evaluates the use of herbal remedies as an effective approach. Various active principles from herbs, categorized as flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and phenolic compounds, have shown effectiveness in promoting wound closure. A multitude of herbal remedies have demonstrated significant efficacy in wound management, offering an additional avenue for care. The review encompasses a total of 72 studies, involving 127 distinct herbs (excluding any common herbs shared between studies), primarily belonging to the families Asteraceae, Fabaceae, and Apiaceae. In research, rat models were predominantly utilized to assess wound healing activities. Furthermore, advancements in herbal-based formulations using nanotechnology-based wound dressing materials, such as nanofibers, nanoemulsions, nanofiber mats, polymeric fibers, and hydrogel-based microneedles, are underway. These innovations aim to enhance targeted drug delivery and expedite recovery. Several clinical-based experimental studies have already been documented, evaluating the efficacy of various natural products for wound care and management. This signifies a promising direction in the field of wound treatment.

CONCLUSION

In recent years, scientists have increasingly utilized evidence-based medicine and advanced scientific techniques to validate the efficacy of herbal medicines and delve into the underlying mechanisms of their actions. However, there remains a critical need for further research to thoroughly understand how isolated chemicals extracted from herbs contribute to the healing process of intricate wounds, which may have life-threatening consequences. This ongoing research endeavor holds great promise in not only advancing our understanding but also in the development of innovative formulations that expedite the recovery process.

Multifunctional antibacterial hydrogels for chronic wound management

Chronic wounds have gradually evolved into a global health challenge, comprising long-term non-healing wounds, local tissue necrosis, and even amputation in severe cases. Accordingly, chronic wounds place a considerable psychological and economic burden on patients and society. Chronic wounds have multifaceted pathogenesis involving excessive inflammation, insufficient angiogenesis, and elevated reactive oxygen species levels, with bacterial infection playing a crucial role. Hydrogels, renowned for their excellent biocompatibility, moisture retention, swelling properties, and oxygen permeability, have emerged as promising wound repair dressings. However, hydrogels with singular functions fall short of addressing the complex requirements associated with chronic wound healing. Hence, current research emphasises the development of multifunctional antibacterial hydrogels. This article reviews chronic wound characteristics and the properties and classification of antibacterial hydrogels, as well as their potential application in chronic wound management.

Development and characterization of a topical gel, containing lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) oil loaded solid lipid nanoparticles

Gels loaded with nanocarriers offer interesting ways to create novel therapeutic approaches by fusing the benefits of gel and nanotechnology. Clinical studies indicate that lavender oil (Lav-O) has a positive impact on accelerating wound healing properly based on its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. Initially Lav-O loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (Lav-SLN) were prepared incorporating cholesterol and lecithin natural lipids and prepared SLNs were characterized. Next, a 3% SLN containing topical gel (Lav-SLN-G) was formulated using Carbopol 940. Both Lav-SLN and Lav-SLN-G were assessed in terms antibacterial effects against S. aureus. Lav-SLNs revealed a particle size of 19.24 nm, zeta potential of -21.6 mv and EE% of 75.46%. Formulated topical gel presented an acceptable pH and texture properties. Minimum Inhibitory/Bactericidal Concentration (MIC/MBC) against S. aureus for LAv-O, Lav-SLN and Lav-SLN-G were 0.12 and 0.24 mgml- 1, 0.05 and 0.19 mgml- 1 and 0.045, 0.09 mgml- 1, respectively. Therefore, SLN can be considered as an antimicrobial potentiating nano-carrier for delivery of Lav-O as an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent in topical gel.

Carrageenan-xanthan nanocomposite film with improved bioadhesion and permeation profile in human skin: A cutaneous-friendly platform for ketoprofen local delivery

Ketoprofen (KET), commonly used for inflammation in clinical settings, leads to systemic adverse effects with prolonged use, mitigated by topical administration. Nanotechnology-based cutaneous forms, like films, may enhance KET efficacy. Therefore, this study aimed to prepare and characterize films containing KET nanoemulsions (F-NK) regarding mechanical properties, chemical composition and interactions, occlusive potential, bioadhesion, drug permeation in human skin, and safety. The films were prepared using a κ-carrageenan and xanthan gum blend (2 % w/w, ratio 3: 1) plasticized with glycerol through the solvent casting method. Non-nanoemulsioned KET films (F-K) were prepared for comparative purposes. F-NK was flexible and hydrophilic, exhibited higher drug content and better uniformity (94.40 ± 3.61 %), maintained the NK droplet size (157 ± 12 nm), and was thinner and lighter than the F-K. This film also showed increased tensile strength and Young's modulus values, enhanced bioadhesion and occlusive potential, and resulted in more of the drug in the human skin layers. Data also suggested that nano-based formulations are homogeneous and more stable than F-KET. Hemolysis and chorioallantoic membrane tests suggested the formulations' safety. Thus, the nano-based film is suitable for cutaneous KET delivery, which may improve the drug's efficacy in managing inflammatory conditions.

Therapeutic Management of Malignant Wounds: An Update

OPINION STATEMENT

Malignant fungating wounds (MFW) are severe skin conditions generating tremendous distress in oncological patients with advanced cancer stages because of pain, malodor, exudation, pruritus, inflammation, edema, and bleeding. The classical therapeutic approaches such as surgery, opioids, antimicrobials, and application of different wound dressings are failing in handling pain, odor, and infection control, thus urgently requiring the development of alternative strategies. The aim of this review was to provide an update on the current therapeutic strategies and the perspectives on developing novel alternatives for better malignant wound management. The last decade screened literature evidenced an increasing interest in developing natural treatment alternatives based on beehive, plant extracts, pure vegetal compounds, and bacteriocins. Promising therapeutics can also be envisaged by involving nanotechnology due to either intrinsic biological activities or drug delivery properties of nanomaterials. Despite recent progress in the field of malignant wound care, the literature is still mainly based on in vitro and in vivo studies on small animal models, while the case reports and clinical trials (less than 10 and only one providing public results) remain scarce. Some innovative treatment approaches are used in clinical practice without prior extensive testing in fungating wound patients. Extensive research is urgently needed to fill this knowledge gap and translate the identified promising therapeutic approaches to more advanced testing stages toward creating multidimensional wound care strategies.

Exploring the recent developments of alginate silk fibroin material for hydrogel wound dressing: A review

Hydrogels, a type of polymeric material capable of retaining water within a three-dimensional network, have demonstrated their potential in wound healing, surpassing traditional wound dressings. These hydrogels possess remarkable mechanical, chemical, and biological properties, making them suitable scaffolds for tissue regeneration. This article aims to emphasize the advantages of alginate, silk fibroin, and hydrogel-based wound dressings, specifically highlighting their crucial functions that accelerate the healing process of skin wounds. Noteworthy functions include self-healing ability, water solubility, anti-inflammatory properties, adhesion, antimicrobial properties, drug delivery, conductivity, and responsiveness to stimuli. Moreover, recent advancements in hydrogel technology have resulted in the development of wound dressings with enhanced features for monitoring wound progression, further augmenting their effectiveness. This review emphasizes the utilization of hydrogel membranes for treating excisional and incisional wounds, while exploring recent breakthroughs in hydrogel wound dressings, including nanoparticle composite hydrogels, stem cell hydrogel composites, and curcumin-hydrogel composites. Additionally, the review focuses on diverse synthesis procedures, designs, and potential applications of hydrogels in wound healing dressings.

Wound Gel with Antimicrobial Effects Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol and Functional Aryloxycyclotriphosphazene

A silver-containing gel based on polyvinyl alcohol and aryloxycyclotriphosphazene containing β-carboxyethenylphenoxy and p-formylphenoxy groups has been developed. Phosphazene was synthesized via the Doebner reaction from hexakis[(4-formyl)phenoxy]cyclotriphosphazene and malonic acid and characterized by ¹H, ¹³C, and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The study of the gel using scanning electron microscopy showed that the gel contains open pores and can absorb wound exudate. The maximum water absorption capacity of the gel was 272%, which was reached after 80 min of testing. The antimicrobial activity of the obtained silver-containing gel was evaluated using the diffusion method. The gel was found to inhibit the growth of the main microorganisms in contact with the skin: the bacteria S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, B. subtilis, S. epidermidis, and C. stationis and the fungus C. albicans. The study of the wound-healing effect of the gel in vivo showed a decrease in the wound area of the rabbit hind limb by 91.43% (p < 0.05) on the 10th day of observation and a decrease in the content of C-reactive protein in the rabbit blood serum by 1.3 times (p < 0.05).

Transforming Wound Management: Nanomaterials and Their Clinical Impact

Wound healing is a complex process that can be further complicated in chronic wounds, leading to prolonged healing times, high healthcare costs, and potential patient morbidity. Nanotechnology has shown great promise in developing advanced wound dressings that promote wound healing and prevent infection. The review article presents a comprehensive search strategy that was applied to four databases, namely Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar, using specific keywords and inclusion/exclusion criteria to select a representative sample of 164 research articles published between 2001 and 2023. This review article provides an updated overview of the different types of nanomaterials used in wound dressings, including nanofibers, nanocomposites, silver-based nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles. Several recent studies have shown the potential benefits of using nanomaterials in wound care, including the use of hydrogel/nano silver-based dressings in treating diabetic foot wounds, the use of copper oxide-infused dressings in difficult-to-treat wounds, and the use of chitosan nanofiber mats in burn dressings. Overall, developing nanomaterials in wound care has complemented nanotechnology in drug delivery systems, providing biocompatible and biodegradable nanomaterials that enhance wound healing and provide sustained drug release. Wound dressings are an effective and convenient method of wound care that can prevent wound contamination, support the injured area, control hemorrhaging, and reduce pain and inflammation. This review article provides valuable insights into the potential role of individual nanoformulations used in wound dressings in promoting wound healing and preventing infections, and serves as an excellent resource for clinicians, researchers, and patients seeking improved healing outcomes.