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Wang Q, Bu Q, Xu Z, Liang Y, Zhou J, Pan Y, Zhou H, Lu L. Macrophage ATG16L1 expression suppresses metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis progression by promoting lipophagy. Clin Mol Hepatol 2024; 30:515-538. [PMID: 38726504 PMCID: PMC11261221 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2024.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is an unmet clinical challenge due to the rapid increased occurrence but lacking approved drugs. Autophagy-related protein 16-like 1 (ATG16L1) plays an important role in the process of autophagy, which is indispensable for proper biogenesis of the autophagosome, but its role in modulating macrophage-related inflammation and metabolism during MASH has not been documented. Here, we aimed to elucidate the role of ATG16L1 in the progression of MASH. METHODS Expression analysis was performed with liver samples from human and mice. MASH models were induced in myeloid-specific Atg16l1-deficient and myeloid-specific Atg16l1-overexpressed mice by high-fat and high-cholesterol diet or methionine- and choline-deficient diet to explore the function and mechanism of macrophage ATG16L1 in MASH. RESULTS Macrophage-specific Atg16l1 knockout exacerbated MASH and inhibited energy expenditure, whereas macrophage-specific Atg16l1 transgenic overexpression attenuated MASH and promotes energy expenditure. Mechanistically, Atg16l1 knockout inhibited macrophage lipophagy, thereby suppressing macrophage β-oxidation and decreasing the production of 4-hydroxynonenal, which further inhibited stimulator of interferon genes(STING) carbonylation. STING palmitoylation was enhanced, STING trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi was promoted, and downstream STING signaling was activated, promoting proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines secretion, resulting in hepatic steatosis and hepatic stellate cells activation. Moreover, Atg16l1-deficiency enhanced macrophage phagosome ability but inhibited lysosome formation, engulfing mtDNA released by pyroptotic hepatocytes. Increased mtDNA promoted cGAS/STING signaling activation. Moreover, pharmacological promotion of ATG16L1 substantially blocked MASH progression. CONCLUSION ATG16L1 suppresses MASH progression by maintaining macrophage lipophagy, restraining liver inflammation, and may be a promising therapeutic target for MASH management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingfa Bu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zibo Xu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Liang
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinren Zhou
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Pan
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoming Zhou
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Research Unit of Liver Transplantation and Transplant Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing BenQ Medical Center, The Affiliated BenQ Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Liao X, Liu J, Guo X, Meng R, Zhang W, Zhou J, Xie X, Zhou H. Origin and Function of Monocytes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:2897-2914. [PMID: 38764499 PMCID: PMC11100499 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s450801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a chronic disease resulting from the interaction of various factors such as social elements, autoimmunity, genetics, and gut microbiota. Alarmingly, recent epidemiological data points to a surging incidence of IBD, underscoring an urgent imperative: to delineate the intricate mechanisms driving its onset. Such insights are paramount, not only for enhancing our comprehension of IBD pathogenesis but also for refining diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms. Monocytes, significant immune cells derived from the bone marrow, serve as precursors to macrophages (Mφs) and dendritic cells (DCs) in the inflammatory response of IBD. Within the IBD milieu, their role is twofold. On the one hand, monocytes are instrumental in precipitating the disease's progression. On the other hand, their differentiated offsprings, namely moMφs and moDCs, are conspicuously mobilized at inflammatory foci, manifesting either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory actions. The phenotypic spectrum of these effector cells, intriguingly, is modulated by variables such as host genetics and the subtleties of the prevailing inflammatory microenvironment. Notwithstanding their significance, a palpable dearth exists in the literature concerning the roles and mechanisms of monocytes in IBD pathogenesis. This review endeavors to bridge this knowledge gap. It offers an exhaustive exploration of monocytes' origin, their developmental trajectory, and their differentiation dynamics during IBD. Furthermore, it delves into the functional ramifications of monocytes and their differentiated progenies throughout IBD's course. Through this lens, we aspire to furnish novel perspectives into IBD's etiology and potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiping Liao
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Guo
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiping Meng
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianyun Zhou
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Xie
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongli Zhou
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Cui H, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Li H, Zhang M, Wang X, Zhao X, Cheng H, Xu J, Chen X, Ding Z. Intelectin enhances the phagocytosis of macrophages via CDC42-WASF2-ARPC2 signaling axis in Megalobrama amblycephala. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:124027. [PMID: 36907302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Intelectin has been identified in various vertebrates and plays an important role in the host immune system. In our previous studies, recombinant Megalobrama amblycephala intelectin (rMaINTL) protein with excellent bacterial binding and agglutination activities enhances the phagocytic and killing activities of macrophages in M. amblycephala; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. The present study showed that treatment with Aeromonas hydrophila and LPS induced the expression of rMaINTL in macrophages, and its level and distribution in macrophages or kidney tissue markedly increased after incubation or injection with rMaINTL. The cellular structure of macrophages was significantly affected after incubation with rMaINTL, resulting in an increased surface area and pseudopodia extension, which might contribute to enhancing the phagocytic ability of macrophages. Then, digital gene expression profiling analysis of the kidneys from rMaINTL-treated juvenile M. amblycephala identified some phagocytosis-related signaling factors that were enriched in pathways involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, qRT-PCR and western blotting verified that rMaINTL upregulated the expression of CDC42, WASF2, and ARPC2 in vitro and in vivo; however, the expression of these proteins was inhibited by a CDC42 inhibitor in macrophages. Moreover, CDC42 mediated the promotion of rMaINTL on actin polymerization by increasing the F-actin/G-actin ratio, which led to the extension of pseudopodia and remodeling of the macrophage cytoskeleton. Furthermore, the enhancement of macrophage phagocytosis by rMaINTL was blocked by the CDC42 inhibitor. These results suggested that rMaINTL induced the expression of CDC42 as well as the downstream signaling molecules WASF2 and ARPC2, thereby facilitating actin polymerization to promote cytoskeletal remodeling and phagocytosis. Overall, MaINTL enhanced the phagocytosis activity of macrophages in M. amblycephala via activation of the CDC42-WASF2-ARPC2 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hujun Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Yancui Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Hongping Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Minying Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xiaoheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Hanliang Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Jianhe Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Xiangning Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Zhujin Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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Autophagic reprogramming of bone marrow–derived macrophages. Immunol Res 2022; 71:229-246. [PMID: 36451006 PMCID: PMC10060350 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Macro-autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process among eukaryotes affecting macrophages. This work studies the genetic regulatory network involving the interplay between autophagy and macrophage polarization (activation). Autophagy-related genes (Atgs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of macrophage polarization (M1–M2) were predicted, and their regulatory networks constructed. Naïve (M0) mouse bone marrow–derived monocytes were differentiated into M1 and M2a. Validation of the targets of Smad1, LC3A and LC3B, Atg16L1, Atg7, IL-6, CD68, Arg-1, and Vamp7 was performed in vitro. Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry revealed three macrophage phenotypes: M0 (IL-6 + /CD68 +), M1 (IL-6 + /CD68 + /Arg-1 +), and M2a (CD68 + /Arg-1). Confocal microscopy revealed increased autophagy in both M1 and M2a and a significant increase in the pre-autophagosomes size and number. Bafilomycin A increased the expression of CD68 and Arg-1 in all cell lineages. In conclusion, our approach predicted the protein targets mediating the interplay between autophagy and macrophage polarization. We suggest that autophagy reprograms macrophage polarization via CD68, arginase 1, Atg16L1-1, and Atg16L1-3. The current findings provide a foundation for the future use of macrophages in immunotherapy of different autoimmune disorders.
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IBD-associated G protein-coupled receptor 65 variant compromises signalling and impairs key functions involved in inflammation. Cell Signal 2022; 93:110294. [PMID: 35218908 PMCID: PMC9536022 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) result in chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Genetic studies have shown that the GPR65 gene, as well as its missense coding variant, GPR65*Ile231Leu, is associated with IBD. We aimed to define the signalling and biological pathways downstream of GPR65 activation and evaluate the impact of GPR65*231Leu on these. METHODS We used HEK 293 cells stably expressing GPR65 and deficient for either Gαs, Gαq/11 or Gα12/13, to define GPR65 signalling pathways, IBD patient biopsies and a panel of human tissues, primary immune cells and cell lines to determine biologic context, and genetic modulation of human THP-1-derived macrophages to examine the impact of GPR65 in bacterial phagocytosis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. RESULTS We confirmed that GPR65 signals via the Gαs pathway, leading to cAMP accumulation. GPR65 can also signal via the Gα12/13 pathway leading to formation of stress fibers, actin remodeling and RhoA activation; all impaired by the IBD-associated GPR65*231Leu allele. Gene expression profiling revealed greater expression of GPR65 in biopsies from inflamed compared to non-inflamed tissues from IBD patients or control individuals, potentially explained by infiltration of inflammatory immune cells. Decreased GPR65 expression in THP-1-derived macrophages leads to impaired bacterial phagocytosis, increased NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β secretion in response to an inflammatory stimulus. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that GPR65 exerts its effects through Gαs- and Gα12/13-mediated pathways, that the IBD-associated GPR65*231Leu allele has compromised interactions with Gα12/13 and that KD of GPR65 leads to impaired bacterial phagocytosis and increased inflammatory signalling via the NLRP3 inflammasome. This work identifies a target for development of small molecule therapies.
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Alijani E, Naderi M, Mollashahi B, Atabaki M. Association between NOD2 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in Zahedan, Southeast Iran. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Hooper KM, Barlow PG, Henderson P, Stevens C. Interactions Between Autophagy and the Unfolded Protein Response: Implications for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:661-671. [PMID: 30590697 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis, is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The etiology involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors resulting in abnormal immune responses to intestinal microbiota. Genetic studies have strongly linked genes involved in autophagy to CD, and genes involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR) to IBD. The UPR is triggered in response to accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and autophagy plays a key role in relieving ER stress and restoring homeostasis. This review summarizes the known interactions between autophagy and the UPR and discusses the impact of these converging pathways on IBD pathogenesis. With a paucity of effective long-term treatments for IBD, targeting of synergistic pathways may provide novel and more effective therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty M Hooper
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter G Barlow
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Henderson
- Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Stevens
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Baradaran Ghavami S, Kabiri F, Nourian M, Balaii H, Shahrokh S, Chaleshi V, Sherkat G, Shalileh F, Asadzadeh Aghdaei H. Association between variants of the autophagy related gene ATG16L1 in inflammatory bowel diseases and clinical statues. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2019; 12:S94-S100. [PMID: 32099608 PMCID: PMC7011055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM In the present study, two main variants of ATG16L1 gene, rs2241880 T300A and rs2241879 C/T, were evaluated in IBD patients as well as in remission and flareup phase across an Iranian population for the first time. BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has found increasing global incidence and prevalence in recent years especially among pediatrics. ATG16L1 is the major gene that regulates autophagy pathway. The autophagy pathway also affects dysbiosis. METHODS Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood samples following salting out extraction method. The genotypes of ATG16L1 polymorphisms rs2241880 T300A and rs2241879 C/T were determined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. RESULTS In this case control study, a total of 101 IBD patients (75 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 26 Crohn's disease (CD)) and 99 healthy controls were evaluated. In the present study, a significant association was found between rs2241879 single nucleotide polymorphism on ATG16L1 gene and increased risk of IBD among an Iranian population (P=0.01). There was no statistically significant relationship between rs2241880 and IBD risk (P= 0.42). The effect on these two variants was investigated in relapse and flareup phase which was not significant either, but in CD, rs2241879 and rs2241880 were difference in the relapse phase. CONCLUSION The results showed that ATG16L1 gene rs2241879 has a significant relationship with increased risk of IBD among an Iranian population. Individuals with C allele showed a significant relationship with 1.68-fold increased risk of IBD (P=0.01; adjusted OR=1.68; 95% CI=1.13-2.50).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Baradaran Ghavami
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fateme Kabiri
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahyar Nourian
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedieh Balaii
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Shahrokh
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Chaleshi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Sherkat
- Student Research Committee, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shalileh
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Khan S, Imran A, Malik A, Chaudhary AA, Rub A, Jan AT, Syed JB, Rolfo C. Bacterial imbalance and gut pathologies: Association and contribution of E. coli in inflammatory bowel disease. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2018; 56:1-17. [DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2018.1517144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahanavaj Khan
- Nanomedicine Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Bioscience, Shri Ram Group of College (SRGC), Muzaffarnagar, India
| | - Ahamad Imran
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdur Rub
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jakeera Begum Syed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department and Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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Genetic deficiency of NOD2 confers resistance to invasive aspergillosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2636. [PMID: 29980664 PMCID: PMC6035256 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a severe infection that can occur in severely immunocompromised patients. Efficient immune recognition of Aspergillus is crucial to protect against infection, and previous studies suggested a role for NOD2 in this process. However, thorough investigation of the impact of NOD2 on susceptibility to aspergillosis is lacking. Common genetic variations in NOD2 has been associated with Crohn's disease and here we investigated the influence of these genetic variations on the anti-Aspergillus host response. A NOD2 polymorphism reduced the risk of IA after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Mechanistically, absence of NOD2 in monocytes and macrophages increases phagocytosis leading to enhanced fungal killing, conversely, NOD2 activation reduces the antifungal potential of these cells. Crucially, Nod2 deficiency results in resistance to Aspergillus infection in an in vivo model of pulmonary aspergillosis. Collectively, our data demonstrate that genetic deficiency of NOD2 plays a protective role during Aspergillus infection.
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Olivares-Morales MJ, De La Fuente MK, Dubois-Camacho K, Parada D, Diaz-Jiménez D, Torres-Riquelme A, Xu X, Chamorro-Veloso N, Naves R, Gonzalez MJ, Quera R, Figueroa C, Cidlowski JA, Vidal RM, Hermoso MA. Glucocorticoids Impair Phagocytosis and Inflammatory Response Against Crohn's Disease-Associated Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1026. [PMID: 29867993 PMCID: PMC5964128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disorder characterized by deregulated inflammation triggered by environmental factors. Notably, adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC), a bacterium with the ability to survive within macrophages is believed to be one of such factors. Glucocorticoids are the first line treatment for CD and to date, it is unknown how they affect bactericidal and inflammatory properties of macrophages against AIEC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of glucocorticoid treatment on AIEC infected macrophages. First, THP-1 cell-derived macrophages were infected with a CD2-a AIEC strain, in the presence or absence of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) and mRNA microarray analysis was performed. Differentially expressed mRNAs were confirmed by TaqMan-qPCR. In addition, an amikacin protection assay was used to evaluate the phagocytic and bactericidal activity of Dex-treated macrophages infected with E. coli strains (CD2-a, HM605, NRG857c, and HB101). Finally, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory phenotype of macrophages were evaluated by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. The microarray analysis showed that CD2-a, Dex, and CD2-a + Dex-treated macrophages have differential inflammatory gene profiles. Also, canonical pathway analysis revealed decreased phagocytosis signaling by Dex and anti-inflammatory polarization on CD2-a + Dex macrophages. Moreover, amikacin protection assay showed reduced phagocytosis upon Dex treatment and TaqMan-qPCR confirmed Dex inhibition of three phagocytosis-associated genes. All bacteria strains induced TNF-α, IL-6, IL-23, CD40, and CD80, which was inhibited by Dex. Thus, our data demonstrate that glucocorticoids impair phagocytosis and induce anti-inflammatory polarization after AIEC infection, possibly contributing to the survival of AIEC in infected CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Javier Olivares-Morales
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marjorie Katherine De La Fuente
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Dubois-Camacho
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Parada
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Diaz-Jiménez
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Torres-Riquelme
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Xiaojiang Xu
- Laboratory of Integrative Bioinformatics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nayaret Chamorro-Veloso
- Enteropathogens Laboratory, Microbiology and Mycology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Naves
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria-Julieta Gonzalez
- Cell Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Quera
- Gastroenterology Department, Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - John Anthony Cidlowski
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Roberto Mauricio Vidal
- Enteropathogens Laboratory, Microbiology and Mycology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcela Alejandra Hermoso
- Innate Immunity Laboratory, Immunology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) protein, NOD2, belonging to the intracellular NOD-like receptor family, detects conserved motifs in bacterial peptidoglycan and promotes their clearance through activation of a proinflammatory transcriptional program and other innate immune pathways, including autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress. An inactive form due to mutations or a constitutive high expression of NOD2 is associated with several inflammatory diseases, suggesting that balanced NOD2 signaling is critical for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent developments about the pathway and mechanisms of regulation of NOD2 and illustrate the principal functions of the gene, with particular emphasis on its central role in maintaining the equilibrium between intestinal microbiota and host immune responses to control inflammation. Furthermore, we survey recent studies illustrating the role of NOD2 in several inflammatory diseases, in particular, inflammatory bowel disease, of which it is the main susceptibility gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Negroni
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Territorial and Production Systems Sustainability Department, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pierdomenico
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cucchiara
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Stronati
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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13
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Genetic profile of patients with early onset inflammatory bowel disease. Gene 2017; 645:18-29. [PMID: 29248579 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel disease (IBD) is a widespread pathological condition with clinical heterogeneity and with different levels of severity. Although IBD usually occurs in young adults, onset in childhood and infancy are described in patients within the 10th and second year of age. By genome-wide association studies and meta-analysis, several genetic loci have been identified associated with an increased risk of developing IBD in Western populations with variants that may alter the normal mucosal immunity in the gastrointestinal tract. The clinical complexity and the heterogeneity of the IBD phenotype probably reflect the presence of genetic heterogeneity where different genes or combinations of them may be involved, together with environmental factors. We hypothesized that patients with early onset IBD could have either more severe genetic variants in genes associated with IBD or multiple variants in different genes. Under the multifactorial diseases is crucial to consider the small contribution of a single variant in all not only to other small variations in the same gene but also in different genes belonging to the same pathway. We performed direct gene sequencing looking for 94 variations in NOD2, ATG16L1, IL23R, IL10R, IL10 and XIAP genes previously shown as correlated with IBD both in multifactorial and in Mendelian models. All variants identified are known in literature as being associated with IBD except for three variants in the genes NOD2, IL10 and IL10RB that even though present in online databases have never been involved in association studies on IBD patients. Moreover, we coupled genetic variants identification with an accurate "in silico" analysis to verify their predictive impact on the protein structure and function. The in-silico prediction of these variants results as benign therefore even if they exhibit a very low frequency in control population being benign, they cannot be considered pathogenic as monogenic disease but fall within the multifactorial range. The variants identified in our study partially reflect the association data described in the literature but there are no significant differences with the onset of disease (VEO vs EO-IBD).
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14
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Wildenberg ME, Koelink PJ, Diederen K, Te Velde AA, Wolfkamp SCS, Nuij VJ, Peppelenbosch MP, Nobis M, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, van der Woude CJ, D'Haens GRAM, van den Brink GR. The ATG16L1 risk allele associated with Crohn's disease results in a Rac1-dependent defect in dendritic cell migration that is corrected by thiopurines. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:352-360. [PMID: 27435106 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thiopurines are commonly used drugs in the therapy of Crohn's disease, but unfortunately only show a 30% response rate. The biological basis for the thiopurine response is unclear, thus hampering patient selection prior to treatment. A genetic risk factor associated specifically with Crohn's disease is a variant in ATG16L1 that reduces autophagy. We have previously shown that autophagy is involved in dendritic cell (DC)-T-cell interactions and cytoskeletal regulation. Here we further investigated the role of autophagy in DC cytoskeletal modulation and cellular trafficking. Autophagy-deficient DC displayed loss of filopodia, altered podosome distribution, and increased membrane ruffling, all consistent with increased cellular adhesion. Consequently, autophagy-deficient DC showed reduced migration. The cytoskeletal aberrations were mediated through hyperactivation of Rac1, a known thiopurine target. Indeed thiopurines restored the migratory defects in autophagy-deficient DC. Clinically, the ATG16L1 risk variant associated with increased response to thiopurine treatment in patients with Crohn's disease but not ulcerative colitis. These results suggest that the association between ATG16L1 and Crohn's disease is mediated at least in part through Rac1 hyperactivation and subsequent defective DC migration. As this phenotype can be corrected using thiopurines, ATG16L1 genotyping may be useful in the identification of patients that will benefit most from thiopurine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P J Koelink
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Diederen
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A A Te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S C S Wolfkamp
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V J Nuij
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Nobis
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - O J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - K I Anderson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - C J van der Woude
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G R A M D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G R van den Brink
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Feerick CL, McKernan DP. Understanding the regulation of pattern recognition receptors in inflammatory diseases - a 'Nod' in the right direction. Immunology 2016; 150:237-247. [PMID: 27706808 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) -like receptors (NLRs) are a family of 23 receptors known as pattern recognition receptors; they are expressed in many cell types and play a key role in the innate immune response. The NLRs are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which include structurally conserved molecules present on the surfaces of bacteria. The activation of these NLRs by pathogens results in the downstream activation of signalling kinases and transcription factors, culminating in the transcription of genes coding for pro-inflammatory factors. Expression of NLR is altered in many cellular, physiological and disease states. There is a lack of understanding of the mechanisms by which NLR expression is regulated, particularly in chronic inflammatory states. Genetic polymorphisms and protein interactions are included in such mechanisms. This review seeks to examine the current knowledge regarding the regulation of this family of receptors and their signalling pathways as well as how their expression changes in disease states with particular focus on NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammatory bowel diseases among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Feerick
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Declan P McKernan
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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16
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Elshaer D, Begun J. The role of barrier function, autophagy, and cytokines in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 61:51-59. [PMID: 27565684 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis is maintained through the interplay of the intestinal mucosa, local and systemic immune factors, and the microbial content of the gut. The cellular processes of autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, the unfolded protein response and regulation of reactive oxygen species production are required to maintain a balance between pro-inflammatory responses against potential pathogens and a tolerogenic response towards commensal bacteria. Intestinally active cytokines regulate innate immune pathways and cellular pathways within the gut mucosa. Disruption of these processes, or alterations in the cytokine milieu, can result in an improper response to the commensal gut microbial community leading to inappropriate inflammation characteristic of conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Elshaer
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jakob Begun
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; University of Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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17
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Salem M, Ammitzboell M, Nys K, Seidelin JB, Nielsen OH. ATG16L1: A multifunctional susceptibility factor in Crohn disease. Autophagy 2016; 11:585-94. [PMID: 25906181 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1017187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variations in the autophagic pathway influence genetic predispositions to Crohn disease. Autophagy, the major lysosomal pathway for degrading and recycling cytoplasmic material, constitutes an important homeostatic cellular process. Of interest, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in ATG16L1 (autophagy-related 16-like 1 [S. cerevisiae]), a key component in the autophagic response to invading pathogens, have been associated with an increased risk of developing Crohn disease. The most common and well-studied genetic variant of ATG16L1 (rs2241880; leading to a T300A conversion) exhibits a strong association with risk for developing Crohn disease. The rs2241880 variant plays a crucial role in pathogen clearance, resulting in imbalanced cytokine production, and is linked to other biological processes, such as the endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response. In this review, we focus on the importance of ATG16L1 and its genetic variant (T300A) within the elementary biological processes linked to Crohn disease.
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Key Words
- ATG16L1
- ATG16L1, autophagy-related 16-like 1 (S. cerevisiae)
- BCL2, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2
- Crohn disease
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GWAS, genome-wide association studies
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- MDP, muramyl dipeptide
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- NFKB, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells
- NOD2
- NOD2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2
- RIPK2, receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- T300A, threonine-to-alanine substitution at amino acid position 300
- TNF/TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- ULK1, unc-51 like autophagy-activating kinase 1
- XBP1, X-box binding protein 1
- autophagy
- bacterial clearance
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Salem
- a Department of Gastroenterology ; Medical Section; Herlev Hospital; University of Copenhagen ; Copenhagen , Denmark
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18
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Salem M, Ammitzboell M, Nys K, Seidelin JB, Nielsen OH. ATG16L1: A multifunctional susceptibility factor in Crohn disease. Autophagy 2015. [PMID: 25906181 DOI: 10.1080/+15548627.2015.1017187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variations in the autophagic pathway influence genetic predispositions to Crohn disease. Autophagy, the major lysosomal pathway for degrading and recycling cytoplasmic material, constitutes an important homeostatic cellular process. Of interest, single-nucleotide polymorphisms in ATG16L1 (autophagy-related 16-like 1 [S. cerevisiae]), a key component in the autophagic response to invading pathogens, have been associated with an increased risk of developing Crohn disease. The most common and well-studied genetic variant of ATG16L1 (rs2241880; leading to a T300A conversion) exhibits a strong association with risk for developing Crohn disease. The rs2241880 variant plays a crucial role in pathogen clearance, resulting in imbalanced cytokine production, and is linked to other biological processes, such as the endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response. In this review, we focus on the importance of ATG16L1 and its genetic variant (T300A) within the elementary biological processes linked to Crohn disease.
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Key Words
- ATG16L1
- ATG16L1, autophagy-related 16-like 1 (S. cerevisiae)
- BCL2, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2
- Crohn disease
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GWAS, genome-wide association studies
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- MDP, muramyl dipeptide
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- NFKB, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells
- NOD2
- NOD2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2
- RIPK2, receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinase 2
- SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism
- T300A, threonine-to-alanine substitution at amino acid position 300
- TNF/TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- ULK1, unc-51 like autophagy-activating kinase 1
- XBP1, X-box binding protein 1
- autophagy
- bacterial clearance
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Salem
- a Department of Gastroenterology ; Medical Section; Herlev Hospital; University of Copenhagen ; Copenhagen , Denmark
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