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Wang Q, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Mi J, Ma Q, Li T, Huang S. Agaro-oligosaccharides mitigate deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal inflammation by regulating gut microbiota and enhancing intestinal barrier function in mice. Food Funct 2024; 15:3380-3394. [PMID: 38498054 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04898e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Agarose-derived agaro-oligosaccharides (AgaroS) have been extensively studied in terms of structures and bioactivities; they reportedly possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that maintain intestinal homeostasis and host health. However, the protective effects of AgaroS on deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced intestinal dysfunction remain unclear. We investigated the effects of AgaroS on DON-induced intestinal dysfunction in mice and explored the underlying protective mechanisms. In total, 32 mice were randomly allocated to four treatments (n = 8 each) for 28 days. From day 1 to day 21, the control (CON) and DON groups received oral phosphate-buffered saline (200 μL per day); the AgaroS and AgaroS + DON groups received 200 mg AgaroS per kg body weight once daily by orogastric gavage. Experimental intestinal injury was induced by adding DON (4.8 mg per kg body weight) via gavage from day 21 to day 28. Phosphate-buffered saline was administered once daily by gavage in the CON and AgaroS groups. Herein, AgaroS supplementation led to a higher final body weight and smaller body weight loss and a lower concentration of plasma inflammatory cytokines, compared with the DON group. The DON group showed a significantly reduced ileal villus height and villus height/crypt depth, compared with the CON and AgaroS + DON groups. However, AgaroS supplementation improved DON-induced intestinal injury in mice. Compared with the DON group, ileal and colonic protein expression levels of claudin, occludin, Ki67, and mucin2 were significantly higher in the AgaroS supplementation group. Colonic levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β tended to be higher in the DON group than in the AgaroS + DON group. AgaroS altered the gut microbiota composition, accompanied by increased production of short-chain fatty acids in mice. In conclusion, our findings highlight a promising anti-mycotoxin approach whereby AgaroS alleviate DON-induced intestinal inflammation by modulating intestinal barrier functional integrity and gut microbiota in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 21001, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinqiu Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Shimeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
- Feed Safety and Healthy Livestock, Beijing Jingwa Agricultural Innovation Center, Beijing, China
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Cox A, Bomstein Z, Jayaraman A, Allred C. The intestinal microbiota as mediators between dietary contaminants and host health. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2131-2150. [PMID: 37997859 PMCID: PMC10800128 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231208486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota sit at an important interface between the host and the environment, and are exposed to a multitude of nutritive and non-nutritive substances. These microbiota are critical to maintaining host health, but their supportive roles may be compromised in response to endogenous compounds. Numerous non-nutritive substances are introduced through contaminated foods, with three common groups of contaminants being bisphenols, phthalates, and mycotoxins. The former contaminants are commonly introduced through food and/or beverages packaged in plastic, while mycotoxins contaminate various crops used to feed livestock and humans alike. Each group of contaminants have been shown to shift microbial communities following exposure; however, specific patterns in microbial responses have yet to be identified, and little is known about the capacity of the microbiota to metabolize these contaminants. This review characterizes the state of existing research related to gut microbial responses to and biotransformation of bisphenols, phthalates, and mycotoxins. Collectively, we highlight the need to identify consistent, contaminant-specific responses in microbial shifts, whether these community alterations are a result of contaminant effects on the host or microbiota directly, and to identify the extent of contaminant biotransformation by microbiota, including if these transformations occur in physiologically relevant contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amon Cox
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Zach Bomstein
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Clinton Allred
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
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Gajęcka M, Otrocka-Domagała I, Brzuzan P, Zielonka Ł, Dąbrowski M, Gajęcki MT. Influence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone on the immunohistochemical expression of oestrogen receptors and liver enzyme genes in vivo in prepubertal gilts. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2155-2168. [PMID: 37328583 PMCID: PMC10322793 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are often detected in plant materials used to produce feed for pre-pubertal gilts. Daily exposure to small amounts of these mycotoxins causes subclinical conditions in pigs and affects various biological processes (e.g. mycotoxin biotransformation). The aim of this preclinical study was to evaluate the effect of low monotonic doses of DON and ZEN (12 µg/kg body weight-BW-and 40 µg/kg BW, respectively), administered alone or in combination to 36 prepubertal gilts for 42 days, on the degree of immunohistochemical expression of oestrogen receptors (ERs) in the liver and the mRNA expression of genes encoding selected liver enzymes during biotransformation processes. The level of expression of the analysed genes proves that the tested mycotoxins exhibit variable biological activity at different stages of biotransformation. The biological activity of low doses of mycotoxins determines their metabolic activity. Therefore, taking into account the impact of low doses of mycotoxins on energy-intensive processes and their endogenous metabolism, it seems that the observed situation may lead to the activation of adaptation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Iwona Otrocka-Domagała
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13D, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Paweł Brzuzan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Fisheries, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 45G, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej T. Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718, Olsztyn, Poland
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Effects of Exposure to Low Zearalenone Concentrations Close to the EU Recommended Value on Weaned Piglets’ Colon. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030206. [PMID: 36977097 PMCID: PMC10055674 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are the most sensitive animal to zearalenone (ZEN) contamination, especially after weaning, with acute deleterious effects on different health parameters. Although recommendations not to exceed 100 µg/kg in piglets feed exists (2006/576/EC), there are no clear regulations concerning the maximum limit in feed for piglets, which means that more investigations are necessary to establish a guidance value. Due to these reasons, the present study aims to investigate if ZEN, at a concentration lower than the EC recommendation for piglets, might affect the microbiota or induce changes in SCFA synthesis and can trigger modifications of nutritional, physiological, and immunological markers in the colon (intestinal integrity through junction protein analysis and local immunity through IgA production). Consequently, the effect of two concentrations of zearalenone were tested, one below the limit recommended by the EC (75 µg/kg) and a higher one (290 µg/kg) for comparison reasons. Although exposure to contaminated feed with 75 µg ZEN/kg feed did not significantly affect the observed parameters, the 290 µg/kg feed altered several microbiota population abundances and the secretory IgA levels. The obtained results contribute to a better understanding of the adverse effects that ZEN can have in the colon of young pigs in a dose-dependent manner.
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Wang S, Fu W, Zhao X, Chang X, Liu H, Zhou L, Li J, Cheng R, Wu X, Li X, Sun C. Zearalenone disturbs the reproductive-immune axis in pigs: the role of gut microbial metabolites. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:234. [PMID: 36536466 PMCID: PMC9762105 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to zearalenone (ZEN, a widespread Fusarium mycotoxin) causes reproductive toxicity and immunotoxicity in farm animals, and it then poses potential threats to human health through the food chain. A systematic understanding of underlying mechanisms on mycotoxin-induced toxicity is necessary for overcoming potential threats to farm animals and humans. The gastrointestinal tract is a first-line defense against harmful mycotoxins; however, it remains unknown whether mycotoxin (e.g., ZEN)-induced toxicity on the reproductive-immune axis is linked to altered gut microbial metabolites. In this study, using pigs (during the three phases) as an important large animal model, we investigated whether ZEN-induced toxicity on immune defense in the reproductive-immune axis was involved in altered gut microbial-derived metabolites. Moreover, we observed whether the regulation of gut microbial-derived metabolites through engineering ZEN-degrading enzymes counteracted ZEN-induced toxicity on the gut-reproductive-immune axis. RESULTS Here, we showed ZEN exposure impaired immune defense in the reproductive-immune axis of pigs during phase 1/2. This impairment was accompanied by altered gut microbial-derived metabolites [e.g., decreased butyrate production, and increased lipopolysaccharides (LPS) production]. Reduction of butyrate production impaired the intestinal barrier via a GPR109A-dependent manner, and together with increased LPS in plasma then aggravated the systemic inflammation, thus directly and/or indirectly disturbing immune defense in the reproductive-immune axis. To validate these findings, we further generated recombinant Bacillus subtilis 168-expressing ZEN-degrading enzyme ZLHY-6 (the Bs-Z6 strain) as a tool to test the feasibility of enzymatic removal of ZEN from mycotoxin-contaminated food. Notably, modified gut microbial metabolites (e.g., butyrate, LPS) through the recombinant Bs-Z6 strain counteracted ZEN-induced toxicity on the intestinal barrier, thus enhancing immune defense in the reproductive-immune axis of pigs during phase-3. Also, butyrate supplementation restored ZEN-induced abnormalities in the porcine small intestinal epithelial cell. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results highlight the role of gut microbial-derived metabolites in ZEN-induced toxicity on the gut-reproductive-immune axis. Importantly, targeting these gut microbial-derived metabolites opens a new window for novel preventative strategies or therapeutic interventions for mycotoxicosis associated to ZEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujin Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, The People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xueya Zhao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiao Chang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, 100037, The People's Republic of China
| | - Hujun Liu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, 100037, The People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Shenzhen Premix INVE Nutrition, Co., LTD., Shenzhen, 518100, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, The People's Republic of China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Xi Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Changpo Sun
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, 100037, The People's Republic of China.
- Standards and Quality Center of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, 100037, The People's Republic of China.
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Possible Toxic Mechanisms of Deoxynivalenol (DON) Exposure to Intestinal Barrier Damage and Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota in Laying Hens. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100682. [PMID: 36287951 PMCID: PMC9609298 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol is one the of most common mycotoxins in cereals and grains and causes a serious health threat to poultry and farm animals. Our previous study found that DON decreased the production performance of laying hens. It has been reported that DON could exert significant toxic effects on the intestinal barrier and microbiota. However, whether the decline of laying performance is related to intestinal barrier damage, and the underlying mechanisms of DON induced intestine function injury remain largely unclear in laying hens. In this study, 80 Hy-line brown laying hens at 26 weeks were randomly divided into 0, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg.bw (body weight) DON daily for 6 weeks. The morphology of the duodenum, the expression of inflammation factors and tight junction proteins, and the diversity and abundance of microbiota were analyzed in different levels of DON treated to laying hens. The results demonstrated that the mucosal detachment and reduction of the villi number were presented in different DON treated groups with a dose-effect manner. Additionally, the genes expression of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and anti-inflammatory factors IL-10 were increased or decreased at 5 and 10 mg/kg.bw DON groups, respectively. The levels of ZO-1 and claudin-1 expression were significantly decreased in 5 and 10 mg/kg.bw DON groups. Moreover, the alpha diversity including Chao, ACE and Shannon indices were all reduced in DON treated groups. At the phylum level, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Spirochaetes were decreased and increased in 10 mg/kg.bw DON group, respectively. At the genus levels, the relative abundance of Clostridium and Lactobacillus in 5 and 10 mg/kg.bw DON groups, and Alkanindiges and Spirochaeta in the 10 mg/kg.bw DON were significantly decreased and increased, respectively. Moreover, there were significant correlation between the expression of tight junction proteins and the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Succinispira. These results indicated that DON exposure to the laying hens can induce the inflammation and disrupt intestinal tight junctions, suggesting that DON can directly damage barrier function, which may be closely related to the dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota.
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Effects of Intestinal Microorganisms on Metabolism and Toxicity Mitigation of Zearalenone in Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151962. [PMID: 35953951 PMCID: PMC9367588 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Zearalenone (ZEN) widely contaminates all the feed crops, and ZEN may cause harmful damage to animals and humans. Different animals have different sensitivity to ZEN. Among these animals, chickens show a strong resistance. Intestinal microorganisms are essential in digestion and degradation. Therefore, we hypothesise whether intestinal microorganisms in chickens play an important role in digesting and degrading ZEN. In this study, we found that intestinal microorganisms could degrade ZEN to a certain degree by both vivo and vitro experiments. We concluded that the intestinal microbiota of broilers had metabolic effects on ZEN and alleviated antioxidant and liver damage caused by ZEN to broilers. Moreover, we found some key bacteria that are important in degrading ZEN. Abstract Zearalenone (ZEN) is an estrogenic mycotoxin, and chickens are relatively insensitive to it. In this study, the effects of intestinal microorganisms on ZEN metabolism and toxicity mitigation in broilers were studied by two experiments. Firstly, in vitro, ZEN was incubated anaerobically with chyme from each part of the chicken intestine to study its intestinal microbial metabolism. Then, in vivo, we explored the effects of intestinal microbiota on ZEN by inhibiting intestinal microorganisms. Broilers were fed a control diet, 2.5 mg/kg ZEN diet, microbial inhibition diet or ‘microbial inhibition +2.5 mg/kg ZEN’ diet. In vitro, the results showed that the rates of ZEN degradation by microorganisms in the duodenum, ileum, caecum, and colon were 56%, 12%, 15%, and 17%, respectively, and the microorganisms could convert ZEN into Zearalenol (ZOL). After microbial inhibition in vivo, the content of ZEN and its metabolites in excreta of broilers increased significantly, and antioxidant damage and liver damage were aggravated. 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that antioxidant indices and the content of ZEN and its metabolites in excreta were significantly correlated with the relative abundance of Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Enterococcus, etc. In conclusion, the intestinal microorganisms of broilers play an important role in ZEN metabolism and ZEN-induced antioxidant and liver injury mitigation, among which the key bacteria include Streptococcus, Lactococcus and Enterococcus, etc.
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Recharla N, Park S, Kim M, Kim B, Jeong JY. Protective effects of biological feed additives on gut microbiota and
the health of pigs exposed to deoxynivalenol: a review. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:640-653. [PMID: 35969702 PMCID: PMC9353346 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most common mycotoxin contaminant of cereal-based
food and animal feed. The toxicity of DON is very low compared to that of other
toxins; however, the most prominent signs of DON exposure include inappetence
and body weight loss, which causes considerable economic losses in the livestock
industry. This review summarizes critical studies on biological DON mycotoxin
mitigation strategies and the respective in vitro and
in vivo intestinal effects. Focus areas include growth
performance, gut health in terms of intestinal histomorphology, epithelial
barrier functions, the intestinal immune system and microflora, and short-chain
fatty acid production in the intestines. In addition, DON detoxification and
modulation of these parameters, through biological supplements, are discussed.
Biological detoxification of DON using microorganisms can attenuate DON toxicity
by modulating gut microbiota and improving gut health with or without
influencing the growth performance of pigs. However, the use of microorganisms
as feed additives to livestock for mycotoxins detoxification needs more research
before commercial use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja Recharla
- Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Sungkwon Park
- Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division,
National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Byeonghyeon Kim
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division,
National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Jin Young Jeong
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division,
National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju 55365, Korea
- Corresponding author: Jin Young Jeong,
Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science,
Wanju 55365, Korea. Tel: +82-63-238-7487, E-mail:
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Holanda DM, Kim SW. Impacts of weaning weights and mycotoxin challenges on jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota, intestinal and systemic health, and growth performance of nursery pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:43. [PMID: 35413935 PMCID: PMC9006406 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed at investigating the effects of mycotoxin challenge on the growth and physiology of nursery pigs with different weaning weights. Results At weaning, 10 pigs were euthanized to collect jejunal mucosa and 90 pigs were assigned following a randomized complete block design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 3 pigs per pen. Factors were: weaning weight (light: body weight, BW < 7.5 kg or heavy: BW > 9.0 kg); and dietary mycotoxins (supplementation of 0.2 mg/kg aflatoxins, 2.0 mg/kg deoxynivalenol). All diets had titanium dioxide as an external marker at 0.5%. Growth performance and fecal score were recorded until pigs achieved 20 kg BW (light pigs average BW = 21.1 kg and heavy pigs average BW = 20.5 kg). Pigs were sampled for blood, ileal digesta, jejunal tissue and mucosa at 20 kg BW. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS. At weaning, light pigs had decreased (P < 0.05) jejunal interleukin-8, increased (P < 0.05) tumor necrosis factor-α, and increased (P < 0.05) α-diversity indexes of jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota. At 20 kg of BW, light pigs had decreased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G/F). Mycotoxins decreased (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, ADFI, and G/F. Light pigs tended to have increased fecal score on d 0 (P = 0.080), d 10 (P = 0.069), and increased (P < 0.05) fecal score at 20 kg. Mycotoxins decreased the apparent ileal digestibility of nitrogen (P < 0.05). Light pigs had increased (P < 0.05) intestinal malondialdehydes and interleukin 8. Mycotoxins tended to increase (P = 0.060) intestinal tumor necrosis factor-α. Conclusions Nursery pigs with light weaning weight were more susceptible to jejunal inflammation and had impaired intestinal health due to weaning stress, whereas mycotoxins diminished the health and growth of nursery pigs regardless of weaning weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Holanda
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, USA
| | - S W Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 27695, USA.
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Kozieł MJ, Ziaja M, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. Intestinal Barrier, Claudins and Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:758. [PMID: 34822542 PMCID: PMC8622050 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal barrier is the main barrier against all of the substances that enter the body. Proper functioning of this barrier guarantees maintained balance in the organism. Mycotoxins are toxic, secondary fungi metabolites, that have a negative impact both on human and animal health. It was postulated that various mycotoxins may affect homeostasis by disturbing the intestinal barrier. Claudins are proteins that are involved in creating tight junctions between epithelial cells. A growing body of evidence underlines their role in molecular response to mycotoxin-induced cytotoxicity. This review summarizes the information connected with claudins, their association with an intestinal barrier, physiological conditions in general, and with gastrointestinal cancers. Moreover, this review also includes information about the changes in claudin expression upon exposition to various mycotoxins.
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Jin J, Beekmann K, Ringø E, Rietjens IM, Xing F. Interaction between food-borne mycotoxins and gut microbiota: A review. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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12
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Gajęcka M, Brzuzan P, Otrocka-Domagała I, Zielonka Ł, Lisieska-Żołnierczyk S, Gajęcki MT. The Effect of 42-Day Exposure to a Low Deoxynivalenol Dose on the Immunohistochemical Expression of Intestinal ERs and the Activation of CYP1A1 and GSTP1 Genes in the Large Intestine of Pre-pubertal Gilts. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:644549. [PMID: 34350223 PMCID: PMC8326516 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.644549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that contaminates various plant materials. Exposure to DON can disrupt hormonal homeostasis, decrease body weight gains and modulate the immune system in pigs. It can also cause diarrhea, vomiting, leukocytosis, hemorrhaging or even death. Prolonged exposure to low doses of DON can have serious health implications in mammals. This is the first in vivo study to show that per os administration of low DON doses probably contributes to specific dysfunctions in steroidogenesis processes by inducing the immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptors alpha (ERα) in the entire gastrointestinal tract in strongly stained cells (3 points) and estrogen receptors beta (ERβ), but only in both investigated segments of the duodenum in pre-pubertal gilts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether a NOAEL dose of DON (12 μg DON/kg BW) administered per os over a period of 42 days induces changes in the immunohistochemical expression of ER in different intestinal segments and the transcriptional activation of CYP1A1 and GSTP1 genes in the large intestine of pre-pubertal gilts. This is the first report to demonstrate the expression of ER, in particular ERβ, with the associated consequences. The expression of ER was accompanied by considerable variations in the activation of CYP1A1 and GSTP1 genes, but it supported the maintenance of a stable consensus between the degree of mycotoxin exposure and the detoxifying effect in pre-pubertal gilts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Paweł Brzuzan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Fisheries, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Iwona Otrocka-Domagała
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk
- Independent Public Health Care Center of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration and the Warmia and Mazury Oncology Center in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej T Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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13
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Hong SW, Park J, Jeong H, Kim M. Evaluation of the microbiome composition in particulate matter inside and outside of pig houses. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:640-650. [PMID: 34189511 PMCID: PMC8203996 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) produced in pig houses may contain microbes which can
spread by airborne transmission, and PM and microbes in PM adversely affect
human and animal health. To investigate the microbiome in PM from pig houses,
nine PM samples were collected in summer 2020 inside and outside of pig houses
located in Jangseong-gun, Jeollanam-do Province, Korea, comprising three PM
samples from within a nursery pig house (I-NPH), three samples from within a
finishing pig house (I-FPH), and three samples from outside of the pig houses
(O-PH). Microbiomes were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing.
Firmicutes was the most dominant phylum and accounted for 64.8%–97.5% of
total sequences in all the samples, followed by Proteobacteria
(1.4%–21.8%) and Bacteroidetes (0.3%–13.7%). In total, 31 genera
were represented by > 0.3% of all sequences, and only
Lactobacillus, Turicibacter, and
Aerococcus differed significantly among the three PM sample
types. All three genera were more abundant in the I-FPH samples than in the O-PH
samples. Alpha diversity indices did not differ significantly among the three PM
types, and a principal coordinate analysis suggested that overall microbial
communities were similar across PM types. The concentration of PM did not
significantly differ among the three PM types, and no significant correlation of
PM concentration with the abundance of any potential pathogen was observed. The
present study demonstrates that microbial composition in PM inside and outside
of pig houses is similar, indicating that most microbe-containing PM inside pig
houses leaks to the outside from where it, along with microbe-containing PM on
the outside, may re-enter the pig houses. Our results may provide useful
insights regarding strategies to mitigate potential risk associated with pig
farming PM and pathogens in PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Woon Hong
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.,Education and Research Unit for Climate-Smart Reclaimed-Tideland Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.,AgriBio Institute of Climate Change Management, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Jinseon Park
- AgriBio Institute of Climate Change Management, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Hanna Jeong
- Department of Rural and Biosystems Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.,Education and Research Unit for Climate-Smart Reclaimed-Tideland Agriculture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- AgriBio Institute of Climate Change Management, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.,Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
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14
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Bai L, Paek J, Shin Y, Park HY, Chang YH. Lacticaseibacillus absianus sp. nov., isolated from the cecum of a mini-pig. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 33724174 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic, Gram-stain-positive bacteria, isolated from the cecum of a mini-pig, was designated as strain YH-lac23T. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the strain was closely related to Lacticaseibacillus daqingensis JCM 33273T (97.9 %), Lacticaseibacillus porcinae KCTC 21027T (96.2 %) and Lacticaseibacillus manihotivorans KCTC 21010T (95.7 %). Analysis of housekeeping gene sequences (pheS and recA) revealed that the strain formed a sub-cluster with L. daqingensis. The average nucleotide identity value for YH-lac23T and its most closely related strain (L. daqingensis) is 80.7 %. The main fatty acids are C18 : 1ω9c and C16 : 0. The cell wall contains the peptidoglycan of meso-diaminopimelic acid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA is 59.8 mol%. In view of the chemotaxonomic, phenotypic and phylogenetic properties, YH-lac23T (=KCTC 25006=JCM 33998) represents a novel taxon. The name Lacticaseibacillus absianus sp. nov. is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Bai
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayoung Paek
- ABS Research Support Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Shin
- ABS Research Support Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yong Park
- Industrial Bio-materials Research Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biotechnology, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hyo Chang
- ABS Research Support Center, KRIBB, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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15
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Guerre P. Mycotoxin and Gut Microbiota Interactions. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E769. [PMID: 33291716 PMCID: PMC7761905 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota were discovered early in animals and explained part of the differences in susceptibility to mycotoxins among species. Isolation of microbes present in the gut responsible for biotransformation of mycotoxins into less toxic metabolites and for binding mycotoxins led to the development of probiotics, enzymes, and cell extracts that are used to prevent mycotoxin toxicity in animals. More recently, bioactivation of mycotoxins into toxic compounds, notably through the hydrolysis of masked mycotoxins, revealed that the health benefits of the effect of the gut microbiota on mycotoxins can vary strongly depending on the mycotoxin and the microbe concerned. Interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota can also be observed through the effect of mycotoxins on the gut microbiota. Changes of gut microbiota secondary to mycotoxin exposure may be the consequence of the antimicrobial properties of mycotoxins or the toxic effect of mycotoxins on epithelial and immune cells in the gut, and liberation of antimicrobial peptides by these cells. Whatever the mechanism involved, exposure to mycotoxins leads to changes in the gut microbiota composition at the phylum, genus, and species level. These changes can lead to disruption of the gut barrier function and bacterial translocation. Changes in the gut microbiota composition can also modulate the toxicity of toxic compounds, such as bacterial toxins and of mycotoxins themselves. A last consequence for health of the change in the gut microbiota secondary to exposure to mycotoxins is suspected through variations observed in the amount and composition of the volatile fatty acids and sphingolipids that are normally present in the digesta, and that can contribute to the occurrence of chronic diseases in human. The purpose of this work is to review what is known about mycotoxin and gut microbiota interactions, the mechanisms involved in these interactions, and their practical application, and to identify knowledge gaps and future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Guerre
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, F-31076 Toulouse, France
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16
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Holanda DM, Kim SW. Investigation of the efficacy of mycotoxin-detoxifying additive on health and growth of newly-weaned pigs under deoxynivalenol challenges. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:405-416. [PMID: 33152208 PMCID: PMC7961193 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study evaluated the effects of feeding diets naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol (supplemental 2 mg/kg) on health, growth, and the effects of a mycotoxin-detoxifying additive in newly-weaned pigs. Methods Thirty-six pigs (27 day-old) were housed individually and assigned to 3 treatments for 5 weeks: CON (diet containing minimal deoxynivalenol), MT (diet with supplemental 1.9 mg/kg of deoxynivalenol), and MT+D (MT + mycotoxin-detoxifying additive, 0.2%, MegaFix, ICC, São Paulo, Brazil). The mycotoxin-detoxifying additive included bentonite, algae, enzymes, and yeast. Blood was taken at week 2 and 5. Jejunal tissue were taken at week 5. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Results Pigs fed MT+D tended to have decreased (p = 0.056) averaged daily feed intake during week 1 than MT. At week 2, serum aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase in MT tended to be lower (p = 0.059) than CON, whereas it was increased (p< 0.05) for MT+D than MT, indicating hepatic damages in MT and recovery in MT+D. Pigs fed MT had lower (p<0.05) blood urea nitrogen/creatinine than CON, supporting hepatic damage. At week 5, pigs fed MT tended to have reduced (p = 0.079) glucose than CON, whereas it was increased (p<0.05) for MT+D than MT, indicating impaired intestinal glucose absorption in MT, which was improved in MT+D. Pigs fed CON tended to have increased (p = 0.057) total glutathione in jejunum than MT, indicating oxidative stress in MT. Pigs fed MT+D had a reduced (p<0.05) proportion of Ki-67-positive cells in jejunum than MT, indicating lower enterocyte proliferation in MT+D. Conclusion Feeding supplemental 1.9 mg/kg of deoxynivalenol reduced growth and debilitated hepatic health of pigs, as seen in leakage of hepatic enzymes, impaired nitrogen metabolism, and increase in oxidative stress. The mycotoxin-detoxifying enhanced hepatic health and glucose levels, and attenuated gut damage in pigs fed deoxynivalenol contaminated diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC 27695, USA
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17
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Daud N, Currie V, Duncan G, Farquharson F, Yoshinari T, Louis P, Gratz SW. Prevalent Human Gut Bacteria Hydrolyse and Metabolise Important Food-Derived Mycotoxins and Masked Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100654. [PMID: 33066173 PMCID: PMC7601956 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are important food contaminants that commonly co-occur with modified mycotoxins such as mycotoxin-glucosides in contaminated cereal grains. These masked mycotoxins are less toxic, but their breakdown and release of unconjugated mycotoxins has been shown by mixed gut microbiota of humans and animals. The role of different bacteria in hydrolysing mycotoxin-glucosides is unknown, and this study therefore investigated fourteen strains of human gut bacteria for their ability to break down masked mycotoxins. Individual bacterial strains were incubated anaerobically with masked mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol-3-β-glucoside, DON-Glc; nivalenol-3-β-glucoside, NIV-Glc; HT-2-β-glucoside, HT-2-Glc; diacetoxyscirpenol-α-glucoside, DAS-Glc), or unconjugated mycotoxins (DON, NIV, HT-2, T-2, and DAS) for up to 48 h. Bacterial growth, hydrolysis of mycotoxin-glucosides and further metabolism of mycotoxins were assessed. We found no impact of any mycotoxin on bacterial growth. We have demonstrated that Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Roseburia intestinalis and Eubacterium rectale hydrolyse DON-Glc, HT-2 Glc, and NIV-Glc efficiently and have confirmed this activity in Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (DON-Glc only). Prevotella copri and B. fibrisolvens efficiently de-acetylated T-2 and DAS, but none of the bacteria were capable of de-epoxydation or hydrolysis of α-glucosides. In summary we have identified key bacteria involved in hydrolysing mycotoxin-glucosides and de-acetylating type A trichothecenes in the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noshin Daud
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (N.D.); (V.C.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (P.L.)
| | - Valerie Currie
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (N.D.); (V.C.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (P.L.)
| | - Gary Duncan
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (N.D.); (V.C.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (P.L.)
| | - Freda Farquharson
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (N.D.); (V.C.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (P.L.)
| | - Tomoya Yoshinari
- Division of Microbiology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan;
| | - Petra Louis
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (N.D.); (V.C.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (P.L.)
| | - Silvia W. Gratz
- Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (N.D.); (V.C.); (G.D.); (F.F.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Transient effect of single or repeated acute deoxynivalenol and zearalenone dietary challenge on fecal microbiota composition in female finishing pigs. Animal 2020; 14:2277-2287. [PMID: 32616095 PMCID: PMC7538342 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120001299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are a major contaminant of pig feed and have negative effects on health and performance. The present study investigated the impact of single or repeated acute challenges with a diet naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) on growth performances of finishing pigs and their fecal microbiota composition. A total of 160 pigs (castrated males and females) in two successive batches were randomly divided into four experimental groups of 40 pigs each. The control group received a control finisher diet from 99 to 154 days of age. Challenged groups were subjected to a 7-day acute challenge by being fed a DON- and ZEN-contaminated diet (3.02 mg DON/kg feed and 0.76 mg ZEN/kg feed) at 113 days (group DC), 134 days (group CD) or both 113 and 134 days (group DD). Microbiota composition was analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing from fecal samples collected from the 80 females at 99, 119, 140 and 154 days. Challenged pigs (i.e. groups DC, CD and DD) reduced their average daily feed intake by 25% and 27% (P < 0.001) and feed efficiency by 34% and 28% (P < 0.05) during the first and second mycotoxin exposure, respectively. Microbiota composition was affected by mycotoxin exposure (P = 0.07 during the first exposure and P = 0.01 during the second exposure). At the family level, mycotoxin exposure significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the relative abundances of Ruminococcaceae, Streptococcaceae and Veillonellaceae and increased that of Erysipelotrichaceae at both 119 and 140 days of age. After the 7-day DON/ZEN challenge, the relative abundance of 6 to 148 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) differed among the treatment groups. However, none of these OTUs changed in all treatment groups. Using 27 functional pathways, pigs exposed to DON/ZEN challenges could be distinguished from control pigs using sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis, with a 15% misclassification rate. Regarding the functionality of these predictors, two pathways were involved in detoxifying mycotoxins: drug metabolism and xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450. In challenged pigs, microbiota composition returned to the initial state within 3 weeks after the end of a single or repeated DON/ZEN challenge, highlighting the resilience of the gut microbiome. The feeding and growth performances of the pigs during challenge periods were significantly correlated with biological pathways related to health problems and modifications in host metabolism. To conclude, short-term DON/ZEN challenges resulted in transient modifications in the composition and functions of fecal microbiota.
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19
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Reddy KE, Kim M, Kim KH, Ji SY, Baek Y, Chun JL, Jung HJ, Choe C, Lee HJ, Kim M, Lee SD. Effect of commercially purified deoxynivalenol and zearalenone mycotoxins on microbial diversity of pig cecum contents. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:243-255. [PMID: 32777887 PMCID: PMC7876725 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins that frequently contaminate maize and grain cereals, imposing risks to the health of both humans and animals and leading to economic losses. The gut microbiome has been shown to help combat the effects of such toxins, with certain microorganisms reported to contribute significantly to the detoxification process. METHODS We examined the cecum contents of three different dietary groups of pigs (control, as well as diets contaminated with 8 mg DON/kg feed or 0.8 mg ZEN/kg feed). Bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons were acquired from the cecum contents and evaluated by next-generation sequencing. RESULTS A total of 2,539,288 sequences were generated with ~500 nucleotide read lengths. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla, occupying more than 96% of all three groups. Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Megasphaera, and Campylobacter showed potential as biomarkers for each group. Particularly, Lactobacillus and Bacteroides were more abundant in the DON and ZEN groups than in the control. Additionally, 52,414 operational taxonomic units were detected in the three groups; those of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Campylobacter, and Prevotella were most dominant and significantly varied between groups. Hence, contamination of feed by DON and ZEN affected the cecum microbiota, while Lactobacillus and Bacteroides were highly abundant and positively influenced the host physiology. CONCLUSION Lactobacillus and Bacteroides play key roles in the process of detoxification and improving the immune response. We, therefore, believe that these results may be useful for determining whether disturbances in the intestinal microflora, such as the toxic effects of DON and ZEN, can be treated by modulating the intestinal bacterial flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kondreddy Eswar Reddy
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Minji Kim
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Sang Yun Ji
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Youlchang Baek
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ju Lan Chun
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Jung
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea.,Swine Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Changyong Choe
- Division of Animal Disease and Health, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Lee
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea.,Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea.,Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Sung Dae Lee
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea
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20
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Tan S, Ge W, Wang J, Liu W, Zhao Y, Shen W, Li L. Zearalenone-induced aberration in the composition of the gut microbiome and function impacts the ovary reserve. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125493. [PMID: 32050327 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), as a contaminant commonly found in our daily diet, has been widely studied for its toxicity. However, the exact mechanism underlying ZEA induced reproduction disorders remains unclear. Our study aimed to elucidate the underlying relationship between aberrations in the gut microbiota and the degeneration of the ovarian reserve following exposure to ZEA. Four-week-old mice were treated with different doses (0, 20, 40 μg/kg bw/day) of ZEA for 2 weeks and it was found that the primordial follicles were dramatically decreased when compared to untreated controls. Moreover, we applied metagenomic shotgun sequencing to investigate the effects of ZEA exposure on the population composition and function of gut microbiota. The results showed that the abundance of three susceptible bacterial strains, parabacteroides, bacteroides and lachnospiraceae were increased in a dose-dependent manner after ZEA exposure, whereas the bacterial glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway was greatly suppressed. Of note, utilizing LC/MS we found lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs), important metabolites in the process of glycerophospholipid metabolism, were markedly decreased in the plasma of the ZEA treated mice. In conclusion, our findings here provide evidences that the dysfunction in gut microbiome after ZEA exposure may affect the ovarian reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojing Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wei Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wenxiang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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21
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Arroyo-Manzanares N, Rodríguez-Estévez V, Arenas-Fernández P, García-Campaña AM, Gámiz-Gracia L. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Swine Feeding from Spain. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060342. [PMID: 31208034 PMCID: PMC6628415 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey including 228 pig feed samples from Spain has been developed, exploring the occurrence of 19 mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, ochratoxin A, fumonisins B1 and B2, citrinin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fusarenon X, sterigmatocystin, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, enniatins A, A1, B and B2, and beauvericin). The samples were analysed by solid-liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence or mass spectrometry detection. Enniatin B was found in 100% of the samples (up to 1200 µg/kg) and beauvericin in more than 90%. Moreover, 40% of samples were contaminated with more than five mycotoxins. This high occurrence is insurmountable and surpasses all previous studies, probably due to the inclusion of emerging mycotoxins, scarcely explored. The majority of the samples (96.9%) were in accordance with EU regulations, which do not address emerging mycotoxins or co-occurrence. These results show that in order to ensure mycotoxin absence, emerging mycotoxins should always be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez
- Department Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Univ. Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Plácido Arenas-Fernández
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Ana M García-Campaña
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Laura Gámiz-Gracia
- Department Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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22
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Cieplińska K, Gajęcka M, Dąbrowski M, Rykaczewska A, Lisieska-Żołnierczyk S, Bulińska M, Zielonka Ł, Gajęcki MT. Time-Dependent Changes in the Intestinal Microbiome of Gilts Exposed to Low Zearalenone Doses. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E296. [PMID: 31137638 PMCID: PMC6563319 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone is a frequent contaminant of cereals and their by-products in regions with a temperate climate. This toxic molecule is produced naturally by Fusarium fungi in crops. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of low zearalenone doses (LOAEL, NOAEL and MABEL) on the intestinal microbiome of gilts on different days of exposure (days 7, 21 and 42). Intestinal contents were sampled from the duodenal cap, the third part of the duodenum, jejunum, caecum and the descending colon. The experiment was performed on 60 clinically healthy gilts with average BW of 14.5 ± 2 kg, divided into three experimental groups and a control group. Group ZEN5 animals were orally administered ZEN at 5 μg /kg BW, group ZEN10-10 μg ZEN/kg BW and group ZEN15-15 µg ZEN/kg BW. Five gilts from every group were euthanized on analytical dates 1, 2 and 3. Differences in the log values of microbial counts, mainly Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis, were observed between the proximal and distal segments of the intestinal tract on different analytical dates as well as in the entire intestinal tract. Zearalenone affected the colony counts of intestinal microbiota rather than microbiome diversity, and its effect was greatest in groups ZEN10 and ZEN15. Microbial colony counts were similar in groups ZEN5 and C. In the analysed mycobiome, ZEN exerted a stimulatory effect on the log values of yeast and mould counts in all intestinal segments, in particular in the colon, and the greatest increase was noted on the first analytical date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Cieplińska
- Microbiology Laboratory, Non-Public Health Care Centre, Limanowskiego 31A, 10-342 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Michał Dąbrowski
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Anna Rykaczewska
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Lisieska-Żołnierczyk
- Independent Public Health Care Centre of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, and the Warmia and Mazury Oncology Centre in Olsztyn, Wojska Polskiego 37, 10-228 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Maria Bulińska
- Department of Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 34, 10-710 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Maciej T Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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23
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Wang S, Yang J, Zhang B, Zhang L, Wu K, Yang A, Li C, Wang Y, Zhang J, Qi D. Potential Link between Gut Microbiota and Deoxynivalenol-Induced Feed Refusal in Weaned Piglets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4976-4986. [PMID: 30977367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the potential link between gut microbiota and deoxynivalenol (DON)-induced feed refusal. A total of 24 barrows were randomly divided into one of three diets containing 0.61 (control diet), 1.28, or 2.89 mg DON/kg feed for 28 days. Dietary exposure to DON at 2.89 mg/kg significantly decreased the relative abundances of unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae, Phascolarctobacterium and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, whereas it increased Prevotella_9 and norank_f_Prevotellaceae in the cecal digesta. Moreover, the decreased relative abundance of unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae induced by DON exposure was positively correlated with average daily feed intake. Exposure to DON increased the serum concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY but reduced the levels of serum growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1. In summary, these findings suggest that chronic dietary exposure to DON induces disturbances of intestinal microbiota. Disturbed appetite-regulating hormones and somatotropic-axis-hormone secretion induced by negative microbial changes could be the potential mechanisms for DON-induced anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Jiacheng Yang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Beiyu Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Kuntan Wu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Ao Yang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Jiacai Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
| | - Desheng Qi
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan , Hubei 430070 , China
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24
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Alassane-Kpembi I, Pinton P, Oswald IP. Effects of Mycotoxins on the Intestine. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11030159. [PMID: 30871167 PMCID: PMC6468410 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Imourana Alassane-Kpembi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France.
- Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, 01BP2009 Abomey-Calavi, Bénin.
| | - Philippe Pinton
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France.
| | - Isabelle P Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France.
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