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Assiri AM, Alserehi H, Abuhasan MY, Khalil EAA, Al-Thunayan MH, Alshehri MS, Alrossais AA, Abudahish AS, Alsahafi AJ, Al-Tawfiq JA. Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and outcome of mpox: A study of 381 cases in Saudi Arabia. IJID REGIONS 2024; 11:100358. [PMID: 38590626 PMCID: PMC11000198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Objectives There are limited data on the clinical and epidemiological aspects of mpox in Saudi Arabia. This study investigates the characteristics of Mpox cases from May to September 2023. Methods A total of 381 cases of Mpox were included in this study, diagnosed based on a combination of clinical symptoms and laboratory testing. Results The majority of mpox cases were males (91.1%), with a mean age of (±SD) of 32.4 (±8.3) years; 356 (93.4%) did not report travel, 277 (72.7%) denied engaging in extra-marital sex, and 379 (99.5%) were not linked to secondary cases. Fever was reported in 371 (97.4%), whereas headache was present in 314 (82.4%). Cough (1.3%) and conjunctivitis (0.5%) were rare. The most commonly affected areas in terms of lesions were the palms and soles (297 cases, 78%), followed by the genitals (206 cases, 54%), face (198 cases, 52%), and mouth (160 cases, 42%). Of the 1325 identified contacts, 1134 (85.5%) were hospital contacts, and 191 (14.5%) were community contacts, and 393 (29.6%) were high-risk contact. Of the high-risk contacts, 284 (72.3%) accepted post-exposure vaccination. The genotyped samples were all subclade IIb (formerly the West Africa clade). Conclusions This study provides valuable insights into mpox characteristics in Saudi Arabia. The genome of monkeypox virus belonged to subclade IIb of the West Africa clade. Further analysis of the global tree sublineage is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq
- Specialty Internal Medicine and Quality Department, Dhahran Health Center, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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2
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Paredes MI, Ahmed N, Figgins M, Colizza V, Lemey P, McCrone JT, Müller N, Tran-Kiem C, Bedford T. Underdetected dispersal and extensive local transmission drove the 2022 mpox epidemic. Cell 2024; 187:1374-1386.e13. [PMID: 38428425 PMCID: PMC10962340 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The World Health Organization declared mpox a public health emergency of international concern in July 2022. To investigate global mpox transmission and population-level changes associated with controlling spread, we built phylogeographic and phylodynamic models to analyze MPXV genomes from five global regions together with air traffic and epidemiological data. Our models reveal community transmission prior to detection, changes in case reporting throughout the epidemic, and a large degree of transmission heterogeneity. We find that viral introductions played a limited role in prolonging spread after initial dissemination, suggesting that travel bans would have had only a minor impact. We find that mpox transmission in North America began declining before more than 10% of high-risk individuals in the USA had vaccine-induced immunity. Our findings highlight the importance of broader routine specimen screening surveillance for emerging infectious diseases and of joint integration of genomic and epidemiological information for early outbreak control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel I Paredes
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Nashwa Ahmed
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marlin Figgins
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vittoria Colizza
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John T McCrone
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicola Müller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cécile Tran-Kiem
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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Taha AM, Elrosasy A, Mahmoud AM, Saed SAA, Moawad WAET, Hamouda E, Nguyen D, Tran VP, Pham HT, Sah S, Barboza JJ, Sah R. The effect of HIV and mpox co-infection on clinical outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. HIV Med 2024. [PMID: 38443319 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Co-infection with HIV and mpox is a significant issue for public health because of the potential combined impact on clinical outcomes. However, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive synthesis of the available evidence. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to provide insight into the impact of HIV and mpox co-infection on clinical outcomes. METHODS We systematically searched major electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, and Web of Science) for pertinent studies published up to June 2023. Included were studies that described the clinical outcomes of people who had both mpox and HIV. We performed the analysis using OpenMeta and STATA 17 software. RESULTS With an overall number of participants of 35 207, 21 studies that met the inclusion criteria were considered. The greatest number of the studies (n = 10) were cohort designs, with three being cross-sectional and eight being case series studies. The meta-analysis found that people who had both HIV and mpox had a higher hospitalization rate than those who only had mpox (odds ratio [OR] 1.848; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.918-3.719, p = 0.085, I2 = 60.19%, p = 0.020). Furthermore, co-infected patients had higher mortality rates than those who did not have HIV co-infection (OR 3.887; 95% CI 2.272-6.650, p < 0.001). Meta-regression analysis showed that CD4 levels can significantly predict the risk of hospitalization (p = 0.016) and death (p = 0.031). DISCUSSION HIV causes immunosuppression, making it difficult for the body to mount an effective immune response against pathogens such as mpox. Individuals who are co-infected are at a higher risk of severe disease and death, according to our findings. Although hospitalization rates did not differ significantly between the two groups, it is critical to prioritize interventions and improve management strategies tailored specifically for people living with HIV. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis provides substantial evidence that HIV and mpox co-infection has a negative impact on clinical outcomes. Co-infected individuals had higher hospitalization and significantly higher mortality rates. These findings highlight the significance of early diagnosis, prompt treatment initiation, and effective management strategies for people living with HIV and mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amr Elrosasy
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Esraa Hamouda
- Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Dang Nguyen
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Corrigan Minehan Heart Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Hoang Tran Pham
- Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sanjit Sah
- Research Scientist, Global Consortium for Public Health and Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
- SR Sanjeevani Hospital, Siraha, Nepal
| | | | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India
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Isabel S, Eshaghi A, Duvvuri VR, Gubbay JB, Cronin K, Li A, Hasso M, Clark ST, Hopkins JP, Patel SN, Braukmann TWA. Targeted amplification-based whole genome sequencing of Monkeypox virus in clinical specimens. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0297923. [PMID: 38047694 PMCID: PMC10783113 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02979-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE We present a protocol to efficiently sequence genomes of the MPXV-causing mpox. This enables researchers and public health agencies to acquire high-quality genomic data using a rapid and cost-effective approach. Genomic data can be used to conduct surveillance and investigate mpox outbreaks. We present 91 mpox genomes that show the diversity of the 2022 mpox outbreak in Ontario, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Isabel
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A. Eshaghi
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - V. R. Duvvuri
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. B. Gubbay
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - K. Cronin
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aimin Li
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - M. Hasso
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. T. Clark
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. P. Hopkins
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. N. Patel
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - T. W. A. Braukmann
- Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Jain N, Umar TP, Sayad R, Mokresh ME, Tandarto K, Siburian R, Liana P, Laivacuma S, Reinis A. Monkeypox Diagnosis in Clinical Settings: A Comprehensive Review of Best Laboratory Practices. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:253-271. [PMID: 38801583 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
An outbreak of monkeypox (Mpox) was reported in more than 40 countries in early 2022. Accurate diagnosis of Mpox can be challenging, but history, clinical findings, and laboratory diagnosis can establish the diagnosis. The pre-analytic phase of testing includes collecting, storing, and transporting specimens. It is advised to swab the lesion site with virus transport medium (VTM) containing Dacron or polyester flock swabs from two different sites. Blood, urine, and semen samples may also be used. Timely sampling is necessary to obtain a sufficient amount of virus or antibodies. The analytical phase of infectious disease control involves diagnostic tools to determine the presence of the virus. While polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the gold standard for detecting Mpox, genome sequencing is for identifying new or modified viruses. As a complement to these methods, isothermal amplification methods have been designed. ELISA assays are also available for the determination of antibodies. Electron microscopy is another effective diagnostic method for tissue identification of the virus. Wastewater fingerprinting provides some of the most effective diagnostic methods for virus identification at the community level. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are further discussed. Post-analytic phase requires proper interpretation of test results and the preparation of accurate patient reports that include relevant medical history, clinical guidelines, and recommendations for follow-up testing or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nityanand Jain
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, 1007, Latvia.
- Joint Microbiology Laboratory, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu Street 13, Riga, 1002, Latvia.
| | - Tungki Pratama Umar
- Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University, Dr. Mohammad Ali Street-RSMH Complex, Palembang, 30126, Indonesia.
| | - Reem Sayad
- Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Saad Zaghloul, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Muhammed Edib Mokresh
- Faculty of International Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Tibbiye, Istanbul, 34668, Turkey
| | - Kevin Tandarto
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Pluit Raya Street No. 2, North Jakarta, Special Capital Region of Jakarta, 14440, Indonesia
| | - Reynold Siburian
- Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University, Dr. Mohammad Ali Street-RSMH Complex, Palembang, 30126, Indonesia
| | - Phey Liana
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sriwijaya University-Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital, Palembang, 30126, Indonesia
| | - Sniedze Laivacuma
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, 1007, Latvia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Riga East Clinical University Hospital, Hipokrata Street 2, Riga, 1038, Latvia
| | - Aigars Reinis
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga, 1007, Latvia
- Joint Microbiology Laboratory, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu Street 13, Riga, 1002, Latvia
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Khan G, Perveen N. The 2022 monkeypox outbreak 1 year on: The 5 Ws. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2489. [PMID: 37930054 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In May 2022, World Health Organization (WHO) reported an outbreak of Mpox in several European countries which were previously Mpox free. Mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) is a zoonotic viral disease endemic in Central and West Africa. The sudden emergence of Mpox outside Africa and its subsequent rapid spread lead the WHO to declare the outbreak as Public Health Emergency of International Concern. By 15 May 2023, a total of 87,704 confirmed cases and 140 deaths had been reported from 111 countries and territories worldwide. Looking back on this outbreak 1 year later, several important questions have arisen. Here, we address these questions using the classic 5 Ws: What, When, Where, Who and Why? We discuss these questions to understand how this outbreak emerged and how it was effectively managed. We outline what needs to be done to prevent, or at least minimise, outbreaks due to emerging and re-emerging viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulfaraz Khan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nighat Perveen
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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7
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Paredes MI, Ahmed N, Figgins M, Colizza V, Lemey P, McCrone JT, Müller N, Tran-Kiem C, Bedford T. Early underdetected dissemination across countries followed by extensive local transmission propelled the 2022 mpox epidemic. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.07.27.23293266. [PMID: 37577709 PMCID: PMC10418578 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.27.23293266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization declared mpox a public health emergency of international concern in July 2022. To investigate global mpox transmission and population-level changes associated with controlling spread, we built phylogeographic and phylodynamic models to analyze MPXV genomes from five global regions together with air traffic and epidemiological data. Our models reveal community transmission prior to detection, changes in case-reporting throughout the epidemic, and a large degree of transmission heterogeneity. We find that viral introductions played a limited role in prolonging spread after initial dissemination, suggesting that travel bans would have had only a minor impact. We find that mpox transmission in North America began declining before more than 10% of high-risk individuals in the USA had vaccine-induced immunity. Our findings highlight the importance of broader routine specimen screening surveillance for emerging infectious diseases and of joint integration of genomic and epidemiological information for early outbreak control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel I. Paredes
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nashwa Ahmed
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marlin Figgins
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vittoria Colizza
- INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique IPLESP, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - John T. McCrone
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicola Müller
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cécile Tran-Kiem
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Kim H, Kwon R, Lee H, Lee SW, Rahmati M, Koyanagi A, Smith L, Kim MS, López Sánchez GF, Elena D, Yeo SG, Shin JI, Cho W, Yon DK. Viral load dynamics and shedding kinetics of mpox infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Travel Med 2023; 30:taad111. [PMID: 37581603 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taad111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral load dynamics and shedding kinetics are critical factors for studying infectious diseases. However, evidence on the viral dynamics of mpox remains limited and inconclusive. Thus, we aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the viral load and viability of the re-emerged mpox virus since 2022. METHODS For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase and Google Scholar for published articles that are related to mpox viral dynamics up to April 2023. RESULTS From 19 studies, 880 samples and 1477 specimens were collected. The pooled median Ct values appeared in the following order: skin lesion [Ct value 21.7 (IQR 17.8-25.5)], anorectal [22.3 (16.9-27.6)], saliva [25.9 (22.5-31.1)], oral [29.0 (24.5-32.8)], semen [29.6 (25.9-33.4)], urine [30.5 (24.6-36.4)], pharyngeal [31.9 (26.5-37.3)], urethra [33.0 (28.0-35.0)] and blood [33.2 (30.4-36.1)]. People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have a lower Ct value in the skin [skin HIV+, 19.2 (18.3-20.0) vs skin HIV-, 25.4 (21.2-29.0)]. From the Ct values and test day since symptom onset, we identified temporal trends of viral load for each specimen type. Changes in the trend were observed at 4 days in saliva, 5 days in blood, 6 days in skin, 7 days in anorectal, urine, semen and pharyngeal and 8 days in the urethra. We determined optimal Ct cutoff values for anorectal (34.0), saliva (27.7) and urethra (33.0) specimens, where a Ct value above each cutoff suggests minimal viral viability. Using these cutoff values, we derived the duration of viable viral isolation in each specific specimen type (anorectal 19 days, saliva 14 days and urethra 14 days). CONCLUSION Skin lesion, anorectal and saliva samples contained the highest viral load. The peak viral load manifests within 4-8 days after symptom onset, and viable virus detection was presumed to cease within 14-19 days from symptom onset in anorectal, saliva and urethral samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakyoung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Rosie Kwon
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 02447, South Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Hojae Lee
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 02447, South Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Masoud Rahmati
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad 6815144316, Iran
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Vali-E-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan 7718897111, Iran
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona 08830, Spain
| | - Lee Smith
- Centre for Health, Performance and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Min Seo Kim
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Guillermo F López Sánchez
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia 30120, Spain
| | - Dragioti Elena
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Linköping University, Linköping 581 83, Sweden
- Research Laboratory Psychology of Patients, Families, and Health Professionals, Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45221, Greece
| | - Seung Geun Yeo
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Severance Underwood Meta-research Center, Institute of Convergence Science, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Wonyoung Cho
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Dong Keon Yon
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 02447, South Korea
- Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 02447, South Korea
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9
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Schwartz DA, Pittman PR. Mpox (Monkeypox) in Pregnancy: Viral Clade Differences and Their Associations with Varying Obstetrical and Fetal Outcomes. Viruses 2023; 15:1649. [PMID: 37631992 PMCID: PMC10458075 DOI: 10.3390/v15081649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In African countries where mpox (monkeypox) is endemic, infection is caused by two genetically related clades-Clade I (formerly Congo Basin), and Clade IIa (formerly West Africa), both of which are potentially life-threatening infections. Prior to the 2022-2023 global outbreak, mpox infections among pregnant women caused by Clade I were reported to have a 75% perinatal case fatality rate in the Democratic Republic of Congo, including the only documented case of placental infection and stillbirth from the Congenital Mpox Syndrome, and the Clade IIa mpox infection was associated with stillbirths in Nigeria. The 2022-2023 global mpox outbreak, caused by a genetically distinct strain, Clade IIb, has focused attention on the effects of mpox on pregnant women and fetal outcomes. There have been at least 58 cases of mpox infection occurring in pregnant women during the 2022-2023 outbreak. No confirmed cases of adverse perinatal outcome, including stillbirth, have been reported. The absence of perinatal morbidity and mortality from Clade IIb corresponds to the overall case fatality rate among non-pregnant women of <0.1%, as this clade has been demonstrated to produce a less-severe disease than the mpox Clade I or IIa variants. Thus, there are apparently important differences between mpox clades affecting pregnant women and perinatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillip R. Pittman
- Division of Medicine, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA;
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10
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Tovani-Palone MR, Doshi N, Pedersini P. Inequity in the global distribution of monkeypox vaccines. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:4498-4503. [PMID: 37469745 PMCID: PMC10353500 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i19.4498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox (mpox) has been a public health emergency of international concern that emerged in mid-2022 and has spread to 110 countries. The clinical findings of the disease vary according to the seriousness of the cases. Although its case fatality risk has not been high, a significant percentage of patients require hospitalization. In this context, local initiatives were taken to extend the limited supply of vaccines against the disease; however, such measures have not been sufficient to contain the spread of cases and ensure an equitable distribution of health resources. As a result, endemic regions of low-income countries continue to have insufficient access to mpox vaccination. Despite this and considering the global scope of the disease, there is still little discussion in the literature about the difficulties in achieving adequate vaccination coverage rates for the target population of interest. In this article, we briefly discussed general aspects of the disease, including its surveillance, the current global context of challenges for mpox vaccination, and issues on global allocation of health resources as well as proposed related recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Neel Doshi
- Department of Medicine, Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences, Ahmednagar 413736, India
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11
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Saied AA, Chandran D, Chakraborty S, Emran TB, Dhama K. Mpox and healthcare workers — a minireview of our present knowledge. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2023; 35:46. [DOI: 10.1186/s43162-023-00233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Workers in the healthcare industry form the backbone of health systems everywhere. In the face of global health crises like the current monkeypox (mpox) outbreak, healthcare workers like doctors, dentists, pharmacists, nurses, midwives, paramedics, administrators, support staff, laboratory technicians, and community health workers all play crucial roles in providing care and containing the spread of the disease.
Aim
Therefore, in the wake of concerns about mpox recurrence, we seek to shed light on the occupational transmission of mpox infection and the possible risk to healthcare personnel.
Results
Contamination of the environment of the household of cases of mpox and environment of the patient care units with the viral DNA has been reported besides asymptomatic cases and detection of viral DNA in air samples; therefore, more research on non-lesion-based testing for human mpox infection for screening asymptomatic people, particularly among populations at high risk of infection, in the event of asymptomatic transmission and potential transmission via aerosols is necessary. Monitoring efforts can be aided by incorporating mpox testing into locations where people are more likely to contract illnesses and seek medical attention. We must take a precautionary infection control approach to control the spread of the virus while completing urgent research to understand better the human-to-human mpox transmission process.
Conclusions
In this minireview, we discuss the potential routes of mpox transmission to healthcare and preventative strategies and measures that should be taken and considered.
Graphical Abstract
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Alrasheedy AA, Aldawsari AH, Alqasir MI, Alsawyan OA, Alalwan OA, Alwaker SA, Almutairi MS, Godman B. Knowledge of Community Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia Regarding Human Monkeypox, Its Management, Prevention, and Vaccination: Findings and Implications. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040878. [PMID: 37112790 PMCID: PMC10143221 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cases of monkeypox have recently been reported in countries where this disease is not endemic, raising a global health concern. Consequently, healthcare professionals (HCPs), including pharmacists, need to be aware of the disease, its prevention, including the role of vaccines, and its management to reduce transmission. A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among conveniently sampled community pharmacists in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. A total of 189 community pharmacists participated in the study, giving a response rate of 72.97%. From these, 86.77% were male, 51.32% were ≤30 years old, 36.51% were aged between 31-40 years, and 43.39% had 1-5 years of experience as community pharmacists. Their overall knowledge was 17.72 ± 5.56 out of a maximum of 28. The overall rate of correct answers for the knowledge statements was 63.29%, with 52.4% answering ≥50-<75% of the knowledge questions correctly and 31.2% answering ≥75% of the questions correctly. The knowledge subdomain related to diagnosis and clinical characteristics recorded the highest score, with the subdomain relating to causative pathogens and epidemiology recording a lower score. Overall, community pharmacists had moderate knowledge of monkeypox and its clinical management, prevention, and the role of vaccines, which is a concern for the future. Consequently, tailored, flexible, and timely educational interventions are needed to ensure that HCPs, including community pharmacists, are fully equipped with the latest evidence-based knowledge regarding this viral disease to reduce transmission and improve care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alian A Alrasheedy
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman H Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Munyib I Alqasir
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Alsawyan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A Alalwan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alwaker
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masaad S Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brian Godman
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
- Department of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi Street, Garankuwa, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
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