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Fischer VKS, Rothschild MA, Kneubuehl BP, Kamphausen T. Skin simulants for wound ballistic investigation - an experimental study. Int J Legal Med 2024:10.1007/s00414-024-03223-1. [PMID: 38570340 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Gunshot wound analysis is an important part of medicolegal practice, in both autopsies and examinations of living persons. Well-established and studied simulants exist that exhibit both physical and biomechanical properties of soft-tissues and bones. Current research literature on ballistic wounds focuses on the biomechanical properties of skin simulants. In our extensive experimental study, we tested numerous synthetic and natural materials, regarding their macromorphological bullet impact characteristics, and compared these data with those from real bullet injuries gathered from medicolegal practice. Over thirty varieties of potential skin simulants were shot perpendicularly, and at 45°, at a distance of 10 m and 0.3 m, using full metal jacket (FMJ) projectiles (9 × 19 mm Luger). Simulants included ballistic gelatine at various concentrations, dental silicones with several degrees of hardness, alginates, latex, chamois leather, suture trainers for medical training purposes and various material compound models. In addition to complying to the general requirements for a synthetic simulant, results obtained from dental silicones shore hardness 70 (backed with 20 % by mass gelatine), were especially highly comparable to gunshot entry wounds in skin from real cases. Based on these results, particularly focusing on the macroscopically detectable criteria, we can strongly recommend dental silicone shore hardness 70 as a skin simulant for wound ballistics examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K S Fischer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Melatenguertel 60/62, 50823, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Markus A Rothschild
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Melatenguertel 60/62, 50823, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Kamphausen
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Melatenguertel 60/62, 50823, Cologne, Germany
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Oura P, Niinimäki J, Brix M, Lammentausta E, Liimatainen T, Junno A, Junno JA. Observing the fragmentation of two expanding bullet types and a full metal-jacketed bullet with computed tomography-a forensic ballistics case study. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:671-676. [PMID: 37455274 PMCID: PMC10861703 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) may have a crucial role in the forensic documentation and analysis of firearm injuries. The aim of this forensic ballistics case study was to explore whether two types of expanding bullets and a full metal-jacketed bullet could be differentiated by inspecting bullet fragments and fragmentation pattern in CT. Three types of .30 caliber bullets (full metal-jacketed Norma Jaktmatch, expanding full-copper Norma Ecostrike, and expanding soft-point Norma Oryx) were test fired from a distance of 5 m to blocks of 10% ballistic gelatine. CT scans of the blocks were obtained with clinical equipment and metal artifact reduction. Radiopaque fragments were identified and fragmentation parameters were obtained from the scans (total number of fragments, maximum diameter of the largest fragment, distance between entrance and the closest fragment, length of the fragment cloud, and maximum diameters of the fragment cloud). The fragmentation patterns were additionally visualized by means of 3D reconstruction. In CT, the bullet types differed in several fragmentation parameters. While the expanding full-copper bullet Ecostrike left behind only a single fragment near the end of the bullet channel, the soft-point Oryx had hundreds of fragments deposited throughout the channel. For both expanding bullets Ecostrike and Oryx, the fragments were clearly smaller than those left behind by the full metal-jacketed Jaktmatch. This was surprising as the full metal-jacketed bullet was expected to remain intact. The fragment cloud of Jaktmatch had similar mediolateral and superoinferior diameters to that of Oryx; however, fragments were deposited in the second half of the gelatine block, and not throughout the block. This case study provides a basis and potential methodology for further experiments. The findings are expected to benefit forensic practitioners with limited background information on gunshot injury cases, for example, those that involve several potential firearms or atypical gunshot wounds. The findings may prove beneficial for both human and wildlife forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Oura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Jaakko Niinimäki
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikael Brix
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eveliina Lammentausta
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Timo Liimatainen
- Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, 90220, Oulu, Finland
| | - Alina Junno
- Department of Archaeology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juho-Antti Junno
- Department of Archaeology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland
- Archaelogy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 4, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Azhar B, Gunawan S, Febriana Setyadi ER, Majidah L, Taufany F, Atmaja L, Aparamarta HW. Purification and separation of glucomannan from porang tuber flour ( Amorphophallus muelleri) using microwave assisted extraction as an innovative gelatine substituent. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21972. [PMID: 38034783 PMCID: PMC10682115 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelatine is frequently used as a food ingredient. However, Indonesia imports almost all of its gelatine, totaling 3990152 tons annually. Gelatine could be replaced with glucomannan compound which was found in porang tubers. However, it also contains calcium oxalate, which is harmful for the human body. In this study, calcium oxalate was first eliminated by the purification process using 10 % NaCl (w/w). Moreover, the microwave-assisted extraction method was used to extract the glucomannan compound by applying 300 W of microwave power with different extraction times (5, 10, 15, and 20 min) and different ethanol concentrations (60, 70, 80, and 96 %). Statistical analysis was used to optimize and identify significant parameters influencing the glucomannan concentration. The best conditions for glucomannan extraction were an extraction time of 10 min and an ethanol concentration of 80 % (v/v), resulting in a glucomannan yield of ≥96 %. Machine learning was successfully applied for data modelling using a Long Short-Term Memory block with an average R-square of 0.9772 (97.72 % accuracy) and an average MSE of 4.7719. Furthermore, physical and chemical characteristics of the extracted porang flour were accorded with SNI gelatine standards 06-3735 in 1995, which consisted of glucomannan (96.359 ± 1.164 %), calcium oxalate (0.009 ± 0.001 %), water (2.290 ± 0.986 %), ash (0.018 ± 0.002 %), fat (0.0235 ± 0.120 %), heavy metals (not identified), and pH (6.455 ± 0.191). Finally, the extracted glucomannan can be used as a potential regional substitute for gelatine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badril Azhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Setiyo Gunawan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | | | - Lailiyah Majidah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Fadlilatul Taufany
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Lukman Atmaja
- Department of Chemistry, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
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Orhan Dereli B, Türkyılmaz M, Özkan M. Clarification of pomegranate and strawberry juices: Effects of various clarification agents on turbidity, anthocyanins, colour, phenolics and antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2023; 413:135672. [PMID: 36804743 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Effects of clarification on turbidity, anthocyanins (ACNs), colour, phenolics, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity (AA) of pomegranate (PJ) and strawberry juices (SJ) were investigated. Cold-clarification was applied to PJ using only gelatine. For hot-clarification of both juices, bentonite, gelatine and kieselsol were used. Moreover, pectolytic enzyme was added to SJ that contains pectin. Depectinization caused an increase in colour density of SJ and bentonite treatment resulted in low turbidity (9.5 NTU). However, gelatine and kieselsol significantly reduced ACN content (15%) and increased turbidity (70.1 NTU). In PJ, no step during hot-clarification provided low turbidity (93.2-162.0 NTU), while relatively low turbidity (28.7 NTU) and anthocyanin loss (9.8%) was achieved during cold-clarification. Hot-clarification of SJ showed no effect on AA and phenolics, while cold-clarification of PJ reduced both to a limited extent. Therefore, depectinization and bentonite treatment are recommended for hot-clarification of SJ and gelatine for cold-clarification of PJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Orhan Dereli
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 50. Yıl Campus Gölbaşı, 06830 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meltem Türkyılmaz
- Institute of Food Safety, Ankara University, Diskapi, 06110 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Özkan
- Department of Food Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 50. Yıl Campus Gölbaşı, 06830 Ankara, Turkey
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Kerkhoff W, Visser M, Mattijssen EJAT, Hermsen R, Alberink IB. A combined cowhide/ gelatine soft tissue simulant for ballistic studies. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 338:111392. [PMID: 35872541 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ballistic resistance of a combined soft tissue simulant was studied, consisting of gelatine as a simulant for human muscle tissue and tanned cowhide (leather) as a simulant for human skin. The simulant was manufactured by applying cowhide to liquid ballistic gelatine, as the gelatine solidified in its mould. Combining a skin and muscle tissue simulant in this adhered way opens the possibility to produce purpose-built proxies for human body parts in ballistic studies or for forensic shooting incident reconstructions. Ballistic resistance of adhered cowhide - (bonded) to solidifying ballistic gelatine - was compared to that of the same material applied on gelatine blocks in loose condition. Ballistic resistance of tanned cowhide was found to be more consistent in adhered condition. This enhanced consistency is a benefit, increasing reproducibility of results in ballistic studies. Additionally, two ways to assess ballistic resistance of a skin simulant were described and compared. Logistic regression, from a number of measured velocities and associated (non)perforations is recommended for testing ballistic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Kerkhoff
- Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI), PO Box 24044, 2490 AA The Hague, the Netherlands.
| | - M Visser
- Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences (AUAS), Forensic Science Group, PO Box 1209, 1000 BE Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E J A T Mattijssen
- Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI), PO Box 24044, 2490 AA The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - R Hermsen
- Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI), PO Box 24044, 2490 AA The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - I B Alberink
- Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI), PO Box 24044, 2490 AA The Hague, the Netherlands
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Ahmady A, Abu Samah NH. A review: Gelatine as a bioadhesive material for medical and pharmaceutical applications. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121037. [PMID: 34438009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bioadhesive polymers offer versatility to medical and pharmaceutical inventions. The incorporation of such materials to conventional dosage forms or medical devices may confer or improve the adhesivity of the bioadhesive systems, subsequently prolonging their residence time at the site of absorption or action and providing sustained release of actives with improved bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes. For decades, much focus has been put on scientific works to replace synthetic polymers with biopolymers with desirable functional properties. Gelatine has been considered one of the most promising biopolymers. Despite its biodegradability, biocompatibility and unique biological properties, gelatine exhibits poor mechanical and adhesive properties, limiting its end-use applications. The chemical modification and blending of gelatine with other biomaterials are strategies proposed to improve its bioadhesivity. Here we discuss the classical approaches involving a variety of polymer blends and composite systems containing gelatine, and gelatine modifications via thiolation, methacrylation, catechol conjugation, amination and other newly devised strategies. We highlight several of the latest studies on these strategies and their relevant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Ahmady
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hayati Abu Samah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Puncak Alam, Malaysia.
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Jiang M, Li Z, Liu K, Zhang R, Wu Z. Numerical study of the dynamic expansion behaviour of 9 mm expansion bullets in gelatine. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 329:111051. [PMID: 34688187 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Due to their limited penetration power, expansion bullets are known for their good effectiveness and less endangerment to bystanders, thereby playing an important role in the fight against terrorism and violence. This study considered 20 bullet configurations with different shape parameters influencing the motion and deformation of 9 mm expansion bullets in gelatine. Owing to the constraints of high-speed photography, experimental observations have limitations. However, through numerical simulation, this study found that the penetration process of the 9 mm expansion bullets through biological tissues, as represented by the gelatine block in this study, can be subdivided into four stages. Further, the expansion bullet is highly sensitive to the impact velocity, and did not completely expand when travelling at speeds below the critical velocity and over-expanded when travelling at speeds above the threshold velocity. The results of this study revealed the interaction mechanism between expansion bullets and gelatine, which are significant to ballistic wounding assessment and treatment of expansion bullets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210094.
| | - Zhongxin Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210094.
| | - Kun Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210094.
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210094.
| | - Zhilin Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 210094.
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Tireki S, Sumnu G, Sahin S. Correlation between physical and sensorial properties of gummy confections with different formulations during storage. J Food Sci Technol 2021; 58:3397-3408. [PMID: 34366457 PMCID: PMC8292526 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04923-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Gummy confections are popular products formulated with sucrose, glucose syrups, gelling agents, acids, flavourings and colouring agents. They have various commercial types in terms of formulation, texture, taste and colour, however, there is inadequate investigation on storage behavior of these products. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of glucose syrup:sucrose ratio (1.1 and 1.5), starch (0% and 1.5%) and gelatine concentration (3% and 6%) on texture profile, colour and sensory properties of gummy confections during storage. It was also aimed to correlate sensorial changes with physical properties measured by instrumental techniques during storage at 10 °C, 20 °C and 30 °C. The highest increase in hardness was observed for formulation with 1.1 glucose syrup:sucrose ratio, no starch and 6% gelatine. Storage temperature had no significant effect on cohesiveness. It was seen that rate of colour change increased with storage time and temperature. Formulation with glucose syrup:sucrose ratio of 1.5, no starch and 6% gelatine had the highest sensory scores. This formulation was found to be the most stable formulation in terms of hardness and gumminess, meaning that it would need a stable mastication during storage. Sensorial changes of gummy confections were found to be correlated with instrumental results of texture and colour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Tireki
- Food Engineering Department, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Food Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gulum Sumnu
- Food Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serpil Sahin
- Food Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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Marx G, Zacharowski K, Ichai C, Asehnoune K, Černý V, Dembinski R, Ferrer Roca R, Fries D, Molnar Z, Rosenberger P, Sanchez-Sanchez M, Schürholz T, Dehnhardt T, Schmier S, von Kleist E, Brauer U, Simon TP. Efficacy and safety of early target-controlled plasma volume replacement with a balanced gelatine solution versus a balanced electrolyte solution in patients with severe sepsis/septic shock: study protocol, design, and rationale of a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicentric, international clinical trial : GENIUS-Gelatine use in ICU and sepsis. Trials 2021; 22:376. [PMID: 34078421 PMCID: PMC8170449 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is associated with capillary leakage and vasodilatation and leads to hypotension and tissue hypoperfusion. Early plasma volume replacement is required to achieve haemodynamic stability (HDS) and maintain adequate tissue oxygenation. The right choice of fluids to be used for plasma volume replacement (colloid or crystalloid solutions) is still a matter of debate, and large trials investigating the use of colloid solutions containing gelatine are missing. This study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of plasma volume replacement using either a combined gelatine-crystalloid regime (1:1 ratio) or a pure crystalloid regime. METHODS This is a prospective, controlled, randomized, double-blind, international, multicentric phase IV study with two parallel groups that is planned to be conducted at European intensive care units (ICUs) in a population of patients with hypovolaemia in severe sepsis/septic shock. A total of 608 eligible patients will be randomly assigned to receive either a gelatine-crystalloid regime (Gelaspan® 4% and Sterofundin® ISO, B. Braun Melsungen AG, in a 1:1 ratio) or a pure crystalloid regime (Sterofundin® ISO) for plasma volume replacement. The primary outcome is defined as the time needed to achieve HDS. Plasma volume replacement will be target-controlled, i.e. fluids will only be administered to volume-responsive patients. Volume responsiveness will be assessed through passive leg raising or fluid challenges. The safety and efficacy of both regimens will be assessed daily for 28 days or until ICU discharge (whichever occurs first) as the secondary outcomes of this study. Follow-up visits/calls will be scheduled on day 28 and day 90. DISCUSSION This study aims to generate evidence regarding which regimen-a gelatine-crystalloid regimen or a pure crystalloid regimen-is more effective in achieving HDS in critically ill patients with hypovolaemia. Study participants in both groups will benefit from the increased safety of target-controlled plasma volume replacement, which prevents fluid administration to already haemodynamically stable patients and reduces the risk of harmful fluid overload. TRIAL REGISTRATION The European clinical trial database EudraCT 2015-000057-20 and the ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration and Results System ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02715466 . Registered on 17 March 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Marx
- Klinik für Operative Intensivmedizin und Intermediate Care, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt/Main, Goethe Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Carole Ichai
- Université Côte d'Azur Service de Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Pasteur 2 - CHU de Nice, 30 Voie Romaine, 06000, Nice, France
| | - Karim Asehnoune
- Université de Nantes, CHU - L'Hôtel Dieu, 1, Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - Vladimír Černý
- Krajská zdravotní, a.s., Masarykova nemocnice v Ústí nad Labem, o.z., Sociální péče 3316/12A, 401 13, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Rolf Dembinski
- Klinik für Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin, Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, St. Jürgen-Straße 1, 28177, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ricard Ferrer Roca
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dietmar Fries
- Allgemeine und Chirurgische Intensivstation, Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zsolt Molnar
- School of Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Pécs, 12 Szigeti St, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Poznan University for Medical Sciences, 49 Przybyszewskiego St, 60-355, Poznan, Poland
| | - Peter Rosenberger
- Universitätsklinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Sanchez-Sanchez
- Hospital Universitario La Paz, Cantoblanco-Carlos III/Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Paseo de la Castellana, 261, 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tobias Schürholz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivtherapie, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tamara Dehnhardt
- Medical Scientific Affairs, B. Braun Melsungen AG, Carl-Braun-Straße 1, 34212, Melsungen, Germany
| | - Sonja Schmier
- Medical Scientific Affairs, B. Braun Melsungen AG, Carl-Braun-Straße 1, 34212, Melsungen, Germany
| | - Elke von Kleist
- Medical Scientific Affairs, B. Braun Melsungen AG, Carl-Braun-Straße 1, 34212, Melsungen, Germany
| | - Ute Brauer
- Medical Scientific Affairs, B. Braun Melsungen AG, Carl-Braun-Straße 1, 34212, Melsungen, Germany
| | - Tim-Philipp Simon
- Klinik für Operative Intensivmedizin und Intermediate Care, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Berketa J, Higgins D. The use of gelling agents to preserve burnt teeth within the dental alveoli for dental human identification - a study utilising sheep mandibles. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2021; 17:72-77. [PMID: 33405072 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-020-00344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dental comparison is one of the primary methods of scientific identification of severely incinerated human remains. However, due to the fragile nature of the remains dental structures may be lost or damaged during recovery and transportation, limiting the amount of evidence available for examination. In addition to protecting the head, stabilization of the oral structures with an adhesive substance that will not interfere with the dental examination is ideal. A number of materials have been described in previous studies, however, no optimal method has yet to be indicated. Many of these materials contain petrochemicals, which have been shown to be a contamination risk. Wheatpaste solution has been demonstrated to be a viable alternative but has demonstrated handling issues and is not optimal in some environments. This study explores the stabilization of burnt teeth utilizing gelatin and agar solutions as alternatives to wheatpaste. Like wheatpaste solution, these materials are inexpensive, simple to use and are free from petrochemicals. Anterior sections of sheep mandibles were incinerated and subsequently solutions of agar, gelatin or wheatpaste were applied. The jaw fragments were then subjected to vibration and the number of teeth retained within the bone was recorded and compared to untreated incinerated jaw fragments. Although agar solution demonstrated serious handling issues, gelatin solution provided stabilization equivalent to that of wheatpaste. Gelatin also performed well at lower temperature conditions under which wheatpaste has been shown to perform poorly.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Berketa
- Forensic Odontology Unit, University of Adelaide, Level 3 Helen Mayo South Frome Rd., Adelaide, South Australia, 5067, Australia.
| | - Denice Higgins
- Forensic Odontology Unit, University of Adelaide, Level 3 Helen Mayo South Frome Rd., Adelaide, South Australia, 5067, Australia
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Selvarajah J, Mh Busra MF, Bin Saim A, Bt Hj Idrus R, Lokanathan Y. Development and physicochemical analysis of genipin-crosslinked gelatine sponge as a potential resorbable nasal pack. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2020; 31:1722-1740. [PMID: 32458725 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1774841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nasal injury following nasal surgery is an adverse consequence, and prompt treatment should be initiated. Nasal packing, either non-absorbable or absorbable, are commonly used after nasal surgery to prevent bleeding and promote wound healing. In the current study, a novel gelatine sponge crosslinked with genipin was evaluated for suitability to be used as nasal packing and compared to one of the frequently used commercial nasal packing made up of polyurethane. Gelatine at 7% and 10% (w/v) concentration were crosslinked with varying concentrations of genipin, 0.5%, 0.25%, and 0.2% (v/v). The gelatine sponges were further characterised by its water uptake ability, biodegradation, water vapour transmission rate, porosity, contact angle, chemical composition, crosslinking degree, and mechanical properties. The gelatine sponges absorbed five times more water than their dry weight and were degraded within five days. The water vapour transmission rate of the gelatine sponges was 1187.7 ± 430.2 g/(m-2 day) for 7% gelatine and 779.4 ± 375.5 g/(m-2 day) for 10% gelatine. Crosslinking of gelatine with genipin resulted in lower porosity and did not affect the wettability of gelatine sponge (contact angle: 95.3 ± 12.1° for 7% gelatine and 88.4 ± 7.2° for 10% gelatine). In terms of biodegradability, the gelatine sponges took 24-48 h to degrade completely. Genipin crosslinking improved the degradation resistance and mechanical strength of gelatine sponge. The physical and chemical properties of the gelatine sponge, i.e. biodegradability and mechanical durability, support its potential as nasal packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jegadevswari Selvarajah
- Tissue Engineering Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fauzi Mh Busra
- Tissue Engineering Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aminuddin Bin Saim
- Ear, Nose & Throat Consultant Clinic, Ampang Puteri Specialist Hospital, Ampang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ruszymah Bt Hj Idrus
- Tissue Engineering Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yogeswaran Lokanathan
- Tissue Engineering Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Liu G, Fu M, Li F, Fu W, Zhao Z, Xia H, Niu Y. Tissue-engineered PLLA/ gelatine nanofibrous scaffold promoting the phenotypic expression of epithelial and smooth muscle cells for urethral reconstruction. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2020; 111:110810. [PMID: 32279818 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The repair and regeneration of tissues using tissue-engineered scaffolds represent the ultimate goal of regenerative medicine. Despite rapid developments in the field, urethral tissue engineering methods are still insufficient to replicate natural urethral tissue because the bioactivity of existing scaffolds is inefficient, especially for large tissue defects, which require large tissue-engineered scaffolds. Here, we describe the efficiency of gelatine-functionalized, tubular nanofibrous scaffolds of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) in regulating the phenotypic expression of epithelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) for urethral reconstruction. Flexible PLLA/gelatine tubular nanofibrous scaffolds with hierarchical architecture were fabricated by electrospinning. The PLLA/gelatine nanofibrous scaffold exhibited enhanced hydrophilicity and significantly promoted the adhesion, oriented elongation, and proliferation of New Zealand rabbit autologous ECs and SMCs simultaneously. Compared with pure PLLA nanofibrous scaffold, PLLA/gelatine nanofibrous scaffolds upregulated the expression of keratin (AE1/AE3) in ECs and actin (α-SMA) in SMCs as well as the synthesis of elastin. Three months of in vivo scaffold replacement of New Zealand rabbit urethras indicated that a tubular cellularized PLLA/gelatine nanofibrous scaffold maintained urethral patency and facilitated oriented SMC remodeling, lumen epithelialization, and angiogenesis. Our observations showed the synergistic effects of nano-morphology and biochemical clues in the design of biomimetic scaffolds, which can effectively promote urethral regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Ming Fu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wen Fu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhang Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Huimin Xia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuqing Niu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Krah-Sinan AA, Adou-Assoumou M, Xavier Djolé S, Diemer F, Gurgel M. The Effects of Sodium Hypochlorite on Organic Matters: Influences of Concentration, Renewal Frequency and Contact Area. Iran Endod J 2020; 15:18-22. [PMID: 36704318 PMCID: PMC9723213 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v15i1.23797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) reacts mainly with proteins and its effectiveness depends on the substances chemical reactivity. It has been reported that volume, concentration, renewal, time, temperature and contact area affect the diffusion of NaOCl in the root canal. However, the relationship between some of these factors is not clear. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of volume, contact area, concentration and renewal frequency of 2.5% and 9.8% NaOCl solutions on their organic matter dissolving-capacity. Methods and Materials Pieces of gelatine (18% w/v) with standardized weight, form and structure were either fully or partially exposed to a 2.5% or 9.8% NaOCl solution. In three successive studies, biological dissolution-capacity of NaOCl was tested under different conditions. In experiment 1 the effect of volume/time, in experiment 2 the time/concentration/renewal frequency and in experiment 3 the contact area/renewal frequency/concentration/time of 2.5% or 9.8% NaOCl solutions on dissolving-capacity of organic matter were studied. The weight loss of gelatine pieces over time was registered. The non-parametric tests of Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis at the 5% threshold were used for statistical analysis. Results The differences between the two concentrations of NaOCl solution (2.5% and 9.8%) are statistically significant in the effects of different volumes on total dissolution time (P<0.05). Differences in weight loss according to the concentration of the NaOCl solution used (2.5% or 9.8%) were significant after 2 min of contact time (P<0.05). Differences in weight loss between the model and the tube are significant (P<0.05) when the solution is repeated every 30 sec and every 1 min after 2 min of contact. Conclusion This in vitro study showed that using a more concentrated NaOCl solution would certainly improve the endodontic disinfection, but the biological risk in case of apical extrusion should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Akissi Krah-Sinan
- Endodontic and Restorative Department, Félix Houphouët Boigny University of Abidjan, BP V 612 Abidjan 22, Ivory Coast; ,Corresponding author: Aline Akissi Krah-Sinan, Endodontic and Restorative Department, Félix Houphouët Boigny University of Abidjan, BP V 612 Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire. Tel: +22-507 609284, E-mail:
| | - Marie Adou-Assoumou
- Endodontic and Restorative Department, Félix Houphouët Boigny University of Abidjan, BP V 612 Abidjan 22, Ivory Coast
| | - Stéphane Xavier Djolé
- Endodontic and Restorative Department, Félix Houphouët Boigny University of Abidjan, BP V 612 Abidjan 22, Ivory Coast
| | - Franck Diemer
- Endodontic and Restorative Department, Faculty of Dental Surgery, 3 Chemin des Maraichers, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Gurgel
- Endodontic and Restorative Department, Faculty of Dental Surgery, 3 Chemin des Maraichers, 31062 Toulouse, France
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Alvi MM, Nicoletto RE, Eshmawi BA, Kim HK, Cammarata CR, Ofner CM. Intracellular trafficking and cytotoxicity of a gelatine-doxorubicin conjugate in two breast cancer cell lines. J Drug Target 2019; 28:487-499. [PMID: 31601131 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1679820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Details of intracellular pathways of cytotoxicity remain unclear for doxorubicin conjugates being studied to treat breast cancer tumours. A high molecular weight gelatine-doxorubicin conjugate was investigated with an emphasis on lysosome participation. The conjugate was synthesised and characterised. Cell uptake and cellular localisation in MCF-7 and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA-MB-231 cells were determined with fluorescence microscopy. Nuclear content of released DOX was determined by UHPLC. Cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT assay. Lysosome membrane permeabilization (LMP) was followed by lysosomal release of fluorescently labelled dextran. After incubation at an equivalent 10 µM DOX, conjugate lysosome accumulation was substantial in both cell lines by 24 h, at which time the conjugate cytotoxic effect was first observed. By 48 h, the conjugate was nearly fourfold more toxic in TNBC than in MCF-7 cells. The MCF-7 nucleus drug content from conjugate released DOX was small but confirmed intra-lysosomal drug release. The conjugate induced LMP in 100% of TNBC cells but LMP was virtually absent in MCF-7 cells. These results suggest that the conjugate induces cytotoxicity by a lysosomal pathway in MDA-MB-231 cells and has potential for treatment of TNBC tumours. Support: NIH/NCI R15CA135421, the Agnes Varis Trust for Women's Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Alvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel E Nicoletto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bayan A Eshmawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hyun Kate Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher R Cammarata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Clyde M Ofner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Basha MAF. Optical properties and colorimetry of gelatine gels prepared in different saline solutions. J Adv Res 2019; 16:55-65. [PMID: 30899589 PMCID: PMC6412942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelatine has been widely used in many multidisciplinary research fields due to its biocompatibility. Using saline solutions in the gelation of gelatine allows for new properties to be incorporated into the prepared gels. This study examined the optical and colour properties of gelatine gels prepared in saline solutions, containing three different metal chlorides (NiCl2·6H2O, CoCl2·6H2O, and CrCl3·6H2O) with concentrations of up to 50%, to prepare three groups of gels. FTIR spectroscopy indicated a loss in the helical structure of the metal-containing gelatine gels, and a shift in the amide bands towards lower wavenumbers. From the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the starting degradation temperatures (SDTs) of the prepared gelatine gels were found to be correlated to the concentration of the gelling solutions. All SDTs were above 250 °C, making these gels suitable for standing temperatures beyond the daily range. UV-vis spectroscopy showed that d-d transitions were responsible for the colour properties of the metal-containing gelatine gels. It is concluded that the studied properties and the measured parameters were found to depend on both salt type and concentration. With the current findings, the prepared gels can be used as optical thermometers, colour-selective corner cube retroreflectors, laser components, and coatings for OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A F Basha
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12613, Giza, Egypt
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16
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Stevenson T, Carr DJ, Stapley SA. The effect of military clothing on gunshot wounding patterns in gelatine. Int J Legal Med 2019; 133:1121-31. [PMID: 30488352 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-018-1972-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
With no two gunshot wounds (GSW) being the same, novel research into wound ballistics is challenging. It is evident that the majority of previous wound ballistic research has been conducted without the presence of clothing. Whilst the effect of clothing on wound contamination has been explored, there is a paucity of literature examining the effect of clothing on GSW patterns. The aim of this study was to test the effect of Multi-Terrain Pattern (MTP) UK military clothing on GSW patterns within calibrated blocks of 10% by mass gelatine, using two types of ammunition commonly used in recent conflicts—7.62 × 39 mm and 5.45 × 39 mm. In total, 36 blocks were shot, 18 by each projectile type, further divided into 6 with no clothing layers (Cnil), 6 with a single clothing layer (Cmin) and 6 with maximum clothing layers (Cmax) worn on active duty. Blocks were analysed with high-speed video and dissection to capture measurements of damage, and results compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed significantly different damage measurements within blocks with Cmax for both ammunition types compared to the other clothing states. This may result in GSWs that require more extensive surgical management, inviting further study.
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Wauthoz N, Hennia I, Ecenarro S, Amighi K. Impact of capsule type on aerodynamic performance of inhalation products: A case study using a formoterol-lactose binary or ternary blend. Int J Pharm 2018; 553:47-56. [PMID: 30321640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aerodynamic performance of a dry powder for inhalation depends on the formulation and the dry powder inhaler (DPI). In the case of capsule-based DPIs, the capsule also plays a role in the powder aerosolisation and the dispersion of the micronized drug during the inhalation. This study evaluated the impact of gelatine capsules (Quali-G™ and Hard Gelatine Capsules for DPIs), cold-gelled hypromellose (HPMC) capsules (Quali-V®-I and Vcaps®) and thermal-gelled HPMC capsules (Vcaps®Plus) from Qualicaps® and Capsugel® respectively, on the delivered dose (DD), fine particle dose (FPD), and capsule retention for formoterol-lactose binary and ternary blends. This study used a low resistance Axahaler® DPI based on the RS01 design (Plastiape, Italy). Similar trends were observed with the different capsule types that packaged both dry powder formulations. The highest DD and FPD and the lowest formoterol capsule retention were observed with cold-gelled HPMC capsules such as Quali-V-I® and Vcaps®, without significant differences between these capsules (p > 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Newman-Keuls post-hoc test) for both dry powders. Therefore, the capsule composition and manufacturing process have an influence on aerodynamic performance. In addition, the ternary blend showed higher DDs and FPDs but also higher capsule retention in comparison to the binary blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Wauthoz
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ismaël Hennia
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Karim Amighi
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
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Abstract
Blocks of gelatine are used in both lethality and survivability studies for broadly the same reason, i.e. comparison of ammunition effects using a material that it is assumed represents (some part of) the human body. The gelatine is used to visualise the temporary and permanent wound profiles; elements of which are recognised as providing a reasonable approximation to wounding in humans. One set of researchers aim to improve the lethality of the projectile, and the other to understand the effects of the projectile on the body to improve survivability. Research areas that use gelatine blocks are diverse and include ammunition designers, the medical and forensics communities and designers of ballistic protective equipment (including body armour). This paper aims to provide an overarching review of the use of gelatine for wound ballistics studies; it is not intended to provide an extensive review of wound ballistics as that already exists, e.g. Legal Med 23:21-29, 2016. Key messages are that test variables, projectile type (bullet, fragmentation), impact site on the body and intermediate layers (e.g. clothing, personal protective equipment (PPE)) can affect the resulting wound profiles.
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Al-Jawoosh S, Ireland A, Su B. Fabrication and characterisation of a novel biomimetic anisotropic ceramic/polymer-infiltrated composite material. Dent Mater 2018; 34:994-1002. [PMID: 29653726 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To fabricate and characterise a novel biomimetic composite material consisting of aligned porous ceramic preforms infiltrated with polymer. METHOD Freeze-casting was used to fabricate and control the microstructure and porosity of ceramic preforms, which were subsequently infiltrated with 40-50% by volume UDMA-TEGDMA polymer. The composite materials were then subjected to characterisation, namely density, compression, three-point bend, hardness and fracture toughness testing. Samples were also subjected to scanning electron microscopy and computerised tomography (Micro-CT). RESULTS Three-dimensional aligned honeycomb-like ceramic structures were produced and full interpenetration of the polymer phase was observed using micro-CT. Depending on the volume fraction of the ceramic preform, the density of the final composite ranged from 2.92 to 3.36g/cm3, compressive strength ranged from 206.26 to 253.97MPa, flexural strength from 97.73 to 145.65MPa, hardness ranged from 1.46 to 1.62GPa, and fracture toughness from 3.91 to 4.86MPam1/2. SIGNIFICANCE Freeze-casting provides a novel method to engineer composite materials with a unique aligned honeycomb-like interpenetrating structure, consisting of two continuous phases, inorganic and organic. There was a correlation between the ceramic fraction and the subsequent, density, strength, hardness and fracture toughness of the composite material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Al-Jawoosh
- Biomaterials Engineering Group, Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK.
| | - Anthony Ireland
- Child Dental Health, Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Bo Su
- Biomaterials Engineering Group, Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
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Mahoney PF, Carr DJ, Miller D, Teagle M. The effect of helmet materials and simulated bone and tissue layers on bullet behaviour in a gelatine model of overmatch penetrating head injury. Int J Legal Med 2017; 131:1765-1776. [PMID: 28815306 PMCID: PMC5635073 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to simulate an overmatch ballistic event against a head wearing a helmet. The experiments were designed to understand how layers of bone (or synthetic bone), synthetic skin and currently used helmet materials influence the behaviour of full metal jacket mild steel core (FMJ MSC) 7.62 × 39 mm bullets, impacting on targets with a mean velocity of 650 m/s. Bullet behaviour within 10% (by mass) gelatine blocks was assessed by measurements made of the temporary cavity within the blocks using high-speed video and of the permanent cavity by dissecting blocks post firing. While ANOVA did not find significant difference at the 0.05 level in the mean values of most of the measurements, there was a significant difference in neck length within the gelatine blocks. The addition of material layers did produce greater variability in the temporary cavity measurements under some of the conditions. One of the synthetic bone polymers with a synthetic skin layer produced similar results within the gelatine blocks to the horse scapulae (with residual tissue) and may be suitable for future ballistic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Mahoney
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, ICT Centre, Research Park, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK. .,Centre for Defence Engineering, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK.
| | - Debra J Carr
- Centre for Defence Engineering, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK
| | - David Miller
- Small Arms Experimental Range, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK
| | - Michael Teagle
- Small Arms Experimental Range, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, UK
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Gorgieva S, Girandon L, Kokol V. Mineralization potential of cellulose-nanofibrils reinforced gelatine scaffolds for promoted calcium deposition by mesenchymal stem cells. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2016; 73:478-489. [PMID: 28183635 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose-nanofibrils (CNFs) enriched gelatine (GEL) scaffolds were fabricated in-situ by the combined freeze-thawing process and carbodiimide crosslinking chemistry. The original- and variously surface anionised CNFs (carboxylated/CNF-COOH/, and phosphonated with 3-AminoPropylphosphoric Acid/CNF-COOH-ApA/) were used in order to tune the scaffolds' biomimetic structure towards a more intensive mineralization process. The pore size reduction (from 208±35μm to 91±35μm) after 50% v/v of CNFs addition to GEL was identified, while separated pore-walls' alignment vs. shorter, dense and elongated pores are observed when using 80% v/v of original-CNFs vs. anionised-CNFs, all of them possessed osteoid-like compressive strength (0.025-0.40MPa) and elasticity (0.04-0.15MPa). While randomly distributed Ca2+-deficient hydroxyapatite/HAp/(Ca/P≈1.4) aggregates were identified in the case of original-CNF prevalent scaffolds after four weeks of incubation in SBF, the more uniform and intensified deposition with HAp-like (Ca/P≈1.69) structures were established using CNF-COOH-Apa. The growth of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) was observed on all CNF-containing scaffolds, resulting in more extensive Ca2+ deposition compared to the positive control or pure GEL scaffold. Among them, the scaffold prepared with the 50% v/v CNF-COOH-ApA showed significantly increased mineralization kinetic as well as the capacity for bone-like patterning in bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selestina Gorgieva
- University of Maribor, Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Maribor, Slovenia
| | | | - Vanja Kokol
- University of Maribor, Institute of Engineering Materials and Design, Maribor, Slovenia.
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Kruppke B, Farack J, Wagner AS, Beckmann S, Heinemann C, Glenske K, Rößler S, Wiesmann HP, Wenisch S, Hanke T. Gelatine modified monetite as a bone substitute material: An in vitro assessment of bone biocompatibility. Acta Biomater 2016; 32:275-85. [PMID: 26732518 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate phases are increasingly used for bone tissue substitution, and the load bearing properties of these inherently brittle biomaterials are increased by inclusion of organic components. Monetite prepared using mineralization of gelatine pre-structured through phosphate leads to a significantly increased biaxial strength and indirect tensile strength compared to gelatine-free monetite. Besides the mechanical properties, degradation in physiological solutions and osteoblast and osteoclast cell response were investigated. Human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) showed considerably higher proliferation rates on the gelatine modified monetite than on polystyrene reference material in calcium-free as well as standard cell culture medium (α-MEM). Osteogenic differentiation on the material was comparable to polystyrene in both medium types. Osteoclast-like cells derived from monocytes were able to actively resorb the biomaterial. Osteoblastic differentiation and perhaps even more important the cellular resorption of the biomaterial indicate that it can be actively involved in the bone remodeling process. Thus the behavior of osteoblasts and osteoclasts as well as the adequate degradation and mechanical properties are strong indicators for bone biocompatibility, although in vivo studies are still required to prove this. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE New and unique? A low temperature precipitationprocessforcalcium anhydrous hydrogen phosphateallows for the first time to produce monolithic compact composites of monetite and gelatine. The composite is degradable and resorbable. To prove that, the question arises: what is bone biocompatibility? The reaction of both mayor cell types of bone represents this biocompatibility. Therefore, human bone marrow stromal cells were seeded revealing the materials pro-osteogenic properties. Monocyte cultivation, becoming recently focus of interest, revealed the capability of the biomaterial to be actively resorbed by derived osteoclast-like cells. Not new but necessary ismechanical characterization, which is often only investigated as uniaxial property. Here, a biaxial method is applied, to characterize the materials properties closer to its application loads.
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Soukoulis C, Singh P, Macnaughtan W, Parmenter C, Fisk ID. Compositional and physicochemical factors governing the viability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG embedded in starch-protein based edible films. Food Hydrocoll 2016; 52:876-887. [PMID: 26726280 PMCID: PMC4615137 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic incorporation in edible films and coatings has been shown recently to be an efficient strategy for the delivery of probiotics in foods. In the present work, the impact of the compositional, physicochemical and structural properties of binary starch-protein edible films on Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG viability and stability was evaluated. Native rice and corn starch, as well as bovine skin gelatine, sodium caseinate and soy protein concentrate were used for the fabrication of the probiotic edible films. Starch and protein type both impacted the structural, mechanical, optical and thermal properties of the films, and the process loss of L. rhamnosus GG during evaporation-dehydration was significantly lower in the presence of proteins (0.91-1.07 log CFU/g) compared to solely starch based systems (1.71 log CFU/g). A synergistic action between rice starch and proteins was detected when monitoring the viability of L. rhamnosus GG over four weeks at fridge and room temperature conditions. In particular, a 3- to 7-fold increase in the viability of L. rhamnosus GG was observed in the presence of proteins, with sodium caseinate - rice starch based films offering the most enhanced stability. The film's shelf-life (as calculated using the FAO/WHO (2011) basis of 6 log viable CFU/g) ranged between 27-96 and 15-24 days for systems stored at fridge or room temperature conditions respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Soukoulis
- Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41 Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Poonam Singh
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - William Macnaughtan
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Parmenter
- Nottingham Nanotechnology and Nanoscience Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian D. Fisk
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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Schwemmer U, Geppert T, Steinfeldt T, Wunder C. [Improvement of sonographic visualization of cannula needle tips by alignment of the needle lumen : In vitro investigation of established needle tip forms]. Anaesthesist 2015; 64:937-42. [PMID: 26464322 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-015-0098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks (regional anesthesia), clear visualization of the needle tip and the target structure are mandatory for the performance of a safe puncture and injection. The purpose of this in vitro study was to analyze the visualization of different forms of needle tips and calibers of cannulas in a phantom simulating human tissue, with the help of a standardized image analysis system. Different depths and angles of the puncture needle in relation to the ultrasound probe were tested. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cannula needles established for use in regional anesthesia with different surfaces, diameters and needle tip form in 23 different combinations were analyzed. A gelatine-based phantom was used to simulate human tissue. The standardized visualization of the needle tip with the ultrasound probe was performed in plane at different angles (30°, 45° and 60°), depths of penetration (1 cm, 2 cm and 3 cm) and two different alignments of the cannula needle lumen to the ultrasound probe (0° and 180°). The screenshots of the ultrasound pictures were analyzed by quantifying the pixel brightness around the needle tip (region of interest) with a standardized software (score 0-255). RESULTS In this study 1104 ultrasound images of cannula needles were analyzed. Diminished scores (reduced pixel brightness) of the needle tips were documented with increasing distance from the ultrasound probe. Comparison of punctures at angles of 30° and 45° showed no differences in needle tip visibility (same scores) but punctures at an angle of 60° were poorly visualized compared with 30° and 45° (mean scores 87.90 ± 11.60 vs. 78.40 ± 12.07, p < 0.001 and 81.85 ± 11.79 vs. 78.40 ± 12.07, p < 0.001, respectively). The direct alignment of the cannula lumen towards the ultrasound probe (0°) was significantly more easily visualized when compared with the reverse alignment of 180° (mean scores 86.90 ± 12.74 vs. 84.80 ± 11.66, p = 0.003, respectively). No differences in visibility were detected between the different cannula needle diameters examined. The Sprotte cannula showed the best visibility score with respect to the cut of the needle tip (mean score 89.40 ± 11.72). CONCLUSION The visibility of cannulas in ultrasound scans depends on the ultrasound frequency, angle of the puncture in relation to the ultrasound probe and the depth of penetration. The results of this study showed that direct alignment of the cannula needle lumen towards the ultrasound probe (0°) independently improved needle tip visualization. This simple measure allows a significant improvement in the safe performance of ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks.
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Oldfield MJ, Leibinger A, Seah TE, Rodriguez Y Baena F. Method to Reduce Target Motion Through Needle-Tissue Interactions. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43:2794-803. [PMID: 25943896 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
During minimally invasive surgical procedures, it is often important to deliver needles to particular tissue volumes. Needles, when interacting with a substrate, cause deformation and target motion. To reduce reliance on compensatory intra-operative imaging, a needle design and novel delivery mechanism is proposed. Three-dimensional finite element simulations of a multi-segment needle inserted into a pre-existing crack are presented. The motion profiles of the needle segments are varied to identify methods that reduce target motion. Experiments are then performed by inserting a needle into a gelatine tissue phantom and measuring the internal target motion using digital image correlation. Simulations indicate that target motion is reduced when needle segments are stroked cyclically and utilise a small amount of retraction instead of being held stationary. Results are confirmed experimentally by statistically significant target motion reductions of more than 8% during cyclic strokes and 29% when also incorporating retraction, with the same net insertion speed. By using a multi-segment needle and taking advantage of frictional interactions on the needle surface, it is demonstrated that target motion ahead of an advancing needle can be substantially reduced.
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Kovtun A, Goeckelmann MJ, Niclas AA, Montufar EB, Ginebra MP, Planell JA, Santin M, Ignatius A. In vivo performance of novel soybean/gelatin-based bioactive and injectable hydroxyapatite foams. Acta Biomater 2015; 12:242-249. [PMID: 25448348 PMCID: PMC4298359 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Major limitations of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are their relatively slow degradation rate and the lack of macropores allowing the ingrowth of bone tissue. The development of self-setting cement foams has been proposed as a suitable strategy to overcome these limitations. In previous work we developed a gelatine-based hydroxyapatite foam (G-foam), which exhibited good injectability and cohesion, interconnected porosity and good biocompatibility in vitro. In the present study we evaluated the in vivo performance of the G-foam. Furthermore, we investigated whether enrichment of the foam with soybean extract (SG-foam) increased its bioactivity. G-foam, SG-foam and non-foamed CPC were implanted in a critical-size bone defect in the distal femoral condyle of New Zealand white rabbits. Bone formation and degradation of the materials were investigated after 4, 12 and 20weeks using histological and biomechanical methods. The foams maintained their macroporosity after injection and setting in vivo. Compared to non-foamed CPC, cellular degradation of the foams was considerably increased and accompanied by new bone formation. The additional functionalization with soybean extract in the SG-foam slightly reduced the degradation rate and positively influenced bone formation in the defect. Furthermore, both foams exhibited excellent biocompatibility, implying that these novel materials may be promising for clinical application in non-loaded bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kovtun
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 14, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie J Goeckelmann
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 14, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Antje A Niclas
- Military Hospital Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 40, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Edgar B Montufar
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Av. Diagonal 647, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Pau Ginebra
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Av. Diagonal 647, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep A Planell
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia, Av. Diagonal 647, E08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matteo Santin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Cockcroft Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 14, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Sila A, Martinez-Alvarez O, Haddar A, Gómez-Guillén MC, Nasri M, Montero MP, Bougatef A. Recovery, viscoelastic and functional properties of Barbel skin gelatine: investigation of anti-DPP-IV and anti-prolyl endopeptidase activities of generated gelatine polypeptides. Food Chem 2014; 168:478-86. [PMID: 25172738 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics and functional properties of gelatine from freshwater fish skin (Barbus callensis) were investigated. The gelatine extraction efficiency was improved by an acid-swelling process in the presence of barbel crude acid protease extract. Barbel skin gelatine (BSG) contained 92.15% protein, 0.31% lipid and 0.72% ash. The amino acid profile of BSG showed a high percentage of imino acids. The electrophoretic profile showed that BSG is mainly composed of α- and β-components. BSG showed an excellent solubility and possessed interfacial properties, which were governed by the protein concentration. Biological activities of the hydrolysates obtained after digestion of BSG with several commercial proteases were evaluated. The results suggested that these hydrolysates are a good source of natural inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-IV and prolyl endopeptidase and could potentially be used as dietary ingredients in the management of type 2-diabetes and/or neuropathological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaâd Sila
- Unité Enzyme et Bioconversion, ENIS, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | - Anissa Haddar
- Faculty of Sciences of Gabes, University of Gabes, Tunisia
| | | | - Moncef Nasri
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, ENIS, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - M Pilar Montero
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ali Bougatef
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sfax, PB 1175, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
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Patil S, Kaur M, Sharma HK. Effect of incorporation of mahua extract, fining agent and ageing on the quality characteristics of red wine. Indian J Microbiol 2012; 52:406-10. [PMID: 23997332 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-012-0249-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mahua (Madhuca longfolia) extract and black grapes (Vitis vinifera) must samples 100:0 (grape:mahua), 95:5 (grape:mahua) and 90:10 (grape:mahua) were analyzed for quality characteristics. Samples were kept for fermentation and monitored for quality analysis for 15 days. 90:10 (grape:mahua) sample was found to be best on the basis of ranking test and subjected to clarification using bentonite and gelatine. Sample treated with a combination of 0.02 g/100 g bentonite and 0.04 g/100 g gelatin showed better results for anthocyanin (52.2 mg/100 g) and tannin (0.038%w/v). After ageing of 3 months TSS was found highest (2.7ºBx) in the non-clarified sample and lowest (2.1ºBx) in sample treated with 0.06 g/100 g bentonite and 0.03 g/100 g gelatine. pH was highest (3.29) in sample treated with 0.06 g/100 g bentonite and 0.03 g/100 g gelatine and lowest (3.16) in sample with 0.04 g/100 g bentonite and 0.03 g/100 g gelatine. Anthocyanin content was highest (56.1 mg/100 g) in control sample and lowest (29.22 mg/100 g) in sample treated with 0.04 g/100 g bentonite and 0.02 g/100 g gelatin. Tannin content was found to be highest (0.079%w/v) in control sample and lowest (0.03%w/v) in sample treated with 0.02 g/100 g bentonite and 0.04 g/100 g gelatine.
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