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Mliki H, Echabaane M, Rouis A, El Ghoul JM, Bessueille F, Ayed D, Jaffrezic-Renault N. Highly electroactive Co-ZnO/GO nanocomposite: Electrochemical sensing platform for oxytetracycline determination. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30265. [PMID: 38726196 PMCID: PMC11078884 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial residues in animal-derived foods have become a major source of concern around the world. Oxytetracycline (OTC), one of these antibiotics that belongs to the tetracycline family should be detected in these matrices. Nanostructured metal oxides have attracted a lot of scientific attention due to their special characteristics that can be exploited for creating innovative nanodevices. Therefore, in the present study, we report the fabrication of cobalt-doped ZnO/GO nanocomposites for OTC sensors using a simple and environmentally friendly method that does not require toxic solvents. Contact angle measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV-Vis were used to confirm the successful fabrication of the Co-ZnO/GO nanocomposite and to determine the surface area, Structural, morphological features, chemical composition and purity of the nanocomposite. The electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties were recorded using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Optimizing parameters such as scan rate, pH value, deposition time, and deposition potential, we achieve a wide linear concentration range from 10-12 M to 10-7 M, with an impressive detection limit of 1.6 10-13 M.Notably, our sensor exhibits remarkable selectivity, demonstrating its usefulness for the detection of oxytetracycline traces in real milk samples. These results emphasize the novelty and practical significance of our work and provide a promising avenue for the development of sensitive and selective electrochemical sensing platforms in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Mliki
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials (LIMA) Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mosaab Echabaane
- CRMN, Centre for Research on Microelectronics and Nanotechnology of Sousse, NANOMISENE, LR16CRMN01, 4034, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Rouis
- Laboratory of Interfaces and Advanced Materials (LIMA) Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jaber Mohamed El Ghoul
- Laboratory of Physics of Materials and Nanomaterials Applied at Environment (LaPhyMNE), Gabes University, Faculty of Sciences in Gabes, 6072, Tunisia
| | - Francois Bessueille
- University of Lyon, Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5280, 5, La Doua Street, Villeurbanne, 69100, France
| | - Dhekra Ayed
- University of Lyon, Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5280, 5, La Doua Street, Villeurbanne, 69100, France
| | - Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault
- University of Lyon, Institute of Analytical Sciences, UMR-CNRS 5280, 5, La Doua Street, Villeurbanne, 69100, France
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Panasiuk K, Dudzik K, Hajdukiewicz G, Abramczyk N. Acoustic Emission and K-S Metric Entropy as Methods to Analyze the Influence of Gamma-Aluminum Oxide Nanopowder on the Destruction Process of GFRP Composite Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7334. [PMID: 38068077 PMCID: PMC10707583 DOI: 10.3390/ma16237334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Composites are materials that are widely used in industry, including yachting, railway and aviation. The properties of these materials can be modified by changing the type of reinforcement, the type of matrix, as well as the use of additives in the form of fillers and nanofillers that improve their mechanical or specific parameters. Due to the fact that these materials are often used for important structures, computational models using FEM tools may not be sufficient to determine the actual strength parameters, and what is more, to check them during operation. When designing structures made of composite materials, it is necessary to use high safety factors due to their behavior under several different types of loads, which is still difficult to determine precisely. This situation makes these structures much heavier and characterized by much higher strength properties than those that would actually be needed. In this article, the Kolmogorov-Sinai (K-S) metric entropy was used to determine the transition from the elastic to the viscoelastic state in GFRP (glass fiber reinforced polymer) composite materials without and with the addition of nanoaluminum, during a static tensile test. Additionally, the acoustic emission method was used during the research. This signal was further processed, and graphs were made of the number of events and the amplitude as a function of time. The obtained values were plotted on tensile graphs. The influence of the nano-filler on these parameters was also analyzed. The presented results show that it is possible to determine additional parameters affecting the strength of the structure for any composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Panasiuk
- Faculty of Marine Engineering, Gdynia Maritime University, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dudzik
- Faculty of Marine Engineering, Gdynia Maritime University, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
| | | | - Norbert Abramczyk
- Faculty of Marine Engineering, Gdynia Maritime University, 81-225 Gdynia, Poland
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3
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Mombeshora ET, Muchuweni E. Dynamics of reduced graphene oxide: synthesis and structural models. RSC Adv 2023; 13:17633-17655. [PMID: 37312999 PMCID: PMC10258683 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02098c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Technological advancements are leading to an upsurge in demand for functional materials that satisfy several of humankind's needs. In addition to this, the current global drive is to develop materials with high efficacy in intended applications whilst practising green chemistry principles to ensure sustainability. Carbon-based materials, such as reduced graphene oxide (RGO), in particular, can possibly meet this criterion because they can be derived from waste biomass (a renewable material), possibly synthesised at low temperatures without the use of hazardous chemicals, and are biodegradable (owing to their organic nature), among other characteristics. Additionally, RGO as a carbon-based material is gaining momentum in several applications due to its lightweight, nontoxicity, excellent flexibility, tuneable band gap (from reduction), higher electrical conductivity (relative to graphene oxide, GO), low cost (owing to the natural abundance of carbon), and potentially facile and scalable synthesis protocols. Despite these attributes, the possible structures of RGO are still numerous with notable critical variations and the synthesis procedures have been dynamic. Herein, we summarize the highlights from the historical breakthroughs in understanding the structure of RGO (from the perspective of GO) and the recent state-of-the-art synthesis protocols, covering the period from 2020 to 2023. These are key aspects in the realisation of the full potential of RGO materials through the tailoring of physicochemical properties and reproducibility. The reviewed work highlights the merits and prospects of the physicochemical properties of RGO toward achieving sustainable, environmentally friendly, low-cost, and high-performing materials at a large scale for use in functional devices/processes to pave the way for commercialisation. This can drive the sustainability and commercial viability aspects of RGO as a material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin T Mombeshora
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, University of Zimbabwe Mount Pleasant Harare MP167 Zimbabwe
| | - Edigar Muchuweni
- Department of Engineering and Physics, Bindura University of Science Education Bindura Zimbabwe
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Wang LT, Chen YH, Chang WT, Kumar SR, Chen CC, Lue SJ. Separation Mechanisms and Anti-Fouling Properties of a Microporous Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Polyacrylic Acid-Graphene Oxide (PVDF-PAA-GO) Composite Membrane with Salt and Protein Solutions. MEMBRANES 2022; 13:40. [PMID: 36676847 PMCID: PMC9860620 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This research demonstrates the preparation of composite membranes containing graphene oxide (GO) and investigates the separation mechanisms of various salts and bovine serum albumin (BSA) solutions. A microporous polyvinylidene fluoride-polyacrylic acid-GO (PVDF-PAA-GO) separation layer was fabricated on non-woven support. The GO-incorporating composite resulted in enlarged pore size (0.16 μm) compared with the control membrane (0.12 μm). The zeta potential of the GO composite was reduced to -31 from -19 mV. The resulting membranes with and without GO were examined for water permeability and rejection efficiency with single salt and BSA solutions. Using the non-woven/PVDF-PAA composite, the permeance values were 88-190 kg/m2hMPa, and the salt rejection coefficients were 9-28% for Na2SO4, MgCl2, MgSO4, and NaCl solutions. These salt removals were based on the Donnan exclusion mechanism considering the ion radii and membrane pore size. Incorporating GO into the separation layer exhibited limited impacts on the filtration of salt solutions, but significantly reduced BSA membrane adhesion and increased permeance. The negatively charged protein reached almost complete removal (98.4%) from the highly negatively charged GO-containing membrane. The GO additive improved the anti-fouling property of the composite membrane and enhanced BSA separation from the salt solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ting Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Selvaraj Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Chen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Shingjiang Jessie Lue
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Department of Safety, Health and Environment Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
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Progress in preparation, characterization, surface functional modification of graphene oxide: A review. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2022.101560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lignocellulosic-Based Materials from Bean and Pistachio Pod Wastes for Dye-Contaminated Water Treatment: Optimization and Modeling of Indigo Carmine Sorption. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183776. [PMID: 36145920 PMCID: PMC9504809 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, biomass lignocellulosic materials extracted via chemical and physical treatments from bean and pistachio pod waste were used for the optimized elimination of Indigo Carmine (IC) from aqueous medium, using a design of experiments methodology. The physicochemical properties of the studied materials (raw and treated counterparts) used for the sorption of IC were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with EDX, and thermal analysis. Key variables influencing the adsorption of IC, namely the initial IC concentration, the pH of the solution, the stirring time and the mass of adsorbents, were optimized by the central composite design (CCD) with three center points, the measured response being the amount of IC adsorbed. The optimal conditions obtained from the statistical analysis for the removal of IC were as follows: maximum adsorbed amounts of IC: 1.81 mg/g, 2.05 mg/g, 3.56 mg/g; 7.42 mg/g, 8.95 mg/g, 15.35 mg/g, for raw bean pods (RBS), BST1 and BST2 (bean pods chemically treated), and for raw pistachio pods (RPS), PST1 and PST2 (pistachio pods chemically treated), respectively. The pseudo-second-order nonlinear kinetics model well described the IC adsorption kinetics for RBS, BST1 and BST2, while the Elovich model was properly fitted by RPS, PST1, and PST2 biomaterials data. The Freundlich isotherm best described the shrinkage of IC on different sorbents. The good correlation of the experimental data of the IC with respect to the Freundlich isotherm indicated a multilayer adsorption with heterogeneous adsorption sites and different energies. The interest of this work consisted in developing analytical methods for the treatment of water polluted by dyes by using biosorbents, local biological materials widely available and inexpensive. The results collected in this work highlighted the interesting structural, morphological, and physico-chemical properties of the agro-waste used in the study, which properties allowed an important fixation of the target dye in solution. The research showed that the agro-waste used in the study are possible precursors to locally manufacture adsorbents at low cost, thus allowing the efficient removal of waste and dyes in liquid effluents.
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Insight into mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability of polysulfone-based membranes for the separation of O2/N2. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Haeri Z, Ramezanzadeh M, Ramezanzadeh B. Ce-TA MOF assembled GO nanosheets reinforced epoxy composite for superior thermo-mechanical properties. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Naresh K, Khan KA, Umer R. Experimental Characterization and Modeling Multifunctional Properties of Epoxy/Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2831. [PMID: 34451370 PMCID: PMC8401890 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermomechanical modeling of epoxy/graphene oxide under quasi-static and dynamic loading requires thermo-mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, thermal conductivity, and frequency-temperature dependent viscoelastic properties. In this study, the effects of different graphene oxide (GO) concentrations (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 wt%) within an epoxy matrix on several mechanical and thermal properties were investigated. The distribution of GO fillers in the epoxy was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The digital image correlation (DIC) technique was employed during the tensile testing to determine Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio. Analytical models were used to predict Young's modulus and thermal conductivity, with an error of less than 13% and 9%, respectively. Frequency-temperature dependent phenomenological models were proposed to predict the storage moduli and loss tangent, with a reasonable agreement with experimental data. A relatively high storage modulus, heat-resistance index (THRI), and thermal conductivity were observed in 0.2 wt% nanocomposite samples compared with pure epoxy and other lower concentration GO nanocomposites. A high THRI and derivative of thermogravimetric analysis peak temperatures (Tm1 and Tm2) were exhibited by adding nano-fillers in the epoxy, which confirms higher thermal stability of nanocomposites than that of pristine epoxy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamran A. Khan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates; (K.N.); (R.U.)
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Multiscale Modeling of Epoxy-Based Nanocomposites Reinforced with Functionalized and Non-Functionalized Graphene Nanoplatelets. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121958. [PMID: 34199152 PMCID: PMC8231540 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact on the mechanical properties of an epoxy resin reinforced with pristine graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), highly concentrated graphene oxide (GO), and functionalized graphene oxide (FGO) has been investigated in this study. Molecular dynamics (MD) using a reactive force field (ReaxFF) has been employed in predicting the effective mechanical properties of the interphase region of the three nanocomposite materials at the nanoscale level. A systematic computational approach to simulate the reinforcing nanoplatelets and probe their influence on the mechanical properties of the epoxy matrix is established. The modeling results indicate a significant degradation of the in-plane elastic Young’s (decreased by ~89%) and shear (decreased by ~72.5%) moduli of the nanocomposite when introducing large amounts of oxygen and functional groups to the robust sp2 structure of the GNP. However, the wrinkled morphology of GO and FGO improves the nanoplatelet-matrix interlocking mechanism, which produces a significant improvement in the out-of-plane shear modulus (increased by 2 orders of magnitudes). The influence of the nanoplatelet content and aspect ratio on the mechanical response of the nanocomposites has also been determined in this study. Generally, the predicted mechanical response of the bulk nanocomposite materials demonstrates an improvement with increasing nanoplatelet content and aspect ratio. The results show good agreement with experimental data available from the literature.
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11
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Wazalwar R, Sahu M, Raichur AM. Mechanical properties of aerospace epoxy composites reinforced with 2D nano-fillers: current status and road to industrialization. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2741-2776. [PMID: 36134191 PMCID: PMC9417658 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00050k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
High-performance epoxy composites find application in the aerospace industry. Although epoxy is a high-performance polymer, its fracture toughness is compromised due to its highly cross-linked nature. Nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene derivatives, and inorganic 2-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials are being explored to improve epoxy composites' mechanical properties. Graphene is one of the most popular 2D nano-reinforcing agents for epoxy composites. Following graphene discovery, the research community's attention was brought to various other few-atom thick 2D nanomaterials. Hence, apart from graphene, inorganic nanosheets such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), etc., are also being studied as modifiers for enhancing the mechanical performance of epoxy composites. Graphene, TMDs and hBN are known to possess a high aspect ratio, high specific surface area and inherently high mechanical strength and stiffness, contributing to a stronger and tougher composite. Despite that, the challenges associated with these nanomaterials, such as dispersion issues, lack of standardization, underlying health hazards, etc., have hampered their commercialization. It has been long past a decade since the discovery of graphene, yet there are concerns regarding the lab to industry scale-up, and health and environmental hazards associated with nanomaterials for the fabrication of aerospace composites. This review offers a comprehensive literature survey and a perspective into the possible ways of bridging the gaps between the laboratory research and industrialization of 2D nanosheet-filled epoxy composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Wazalwar
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru India +91-80-22933238
| | - Megha Sahu
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru India +91-80-22933238
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru India +91-80-22933238
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12
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Kim K, Chaudhari KN, Kim S, Kim Y, Shin KS. Facile single-step synthesis of Cu-rGO nanocomposite through simultaneous reduction process and its peroxidase mimic activity. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Ghosh K, Srivastava SK. Fabrication of N-Doped Reduced Graphite Oxide/MnCo 2O 4 Nanocomposites for Enhanced Microwave Absorption Performance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2213-2226. [PMID: 33541084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports on the fabrication of a lightweight microwave absorber comprising MnCo2O4 prepared from the urea complex of manganese (Mn)/cobalt (Co) and nitrogen-doped reduced graphite oxide (NRGO) by facile hydrothermal method followed by annealing process and characterized. The phase analysis, compositional, morphological, magnetic, and conductivity measurements indicated dispersion of paramagnetic MnCo2O4 spherical particles on the surface of NRGO. Our findings also showed that Mn, Co-urea complex, and GO in the weight ratio of 1:4 (NGMC3) exhibited maximum shielding efficiency in the range of 55-38 dB with absorption as an overall dominant shielding mechanism. The reflection loss of NGMC3 was found to be in the range of -90 to -77 dB with minima at -103 dB (at 2.9 GHz). Such outstanding electromagnetic wave absorption performance of NRGO/MnCo2O4 nanocomposite compared to several other metal cobaltates could be attributed to the formation of percolated network assisted electronic polarization, interfacial polarization and associated relaxation losses, conductance loss, dipole polarization and corresponding relaxation loss, impedance matching, and magnetic resonance to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Suneel Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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Idris SNA, Jullok N, Lau WJ, Ong HL, Dong CD. Graphene Oxide Incorporated Polysulfone Substrate for Flat Sheet Thin Film Nanocomposite Pressure Retarded Osmosis Membrane. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10120416. [PMID: 33322393 PMCID: PMC7763650 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10120416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the development of flat sheet thin film nanocomposite (TFN) pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) membranes for the enhancement of osmotic power generation by the incorporation of laboratory-synthesised graphene oxide (GO) into the polysulfone (PSf) polymer matrix. A series of membranes containing different weight percent of GO (0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 wt%) were fabricated via a phase inversion method with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the pore forming agent. The results show that the TFN-0.25GO membrane has excellent water flux, salt reverse flux, high porosity and an enhanced microvoids morphology compared to the control membrane. The highest power density was achieved when TFN-0.25GO was used is 8.36 Wm−2 at pressure >15 bar. It was found that the incorporation of GO into the polymer matrix has significantly improved the intrinsic and mechanical properties of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nur Amirah Idris
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Kawasan Perindustrian Jejawi, Arau 02600, Malaysia; (S.N.A.I.); (H.L.O.)
| | - Nora Jullok
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Kawasan Perindustrian Jejawi, Arau 02600, Malaysia; (S.N.A.I.); (H.L.O.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization & Taiwan-Malaysia Innovation Centre for Clean Water and Sustainable Energy (WISE Center), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Lot 17, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 2, Jejawi, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Woei Jye Lau
- Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM, Skudai Johor 81310, Malaysia;
| | - Hui Lin Ong
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Kawasan Perindustrian Jejawi, Arau 02600, Malaysia; (S.N.A.I.); (H.L.O.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization & Taiwan-Malaysia Innovation Centre for Clean Water and Sustainable Energy (WISE Center), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Lot 17, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 2, Jejawi, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 142, Hai-Chuan Road, Nan-Tzu District, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan;
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15
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Sujiono EH, Zurnansyah, Zabrian D, Dahlan MY, Amin BD, Samnur, Agus J. Graphene oxide based coconut shell waste: synthesis by modified Hummers method and characterization. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04568. [PMID: 32775745 PMCID: PMC7399256 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) based on coconut shell waste was successfully synthesized using a modified Hummers method, and the obtained GO was confirmed using XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and SEM-EDX. The XRD spectroscopy obtained the fractional content of the 2H graphite phase of 71.53%, 14.47% phosphorus, 10.02% calcium, and 3.97% potassium in coconut shell charcoal, where the GO sample tend to forms a phase of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). FTIR spectra shows compound functional groups of hydroxyl (- OH) at peak 1 (3449.92 cm-1), carboxyl (-COOH) at peak 2 (1719.42 cm-1) and peak 3 (1702.62 cm-1), and alcohol (C-OH) at peak 4 (1628.12 cm-1) and epoxy (CO) at peak 5 (1158.51 cm-1), which is similar to the GO synthesis from pure graphite. Raman spectroscopy analysis shows that the value of the ID/IG intensity ratio of the GO sample was 0.89 with a 2D single layer, and SEM results showed that surface morphology with an abundance of granular particles were found with different size distribution. The UV-visible results showed sufficient optical properties characterized by the spectrum, which formed because of the light absorption of the energy passed on the sample. The bandgap energy value of the sample obtained by the Tauc plot method was 4.38 eV, which indicates semiconductor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Sujiono
- Laboratory of Materials Physics, Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, 90224, Indonesia
| | - Zurnansyah
- Laboratory of Materials Physics, Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, 90224, Indonesia
| | - D Zabrian
- Laboratory of Materials Physics, Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, 90224, Indonesia
| | - M Y Dahlan
- Laboratory of Materials Physics, Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, 90224, Indonesia
| | - B D Amin
- Laboratory of Materials Physics, Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, 90224, Indonesia
| | - Samnur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, 90224, Indonesia
| | - J Agus
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar, Makassar, 92113, Indonesia
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Eckhart KE, Starvaggi FA, Sydlik SA. One-Shot Synthesis of Peptide Amphiphiles with Applications in Directed Graphenic Assembly. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3878-3886. [PMID: 32687328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High molecular weight, synthetic block copolypeptides that self-assemble are in high demand for biomedical applications. The current standard method for synthesis of block copolypeptides is the controlled ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) monomers, where block architectures can be created by sequential NCA monomer addition. Recently, researchers have focused on developing reaction conditions and initiation systems that make NCA ROP more convenient, particularly for interdisciplinary labs without designated polypeptide facilities. In an effort to further simplify and increase the convenience of polypeptide synthesis, we developed a one-shot copolymerization strategy that allows access to block copolypeptides by capitalizing on the inherently faster reactivity of NCA monomers, compared to NTA (N-thiocarboxyanhydride) monomers. For the first time, we combine an NCA and NTA monomer in one reaction to kinetically promote block copolypeptide formation, providing a convenient alternative to sequential monomer addition. The controlled nature of this copolymerization technique is supported by a molecular weight that is modulated by the concentration of the initiator and low dispersities. We used this one-shot copolymerization to synthesize p(lysine)-b-p(leucine), a known peptide amphiphile (PA). Our one-shot PAs are antimicrobial and can spontaneously form ordered, micron-scale assemblies. Covalent conjugation of one-shot PAs to a graphenic backbone results in a functional graphenic material (FGM) with a self-assembled morphology, paving the way for creation of sophisticated FGM scaffolds with polypeptide-templated, hierarchical order. Overall, we demonstrate that this novel, one-shot copolymerization strategy produces functional copolypeptides with macroscopic sequence control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline E Eckhart
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Francesca A Starvaggi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Stefanie A Sydlik
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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17
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Mechanical and thermal performances of epoxy resin/graphitic carbon nitride composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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18
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Shin DY, Ahn HJ. Interfacial Engineering of a Heteroatom-Doped Graphene Layer on Patterned Aluminum Foil for Ultrafast Lithium Storage Kinetics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:19210-19217. [PMID: 32233395 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The design of the interfacial architecture between the electrode and the current collector in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) plays a key role in achieving ultrafast lithium storage kinetics with respect to efficient charge transfer and cycle stability. However, in recent years, despite considerable efforts in the structural and chemical engineering of active materials (anode and cathode materials), interfacial architectures between the electrode and the current collector have received relatively insufficient attention in the case of ultrafast LIBs. Here, the interface architecture of a micropatterned Al current collector with a heteroatom-doped graphene interfacial layer is developed using roll pressing and dip coating processes. The cathode electrode fabricated with the resultant current collector offers increased contact area with enhanced interfacial stability between the electrode and the current collector because of micropatterns with heteroatom-doped graphene formed on the current collector, leading to outstanding ultrafast cycling capacity (105.8 mA h g-1) at 20 C. Furthermore, at extremely high rate and long-term cycling performance, significant ultrafast cycling stability (specific capacity of 87.1 mA h g-1 with capacity retention of 82.3% at 20 C after 1000 cycles) is noted. These improved ultrafast and ultra-stable performances are explained in terms of the increased electron collection/provision site with a high contact area between the electrode and the current collector for enhanced ultrafast cycling capacity and the effective corrosion prevention of the current collector with fast charge transfer for ultrafast cycling stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yo Shin
- Program of Materials Science & Engineering, Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Ahn
- Program of Materials Science & Engineering, Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
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19
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Solís RR, Mena IF, Nadagouda MN, Dionysiou DD. Adsorptive interaction of peroxymonosulfate with graphene and catalytic assessment via non-radical pathway for the removal of aqueous pharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121340. [PMID: 31605976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has been applied as a catalyst in peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation for the removal of pharmaceuticals in water. Firstly, a kinetic adsorption study of PMS was developed, fitting the results to the Elovich's equation. Moreover, the influence of the main variables in the adsorptive process such as pH, initial PMS concentration, and graphene dose were assessed. Secondly, the degradation of diclofenac as a target compound was studied comparing PMS-catalytic versus adsorption processes. PMS-catalytic process enhanced the removal of the micropollutant if compared to adsorption when using a low dose of graphene (less than 50 mg L-1) or after surface saturation. Studies using radical scavengers suggested the lack of radicals in the process, suggesting the non-radical activation of PMS. Thirdly, the adsorption versus PMS-catalytic processes were also compared for the oxidation of a mixture of three antibiotics (norfloxacin, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole) with different chemical structure. PMS-catalytic activation was more effective for the removal of those compounds that presented less affinity towards adsorption onto the graphene surface. Finally, characterization of the fresh and PMS-treated material was performed. Graphene demonstrated to be stable after its use as catalysts in PMS activation, suffering only slight transformation of the surface oxidation groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael R Solís
- Environmental Engineering and Science program, Department Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA.
| | - Ismael F Mena
- Departmento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Mallikarjuna N Nadagouda
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45324, USA
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science program, Department Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0012, USA
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20
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Amine-functionalized graphene oxide/zinc hexacyanoferrate composites for cesium removal from aqueous solutions. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-07002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Bhavyasree P, Xavier T. Green synthesis of Copper Oxide/Carbon nanocomposites using the leaf extract of Adhatoda vasica Nees, their characterization and antimicrobial activity. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03323. [PMID: 32072042 PMCID: PMC7016239 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper Oxide/Carbon (CuO/C) nanocomposites were developed through the green method using the leaf extract of Adhatoda vasica at room temperature. Here, the leaf extract serves as a capping agent, reducing agent and a source of carbon for the formation of nanocomposites. As we know, this is the first article on the synthesis of CuO/C nanocomposites using this leaf extract. The nanocomposites were prepared by mixing the copper sulphate pentahydrate solution with the plant extract under certain conditions. The synthesized material was characterized by XRD, UV-Visible, FTIR, FE SEM, EDS, XPS and TGA. The results revealed that the synthesized material is a composite of copper oxide and functionalized graphene-like carbon. The SEM images indicated that the CuO/C nanoflakes had an average thickness of 7-11nm. Further, the composites were examined for antifungal activity and antibacterial activity. The nanocomposites showed significant antibacterial activity against the pathogenic bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus and antifungal activity against the fungi Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Also, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal/Bactericidal Concentration (MFC/MBC) of the nanocomposites were determined against the fungus C. albicans and the bacteria K. pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.G. Bhavyasree
- Department of Physics, S.N College, Chathannur, India
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Department of Physics, Govt. College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- University of Kerala, India
| | - T.S. Xavier
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, Department of Physics, Govt. College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- University of Kerala, India
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22
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Nitrogen-doped graphene oxide as a catalyst for the oxidation of Rhodamine B by hydrogen peroxide: application to a sensitive fluorometric assay for hydrogen peroxide. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 187:47. [PMID: 31845299 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The authors report that nitrogen-doped graphene oxide (NGO) catalyzes the oxidative decomposition of the fluorophore Rhodamine B (RhB) by hydrogen peroxide. The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide yields free hydroxyl radicals that destroy RhB so that the intensity of the yellow fluorescence is reduced. Nitrogen doping enhances the electronic and optical properties and surface chemical reactivities of GO such as widening of bandgap, increase in conductivity, enhanced quenching and adsorbing capabilities etc. The catalytic properties of NGO are attributed to its large specific surface and high electron affinity of nitrogen atoms. The chemical and structural properties of GO and NGO were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, UV-visible and Raman spectroscopies. The method was optimized by varying the concentration of RhB, nitrogen dopant and hydrogen peroxide. The fluorescent probe, best operated at excitation/emission wavelengths of 554/577 nm, allows hydrogen peroxide to be determined in concentrations as low as 94 pM with a linear range spanning from 1 nM to 1 μM. Graphical abstract Schematic illustration of a fluorescence quenching method for the determination of H2O2. Upon addition of H2O2, nitrogen-doped graphene oxide (NGO) catalyzes the oxidation of Rhodamine B dye due to hydroxyl radical generation, which leads to a sensitive quenchometric methd for H2 O2.
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23
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Cui Y, Atkinson JD. Glycerol-derived magnetic mesoporous Fe/C composites for Cr(VI) removal, prepared via acid-assisted one-pot pyrolysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 228:694-701. [PMID: 31063916 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rapid increases in biodiesel use results in a surplus of its production by-product, glycerol, exceeding demand by traditional applications. In this study, Fe/C composites are prepared from glycerol-based precursors that include a dissolved iron salt via one-pot, two-stage pyrolysis. The first heating stage dehydrates, polymerizes, and carbonizes glycerol via acid-assisted pyrolysis while homogeneously dispersing a precipitated iron salt throughout the generated carbon matrix. The second stage develops porosity in the carbon support while reducing impregnated iron nanoparticles. Carbon supports with tailored physiochemical properties are generated by varying the dehydration acid (H2SO4 or H3PO4). Fe/C samples are predominantly mesoporous, with specific surface areas up to 560 m2/g and bulk iron contents up to 8.9 wt%, primarily as partially reduced Fe3O4. Cr(VI) removal follows the Freundlich model, reaching 107 mg/g at pH = 5. Mesoporous Fe/C composites are magnetic, allowing collection for reuse. After 4 use/recovery/reuse cycles, performance drops by < 25% when the products are applied in an actual wastewater system. Overall, the magnetic mesoporous Fe/C composite materials are straightforward to produce from waste glycerol and exhibit potential for environmental application in aqueous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Cui
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - John D Atkinson
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Department of Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
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24
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Shahabi Nejad M, Behzadi S, Sheibani H. Fabrication of ultra-small ruthenium nanoparticles on porous modified reduced graphene oxide and its application in solvent-free oxidation of cyclohexene with molecular oxygen. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Soheila Behzadi
- Department of Chemistry; Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman; Kerman 76169 Iran
| | - Hassan Sheibani
- Department of Chemistry; Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman; Kerman 76169 Iran
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25
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Andrade-Guel M, Cabello-Alvarado C, Cruz-Delgado VJ, Bartolo-Perez P, De León-Martínez PA, Sáenz-Galindo A, Cadenas-Pliego G, Ávila-Orta CA. Surface Modification of Graphene Nanoplatelets by Organic Acids and Ultrasonic Radiation for Enhance Uremic Toxins Adsorption. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E715. [PMID: 30823647 PMCID: PMC6427473 DOI: 10.3390/ma12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound energy is a green and economically viable alternative to conventional techniques for surface modification of materials. The main benefits of this technique are the decrease of processing time and the amount of energy used. In this work, graphene nanoplatelets were treated with organic acids under ultrasonic radiation of 350 W at different times (30 and 60 min) aiming to modify their surface with functional acid groups and to improve the adsorption of uremic toxins. The modified graphene nanoplatelets were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT⁻IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optimum time for modification with organic acids was 30 min. The modified nanoplatelets were tested as adsorbent material for uremic toxins using the equilibrium isotherms where the adsorption isotherm of urea was adjusted for the Langmuir model. From the solution, 75% of uremic toxins were removed and absorbed by the modified nanoplatelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Andrade-Guel
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Saltillo 25294, Mexico.
| | - C Cabello-Alvarado
- CONACYT-Consorcio de Investigación Científica, Tecnológica y de Innovación del Estado de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala 90000, Mexico.
| | - V J Cruz-Delgado
- CONACYT-Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Mérida 97205, Mexico.
| | - P Bartolo-Perez
- Centro de investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Mérida, Departamento de Física Aplicada, Mérida 97310, Mexico.
| | - P A De León-Martínez
- Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Saltillo 25280, Mexico.
| | - A Sáenz-Galindo
- Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Saltillo 25280, Mexico.
| | - G Cadenas-Pliego
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Saltillo 25294, Mexico.
| | - C A Ávila-Orta
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Departamento de Materiales Avanzados, Saltillo 25294, Mexico.
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26
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Abdollahifar A, Hashemi SA, Mousavi SM, Rahsepar M, Amani AM. Fabrication of graphene oxide-lead oxide epoxy based composite with enhanced chemical resistance, hydrophobicity and thermo-mechanical properties. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.22162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology; School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; Shiraz Iran
| | - Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology; School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; Shiraz Iran
| | - Mansour Rahsepar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; School of Engineering; Shiraz University; Shiraz Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology; School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies; Shiraz University of Medical Sciences; Shiraz Iran
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