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Muhmood A, Tang J, Li J, Liu S, Hou L, Le G, Liu D, Huang K. No-observed adverse effect levels of deoxynivalenol and aflatoxin B1 in combination induced immune inhibition and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114745. [PMID: 38763499 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungal species, commonly exist in animal feeds, and pose a serious risk to human as well as animal health. But limited studies have focused on combined effects of no-observed adverse effect levels. In vivo study, 6 weeks old twenty-four mice were individually exposed to Deoxynivalenol (DON) at 0.1 mg/kg BW, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) at 0.01 mg/kg BW, and mixture of DON and AFB1 (0.1 mg/kg BW and 0.01 mg/kg BW, respectively) for 28 days. Then, DON at 0.5 μg/mL, AFB1 at 0.04 μg/mL, and mixtures of DON and AFB1 (0.5 μg/mL, 0.04 μg/mL, respectively) were applied to porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) in vitro study. Our in vivo results revealed that the combined no-observed adverse effect levels of DON and AFB1 administration decreased IgA and IgG levels in the serum, the splenic TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-6 mRNA expression and T-lymphocyte subset levels (CD4+ and CD8+) in the spleen. Additionally, the combined administration increased caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax, Cyt-c, and decreased Bcl-2 protein expression. Taken together, the combined no-observed adverse effect levels of DON and AFB1 could induce immunosuppression, which may be related to apoptosis. This study provides new insights into the combined immune toxicity (DON and AFB1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Muhmood
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiangyu Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinyan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuiping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lili Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guannan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Son Y, Lee HJ, Ryu D, Kim JR, Kim HY. Ochratoxin A induces hepatic and renal toxicity in mice through increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and multiple cell death mechanisms. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2281-2295. [PMID: 38546835 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03732-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread food toxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus and other molds. In this study, we developed and established acute OTA toxicity conditions in mice, which received daily oral doses of OTA between 0.5 up to 8 mg/kg body weight up to 7 days and were subjected to histological and biochemical analysis to characterize renal and hepatic damage. Oral administration of OTA for 7 days resulted in loss of body weight in a dose-dependent manner and increased the levels of serum biomarkers of hepatic and renal damage. The kidney was more sensitive to OTA-induced damage than the liver. In addition to necrosis, OTA induced hepatic and renal apoptosis in dose- and time-dependent manners. Especially, a high dose of OTA (8 mg/kg body weight) administered for 7 days led to necroptosis in both liver and kidney tissues. OTA dose-dependently increased the oxidative stress levels, including lipid peroxidation, in the liver and kidneys. OTA disrupted mitochondrial dynamics and structure in hepatic and renal cells, leading to the dysregulation of mitochondrial homeostasis. OTA increased transferrin receptor 1 and decreased glutathione peroxidase 4 levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These results suggest the induction of ferroptosis. Collectively, this study highlighted the characteristics of acute OTA-induced hepatic and renal toxicity in mice in terms of oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, and multiple cell death mechanisms, including necroptosis and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlim Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, 42415, Republic of Korea
- Senotherapy-Based Metabolic Disease Control Research Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Dojin Ryu
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jae-Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, 42415, Republic of Korea.
- Senotherapy-Based Metabolic Disease Control Research Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, 42415, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hwa-Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, 42415, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Vásquez Bonilla JN, Barranco Florido E, Hamdan Partida A, Ponce Alquicira E, Loera O. Interaction of beauvericin in combination with antibiotics against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium. Toxicon 2024; 243:107713. [PMID: 38615997 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance in bacteria is a major challenge worldwide, increasing both mortality by infections and costs for the health systems. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to find new drugs against resistant bacteria. Beauvericin (BEA) is a mycotoxin produced by entomopathogenic and other fungi of the genus Fusarium. Our work determines the effect of BEA combined with antibiotics, which has not been previously explored. The combination analysis included different antibiotics against non-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (NT-MRSA), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Salmonella typhimurium. BEA showed a synergy effect with oxacillin with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) = 0.373 and an additive effect in combination with lincomycin (FICI = 0.507) against MRSA. In contrast, it was an antagonist when combined with ciprofloxacin against S. typhimurium. We propose BEA as a molecule with the potential for the development of new therapies in combination with current antibiotics against multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esteban Barranco Florido
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, 04960, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aida Hamdan Partida
- Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, 04960, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edith Ponce Alquicira
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Octavio Loera
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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4
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Niermans K, Hoek-van den Hil EF, van der Fels-Klerx HJ, van Loon JJA. The role of larvae of black soldier fly and house fly and of feed substrate microbes in biotransformation of aflatoxin B 1. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116449. [PMID: 38759532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few years, there has been growing interest in the ability of insect larvae to convert various organic side-streams containing mycotoxins into insect biomass that can be used as animal feed. Various studies have examined the effects of exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on a variety of insect species, including the larvae of the black soldier fly (BSFL; Hermetia illucens L.; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) and the housefly (HFL; Musca domestica L.; Diptera: Muscidae). Most of these studies demonstrated that AFB1 degradation takes place, either enzymatic and/or non-enzymatic. The possible role of feed substrate microorganisms (MOs) in this process has thus far not been investigated. The main objective of this study was therefore to investigate whether biotransformation of AFB1 occurred and whether it is caused by insect-enzymes and/or by microbial enzymes of MOs in the feed substrate. In order to investigate this, sterile and non-sterile feed substrates were spiked with AFB1 and incubated either with or without insect larvae (BSFL or HFL). The AFB1 concentration was determined via LC-MS/MS analyses and recorded over time. Approximately 50% of the initially present AFB1 was recovered in the treatment involving BSFL, which was comparable to the treatment without BSFL (60%). Similar patterns were observed for HFL. The molar mass balance of AFB1 for the sterile feed substrates with BSFL and HFL was 73% and 78%, respectively. We could not establish whether non-enzymatic degradation of AFB1 in the feed substrates occurred. The results showed that both BSFL and substrate-specific MOs play a role in the biotransformation of AFB1 as well as in conversion of AFB1 into aflatoxin P1 and aflatoxicol, respectively. In contrast, HFL did not seem to contribute to AFB1 degradation. The obtained results contribute to our understanding of aflatoxin metabolism by different insect species. This information is crucial for assessing the safety of feeding fly larvae with feed substrates contaminated with AFB1 with the purpose of subsequent use as animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Niermans
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen 6708 WB, the Netherlands
| | - E F Hoek-van den Hil
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, Wageningen 6708 WB, the Netherlands
| | | | - J J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands
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5
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Janković-Tomanić M, Petković B, Vranković JS, Perić-Mataruga V. Effects of high doses of zearalenone on some antioxidant enzymes and locomotion of Tenebrio molitor larvae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2024; 24:6. [PMID: 38717261 PMCID: PMC11078044 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieae052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The mealworm Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) feeds on wheat bran and is considered both a pest and an edible insect. Its larvae contain proteins and essential amino acids, fats, and minerals, making them suitable for animal and human consumption. Zearalenone (ZEA) is the mycotoxin most commonly associated with Fusarium spp. It is found in cereals and cereal products, so their consumption is a major risk for mycotoxin contamination. One of the most important effects of ZEA is the induction of oxidative stress, which leads to physiological and behavioral changes. This study deals with the effects of high doses of ZEA (10 and 20 mg/kg) on survival, molting, growth, weight gain, activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), and locomotion of mealworm larvae. Both doses of ZEA were found to (i) have no effect on survival, (ii) increase molting frequency, SOD, and GST activity, and (iii) decrease body weight and locomotion, with more pronounced changes at 20 mg/kg. These results indicated the susceptibility of T. molitor larvae to high doses of ZEA in feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Janković-Tomanić
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Petković
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena S Vranković
- Department of Hydroecology and Water Protection, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Perić-Mataruga
- Department of Insect Physiology and Biochemistry, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Despot Stefan Blvd. 142, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia
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6
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Nikolov N, Petkova T, Binev R, Milanova A. Low Doses of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone Alone or in Combination with a Mycotoxin Binder Affect ABCB1 mRNA and ABCC2 mRNA Expression in the Intestines of Pigs. TOXICS 2024; 12:297. [PMID: 38668520 PMCID: PMC11054541 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxin binders, in combination with enzymes degrading some mycotoxins, contribute to feed detoxification. Their use reduces economic losses and the negative impacts of mycotoxins on animal health and productivity in farm animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a mycotoxin detoxifier on the expression of the ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters ABCB1 mRNA and ABCC2 mRNA, which transport xenobiotics and thus have a barrier function, in the tissues of pigs exposed to low doses of deoxynivalenol (DON, 1 mg/kg feed) and zearalenone (ZEN, 0.4 mg/kg feed) for 37 days. The levels of expression were determined by an RT-PCR, and the effect of the mycotoxin detoxifier (Mycofix Plus3.E) was evaluated by a comparison of results between healthy pigs (n = 6), animals treated with DON and ZEN (n = 6), and a group that received both mycotoxins and the detoxifier (n = 6). A significant downregulation of ABCB1 mRNA and ABCC2 mRNA was observed in the jejunum (p < 0.05). A tendencies toward the downregulation of ABCB1 mRNA and ABCC2 mRNA were found in the ileum and duodenum, respectively. The mycotoxin detoxifier restored the expression of ABCB1 mRNA to the level found in healthy animals but did not restore that of ABCC2 mRNA to the level of healthy animals in the jejunum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Nikolov
- Department of Internal Non-Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6015 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (N.N.); (R.B.)
| | - Tsvetelina Petkova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6015 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
| | - Rumen Binev
- Department of Internal Non-Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6015 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; (N.N.); (R.B.)
| | - Aneliya Milanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6015 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
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Dong JN, Zhao ZK, Wang ZQ, Li SZ, Zhang YP, Sun Z, Qin GX, Zhang XF, Zhao W, Aschalew ND, Wang T, Zhen YG. Impact of deoxynivalenol on rumen function, production, and health of dairy cows: Insights from metabolomics and microbiota analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133376. [PMID: 38159518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol contamination in feed and food, pervasive from growth, storage, and processing, poses a significant risk to dairy cows, particularly when exposed to a high-starch diet; however, whether a high-starch diet exacerbates these negative effects remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the combined impact of deoxynivalenol and dietary starch on the production performance, rumen function, and health of dairy cows using metabolomics and 16 S rRNA sequencing. Our findings suggested that both high- and low-starch diets contaminated with deoxynivalenol significantly reduced the concentration of propionate, isobutyrate, valerate, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), and microbial crude protein (MCP) concentrations, accompanied by a noteworthy increase in NH3-N concentration in vitro and in vivo (P < 0.05). Deoxynivalenol altered the abundance of microbial communities in vivo, notably affecting Oscillospiraceae, Lachnospiraceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, and Selenomonadaceae. Additionally, it significantly downregulated lecithin, arachidonic acid, valine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, and proline metabolism (P < 0.05). Furthermore, deoxynivalenol triggered oxidative stress, inflammation, and dysregulation in immune system linkage, ultimately compromising the overall health of dairy cows. Collectively, both high- and low-starch diets contaminated with deoxynivalenol could have detrimental effects on rumen function, posing a potential threat to production performance and the overall health of cows. Notably, the negative effects of deoxynivalenol are more pronounced with a high-starch diet than a low-starch diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Nan Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Zhi-Kun Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Zhan-Qing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Song-Ze Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Yong-Peng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China; Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Feed Engineering Technology Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun Borui Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Zhe Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China; Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Feed Engineering Technology Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun Borui Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Changchun 130118, PR China; College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Gui-Xin Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Xue-Feng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China; Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Feed Engineering Technology Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun Borui Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Feed Engineering Technology Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun Borui Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Natnael Demelash Aschalew
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China; Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Feed Engineering Technology Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun Borui Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Changchun 130118, PR China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zhen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, JLAU-Borui Dairy Science and Technology R&D Center, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Jilin Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Production Product Quality and Security Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China; Postdoctoral Scientific Research Workstation, Feed Engineering Technology Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun Borui Science & Technology Co., Ltd, Changchun 130118, PR China.
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Uwineza PA, Urbaniak M, Stępień Ł, Gramza-Michałowska A, Waśkiewicz A. Efficacy of Lamium album as a natural fungicide: impact on seed germination, ergosterol, and mycotoxins in Fusarium culmorum-infected wheat seedlings. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1363204. [PMID: 38463484 PMCID: PMC10920328 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1363204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium culmorum is a major wheat pathogen, and its secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) cause damage to plants, animals, and human health. In the era of sustainable agriculture, eco-friendly methods of prevention and control are constantly needed. The use of plant extracts as biocontrol agents has gained popularity as they are a source of active substances that play a crucial role in fighting against phytopathogens. This study evaluated the impact of Lamium album on wheat seed germination and seedling growth. In a pot experiment, the effect of L. album on wheat seedlings artificially inoculated with F. culmorum was evaluated by measuring seedling growth parameters, and by using chromatographic methods, ergosterol and mycotoxins levels were analyzed. The results showed that the phytotoxic effect of L. album flower extracts on wheat seed germination and seedling growth was concentration dependent. The radicle length was also reduced compared to the control; however, L. album did not significantly affect the dry weight of the radicle. A slight phytotoxic effect on seed germination was observed, but antifungal effects on artificially infected wheat seedlings were also confirmed with the reduction of ergosterol level and mycotoxins accumulation in the roots and leaves after 21 days of inoculation. F. culmorum DNA was identified in the control samples only. Overall, this study is a successful in planta study showing L. album flower extract protection of wheat against the pathogen responsible for Fusarium crown and root rot. Further research is essential to study the effects of L. album extracts on key regulatory genes for mycotoxin biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Plant-Pathogen Interaction Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Plant-Pathogen Interaction Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Gramza-Michałowska
- Department of Gastronomy Science and Functional Foods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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9
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Pierron A, Kleber A, Mayer E, Gerner W. Effect of DON and ZEN and their metabolites DOM-1 and HZEN on B cell proliferation and antibody production. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1338937. [PMID: 38449861 PMCID: PMC10915041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1338937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), produced by Fusarium fungi, are frequently found in the cereal-rich diet of pigs and can modulate the immune system. Some enzymes or bacteria present in the digestive tract can de-epoxydize DON to deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) and biotransform ZEN into hydrolyzed ZEN (HZEN). The effects of these metabolites on immune cells, particularly with respect to the vaccine responses, are poorly documented. The aim of this study was to address the impact of DON and ZEN and their respective derivatives, on proliferation, and antibody production of porcine B cells in vitro. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), isolated from healthy pigs, were stimulated with the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8-agonist Resiquimod (R848) or the TLR/1/2-agonist Pam3Cys-SKKKK in combination with DON [0.1-1.6 µM] or DOM-1 [1.6 µM and 16 µM] and ZEN [2.5-40 µM] or HZEN [40 µM]. Results A strong decrease in B-cell proliferation was observed at DON concentrations equal to or exceeding 0.8 µM and at ZEN concentrations equal to or exceeding 20 µM. Treatment with 1.6 µM DON or 40 µM ZEN led to almost a complete loss of live CD79α+ B cells. Moreover, CD21 expression of proliferating IgG+ and IgM+ B-cell subsets was decreased at DON concentrations equal to and exceeding 0.4 µM and at ZEN concentrations equal to or exceeding 10 µM. ELISpot assays revealed a decrease of IgG-secreting B cells at concentrations of and exceeding 0.4 µM and at ZEN concentrations equal to and exceeding 10 µM. ELISA assays showed a decrease of IgM, IgG, and IgA secretion at concentrations equal to or exceeding 0.4 µM DON. ZEN reduced IgM secretion at 20-40 µM (both R848 and Pam3Cys-SKKKK), IgG secretion at 40 µM (both R848 and Pam3Cys-SKKKK) and IgA secretion at 20-40 µM. Discussion Our in vitro experiments show that while DON and ZEN impair immunoglobulin production and B-cell proliferation, this effect is abrogated by HZEN and DOM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Pierron
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kleber
- dsm-firmenich, Animal Nutrition and Health R&D Center, Tulln, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Mayer
- dsm-firmenich, Animal Nutrition and Health R&D Center, Tulln, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Abdallah MF, Gado M, Abdelsadek D, Zahran F, El-Salhey NN, Mehrez O, Abdel-Hay S, Mohamed SM, De Ruyck K, Yang S, Gonzales GB, Varga E. Mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world: Highlighting the main knowledge gaps and the current legislation. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:19-44. [PMID: 38117428 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of aflatoxins in the 1960s, knowledge in the mycotoxin research field has increased dramatically. Hundreds of review articles have been published summarizing many different aspects, including mycotoxin contamination per country or region. However, mycotoxin contamination in the Arab world, which includes 22 countries in Africa and Asia, has not yet been specifically reviewed. To this end, the contamination of mycotoxins in the Arab world was reviewed not only to profile the pervasiveness of the problem in this region but also to identify the main knowledge gaps imperiling the safety of food and feed in the future. To the best of our knowledge, 306 (non-)indexed publications in English, Arabic, or French were published from 1977 to 2021, focusing on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins in matrices of 14 different categories. Characteristic factors (e.g., detected mycotoxins, concentrations, and detection methods) were extracted, processed, and visualized. The main results are summarized as follows: (i) research on mycotoxin contamination has increased over the years. However, the accumulated data on their occurrences are scarce to non-existent in some countries; (ii) the state-of-the-art technologies on mycotoxin detection are not broadly implemented neither are contemporary multi-mycotoxin detection strategies, thus showing a need for capacity-building initiatives; and (iii) mycotoxin profiles differ among food and feed categories, as well as between human biofluids. Furthermore, the present work highlights contemporary legislation in the Arab countries and provides future perspectives to mitigate mycotoxins, enhance food and feed safety, and protect the consumer public. Concluding, research initiatives to boost mycotoxin research among Arab countries are strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Muhammad Gado
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Fatma Zahran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Nada Nabil El-Salhey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ohaila Mehrez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel-Hay
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Gharbia Governorate, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Karl De Ruyck
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Varga
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Wu S, Xu J, Chen W, Wang F, Tan X, Zou X, Zhou W, Huang W, Zheng Y, Wang S, Yan S. Protein nanoscaffold enables programmable nanobody-luciferase immunoassembly for sensitive and simultaneous detection of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 462:132701. [PMID: 37839380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins produced by fungi can contaminate various foods and pose significant health risks. Ensuring food safety demands rapid, highly sensitive analytical techniques. One-step Bioluminescent Enzyme Immunoassays (BLEIAs) employing nanobody-nanoluciferase fusion proteins have recently garnered attention for operational simplicity and heightened sensitivity. Nevertheless, fixed nanobody:nanoluciferase ratios in fusion proteins restrict the customization and sensitivity of traditional BLEIAs. In this study, we present a Scaffold Assembly-based BLEIA (SA-BLEIA) that overcomes these limitations through the programmable conjugation of nanobodies and luciferases onto 60-meric protein nanoscaffolds using SpyTag/SpyCatcher linkages. These nanoscaffolds facilitate the adjustable coupling of anti-aflatoxin B1 and anti-ochratoxin A nanobodies with luciferases, optimizing nanobody/luciferase ratios and diversifying specificities. Compared to conventional methods, SA-BLEIA demonstrates considerably elevated sensitivity for detecting both toxins. The elevated local concentration of luciferase significantly amplifies bioluminescence intensity, permitting reduced substrate consumption and cost-effective detection. The usage of dual-nanobody conjugates facilitates the quantification or simultaneous detection of both mycotoxins in a single test with shared reagents. The assay exhibits exceptional recovery rates in spiked cereal samples, strongly correlating with outcomes from commercial ELISA kits. Overall, this adaptable, highly sensitive, cost-effective, and multiplexed immunoassay underscores the potential of tunable scaffold assembly as a promising avenue for advancing bioanalytical diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jintao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Fenghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaoliang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinlu Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yixiong Zheng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shijuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Resources Preservation and Utilization, Agro-biological Gene Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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12
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Koletsi P, Wiegertjes GF, Graat EAM, de Kool M, Lyons P, Schrama JW. Individual and combined effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) with other Fusarium mycotoxins on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) growth performance and health. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:405-420. [PMID: 37470898 PMCID: PMC10635917 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed whether the toxicological effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) produced by Fusarium graminearum in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are altered by the co-exposure to a mixture of toxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides (FUmix). This FUmix contained fusaric acid and fumonisin B1, B2 and B3. Four diets were formulated according to a 2 × 2 factorial design: CON-CON; CON-FUmix; DON-CON; and DON-FUmix. Diets with and without DON contained on average 2700 and 0 µg/kg feed, respectively. The sum of the analysed FUmix toxins was 12,700 and 100 µg/kg feed in the diets with and without FUmix, respectively. The experiment consisted of a 6-week restrictive feeding period immediately followed by a 2-week ad libitum feeding period. Growth performance measurements were taken per feeding period. Histopathological measurements in the liver and gastrointestinal tract (pyloric caeca, midgut and hindgut) were assessed at the end of week 1 and week 6 of the restrictive feeding period and at week 8, the last day of the ad libitum feeding period. During both restrictive and ad libitum feeding, the effects of FUmix and DON on growth performance were additive (no interaction effect; p > 0.05). During the restrictive feeding period, exposure to DON (p ≤ 0.001) and FUmix (p ≤ 0.01) inhibited growth and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR). During this period, DON exposure decreased the protein (p ≤ 0.001) and energy retention (p ≤ 0.05) in the trout. During the ad libitum feeding period, FUmix affected HSI (p ≤ 0.01), while DON exposure reduced feed intake (p ≤ 0.001) and growth (p ≤ 0.001) and increased FCR (p ≤ 0.01). In general, for both liver and intestinal tissue measurements, no interaction effects between DON and FUmix were observed. In the liver, histopathological analysis revealed mild alterations, increased necrosis score by DON (p ≤ 0.01), increased glycogen vacuolization by FUmix (p ≤ 0.05) and decreased percentage of pleomorphic nuclei by FUmix (p ≤ 0.01). DON had a minor impact on the intestinal histological measurements. Over time, some of the liver (glycogen vacuolization score, pleomorphic nuclei; p ≤ 0.01) and intestinal measurements (mucosal fold and enterocyte width; p ≤ 0.01) were aggravated in fish fed the FUmix contaminated diets, with the most severe alterations being noted at week 8. Overall, the co-exposure to FUmix and DON gave rise to additive effects but showed no synergistic or antagonistic effects for the combination of DON with other Fusarium mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Koletsi
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Alltech Biotechnology Inc, Dunboyne, A86 X006, Ireland.
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A M Graat
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn de Kool
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Lyons
- Alltech Biotechnology Inc, Dunboyne, A86 X006, Ireland
| | - Johan W Schrama
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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13
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Kumar LK, Verma SK, Chandel R, Thumar M, Singh D, Onteru SK. Aflatoxin M1 decreases the expression of genes encoding tight junction proteins and influences the intestinal epithelial integrity. Mycotoxin Res 2023; 39:453-467. [PMID: 37794205 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a mycotoxin that is commonly found as a milk contaminant, and its presence in milk has been linked to cytotoxicity. The present study aimed to evaluate the acute cytotoxic effects of AFM1 on intestinal Caco-2 cells. Initially, we checked the morphology and viability of Caco-2 cells after treatment with different concentrations of AFM1 (5 ng/L, 50 ng/L, 250 ng/L, 500 ng/L, 1000 ng/L, and 2000 ng/L) for different time intervals (6 h, 12 h, and 24 h). It was found that AFM1 did not show any effect on cell morphology, but 10% decrease in viability above 1000 ng/L after 12 h. Furthermore, DCFDA assay showed increased ROS production after 6 h treatments. qPCR analysis showed an increased expression of epithelial-specific cytoskeleton marker genes, Cytokeratin, Villin, Vimentin, and JAM-1, and a decreased expression of tight junction protein genes, Claudin-1, Occludin, and ZO-1. Similarly, we found an increased expression of Cyp1a1 transcript with an increasing AFM1 concentration and incubation time. This gene expression analysis showed AFM1 can cause disruption of tight junctions between intestinal cells, which was further confirmed by a transwell experiment. In conclusion, consumption of AFM1-contaminated milk does not show any effect on cells morphology and viability but decreases the expression of intestinal barrier transcripts that may lead to the disruption of intestinal barrier function and leaky gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lal Krishan Kumar
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana), India, 132001
| | - Surya Kant Verma
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana), India, 132001
| | - Rajeev Chandel
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana), India, 132001
| | - Meet Thumar
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana), India, 132001
| | - Dheer Singh
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana), India, 132001
| | - Suneel Kumar Onteru
- Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics & System Biology Laboratory, Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana), India, 132001.
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14
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Zavistanaviciute P, Ruzauskas M, Antanaitis R, Televicius M, Lele V, Santini A, Bartkiene E. Antimicrobial and Mycotoxin Reducing Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Their Influence on Blood and Feces Parameters of Newborn Calves. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3345. [PMID: 37958101 PMCID: PMC10648343 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of in acid whey (AW) multiplied Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LUHS135 (L.pl135), Lacticaseibacillus paracasei LUHS244 (L.pc244), and their biomass combination on newborn calves' feces and blood parameters. Additionally, the antimicrobial and mycotoxin-reducing properties and the resistance to antibiotics of the tested lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were analyzed. In order to ensure effective biomass growth in AW, technological parameters for the supplement preparation were selected. Control calves were fed with a standard milk replacer (SMR) and treated groups (from the 2nd day of life until the 14th day) were supplemented with 50 mL of AWL.pl135, AWL.pc244, and AWL.pl135×L.pc244 (25 mL AWL.pl135 + 25 mL AWL.pc244) in addition to SMR. It was established that L.pl135 and L.pc244 possess broad antimicrobial activities, are non-resistant to the tested antibiotics, and reduce mycotoxin concentrations in vitro. The optimal duration established for biomass growth was 48 h (LAB count higher than 7.00 log10 CFU mL-1 was found after 48 h of AW fermentation). It was established that additional feeding of newborn calves with AWL.pl135, AWL.pc244, and AWL.pl135×L.pc244 increased lactobacilli (on average by 7.4%), and AWL.pl135 and AWL.pc244 reduced the numbers of Enterobacteriaceae in calves' feces. The tested supplements also reduced the lactate concentration (on average, by 42.5%) in calves' blood. Finally, the tested supplements had a positive influence on certain health parameters of newborn calves; however, further research is needed to validate the mechanisms of the beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Zavistanaviciute
- Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (P.Z.); (V.L.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Modestas Ruzauskas
- Faculty of Veterinary, Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ramunas Antanaitis
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Mindaugas Televicius
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Vita Lele
- Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (P.Z.); (V.L.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Faculty of Animal Sciences, Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (P.Z.); (V.L.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
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15
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Na Y, Zhang J, Zhang S, Liang N, Zhao L. Fluorescence Sensor for Zearalenone Detection Based on Oxidized Single-walled Carbon Nanohorns/N-doped Carbon Quantum Dots-aptamer. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03466-y. [PMID: 37831356 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN), a resorcinolactone toxin, which has been a potential threat to agricultural production and human health. In this study, a sample and rapid fluorescence sensor was established for the detection of ZEN, which is based on the fluorescence properties of N-doped carbon dots-aptamer (NCDs-apt) and the quenching ability of oxidized single-walled carbon nanohorns (oxSWCNHs). NCDs synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method were connected with ZEN-aptamer (ZEN-apt), and oxSWCNHs were added to quench the fluorescence of NCDs-apt. Therefore, an oxSWCNHs/NCDs-apt aptasensor based on fluorescence "on-off" for the determination of ZEN in food was formed. Under optimum conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) of this method was 18 ng/mL and the linear range was 20 ~ 100 ng/mL. The possible interfering substances were investigated, and the results showed excellent selectivity. The recoveries were in the range of 99.5%~114.3%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were not more than 6.5%, which demonstrated that this aptasensor was successfully applied for the detection of ZEN in food samples with satisfactory result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Na
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Ning Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Longshan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, P. R. China.
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Asghar MA, Ahmed F, Sultana R. Natural co-occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in liquorice roots. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37830140 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2253210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The natural co-occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in liquorice roots obtained from different herbal outlets of Karachi, Pakistan, was evaluated. A total of 60 samples were obtained during 2019‒2021 and analysed using HPLC with fluorescence detection. The method was validated according to the European Union (EU) regulation. The incidence of AFs was 52 in all tested samples (87%), with a contamination range of 1.2‒6.4 µg kg-1 and an average of 2.1 ± 0.3 µg kg-1. In all samples, the AFs contamination was below the maximum limit (ML) of 10 µg kg-1 for total AFs as set by the EU. The OTA contamination in all samples ranged 1.5‒60.3 µg kg-1, with a mean of 18.9 ± 0.8 µg kg-1. In 36 samples (60%) the OTA contamination was below the ML of 20 µg kg-1 as set by the EU. These results led to the recommendation to test liquorice root on mycotoxins, as it comes to food quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif Asghar
- Food and Feed Safety Laboratory, Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Farman Ahmed
- Food and Feed Safety Laboratory, Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Razia Sultana
- Food and Feed Safety Laboratory, Food and Marine Resources Research Centre, PCSIR Laboratories Complex, Karachi, Pakistan
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17
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Leite M, Freitas A, Barbosa J, Ramos F. Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Bulk Raw Milk: What Is the Human Risk? Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:605. [PMID: 37888636 PMCID: PMC10610745 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are abiotic hazards whose contamination occurs at the pre- and post-harvest stages of the maize value chain, with animal exposure through contaminated feed leading to their excretion into milk. Currently, only aflatoxin M1 is regulated in milk products. Since feed materials and complete feed present a multi-mycotoxin composition and are the main mycotoxin source into milk, it is important to recognize the occurrence of multiple toxins and their co-occurrence in this highly consumed food product. The aim of this study was to determine the content of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in milk samples, which allowed for evaluating the occurrence and co-occurrence patterns of different mycotoxins known to contaminate feed materials and complete animal feed. Human exposure considering the occurrence patterns obtained was also estimated. Aflatoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, and emerging mycotoxins were among the mycotoxins found to be present in the 100 samples analyzed. Concentrations ranged from 0.006 to 16.3 μg L-1, with no sample exceeding the AFM1 maximum level. Though several mycotoxins were detected, no exceeding values were observed considering the TDI or PMTDI. It can be concluded that the observed exposure does not pose a health risk to milk consumers, though it is important to recognize vulnerable age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Leite
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Freitas
- National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lágidos, Lugar da Madalena, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Barbosa
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Health Science Campus, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado, 4051-401 Oporto, Portugal
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Weaver AC, Weaver DM, Adams N, Yiannikouris A. Use of Yeast Cell Wall Extract for Growing Pigs Consuming Feed Contaminated with Mycotoxins below or above Regulatory Guidelines: A Meta-Analysis with Meta-Regression. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:596. [PMID: 37888627 PMCID: PMC10611179 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a random-effects meta-analysis, the performance of growing pigs under a mycotoxin challenge (MT) with or without supplementation of yeast cell wall extract (YCWE, Mycosorb®, Alltech Inc.) was evaluated. Both MT and YCWE were also compared to animal controls not receiving mycotoxins (CTRL). Meta-regression was used to further explore the impacts of MT at/below (category 1) or above (category 2) global regulatory guidelines. Following the screening, 23 suitable references (30 mycotoxin treatments) were used. Overall, MT lowered average daily gain (ADG, p < 0.001) and average daily feed intake (ADFI, p < 0.0001) from CTRL by -84 and -165 g, respectively. Inclusion of YCWE during mycotoxin challenges (YCWE+MT, average 2.1 kg/ton) tended to result in greater ADG (+17 g, p = 0.068) compared to MT treatments. The gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) was not impacted by MT or YCWE+MT. Further investigation by meta-regression revealed that pigs fed MT in category 1 had lower ADG (-78.5 g, p < 0.001) versus CTRL, while YCWE+MT had higher ADG (+48 g, p < 0.001) over MT and was similar to CTRL. The ADFI was not impacted, although YCWE+MT had ADFI values similar to the CTRL. In category 2, ADG and ADFI of pigs fed MT were lower than CTRL (-85.1 and -166 g, respectively, p < 0.0001), with a tendency for YCWE+MT to result in higher ADFI (+25.3 g, p = 0.062). In summary, the inclusion of YCWE provided benefits to performance during common mycotoxin challenge levels (at or below regulatory guidelines).
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19
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Yao F, Zhao M, Du Y, Chang G, Li C, Zhu R, Cai C, Shao S. Transcriptome Analysis of Deoxynivalenol (DON)-Induced Hepatic and Intestinal Toxicity in Zebrafish: Insights into Gene Expression and Potential Detoxification Pathways. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:594. [PMID: 37888625 PMCID: PMC10611307 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of deoxynivalenol (DON, 50 µg/mL) on the zebrafish liver and intestine were studied. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from mRNA and lncRNA were analyzed by RNA seq. Gene Ontology (GO) and signaling pathways were studied where the top 30 DEGs of each type of RNA were involved. The results showed there were 2325 up-regulated and 934 down-regulated DEGs of lncRNA in the intestinal tract, and 95 up-regulated genes and 211 down-regulated genes in the liver, respectively. GO functional annotation analysis showed that lncRNA was enriched in the biological processes, involving the RNA splicing, CSF1-CSF1R complexes, and MAP kinase activity. DEGs of lncRNA located in the KEGG signal pathways include the C-type lectin receptor signaling and the NOD-like receptor signaling pathways. Metabolism involves the biosynthesis of indole alkaloids, cancer pathways for human disease, MAPK and Rap1signaling pathways for environmental information processing, necroptosis and focal adhesion for cell processes. The mRNA gene expression analysis showed there were 1939 up-regulated, 1172 down-regulated genes and 866 up-regulated, 1211 down-regulated genes in the intestine and liver of zebrafish, respectively. This study provides transcriptome analysis and toxicological investigation of DON in the zebrafish liver and intestine, offering insights into gene expression patterns and potential detoxification pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yao
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (F.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Miaomiao Zhao
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (F.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Yaowen Du
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (F.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Guoli Chang
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (F.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Chuanpeng Li
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (F.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Ruiyu Zhu
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (F.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Chenggang Cai
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China; (F.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.D.); (G.C.); (C.L.); (R.Z.)
| | - Suqing Shao
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
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20
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Papatsiros VG, Eliopoulos C, Voulgarakis N, Arapoglou D, Riahi I, Sadurní M, Papakonstantinou GI. Effects of a Multi-Component Mycotoxin-Detoxifying Agent on Oxidative Stress, Health and Performance of Sows. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:580. [PMID: 37756006 PMCID: PMC10537862 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This in vivo study aimed to investigate the effects of a multi-component mycotoxin-detoxifying agent, containing clays (bentonite, sepiolite), phytogenic feed additives (curcumin, silymarin) and postbiotics (yeast cell wall, hydrolyzed yeast) on the antioxidant capacity, health and reproductive performance of pregnant and lactating sows challenged by mycotoxins. Eighty (80) primiparous sows (mean age 366 ± 3 days) per each of the two trial farms were divided into two groups in each farm: a) T1 (control group): 40 sows received the contaminated feed and b) T2 group (experimental group): 40 sows received the contaminated feed plus the mycotoxin-detoxifying agent, one month before farrowing until the end of the lactation period. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls (CARBS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were evaluated as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Clinical and reproductive parameters were recorded. Our results indicate that the administration of a multi-component mycotoxin-detoxifying agent's administration in sow feed has beneficial effects on oxidative stress biomarkers and can improve sows' health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios G. Papatsiros
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece;
| | - Christos Eliopoulos
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter (HAO-Demeter), 14123 Athens, Greece; (C.E.); (D.A.)
| | - Nikolaos Voulgarakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Arapoglou
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter (HAO-Demeter), 14123 Athens, Greece; (C.E.); (D.A.)
| | - Insaf Riahi
- BIŌNTE Animal Nutrition, 43204 Reus, Spain; (I.R.); (M.S.)
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21
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Javed A, Ajmal M, Hanif NQ, Akram A. Effects of inoculation of corn silage with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on silage fermentation characteristics, nutrient digestibility, mycoflora and aflatoxin production. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37647099 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2252154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, fresh whole corn plants along with half milk kernels line were treated with live and hydrolysed yeast with different concentrations before ensiling and kept in airtight bags and then into mini silos in order to achieve anaerobic conditions for proper fermentation. The buckets were opened after different time intervals to characterise the material, quick acidification, dry matter recovery, and aerobic stability of silage respectively. Moreover, mycoflora and aflatoxin contamination were also analysed. The overall result reported that the silage quality was improved by the application of live and hydrolysed yeast. The best result was reported by the application of live yeast (T2: 10 g/kg) which significantly improved the fermentative, proximate, and digestibility parameters and reduced the mycoflora and aflatoxin contamination. Our results present promising new options for the use of natural compounds that may help to improve silage quality and reduce aflatoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Javed
- Department of Biology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Ajmal
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi
| | - Nafeesa Qudsia Hanif
- AgriPak Labs, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- University Institute of Biochemistry & Biotechnology (UIBB) - PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Abida Akram
- Department of Botany, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi
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22
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Xiao S, Wu Y, Gao S, Zhou M, Liu Z, Xiong Q, Jiang L, Yuan G, Li L, Yang L. Deciphering the Hazardous Effects of AFB1 and T-2 Toxins: Unveiling Toxicity and Oxidative Stress Mechanisms in PK15 Cells and Mouse Kidneys. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:503. [PMID: 37624260 PMCID: PMC10467080 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15080503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In China, animal feeds are frequently contaminated with a range of mycotoxins, with Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and T-2 toxin (T-2) being two highly toxic mycotoxins. This study investigates the combined nephrotoxicity of AFB1 and T-2 on PK15 cells and murine renal tissues and their related oxidative stress mechanisms. PK15 cells were treated with the respective toxin concentrations for 24 h, and oxidative stress-related indicators were assessed. The results showed that the combination of AFB1 and T-2 led to more severe cellular damage and oxidative stress compared to exposure to the individual toxins (p < 0.05). In the in vivo study, pathological examination revealed that the kidney tissue of mice exposed to the combined toxins showed signs of glomerular atrophy. The contents of oxidative stress-related indicators were significantly increased in the kidney tissue (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the combined toxins cause significant oxidative damage to mouse kidneys. The study highlights the importance of considering the combined effects of mycotoxins in animal feed, particularly AFB1 and T-2, which can lead to severe nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in PK15 cells and mouse kidneys. The findings have important implications for animal feed safety and regulatory policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China; (S.X.); (Y.W.); (S.G.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (L.J.); (G.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Yingxin Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China; (S.X.); (Y.W.); (S.G.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (L.J.); (G.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Suisui Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China; (S.X.); (Y.W.); (S.G.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (L.J.); (G.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Mingxia Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China; (S.X.); (Y.W.); (S.G.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (L.J.); (G.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Wuhan Animal Disease Control Center, No. 170, Erqi Road, Jiang’an District, Wuhan 430014, China;
| | - Qianbo Xiong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China; (S.X.); (Y.W.); (S.G.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (L.J.); (G.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Lihuang Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China; (S.X.); (Y.W.); (S.G.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (L.J.); (G.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Guoxiang Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China; (S.X.); (Y.W.); (S.G.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (L.J.); (G.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Linfeng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China; (S.X.); (Y.W.); (S.G.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (L.J.); (G.Y.); (L.L.)
| | - Lingchen Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Furong District, Changsha 410128, China; (S.X.); (Y.W.); (S.G.); (M.Z.); (Q.X.); (L.J.); (G.Y.); (L.L.)
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23
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Yilmaz Eker F, Muratoglu K, Ozturk M, Cetin B, Buyukunal SK. Determination of Multimycotoxin in Cereal-Based Products Sold in Open-Air Markets. Foods 2023; 12:2744. [PMID: 37509836 PMCID: PMC10380067 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a total of 140 cereal-based foods sold in temporary open-air markets were analyzed by LC-MS/MS for aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxin (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, citrinin (CIT), HT-2, and T-2 toxins. Breakfast cereals (n:27), cornmeal (n:41), extruded maize (n:32), and oatmeal (n:40) purchased from these alternative shopping areas created to meet the food needs of low-income people in the suburbs formed the sample set of the study. These foods, which are sold in areas that are out of legal control and greatly affected by external environmental conditions, are more open to health risks. Mycotoxins, chemicals of a biological origin, are some of the most important of these risks. In terms of public health, it is important to investigate the presence of mycotoxins in foods, which can cause acute and chronic diseases such as immunosuppression, genotoxic, estrogenic, teratogenic effect, cancer, and liver and kidney dysfunctions. Grain-based foods are often contaminated with a large number of mycotoxins, but legal regulations have not been prepared that consider the health risks associated with the co-existence of mycotoxins. Many of the studies have focused on the presence of a single mycotoxin and the risks it poses. As a result, aflatoxin B1 levels in 28.57% of the samples and total aflatoxin (B1 + B2 + G1 + G2) levels in 26.43% of the samples were determined to exceed the limits defined in the "Turkish Food Codex Contaminants Regulation". Citrinin could not be detected in any of the samples. The rate of mycotoxin occurrences above the limit of detection (LOD) in grain-based food samples ranged from 22.86% to 99.29%. Total aflatoxin (TAF) + Total Fumonisin (FUM) were found in 83.57% of the samples; TAF + FUM + OTA in 82.14%; TAF + FUM + OTA + T-2 in 44.29%; TAF + FUM + OTA + DON + HT-2, TAF + FUM + OTA + DON + T-2, and TAF + FUM + OTA + DON + ZEN in 22.86% of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Yilmaz Eker
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, İstanbul 34320, Türkiye
| | - Karlo Muratoglu
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, İstanbul 34320, Türkiye
| | - Muhsin Ozturk
- Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, School of Applied Sciences, İstanbul Esenyurt University, Esenyurt, İstanbul 34510, Türkiye
| | - Bayram Cetin
- Department of Food Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Kırklareli University, Kırklareli 39000, Türkiye
| | - Serkan Kemal Buyukunal
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcılar, İstanbul 34320, Türkiye
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24
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Stoev SD. Foodborne Diseases Due to Underestimated Hazard of Joint Mycotoxin Exposure at Low Levels and Possible Risk Assessment. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:464. [PMID: 37505733 PMCID: PMC10467111 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The subject of this review paper is to evaluate the underestimated hazard of multiple mycotoxin exposure of animals/humans for the appearance of foodborne ailments and diseases. The significance of joint mycotoxin interaction in the development of foodborne diseases is discussed, and appropriate conclusions are made. The importance of low feed/food levels of some target mycotoxins co-contaminations in food and feedstuffs for induction of target foodborne mycotoxicoses is also studied in the available literature. The appropriate hygiene control and the necessary risk assessment in regard to possible hazards for animals and humans are also discussed, and appropriate suggestions are made. Some internationally recognized prophylactic measures, management of the risk, and the necessity of elaboration of new international regulations in regard to the maximum permitted levels are also carefully discussed and analysed in the cases of multiple mycotoxin contaminations. The necessity of harmonization of mycotoxin regulations and control measures at international levels is also discussed in order to facilitate food trade between the countries and to ensure global food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoycho D Stoev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Students Campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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25
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Kleber A, Gruber-Dorninger C, Platzer A, Payet C, Novak B. Effect of Fungicide Treatment on Multi-Mycotoxin Occurrence in French Wheat during a 4-Year Period. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:443. [PMID: 37505712 PMCID: PMC10467151 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat represents one of the most widely consumed cereals worldwide. Cultivated in winter and spring, it is vulnerable to an array of different pathogens, including fungi, which are managed largely through the in-field application of fungicides. During this study, a 4-year field investigation (2018-2021) was performed in France, aiming to assess the efficacy of fungicide treatment to reduce mycotoxin contamination in common and durum wheat. Several different commercially available fungicides were applied via sprayers. Concentrations of mycotoxins and fungal metabolites in wheat were determined using a multi-analyte liquid-chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry-based method. The highest contamination levels and strongest effects of fungicides were observed in 2018, followed by 2021. A significant fungicide-mediated reduction was observed for the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, nivalenol, and nivalenol-3-glucoside. Furthermore, fungicide treatment also reduced levels of culmorin and its hydroxy metabolites 5- and 15-hydroxy-culmorin, as well as aurofusarin. Interestingly, the Alternaria metabolite infectopyron was increased following fungicide treatment. In conclusion, fungicide treatment was effective in reducing mycotoxin levels in wheat. However, as complete prevention of mycotoxin contamination was not achieved, fungicide treatment should always be combined with other pre- and post-harvest mycotoxin mitigation strategies to improve food and feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kleber
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (C.G.-D.); (A.P.); (B.N.)
| | | | - Alexander Platzer
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (C.G.-D.); (A.P.); (B.N.)
| | | | - Barbara Novak
- DSM-BIOMIN Research Center, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (C.G.-D.); (A.P.); (B.N.)
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26
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Yang L, Yang L, Cai Y, Luo Y, Wang H, Wang L, Chen J, Liu X, Wu Y, Qin Y, Wu Z, Liu N. Natural mycotoxin contamination in dog food: A review on toxicity and detoxification methods. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 257:114948. [PMID: 37105098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the companion animals (dogs or other pets) are considered as members of the family and have established strong emotional relationships with their owners. Dogs are long lived compared to food animals, so safety, adequacy, and efficacy of dog food is of great importance for their health. Cereals, cereal by-products as well as feedstuffs of plant origin are commonly employed food resources in dry food, yet are potential ingredients for mycotoxins contamination, so dogs are theoretically more vulnerable to exposure when consumed daily. Aflatoxins (AF), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FUM), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEA) are the most frequent mycotoxins that might present in dog food and cause toxicity on the growth and metabolism of dogs. An understanding of toxicological effects and detoxification methods (physical, chemical, or biological approaches) of mycotoxins will help to improve commercial ped food quality, reduce harm and minimize exposure to dogs. Herein, we outline a description of mycotoxins detected in dog food, toxicity and clinical findings in dogs, as well as methods applied in mycotoxins detoxification. This review aims to provide a reference for future studies involved in the evaluation of the risk, preventative strategies, and clear criteria of mycotoxins for minimizing exposure, reducing harm, and preventing mycotoxicosis in dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Department of Food and Bioengineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China
| | - Lihan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuqing Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yifei Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Food and Bioengineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Food and Bioengineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China
| | - Jingqing Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yinghe Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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27
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Tomaszewska E, Rudyk H, Muszyński S, Hułas-Stasiak M, Leszczyński N, Mielnik-Błaszczak M, Donaldson J, Dobrowolski P. Prenatal Fumonisin Exposure Impairs Bone Development via Disturbances in the OC/Leptin and RANKL/RANK/OPG Systems in Weaned Rat Offspring. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108743. [PMID: 37240089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to examine the effects of prenatal exposure to fumonisins (FBs) on bone properties and metabolism in weaned rat offspring divided into groups intoxicated with FBs at either 0 (the 0 FB group), 60 (the 60 FB group), or 90 mg/kg b.w. 0 (the 90 FB group). Female and male offspring exposed to FBs at a dose of 60 mg/kg b.w. had heavier femora. Mechanical bone parameters changed in a sex and FBs dose-dependent manner. Growth hormone and osteoprotegerin decreased in both sexes, regardless of FBs dose. In males osteocalcin decreased, while receptor activator for nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand increased regardless of FBs dose; while in females changes were dose dependent. Leptin decreased in both male FBs-intoxicated groups, bone alkaline phosphatase decreased only in the 60 FB group. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 protein expression increased in both female FBs-intoxicated groups and decreased in male 90 FB group. Osteoprotegerin and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 protein expression decreased in males, regardless of FBs dose, while nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand expression increased only in the 90 FB group. The disturbances in bone metabolic processes seemed to result from imbalances in the RANKL/RANK/OPG and the OC/leptin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Halyna Rudyk
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Laboratory of Feed Additives and Premixtures Control, State Research Control Institute of Veterinary Drugs and Feed Additives, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Siemowit Muszyński
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Hułas-Stasiak
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Norbert Leszczyński
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Transport Machinery, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Maria Mielnik-Błaszczak
- Chair and Department of Developmental Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Janine Donaldson
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Piotr Dobrowolski
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Statsyuk NV, Popletaeva SB, Shcherbakova LA. Post-Harvest Prevention of Fusariotoxin Contamination of Agricultural Products by Irreversible Microbial Biotransformation: Current Status and Prospects. BIOTECH 2023; 12:biotech12020032. [PMID: 37218749 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological degradation of mycotoxins is a promising environmentally-friendly alternative to chemical and physical detoxification methods. To date, a lot of microorganisms able to degrade them have been described; however, the number of studies determining degradation mechanisms and irreversibility of transformation, identifying resulting metabolites, and evaluating in vivo efficiency and safety of such biodegradation is significantly lower. At the same time, these data are crucial for the evaluation of the potential of the practical application of such microorganisms as mycotoxin-decontaminating agents or sources of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes. To date, there are no published reviews, which would be focused only on mycotoxin-degrading microorganisms with the proved irreversible transformation of these compounds into less toxic compounds. In this review, the existing information about microorganisms able to efficiently transform the three most common fusariotoxins (zearalenone, deoxinyvalenol, and fumonisin B1) is presented with allowance for the data on the corresponding irreversible transformation pathways, produced metabolites, and/or toxicity reduction. The recent data on the enzymes responsible for the irreversible transformation of these fusariotoxins are also presented, and the promising future trends in the studies in this area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Statsyuk
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia
| | - Sophya B Popletaeva
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia
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Widodo OS, Pambudi D, Etoh M, Kokushi E, Uno S, Yamato O, Taniguchi M, Lamid M, Takagi M. Practical Application of a Urinary Zearalenone Monitoring System for Feed Hygiene Management of a Japanese Black Cattle Breeding Herd-Relevance to Anti-Müllerian Hormone and Serum Amyloid A Clarified from a Two-Year Survey. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15050317. [PMID: 37235352 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a herd of Japanese Black (JB) breeding cattle with sporadic reproductive disorders was continuously monitored for an additional year to assess the effects of the urinary zearalenone (ZEN) concentration and changes in parameters (AMH and SAA) with time-lag variables and herd fertility (reproductive performance). This herd had high (exceeded the Japanese dietary feed regulations) urinary ZEN and rice straw ZEN concentrations (1.34 mg/kg). Long-term data of the herd with positive ZEN exposure revealed a decreasing ZEN concentration in urine and a gradual decrease in the AMH level with age. The AMH level was significantly affected by the ZEN value 2 months earlier and the AMH level in the previous month. The changes in ZEN and SAA values were significantly affected by the ZEN and SAA values in the previous month. Additionally, calving interval data between pre-monitoring and post-monitoring showed a significantly different pattern. Furthermore, the calving interval became significantly shorter between the time of contamination (2019) and the end of the monitoring period (2022). In conclusion, the urinary ZEN monitoring system may be a valuable practical tool for screening and detecting herd contamination in the field, and acute and/or chronic ZEN contamination in dietary feeds may affect herd productivity and the fertility of breeding cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oky Setyo Widodo
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Dhidhi Pambudi
- Department of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
| | - Makoto Etoh
- Ohita Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Taketa 878-0024, Japan
| | - Emiko Kokushi
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
| | - Seiichi Uno
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0056, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamato
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Masayasu Taniguchi
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Mirni Lamid
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Mitsuhiro Takagi
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
- Division of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Yang X, Li X, Gao Y, Wang J, Zheng N. Integrated Metabolomics and Lipidomics Analysis Reveals Lipid Metabolic Disorder in NCM460 Cells Caused by Aflatoxin B1 and Aflatoxin M1 Alone and in Combination. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040255. [PMID: 37104193 PMCID: PMC10146203 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) are universally found as environmental pollutants. AFB1 and AFM1 are group 1 human carcinogens. Previous sufficient toxicological data show that they pose a health risk. The intestine is vital for resistance to foreign pollutants. The enterotoxic mechanisms of AFB1 and AFM1 have not been clarified at the metabolism levels. In the present study, cytotoxicity evaluations of AFB1 and AFM1 were conducted in NCM 460 cells by obtaining their half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). The toxic effects of 2.5 μM AFB1 and AFM1 were determined by comprehensive metabolomics and lipidomics analyses on NCM460 cells. A combination of AFB1 and AFM1 induced more extensive metabolic disturbances in NCM460 cells than either aflatoxin alone. AFB1 exerted a greater effect in the combination group. Metabolomics pathway analysis showed that glycerophospholipid metabolism, fatty acid degradation, and propanoate metabolism were dominant pathways that were interfered with by AFB1, AFM1, and AFB1+AFM1. Those results suggest that attention should be paid to lipid metabolism after AFB1 and AFM1 exposure. Further, lipidomics was used to explore the fluctuation of AFB1 and AFM1 in lipid metabolism. The 34 specific lipids that were differentially induced by AFB1 were mainly attributed to 14 species, of which cardiolipin (CL) and triacylglycerol (TAG) accounted for 41%. AFM1 mainly affected CL and phosphatidylglycerol, approximately 70% based on 11 specific lipids, while 30 specific lipids were found in AFB1+AFM1, mainly reflected in TAG up to 77%. This research found for the first time that the lipid metabolism disorder caused by AFB1 and AFM1 was one of the main causes contributing to enterotoxicity, which could provide new insights into the toxic mechanisms of AFB1 and AFM1 in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue Li
- Research and Development Institute, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Qiqihar 161000, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Detection of T-2 Toxin in Wheat and Maize with a Portable Mass Spectrometer. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030222. [PMID: 36977113 PMCID: PMC10052129 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a mycotoxin routinely found as a contaminant of cereal grains worldwide. A portable mass spectrometer was adapted to enable the detection of T-2 toxin in wheat and maize by APCI-MS. In order to facilitate rapid testing, a rapid cleanup was used. The method was able to detect T-2 toxin in soft white wheat, hard red wheat, and yellow dent maize and could be used to screen for T-2 at levels above 0.2 mg/kg. The HT-2 toxin was only detectable at very high levels (>0.9 mg/kg). Based on these results, the sensitivity was not sufficient to allow the application of the screening method to these commodities at levels recommended by the European Commission. With a cut-off level of 0.107 mg/kg, the method correctly classified nine of ten reference samples of wheat and maize. The results suggest that portable MS detection of T-2 toxin is feasible. However, additional research will be needed to develop an application sensitive enough to meet regulatory requirements.
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Prevalence and Concentration of Mycotoxins in Animal Feed in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15030214. [PMID: 36977105 PMCID: PMC10054064 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study seeks a comprehensive meta-analysis of mycotoxin contaminants in animal feed consumed in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The obtained articles were reviewed, and 49 articles that investigated the contamination of mycotoxins including aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), T-2 toxin, fumonisins (FUM), and ochratoxin A (OTA), in feed samples or components of animal feed in the MENA region were selected. The titles of the final articles included in the study were meta-analyzed. Necessary information was extracted and categorized from the articles, and a meta-analysis was performed using Stata software. The highest contamination was in dry bread (80%), and Algeria was the most contaminated country (87% of animal feed), with the most mycotoxins contaminating AFs (47%) and FUM (47%). The highest concentration of mycotoxins in animal feed is related to FUM (1240.01 μg/kg). Climate change, economic situation, agricultural and processing methods, the nature of the animal feed, and improper use of food waste in animal feed are among the most critical factors that are effective in the occurrence of mycotoxin contamination in animal feed in MENA. Control of influential factors in the occurrence of contaminations and rapid screening with accurate identification methods to prevent the occurrence and spread of mycotoxin contamination of animal feed seem important.
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T-2 toxin-induced intestinal damage with dysregulation of metabolism, redox homeostasis, inflammation, and apoptosis in chicks. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:805-817. [PMID: 36695871 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a worldwide problem for feed and food safety, leading to livestock and human health risks. The objective of this study was to explore the mechanism of T-2 toxin-induced small intestine injury in broilers by integrating the advanced microbiomic, metabolomic and transcriptomic technologies. Four groups of 1-day-old male broilers (n = 4 cages/group, 6 birds/cage) were fed a control diet and control diet supplemented with T-2 toxin at 1.0, 3.0, and 6.0 mg/kg, respectively, for 2 weeks. Compared with the control, dietary T-2 toxin reduced feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and the apparent metabolic rates and induced histopathological lesions in the small intestine to varying degrees by different doses. Furthermore, the T-2 toxin decreased the activities of glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase and total antioxidant capacity but increased the concentrations of protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde in the duodenum in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the integrated microbiomic, metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis results revealed that the microbes, metabolites, and transcripts were primarily involved in the regulation of nucleotide and glycerophospholipid metabolism, redox homeostasis, inflammation, and apoptosis were related to the T-2 toxin-induced intestinal damage. In summary, the present study systematically elucidated the intestinal toxic mechanisms of T-2 toxin, which provides novel ideas to develop a detoxification strategy for T-2 toxin in animals.
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Stefanović D, Marinković D, Trailović S, Vasiljević M, Farkaš H, Raj J, Tolimir N, Radulović S, Nešić V, Trailović JN, Petrujkić B. Evaluation of Effectiveness of a Novel Multicomponent Mycotoxins Detoxification Agent in the Presence of AFB1 and T-2 Toxin on Broiler Chicks. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030574. [PMID: 36985148 PMCID: PMC10051569 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This experimental study was conducted to determine the ability of a novel mycotoxins detoxification agent (MR) at a concentration of 0.2% to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) or T-2 toxin, alone or in combination, and to examine its effect on performance, pathohistological changes (PH) and the residue of these toxins in the tissues of broiler chicks. A total of 96 broiler chicks were divided into eight equal groups: group C, which served as control (without any additives); group MR, which received the novel detoxification agent (supplemented with 0.2%); group E-I (0.1 mg AFB1/kg of diet); group E-II (0.1 mg AFB1/kg of diet + MR 0.2%); group E-III (0.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg of diet); group E-IV (0.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg of diet + 0.2% MR); group E-V (combination of 0.1 mg AFB1/kg, 0.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg of diet); and group E-VI (combination of 0.1 mg AFB1/kg, 0.5 mg T-2 toxin + 0.2% MR). Results indicate that feeds containing AFB1 and T-2 toxin, alone or in combination, adversely affected the health and performance of poultry. However, the addition of MR to diets containing AFB1 and T-2 toxin singly and in combination exerted a positive effect on body weight, feed intake, weight gain, feed efficiency and microscopic lesions in visceral organs. Residual concentration of AFB1 in liver samples was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased when chicks were fed diets supplemented with 0.2% of MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Stefanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Darko Marinković
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša Trailović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Hunor Farkaš
- Patent Co., DOO, Vlade Ćetkovića 1A, 24211 Mišićevo, Serbia
| | - Jog Raj
- Patent Co., DOO, Vlade Ćetkovića 1A, 24211 Mišićevo, Serbia
| | - Nataša Tolimir
- Institute for Science Application in Agriculture, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stamen Radulović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Nešić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Nedeljković Trailović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-113615436
| | - Branko Petrujkić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobodjenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Orozco-Cortés PC, Flores-Ortíz CM, Hernández-Portilla LB, Vázquez Medrano J, Rodríguez-Peña ON. Molecular Docking and In Vitro Studies of Ochratoxin A (OTA) Biodetoxification Testing Three Endopeptidases. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052019. [PMID: 36903263 PMCID: PMC10003963 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is considered one of the main mycotoxins responsible for health problems and considerable economic losses in the feed industry. The aim was to study OTA's detoxifying potential of commercial protease enzymes: (i) Ananas comosus bromelain cysteine-protease, (ii) bovine trypsin serine-protease and (iii) Bacillus subtilis neutral metalloendopeptidase. In silico studies were performed with reference ligands and T-2 toxin as control, and in vitro experiments. In silico study results showed that tested toxins interacted near the catalytic triad, similar to how the reference ligands behave in all tested proteases. Likewise, based on the proximity of the amino acids in the most stable poses, the chemical reaction mechanisms for the transformation of OTA were proposed. In vitro experiments showed that while bromelain reduced OTA's concentration in 7.64% at pH 4.6; trypsin at 10.69% and the neutral metalloendopeptidase in 8.2%, 14.44%, 45.26% at pH 4.6, 5 and 7, respectively (p < 0.05). The less harmful α-ochratoxin was confirmed with trypsin and the metalloendopeptidase. This study is the first attempt to demonstrate that: (i) bromelain and trypsin can hydrolyse OTA in acidic pH conditions with low efficiency and (ii) the metalloendopeptidase was an effective OTA bio-detoxifier. This study confirmed α-ochratoxin as a final product of the enzymatic reactions in real-time practical information on OTA degradation rate, since in vitro experiments simulated the time that food spends in poultry intestines, as well as their natural pH and temperature conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo César Orozco-Cortés
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Cesar Mateo Flores-Ortíz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Correspondence: (C.M.F.-O.); (O.N.R.-P.); Tel.: +52-555-623-1131 (O.N.R.P.)
| | - Luis Barbo Hernández-Portilla
- Laboratorio Nacional en Salud, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Josefina Vázquez Medrano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Olga Nelly Rodríguez-Peña
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Unidad de Biología, Tecnología y Prototipos (UBIPRO), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios No. 1, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
- Correspondence: (C.M.F.-O.); (O.N.R.-P.); Tel.: +52-555-623-1131 (O.N.R.P.)
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Impact of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone as Single and Combined Treatment on DNA, Cell Cycle and Cell Proliferation in HepG2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044082. [PMID: 36835492 PMCID: PMC9958612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate toxicity and the mechanism of toxicity of two Fusarium mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA). DON and ZEA were applied to HepG2 cells as single compounds and in combination at low environmentally relevant concentrations. HepG2 cells were exposed to DON (0.5, 1, and 2 µM), ZEA (5, 10, and 20 µM) or their combinations (1 µM DON + 5 µM ZEA, 1 µM DON + 10 µM ZEA and 1 µM DON + 20 µM ZEA) for 24 h and cell viability, DNA damage, cell cycle and proliferation were assessed. Both mycotoxins reduced cell viability, however, combined treatment with DON and ZEA resulted in higher reduction of cell viability. DON (1 µM) induced primary DNA damage, while DON (1 µM) in combination with higher ZEA concentrations showed antagonistic effects compared to DON alone at 1 µM. DON arrested HepG2 cells in G2 phase and significantly inhibited cell proliferation, while ZEA had no significant effect on cell cycle. The combined treatment with DON and ZEA arrested cells in G2 phase to a higher extend compared to treatment with single mycotoxins. Potentiating effect observed after DON and ZEA co-exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations indicates that in risk assessment and setting governments' regulations, mixtures of mycotoxins should be considered.
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Cheli F, Ottoboni M, Fumagalli F, Mazzoleni S, Ferrari L, Pinotti L. E-Nose Technology for Mycotoxin Detection in Feed: Ready for a Real Context in Field Application or Still an Emerging Technology? Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:146. [PMID: 36828460 PMCID: PMC9958648 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin risk in the feed supply chain poses a concern to animal and human health, economy, and international trade of agri-food commodities. Mycotoxin contamination in feed and food is unavoidable and unpredictable. Therefore, monitoring and control are the critical points. Effective and rapid methods for mycotoxin detection, at the levels set by the regulations, are needed for an efficient mycotoxin management. This review provides an overview of the use of the electronic nose (e-nose) as an effective tool for rapid mycotoxin detection and management of the mycotoxin risk at feed business level. E-nose has a high discrimination accuracy between non-contaminated and single-mycotoxin-contaminated grain. However, the predictive accuracy of e-nose is still limited and unsuitable for in-field application, where mycotoxin co-contamination occurs. Further research needs to be focused on the sensor materials, data analysis, pattern recognition systems, and a better understanding of the needs of the feed industry for a safety and quality management of the feed supply chain. A universal e-nose for mycotoxin detection is not realistic; a unique e-nose must be designed for each specific application. Robust and suitable e-nose method and advancements in signal processing algorithms must be validated for specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Cheli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Ottoboni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesca Fumagalli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Sharon Mazzoleni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), University of Milan, 20100 Milan, Italy
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Song R, Yao L, Sun C, Yu D, Lin H, Li G, Lian Z, Zhuang S, Zhang D. Electrospun Membranes Anchored with g-C 3N 4/MoS 2 for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Aflatoxin B 1 under Visible Light. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020133. [PMID: 36828447 PMCID: PMC9960316 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The degradation of aflatoxin (AF) is a topic that always exists along with the food and feed industry. Photocatalytic degradation as an advanced oxidation technology has many benefits, including complete inorganic degradation, no secondary contamination, ease of activity under moderate conditions, and low cost compared with traditional physical, chemical, and biological strategies. However, photocatalysts are usually dispersed during photocatalytic reactions, resulting in energy and time consumption in the separation process. There is even a potential secondary pollution problem from the perspective of food safety. In this regard, three electrospun membranes anchored with g-C3N4/MoS2 composites were prepared for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) under visible light. These photocatalytic membranes were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR, and XPS. The factors influencing the degradation efficiency of AFB1, including pH values and initial concentrations, were also probed. The three kinds of photocatalytic membranes all exhibited excellent ability to degrade AFB1. Among them, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the photocatalytic membranes prepared by the coaxial methods reached 96.8%. The experiment is with an initial concentration of 0.5 μg/mL (500 PPb) after 60 min under visible light irradiation. The mechanism of degradation of AFB1 was also proposed based on active species trapping experiments. Moreover, the prepared photocatalytic membranes exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity even after five-fold use in the degradation of AFB1. These studies showed that electrospun membranes anchored with g-C3N4/MoS2 composites have a high photocatalytic ability which is easily removed from the reacted medium for reuse. Thereby, our study offers a highly effective, economical, and green solution for AFB1 degradation in the foodstuff for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Song
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Liangtao Yao
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Changpo Sun
- Standards and Quality Center of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, No. 25 Yuetan North Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100834, China
| | - Dechao Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Guisheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zichao Lian
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Songlin Zhuang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Micro-Nano Photonics Technology and Devices, Research Center for Photonics Technology, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362046, China
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (D.Z.)
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Wang X, Liu W, Zuo H, Shen W, Zhang Y, Liu R, Geng L, Wang W, Shao C, Sun T. Development of a magnetic separation immunoassay with high sensitivity and time-saving for detecting aflatoxin B1 in agricultural crops using nanobody. Eur Food Res Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-023-04202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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40
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Jia Y, Zhao S, Li D, Yang J, Yang L. Portable chemiluminescence optical fiber aptamer-based biosensors for analysis of multiple mycotoxins. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Meira DI, Barbosa AI, Borges J, Reis RL, Correlo VM, Vaz F. Recent advances in nanomaterial-based optical biosensors for food safety applications: Ochratoxin-A detection, as case study. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-43. [PMID: 36688280 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2168248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Global population growth tremendously impacts the global food industry, endangering food safety and quality. Mycotoxins, particularly Ochratoxin-A (OTA), emerge as a food chain production threat, since it is produced by fungus that contaminates different food species and products. Beyond this, OTA exhibits a possible human toxicological risk that can lead to carcinogenic and neurological diseases. A selective, sensitive, and reliable OTA biodetection approach is essential to ensure food safety. Current detection approaches rely on accurate and time-consuming laboratory techniques performed at the end of the food production process, or lateral-flow technologies that are rapid and on-site, but do not provide quantitative and precise OTA concentration measurements. Nanoengineered optical biosensors arise as an avant-garde solution, providing high sensing performance, and a fast and accurate OTA biodetection screening, which is attractive for the industrial market. This review core presents and discusses the recent advancements in optical OTA biosensing, considering engineered nanomaterials, optical transduction principle and biorecognition methodologies. Finally, the major challenges and future trends are discussed, and current patented OTA optical biosensors are emphasized for a particular promising detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana I Meira
- Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.,3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e wwTecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana I Barbosa
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e wwTecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joel Borges
- Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.,LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e wwTecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Vitor M Correlo
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque de Ciência e wwTecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Guimarães, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associated Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Filipe Vaz
- Physics Center of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Guimarães, Portugal.,LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Hao W, Guan S, Li A, Wang J, An G, Hofstetter U, Schatzmayr G. Mycotoxin Occurrence in Feeds and Raw Materials in China: A Five-Year Investigation. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:63. [PMID: 36668883 PMCID: PMC9866187 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are ubiquitously present in feeds and raw materials and can exert toxicity on animals and humans. Therefore, mycotoxin occurrence should be monitored. We report here a multi-mycotoxin survey of feed samples in China from 2017 to 2021. Concentrations of aflatoxins, trichothecenes type B, fumonisins, and zearalenone were determined in a total of 9392 samples collected throughout China. Regional differences and year-to-year variation of mycotoxin occurrence were also assessed in new-season corn. Generally, Fusarium mycotoxins were prevalent, while mycotoxin contamination in each feed commodity showed a distinct pattern, e.g., wheat and bran were typically affected by trichothecenes type B, peanut meals were highly susceptible to aflatoxins, and finished feeds exhibited a comparatively high prevalence of all mycotoxins. In new-season corn, trichothecenes type B and fumonisins were most prevalent, with positive rates of 84.04% and 87.16%, respectively. Regions exhibited different patterns of mycotoxin occurrence. The Anhui and Jiangsu provinces of East China exhibited a high prevalence and concentrations of aflatoxins with a positive rate and a positive average of 82.61% and 103.08 μg/kg, respectively. Central China obtained high fumonisins levels of 4707.84 μg/kg. Trichothecenes type B and zearalenone occurred more frequently in temperate regions of Northeast China, and their positive rates reached 94.99% and 55.67%, respectively. In these regions, mycotoxin concentrations in new-season corn exhibited pronounced year-to-year variations and this could be due to the unusual changes of rainfall or temperature during sensitive periods of corn growing. A large fraction of new-season corn samples contained multiple mycotoxins with two to three classes (75.42%), and the most frequently observed co-contaminants were the combination of trichothecenes type B and fumonisins (73.52%). Trichothecenes type B and zearalenone concentrations were highly positively correlated with a coefficient of 0.775. In conclusion, mycotoxins contamination and co-contamination of feeds are common. Mycotoxin contamination in new-season corn exhibited regional patterns and year-to-year variations, with climate and weather conditions as determinant factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shu Guan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Singapore Industrial Pte. Ltd., Singapore 117440, Singapore
| | - Anping Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gang An
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ursula Hofstetter
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Austria GmbH, 3131 Getzersdorf, Austria
| | - Gerd Schatzmayr
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Austria GmbH, 3131 Getzersdorf, Austria
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Prasad S, Streit B, Gruber C, Gonaus C. Enzymatic degradation of ochratoxin A in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad171. [PMID: 37220904 PMCID: PMC10290503 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal feeds are often contaminated with ochratoxin A (OTA), a potent natural mycotoxin hazardous to animal and human health that accumulates in blood and tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the in vivo application of an enzyme (OTA amidohydrolase; OAH) that degrades OTA into the nontoxic molecules phenylalanine and ochratoxin α (OTα) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of pigs. Piglets were fed six experimental diets over 14 days, varying in OTA contamination level (50 or 500 μg/kg; OTA50 and OTA500) and presence of OAH; a negative control diet (no OTA added) and a diet containing OTα at 318 µg/kg (OTα318). The absorption of OTA and OTα into the systemic circulation (plasma and dried blood spots, DBS), their accumulation in kidney, liver, and muscle tissues, and excretion through feces and urine were assessed. The efficiency of OTA degradation in the digesta content of the GIT was also estimated. At the end of the trial, accumulation of OTA in blood was significantly higher in OTA groups (OTA50 and OTA500) in comparison to enzyme groups (OAH50 and OAH500, respectively). The supplementation of OAH explicitly reduced the absorption of OTA (P < 0.005) into plasma by 54% and 59% (from 40.53 ± 3.53 to 18.66 ± 2.28 ng/mL in piglets fed the 50 μg OTA/kg diets and from 413.50 ± 71.88 to 168.35 ± 41.02 ng/mL in piglets fed the 500 μg OTA/kg diets, respectively) and in DBS by 50% and 53% (from 22.79 ± 2.63 to 10.67 ± 1.93 ng/mL in piglets fed the 50 μg OTA/kg diets and from 232.85 ± 35.16 to 105.71 ± 24.18 ng/mL in piglets fed the 500 μg OTA/kg diets, respectively). The OTA concentrations in plasma were positively associated with the OTA levels detected in all tissues analyzed; adding OAH reduced OTA levels in the kidney, liver, and muscle (P < 0.005) by 52%, 67%, and 59%, respectively. The analysis of GIT digesta content showed that OAH supplementation led to OTA degradation in the proximal GIT where natural hydrolysis is inefficient. Overall, the data of present in vivo study demonstrated that supplementation of swine feeds with OAH successfully reduced OTA levels in blood (plasma and DBS) as well as in kidney, liver, and muscle tissues. Therefore, an approach to use enzymes as feed additives might be most promising to mitigate the harmful effects of OTA on the productivity and welfare of pigs and at the same time improving the safety of pig-derived food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreenath Prasad
- BIOMIN Research Center, DSM Animal Nutrition and Health, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Barbara Streit
- BIOMIN Research Center, DSM Animal Nutrition and Health, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Christina Gruber
- BIOMIN Research Center, DSM Animal Nutrition and Health, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Christoph Gonaus
- BIOMIN Research Center, DSM Animal Nutrition and Health, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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Verghese M, Wilkinson E, He Y. Role of RNA modifications in carcinogenesis and carcinogen damage response. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:24-37. [PMID: 35560957 PMCID: PMC9653521 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of epitranscriptomics encompasses the study of post-transcriptional RNA modifications and their regulatory enzymes. Among the numerous RNA modifications, N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) has been identified as the most common internal modification of messenger RNA (mRNA). Although m6 A modifications were first discovered in the 1970s, advances in technology have revived interest in this field, driving an abundance of research into the role of RNA modifications in various biological processes, including cancer. As analogs to epigenetic modifications, RNA modifications also play an important role in carcinogenesis by regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally. A growing body of evidence suggests that carcinogens can modulate RNA modifications to alter the expression of oncogenes or tumor suppressors during cellular transformation. Additionally, the expression and activity of the enzymes that regulate RNA modifications can be dysregulated and contribute to carcinogenesis, making these enzymes promising targets of drug discovery. Here we summarize the roles of RNA modifications during carcinogenesis induced by exposure to various environmental carcinogens, with a main focus on the roles of the most widely studied m6 A mRNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Verghese
- Department of Medicine, Section of DermatologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Pritzker School of MedicineUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Emma Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Section of DermatologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Committee on Cancer BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Yu‐Ying He
- Department of Medicine, Section of DermatologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Committee on Cancer BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
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45
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Potekhina RM, Tarasova EY, Matrosova LE, Khammadov NI, Saifutdinov AM, Ermolaeva OK, Tanaseva SA, Mishina NN, Nigmatulin GN, Mukharlyamova AZ, Smolentsev SY, Semenov EI. A Case of Laying Hens Mycosis Caused by Fusarium proliferatum. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:5281260. [PMID: 37168542 PMCID: PMC10164870 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5281260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we present the first case report of a chicken mycosis caused by F. proliferatum occurred on a private farm in the Russian Federation. Lesions on the skin of the legs and scallops were reported. The object of this study was samples of feed and pathological material from sick hens-layers. Mycological analysis included determination of the total number of fungi (TNF) and identification and determination of the toxicity and pathogenicity of the isolates. The identification of the isolate was carried out taking into account direct microscopy, morphological features, and the method of molecular genetic analysis. Microscopic fungi of the genus Penicillium and Rhizopus were isolated by mycological analysis of the feed. The test feed was nontoxic. Mycological examination of pathological material (scrapings from the combs and affected legs) identified an isolate of Fusarium proliferatum, which showed toxicity on biological objects (protozoa, rabbits) and pathogenicity (white mice). Dermal application of F. proliferatum suspension was accompanied by reddening of the rabbit skin. Intraperitoneal injection of fungal spores caused mycosis in white mice. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) made it possible to identify this type of microscopic fungus (F. proliferatum) with high accuracy in the samples under study. The research results allow us to consider F. proliferatum as a cause of poultry disease against the background of predisposing factors in the form of desquamation of the stratum corneum of the skin against the background of immunosuppression and metabolic disorders caused by an imbalance in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramziya M. Potekhina
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Evgenya Yu. Tarasova
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Lilia E. Matrosova
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Nail I. Khammadov
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Saifutdinov
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Olga K. Ermolaeva
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Tanaseva
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Nailya N. Mishina
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Gali N. Nigmatulin
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | - Aisylu Z. Mukharlyamova
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
| | | | - Eduard I. Semenov
- Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation and Biological Safety, Kazan 420075, Nauchnyi Gorodok-2, Russia
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46
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Kara K. Comparison of some mycotoxin concentration and prevalence in premium and economic class of adult dog foods. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2117105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanber Kara
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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47
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Beatriz AL, Nolwenn H. Innovative in vitro approaches to toxicological investigations of mycotoxins effects. EFSA J 2022; 20:e200907. [PMID: 36531276 PMCID: PMC9749439 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.e200907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the potential contaminants, mycotoxins are of particular concern due to the importance in terms of food and feed safety. The difficulty in establishing a diagnosis for mycotoxicosis relies in the fact that the effects are subclinical, and that multicontamination by various toxins is the most common scenario. The co-occurrence of these mycotoxins raises questions concerning both food safety and regulation. However, there is still limited knowledge on toxicity data on co-exposure. The current technical report will describe the activities performed by the fellow in the LUBEM-Brest University (France). In this context, the work programme offered by the hosting site consisted in vitro toxicological approaches to evaluate the toxicity of mycotoxin mixtures. The aim of this project was to assess human risk to the exposure of two main regulated mycotoxins (ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1) using different innovative cellular models (2D and 3D spheroids). In this framework, these mycotoxins were tested individually and as a combination on intestinal and hepatic cell lines alone or in co-cultures. Overall, our results show the outstanding potential of using more predictive and realistic approaches for the risk assessment (RA) of mycotoxins. It is of high importance to pursue further toxicological characterisations and exposure evaluations for mycotoxins, in order to determine a more detailed RA. This will serve as a reference to understand multicontamination mechanism of mycotoxins at the cell level and help authority to revise regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arce López Beatriz
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale ‐ (Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, LUBEM) (UBO)France
| | - Hymery Nolwenn
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale ‐ (Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, LUBEM) (UBO)France
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Ferrari L, Fumagalli F, Rizzi N, Grandi E, Vailati S, Manoni M, Ottoboni M, Cheli F, Pinotti L. An Eight-Year Survey on Aflatoxin B1 Indicates High Feed Safety in Animal Feed and Forages in Northern Italy. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110763. [PMID: 36356013 PMCID: PMC9699321 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) remain the main concern for the agricultural and dairy industries due to their effects on the performances and quality of livestock production. Aflatoxins are always unavoidable and should be monitored. The objective of this paper is to bring to light a significant volume of data on AF contamination in several animal feed ingredients in Northern Italy. The Regional Breeders Association of Lombardy has been conducting a survey program to monitor mycotoxin contamination in animal feeds, and in this paper, we present data relating to AFB1 contamination. In most cases (95%), the concentrations were low enough to ensure compliance with the European Union's (EU's) maximum admitted levels for animal feed ingredients. However, the data show a high variability in AF contamination between different matrices and, within the same matrix, a high variability year over year. High levels of AFs were detected in maize and cotton, especially in the central part of the second decade of this century, i.e., 2015-2018, which has shown a higher risk of AF contamination in feed materials in Northern Italy. Variability due to climate change and the international commodity market affect future prospects to predict the presence of AFs. Supplier monitoring and control and reduced buying of contaminated raw materials, as well as performing analyses of each batch, help reduce AF spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’ Università, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesca Fumagalli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’ Università, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Rizzi
- Associazione Regionale Allevatori della Lombardia (ARAL), Via Kennedy, 26013 Crema, Italy
| | - Elisa Grandi
- Associazione Regionale Allevatori della Lombardia (ARAL), Via Kennedy, 26013 Crema, Italy
| | - Serena Vailati
- Associazione Regionale Allevatori della Lombardia (ARAL), Via Kennedy, 26013 Crema, Italy
| | - Michele Manoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’ Università, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Matteo Ottoboni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’ Università, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica Cheli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’ Università, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences (DIVAS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’ Università, 26900 Lodi, Italy
- CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Mycotoxins in Cattle Feed and Feed Ingredients in Brazil: A Five-Year Survey. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080552. [PMID: 36006214 PMCID: PMC9416694 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by a variety of fungi, which when ingested can cause several deleterious effects to the health of humans and animals. In this work, the detection and quantification of six major mycotoxins (aflatoxins-AFLA, deoxynivalenol-DON, fumonisins-FUMO, ochratoxin A-OTA, T-2 toxin-T-2 and zearalenone-ZON) in 1749 samples of feed and feed ingredients for cattle, collected in Brazil between 2017 and 2021, was carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In total, 97% of samples were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin, yet, very few samples exceeded the lowest European Union guidance values for cattle, and the estimated daily intake also showed a low risk for the animals. However, co-occurrences were widely observed, as 87% of samples contained two or more mycotoxins at the same time, and the presence of more than one mycotoxin at the same time in feed can lead to interactions. In conclusion, the contamination of feed and feed ingredients for cattle with mycotoxins in Brazil is very common. Hence, the monitoring of these mycotoxins is of significant importance for food safety.
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Pérez-Fuentes N, Alvariño R, Alfonso A, González-Jartín J, Gegunde S, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Enniatins A1 and B1 alter calcium homeostasis of neuronal cells leading to apoptotic death. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 168:113361. [PMID: 35970269 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Enniatins (ENNs) A1 and B1 are non-regulated mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. that commonly occur in different types of food. These toxins are cytotoxic in several cell lines, but their mechanism of action is unclear. In this study, the cytotoxic effects of ENNs A1 and B1 in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells were analysed. Moreover, to better understand their mechanism of action, mitochondrial function, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and calcium fluxes were monitored. ENNs A1 and B1 reduced cell viability, presenting IC50 values of 2.0 and 2.7 μM, respectively. Both toxins induced caspase-dependent apoptosis, but only ENN A1 increased ROS production. Apoptotic cell death seems to be triggered by the increase in cytosolic calcium produced by both ENNs, since the toxins altered Ca2+ homeostasis by depleting intracellular reservoirs. Finally, binary combinations of ENN A1, ENN B1, ENN A and ENN B were tested. All mixtures resulted in an antagonistic effect, with the exception of ENN A and ENN B1 combination, which produced an additive effect. The results presented in this study provide the first evidence of ENNs A1 and B1 effects on calcium fluxes, providing new insights into the mechanism of action of these mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Pérez-Fuentes
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alvariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain.
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain.
| | - Jesús González-Jartín
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - Sandra Gegunde
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain; Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitario Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, 27002, Spain
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