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Chen Y, Yi S, Zhang X, Shi D, Liu C, Rao P, Huang C. Study on flame retardancy of EPDM reinforced by ammonium polyphosphate. RSC Adv 2024; 14:8684-8694. [PMID: 38495995 PMCID: PMC10938290 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00733f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, the most widely used material for solid rocket motor (SRM) insulation is ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) filled with flame-retardant and ablation-resistant fillers. Researchers have been working hard to find a flame-retardant filler that can simultaneously meet the complex requirements of mechanical strength, density, flame retardancy and ablative performance of the insulation layer. This requires research on the flame retardant properties of flame retardants in oxygen-poor environments. In this paper, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is used as a flame retardant filler, which is filled into an EPDM premix (p-EPDM) containing fumed silica and aluminum hydroxide to prepare composite materials. By creating an anoxic environment, the flame retardant behavior of APP under anoxic conditions on EPDM was studied. The results show that composites prepared with APP show better flame retardant properties in tests such as limiting oxygen index and UL-94, with less impact on mechanical strength and density. The surface morphology and elemental composition of the composite combustion residues were studied using Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS). In an oxygen-depleted environment, APP will thermally decompose to form ammonia, water vapor and phosphorus-containing acidic substances. These gases dilute the flammable gas and reduce the thermal conductivity. The acidic substances containing phosphorus are concentrated on the surface of the pyrolysis layer to promote the formation of the carbon layer. This provides guidance for us to design insulation layer materials with properties that are more in line with actual use requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Shengping Yi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Xilong Zhang
- Hubei Sanjiang Aerospace Jianghe Chemical Technology Co., Ltd Yichang 444299 China
| | - Dunfa Shi
- Hubei Sanjiang Aerospace Jianghe Chemical Technology Co., Ltd Yichang 444299 China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hubei Sanjiang Aerospace Jianghe Chemical Technology Co., Ltd Yichang 444299 China
| | - Puwen Rao
- Hubei Sanjiang Aerospace Jianghe Chemical Technology Co., Ltd Yichang 444299 China
| | - Chi Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
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2
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Ebrahimnezhad-Khaljiri H, Ghadi A. Recent advancement in synthesizing bio-epoxy nanocomposites using lignin, plant oils, saccharides, polyphenols, and natural rubbers: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128041. [PMID: 37979768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Due to environmental issues, production costs, and the low recycling capability of conventional epoxy polymers and their composites, many science groups have tried to develop a new type of epoxy polymers, which are compatible with the environment. Considering the precursors, these polymers can be produced from plant oils, saccharides, lignin, polyphenol, and natural resins. The appearance of these bio-polymers caused to introduce a new type of composites, namely bio-epoxy nanocomposites, which can be classified according to the synthesized bio-epoxy, the used nanomaterials, or both. Hence, in this work, various bio-epoxy resins, which have the proper potential for application as a matrix, are completely introduced with the synthesis viewpoint, and their characterized chemical structures are drawn. In the next steps, the bio-epoxy nanocomposites are classified based on the used nanomaterials, which are carbon nanoparticles (carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, etc.), nano-silica (mesoporous and spherical), cellulose (nanofibers and whiskers), nanoclay and so on. Also, the features of these bio-nanocomposites and their applications are introduced. This review study can be a proper guide for developing a new type of green nanocomposites in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ebrahimnezhad-Khaljiri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Aliakbar Ghadi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran
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Han S, Li J, Ding Q, Zang J, Lu Y, Zhang L, Hu L. Effects of Processing Conditions on the Properties of Monoammonium Phosphate Microcapsules with Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin Shell. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2991. [PMID: 37514381 PMCID: PMC10385195 DOI: 10.3390/polym15142991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop monoammonium phosphate (MAP) as a novel acid source for durable intumescent fire retardants (IFR), MAP microcapsules (MCMAPs) containing MAP as the internal core and melamine-formaldehyde (MF) as the external shell were prepared by in situ polymerization in this study. The influences of synthesis conditions (including reaction temperature, polymerization time, and reaction pH value) on the properties of obtained MCMAPs (MAP content, yield, morphologies, and thermal properties) were then investigated systematically. The morphologies, chemical structures, and thermal properties were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry analyzer (TGA). The results show that MAP was well encapsulated by MF resin. No microcapsules are obtained at <55 °C or with polymerization times <1 h. Optimal preparation conditions of reaction temperature, polymerization time, and reaction pH value are 75 °C, 3 h, and 5.5, respectively. Those results provide process reference and theoretical basis for preparing MCMAPs and could promote the application of MAP microcapsules in wood flame-retardant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenjie Han
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu Province, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Jingpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficient Processing of Bamboo of Zhejiang Province, China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Qingyun Ding
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Jian Zang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Yulian Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Longfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Technology of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - La Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation, Engineering Research Center of Masson Pine of State Forestry Administration, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning 530002, China
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4
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Nguyen Thi Ngoc A, Vu Trung N, Pham DK, Phan Minh Q, Than Van H, Nguyen Thi Q, Tran Quang T, Nguyen TH, Nguyen MN, Tran Thi T. Improvement in thermal and mechanical properties of Vietnam deproteinized natural rubber via graft copolymerization with styrene/acrylonitrile and diimide transfer hydrogenation. Polym Bull (Berl) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-023-04705-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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5
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Naturally abundant silica-kaolinite mixed minerals as an outstanding reinforcing filler for the advancement of natural rubber composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03424-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Mohd Sabee MMS, Itam Z, Beddu S, Zahari NM, Mohd Kamal NL, Mohamad D, Zulkepli NA, Shafiq MD, Abdul Hamid ZA. Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142911. [PMID: 35890685 PMCID: PMC9324192 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an intensive overview of flame retardant coating systems. The occurrence of flame due to thermal degradation of the polymer substrate as a result of overheating is one of the major concerns. Hence, coating is the best solution to this problem as it prevents the substrate from igniting the flame. In this review, the descriptions of several classifications of coating and their relation to thermal degradation and flammability were discussed. The details of flame retardants and flame retardant coatings in terms of principles, types, mechanisms, and properties were explained as well. This overview imparted the importance of intumescent flame retardant coatings in preventing the spread of flame via the formation of a multicellular charred layer. Thus, the intended intumescence can reduce the risk of flame from inherently flammable materials used to maintain a high standard of living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Meer Saddiq Mohd Sabee
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Zarina Itam
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: (Z.I.); (Z.A.A.H.)
| | - Salmia Beddu
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Nazirul Mubin Zahari
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Daud Mohamad
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Norzeity Amalin Zulkepli
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Mohamad Danial Shafiq
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
- Correspondence: (Z.I.); (Z.A.A.H.)
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7
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Nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon dots for developing highly flame retardant poly (vinyl alcohol) composite films. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Gandini A, M. Lacerda T. Monomers and Macromolecular Materials from Renewable Resources: State of the Art and Perspectives. Molecules 2021; 27:159. [PMID: 35011391 PMCID: PMC8746301 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A progressively increasing concern about the environmental impacts of the whole polymer industry has boosted the design of less aggressive technologies that allow for the maximum use of carbon atoms, and reduced dependence on the fossil platform. Progresses related to the former approach are mostly based on the concept of the circular economy, which aims at a thorough use of raw materials, from production to disposal. The latter, however, has been considered a priority nowadays, as short-term biological processes can efficiently provide a myriad of chemicals for the polymer industry. Polymers from renewable resources are widely established in research and technology facilities from all over the world, and a broader consolidation of such materials is expected in a near future. Herein, an up-to-date overview of the most recent and relevant contributions dedicated to the production of monomers and polymers from biomass is presented. We provide some basic issues related to the preparation of polymers from renewable resources to discuss ongoing strategies that can be used to achieve original polymers and systems thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gandini
- Graduate School of Engineering in Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (Grenoble INP-Pagora), University Grenoble Alpes, LGP2, CEDEX 9, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
| | - Talita M. Lacerda
- Biotechnology Department, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena CEP 12602-810, SP, Brazil;
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9
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Modification of Glass/Polyester Laminates with Flame Retardants. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247901. [PMID: 34947505 PMCID: PMC8706711 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of flame retardants used for glass/polyester laminates. It concerns flame retardants withdrawn from use such as compounds containing halogen atoms and flame retardants currently used in the industry, such as inorganic hydroxides, phosphorus and nitrogen-containing compounds, antimony, and boron compounds, as well as tin–zinc compounds. Attention is also drawn to the use of nanoclays and the production of nanocomposites, intumescent flame retardant systems, and mats, as well as polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. The paper discusses the action mechanism of particular flame retardants and presents their advantages and disadvantages.
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Yotkuna K, Chollakup R, Imboon T, Kannan V, Thongmee S. Effect of flame retardant on the physical and mechanical properties of natural rubber and sugarcane bagasse composites. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Nguyen Duy H, Rimdusit N, Tran Quang T, Phan Minh Q, Vu Trung N, Nguyen TN, Nguyen TH, Rimdusit S, Ougizawa T, Tran Thi T. Improvement of thermal properties of Vietnam deproteinized natural rubber via graft copolymerization with styrene/acrylonitrile and diimide transfer hydrogenation. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hieu Nguyen Duy
- School of Chemical Engineering Hanoi University of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Niratchaporn Rimdusit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Tung Tran Quang
- School of Chemical Engineering Hanoi University of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Quyet Phan Minh
- School of Chemical Engineering Hanoi University of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Nam Vu Trung
- School of Chemical Engineering Hanoi University of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Thi Nhan Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering Hanoi University of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Thu Ha Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering Hanoi University of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Sarawut Rimdusit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Toshiaki Ougizawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Thuy Tran Thi
- School of Chemical Engineering Hanoi University of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
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12
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13
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The Flame Retardancy of Polyethylene Composites: From Fundamental Concepts to Nanocomposites. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215157. [PMID: 33167598 PMCID: PMC7664228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE) is one the most used plastics worldwide for a wide range of applications due to its good mechanical and chemical resistance, low density, cost efficiency, ease of processability, non-reactivity, low toxicity, good electric insulation, and good functionality. However, its high flammability and rapid flame spread pose dangers for certain applications. Therefore, different flame-retardant (FR) additives are incorporated into PE to increase its flame retardancy. In this review article, research papers from the past 10 years on the flame retardancy of PE systems are comprehensively reviewed and classified based on the additive sources. The FR additives are classified in well-known FR families, including phosphorous, melamine, nitrogen, inorganic hydroxides, boron, and silicon. The mechanism of fire retardance in each family is pinpointed. In addition to the efficiency of each FR in increasing the flame retardancy, its impact on the mechanical properties of the PE system is also discussed. Most of the FRs can decrease the heat release rate (HRR) of the PE products and simultaneously maintains the mechanical properties in appropriate ratios. Based on the literature, inorganic hydroxide seems to be used more in PE systems compared to other families. Finally, the role of nanotechnology for more efficient FR-PE systems is discussed and recommendations are given on implementing strategies that could help incorporate flame retardancy in the circular economy model.
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Babu K, Rendén G, Afriyie Mensah R, Kim NK, Jiang L, Xu Q, Restás Á, Esmaeely Neisiany R, Hedenqvist MS, Försth M, Byström A, Das O. A Review on the Flammability Properties of Carbon-Based Polymeric Composites: State-of-the-Art and Future Trends. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071518. [PMID: 32650531 PMCID: PMC7408100 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon based fillers have attracted a great deal of interest in polymer composites because of their ability to beneficially alter properties at low filler concentration, good interfacial bonding with polymer, availability in different forms, etc. The property alteration of polymer composites makes them versatile for applications in various fields, such as constructions, microelectronics, biomedical, and so on. Devastations due to building fire stress the importance of flame-retardant polymer composites, since they are directly related to human life conservation and safety. Thus, in this review, the significance of carbon-based flame-retardants for polymers is introduced. The effects of a wide variety of carbon-based material addition (such as fullerene, CNTs, graphene, graphite, and so on) on reaction-to-fire of the polymer composites are reviewed and the focus is dedicated to biochar-based reinforcements for use in flame retardant polymer composites. Additionally, the most widely used flammability measuring techniques for polymeric composites are presented. Finally, the key factors and different methods that are used for property enhancement are concluded and the scope for future work is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Babu
- Center for Polymer Composites and Natural Fiber Research, Tamil Nadu 625005, India;
| | - Gabriella Rendén
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Rhoda Afriyie Mensah
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (R.A.M.); (L.J.); (Q.X.)
| | - Nam Kyeun Kim
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Lin Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (R.A.M.); (L.J.); (Q.X.)
| | - Qiang Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China; (R.A.M.); (L.J.); (Q.X.)
| | - Ágoston Restás
- Department of Fire Protection and Rescue Control, National University of Public Service, H-1011 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Rasoul Esmaeely Neisiany
- Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran;
| | - Mikael S. Hedenqvist
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Polymeric Materials Division, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Correspondence: (M.S.H.); (O.D.)
| | - Michael Försth
- Structural and Fire Engineering Division, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden; (M.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexandra Byström
- Structural and Fire Engineering Division, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden; (M.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Oisik Das
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
- Correspondence: (M.S.H.); (O.D.)
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