Seroreactivity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae in patients with Crohn’s disease and celiac disease

Coincidence of antibodies against Hwp1 and ASCA, two distinct molecular targets of Candida albicans, reinforces the link between this fungal species and coeliac disease

Candida albicans is an immunogen for anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA), a serological marker of Crohn's disease. ASCA has also been reported in other autoimmune diseases, including coeliac disease (CeD). A strong antibody response against Hwp1, a protein associated with invasive hyphal form of C. albicans which presents peptide sequence homologies with gliadin, has also been described in CeD. This observation supports the hypothesis that C. albicans hyphal transition in C. albicans may trigger CeD onset through a mechanism of molecular/antigenic mimicry. In this study, we assessed whether the anti-C. albicans oligomannose and anti-Hwp1 protein responses may be linked despite their different pathophysiological significance. The measurement of ASCA levels in a cohort of patients involved in our previous Hwp1 study showed a significant correlation between the two biomarkers. This new observation further reinforces the link between C. albicans and CeD.

Non-Host Factors Influencing Onset and Severity of Celiac Disease

Celiac disease (CeD) is a chronic autoimmune condition driven by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals, resulting in inflammatory lesions in the proximal small intestine. Although the presence of specific HLA-linked haplotypes and gluten consumption are necessary for disease development, they alone do not account for the variable onset of CeD in susceptible individuals. This review explores the multifaceted role of non-host factors in CeD development, including dietary and microbial influences. We discuss clinical associations and observations highlighting the impact of these factors on disease onset and severity. Furthermore, we discuss studies in CeD-relevant animal models that offer mechanistic insights into how diet, the microbiome, and enteric infections modulate CeD pathogenesis. Finally, we address the clinical implications and therapeutic potential of understanding these cofactors offering a promising avenue for preventive and therapeutic interventions in CeD management.

Expression of Chemokine CCL28 in Ulcerative Colitis Patients

Background/Aims

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease for which new serological markers are required. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of the mucosa-associated epithelial chemokine CCL28 in UC.

Methods

The study included 50 patients; of these, 25 were patients with UC, and 25 were healthy controls. The levels of serum CCL28 were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CCL28 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 15 representative colon tissues biopsied based on disease activity (UC patients with severe activity, five samples; UC patients with mild activity, five samples; healthy controls, five samples).

Results

The serum CCL28 levels were remarkably higher (p<0.05) in patients with UC (median, 235.7 pg/mL; IQR, 63.8 to 117.2 pg/mL) than in healthy controls (median, 48.9, pg/mL; IQR, 35.9 to 42.0 pg/mL). However, there was no significant difference in serum CCL28 according to disease extent or activity. In contrast, IHC analysis revealed a significant difference in CCL28 consistent with disease status, disease extent, and disease activity.

Conclusions

CCL28 could be useful for diagnosing UC. However, further validations of CCL28 on disease activity and severity are needed.

Prevalance of Celiac Disease in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Turkish Population

BACKGROUND

Celiac disease (CD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involve inflammation of the gastrointestinal lumen, which environmental, genetic, and immunological factors have a role in their pathogenesis. The prevalence of celiac disease in IBD ranges from 0% to 14%. In this study, our aim was to determine the prevalence of CD in IBD patients followed by us who are attending the hospital or outpatient clinic over a period of time of seven years.

METHODS

Seven hundred and fifty nine patients (425 M, 334 F, mean age: 46.75, 396 ulcerative colitis (UC), 363 Crohn's disease (CrD)) diagnosed and followed up for IBD between January 2009 and July 2016 were evaluated retrospectively, and clinical, demographic, laboratory, and endoscopic data were collected.

RESULTS

CD was investigated in 79 (%10.4) inflammatory bowel disease patients according to symptoms, and in 5.06% (n = 4) of them, we diagnosed CD. The most common indication for investigating for CD was iron deficiency anemia unreponsive to iron supplementation.

CONCLUSIONS

We did not find an increased prevalance of celiac disease in Turkish IBD patients in this study. In the presence of refractory iron deficiency anemia without any other cause in IBD patients, investigations for celiac disease should be considered.

Early microbial markers of celiac disease

BACKGROUND AND GOALS

Seroreactivity against the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ASCA), Pseudomonas fluorescens-associated sequence (I2), and Bacteroides caccae TonB-linked outer membrane protein (OmpW) has been detected in celiac disease patients with small-bowel mucosal atrophy. Levels of these antibodies decrease during a gluten-free diet, but their functions and time of appearance in celiac disease are not known. We aimed to search for evidence of possible microbial targets of the immune responses in the early-stage celiac disease patients who showed normal small-bowel mucosal architecture at the time of the first investigations, but later on a gluten-containing diet developed mucosal atrophy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty-four cases with proven early-stage celiac disease and normal mucosal morphology were enrolled. Patients' sera were tested for celiac disease antibodies against tissue transglutaminase (tTG-ab), endomysium, and for microbial antibodies against I2, OmpW, and ASCA IgG and IgA isotypes in both at the time of diagnosis and while on a gluten-free diet.

RESULTS

Thirty-four (77%) of 44 patients with early-stage celiac disease had elevated serum antibodies to one or more of the antibodies ASCA, I2, and OmpW. Furthermore, 5 of 6 cases negative for both tTG-ab and endomysium showed positivity for the microbial markers. Seroreactivity to ASCA IgA, ASCA IgG, and OmpW decreased significantly during gluten-free diet.

CONCLUSIONS

Seroreactivity to different microbial antigens is evident already in patients with early-stage celiac disease. ASCA antibodies seem to be gluten-dependent. The results indicate that the microbial targets might have a role in the early development of celiac disease.

Serological markers of inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a heterogeneous group of chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract with two main distinguishable entities, Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). IBD-unclassified (IBD-U) is a diagnosis that covers the “grey” zone of diagnostic uncertainty between UC and CD. Current diagnosis of IBD relies on the clinical, endoscopic, radiological, histological and biochemical features, but this approach has shortcomings especially in cases of overlapping symptoms of CD and UC. The need for a diagnostic tool that would improve the conventional methods in IBD diagnosis directed the search towards potential immunological markers, since an aberrant immune response against microbial or endogenous antigens in a genetically susceptible host seems to be implicated in IBD pathogenesis. The spectrum of antibodies to different microbial antigens and autoantibodies associated with IBD is rapidly expanding. Most of these antibodies are associated with CD like anti-glycan antibodies: anti-Saccharomices cerevisiae (ASCA) and the recently described anti-laminaribioside (ALCA), anti-chitobioside (ACCA), anti-mannobioside (AMCA), anti-laminarin (anti-L) and anti-chitin (anti-C) antibodies; in addition to other antibodies that target microbial antigens: anti-outer membrane porin C (anti-OmpC), anti-Cbir1 flagellin and anti-I2 antibody. Also, autoantibodies targeting the exocrine pancreas (PAB) were shown to be highly specific for CD. In contrast, UC has been associated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (pANCA) and antibodies against goblet cells (GAB). Current evidence suggests that serologic panels of multiple antibodies are useful in differential diagnosis of CD versus UC and can be a valuable aid in stratifying patients according to disease phenotype and risk of complications.

The characterization of the repertoire of wheat antigens and peptides involved in the humoral immune responses in patients with gluten sensitivity and Crohn's disease

Intestinal T cells from gluten sensitivity/celiac disease patients respond to a heterogeneous array of peptides. Our study extended this heterogeneity to humoral immune response to various wheat proteins and peptides in patients with gluten sensitivity or Crohn's disease. IgG and IgA antibodies in sera from those patients and healthy control subjects were measured against an array of wheat antigens and peptides. In gluten-sensitive patients, IgG reacted most against transglutaminase, prodynorphin, wheat extract, and α-, γ-, and ω-gliadin; IgA reacted most against wheat then transglutaminase, glutenin, and other peptides. In the sera of Crohn's disease patients, IgG reacted most against wheat and wheat germ agglutinin then transglutaminase, prodynorphin, α-, and γ-gliadin; IgA reacted foremost against prodynorphin then transglutaminase and α-gliadin. These results showed a substantial heterogeneity in the magnitude of IgG and IgA response against various wheat antigens and peptides. Measurements of IgG and IgA antibodies against such an array of wheat peptides and antigens can enhance the sensitivity and specificity of serological assays for gluten sensitivity and celiac disease and may also detect silent celiac disease or its overlap with inflammatory bowel disease.

Antibodies anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ASCA) do not differentiate Crohn's disease from celiac disease

CONTEXT

Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA), considered serologic markers for Crohn's disease, were described in patients with celiac disease, disappearing after a gluten-free diet.

OBJECTIVES

Evaluation of ASCA positivity in patients with Crohn's disease and celiac disease in relation to healthy individuals.

METHODS

A total of 145 individuals were studied: 36 with Crohn's disease and 52 with celiac disease, that fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for both affections, and 57 healthy individuals for control. The celiac patients were divided as follow: group CeD I at diagnosis (n = 34), group CeD II with gluten-free diet compliance (n = 13) and group CeD III with transgressions to the diet (n = 5). ASCA IgA and IgG were determined by ELISA.

RESULTS

With statistical significance, ASCA IgA were positive in Crohn's disease, celiac disease at diagnosis and celiac disease with diet transgressions; ASCA IgG in Crohn's disease and in all groups with celiac disease.

CONCLUSIONS

The detection of ASCA in patients with celiac disease allows to suggest that ASCA is not a specific marker for Crohn's disease, but was associated with the inflammation of the small intestine. The increased levels of positive ASCA may be due to genetic factors and increased intestinal permeability.

Serologic investigations in children with inflammatory bowel disease and food allergy

The aim of the study was the evaluation of frequency and titre of IgA ASCA and IgG ASCA and p-ANCA, c-ANCA in children with IBD and occurrence of ASCA antibodies in relation to coexistence of FA. Patients and methods. The study comprised 95 children at the ages of 2 to 18 years. The diagnosis of IBD was established on the basis of Porto criteria. Tests of blood serum were performed in all children: IgA and IgG ASCA, p-ANCA, c-ANCA using ELISA method. Results. IgE-dependent FA was found in 32.5% children with UC and in 21% with CD. We did not observe any relation between the occurrence of FA and the frequency and ASCA titre. p-ANCA were significantly more frequent in the group of children with UC. The occurrence of ASCA antibodies was observed in 73.7% of children with CD, 17.5% with UC and almost 30% with allergic colitis. Conclusions. Patients with CD and the presence of ASCA revealed a significantly more frequent localization of lesions within the small bowel and a tendency towards older age. We observed a connection between the occurrence of antibodies and the examined mutations of gene NOD2/CARD15.

Anti-microbial antibodies in celiac disease: trick or treat?

AIM

To determine the prevalence of a new set of anti-glycan and anti-outer membrane protein (anti-OMP) antibodies in a Hungarian cohort of adult Celiac disease (CD) patients.

METHODS

190 consecutive CD patients [M/F: 71/119, age:39.9 (SD:14.1) years], 100 healthy, and 48 gastrointestinal controls were tested for glycan anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae (gASCA), anti-laminaribioside (ALCA), anti-chitobioside, anti-mannobioside, anti-OMP antibodies and major NOD2/CARD15 mutations. Thirty out of 82 CD patients enrolled at the time of diagnosis were re-evaluated for the same antibodies after longstanding gluten-free diet (GFD).

RESULTS

65.9% of the CD patients were positive for at least one of the tested antibodies at the time of the diagnosis. Except anti-OMP and ALCA, anti-microbial antibodies were exclusively seen in untreated CD; however, the overall sensitivity was low. Any glycan positivity (LR+: 3.13; 95% CI: 2.08-4.73) was associated with an increased likelihood ratio for diagnosing CD. Significant correlation was found between the levels of anti-glycan and anti-endomysial or anti-transglutaminase antibodies. Anti-glycan positivity was lost after longstanding GFD. Anti-glycan antibody titers were associated with symptoms at presentation, but not the presence of NOD2/CARD15 mutations. Patients with severe malabsorption more frequently had multiple antibodies at diagnosis (P = 0.019).

CONCLUSION

The presence of anti-glycan antibodies in CD seems to be secondary to the impaired small bowel mucosa which can lead to increased antigen presentation. Furthermore, anti-glycan positivity may be considered an additional marker of CD and dietary adherence.

Serum antibodies against Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a new prognostic indicator in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma

PURPOSE

A recent study reported that a diet rich in bread and refined cereals might have an unfavorable role in the development of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). To test whether an underlying intolerance of bread ingredients is responsible for the unfavorable influence of bread on RCC, we examined patient sera for the presence of food-specific IgG.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

A commercial test was used to detect food-specific IgG directed against a panel of 113 food antigens in sera of 54 patients with metastatic RCC. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used for univariate survival analysis, and differences in survival curves were assessed with the log-rank test. Multivariate survival analysis was done using a Cox regression model.

RESULTS

We found that RCC patients with elevated serum levels of IgG antibodies against S. cerevisiae, commonly known as baker's yeast and yet another bread component, have an unfavorable clinical course. Median survival of patients with high levels of S. cerevisiae IgG was only 17.8 months, whereas median survival of patients with low S. cerevisiae IgG was 43.8 months (P = 0.0022; log-rank). Multivariate survival analysis identified high levels of S. cerevisiae IgG as a strong and independent prognostic risk factor (risk ratio 4.6, P = 0.001; 95% CI 1.61-13.08).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that serum levels of IgG against S. cerevisiae may predict survival in patients with metastatic RCC. The data suggest not cereals but baker's yeast being the critical component of bread that may cause immune deviation and impaired immunosurveillance in predisposed RCC patients.

Advances in studies on relation between inflammatory bowel disease and immunity

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Its main clinical manifestations are abdominal pain and diarrhea. Its etiology is complicated. Immune system is very important. Following factors, such as intestinal environment, immune cells, human leukocyte antigens, antibodies, anti- laminaribioside antibody, anti-chitobioside antibody IgA, cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, NO and NF-κB, play a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel disease is related to all these factors. This paper reviews the possible role of these immune factors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.

Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) in spondyloarthropathies: a reassessment

OBJECTIVES

Seronegative spondyloarthropathies, especially ankylosing spondylitis (AS), is shown to be associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) is a valid serological marker for Crohn's disease. Presence of ASCA is controversial in AS. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of ASCA in spondyloarthropathies and its relationship with disease activity and severity.

METHODS

One hundred and seventy-five patients with AS, 47 patients with undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy (uSpA) and 103 healthy controls (HCs) were studied. All patients were questioned for demographic features and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) scores. Radiological damage is assessed by Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Radiology Index (BASRI) and modified Stroke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spinal Score (mSASSS). ASCA levels were measured with standard ELISA kits.

RESULTS

There was an overall increased prevalence of ASCA IgA in AS and uSpA compared with HCs (20.6 and 19.1% vs 5.8%, P = 0.0008 and P = 0.02, respectively). No association was observed between ASCA positivity and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein levels and BASDAI scores. However, ASCA-positive patients had higher BASRI scores [median BASRI: 7 (2-12) vs 6 (2-12); P = 0.037]. Although not reaching significance, they also had reduced chest expansion and higher Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI) scores. ASCA-positive AS patients also required anti-tumour necrosis factor therapy more frequently (P = 0.006).

CONCLUSIONS

ASCA IgA seems to be more prevalent in AS and uSpA. ASCA can also be a marker of radiological damage and a more severe course in AS.

Serologic markers in inflammatory bowel disease: tools for better diagnosis and disease stratification

In the last decade, new serologic markers have been identified, and attempts to delineate their potential roles in inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis, determination of prognosis and identification of apparently healthy subjects at risk have significantly increased our knowledge. In this review, the major serologic markers will be described, focusing on their common features as a group. It is predicted that within the next 5 years, panels of antibodies will prove to have a significant impact on disease diagnosis and stratification, as well as on the identification of populations at risk and the prediction of response to treatment. Thus, it is expected that they will become useful clinical tools that will enable an improved, 'tailored' approach to inflammatory bowel disease patients.

Interpretative comments on autoantibody tests

Immunology laboratories perform diagnostic tests to identify the autoantibody markers needed to classify disorders which are complex, often rare, and hard to define. The recent introduction of new markers and the use of increasingly complicated assay procedures can cause difficulty in interpreting test results. Moreover, during the performance of some tests, some autoantibodies which were not requested, and consequently not expected, may be identified by chance. It is advisable for these positive results to be reported only when they have a high predictive value and suggest the possible presence of an autoimmune disease. An interpretative comment on autoantibody test results is crucial in a number of cases: when autoantibodies with a significant clinical correlation (high specificity) are found; when two or more methods are used to determine the same autoantibody and the results disagree; when unexpected autoantibody positivity is found and in case of results generated by further diagnostic tests conducted by the laboratory on its own initiative. The interpretative comment should be based on the patient's personal characteristics (sex, age) and the other laboratory parameters available; it should specify the diagnostic accuracy of the assay methods used, the clinical and diagnostic correlations of the antibodies which tested positive, and any further tests needed to complete the diagnostic process.

Ethnic and socio-cultural specificities in Tunisia have no impact on the prevalence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies in Crohn's disease patients, their relatives or associated clinical factors

BACKGROUND

In Western Europe and the USA, the presence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCAs) in Crohn's disease (CD) patients and their healthy relatives suggests that ASCAs may be influenced by genetic and/or environmental factors.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the prevalence of ASCAs in Tunisian patients with CD or ulcerative colitis (UC), and unaffected family members, in relation to clinical phenotype. Patients and methods. Seventy-seven patients (39 CD, 38 UC), 66 healthy relatives of CD patients, 16 relatives of UC patients and 70 healthy controls were studied. ASCAs were quantified with a new isotype-specific ELISA test involving an antigenic extract from S. cerevisiae strain W303 and by the original test which detects total immunoglobulins against S. cerevisiae Su1 mannan.

RESULTS

The specificity of the two tests was identical (91%). The isotype-specific ASCA W303 test was more sensitive than the ASCA Su1 test for immunoglobulin detection, but some CD patients were positive only with this latter test. A high percentage of patients with CD (72%) and their unaffected family members (35%) were ASCA-positive in contrast to UC patients (16%) and their relatives (0%) and controls (8.6%). ASCAs were shown to be independent of rural or urban living, disease activity, but were associated with ileal location. The antigen of S. cerevisiae strain W303 discriminated patients depending on age at onset or location of the disease.

CONCLUSION

This study confirms the antigenic heterogeneity of S. cerevisiae strains in their ability to detect ASCA. It suggests that ASCAs are markers of immunoregulatory disturbance in CD, independently of ethnic/cultural differences between Europe, the USA and North Africa.

Update on Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies, anti-nuclear associated anti-neutrophil antibodies and antibodies to exocrine pancreas detected by indirect immunofluorescence as biomarkers in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases: Results of a multicenter study

AIM: Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA), anti-nuclear associated anti-neutrophil antibodies (NANA) and antibodies to exocrine pancreas (PAB), are serological tools for discriminating Crohn’s disease (CrD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Like CrD, coeliac disease (CoD) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) associated with (auto) antibodies. Performing a multicenter study we primarily aimed to determine the performance of ASCA, NANA and PAB tests for IBD diagnosis in children and adults, and secondarily to evaluate the prevalence of these markers in CoD.

METHODS: Sera of 109 patients with CrD, 78 with UC, 45 with CoD and 50 healthy blood donors were retrospectively included. ASCA, NANA and PAB were detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF).

RESULTS: ASCA+/NANA- profile displayed a positive predictive value of 94.2% for CrD. Detection of ASCA was correlated with a more severe clinical profile of CrD and treatment of the disease did not influence their serum levels. ASCA positivity was found in 37.9% of active CoD. PAB were found in 36.7% CrD and 13.3% CoD patients and were not correlated with clinical features of CrD, except with an early onset of the disease. Fifteen CrD patients were ASCA negative and PAB positive.

CONCLUSION: ASCA and PAB detected by IIF are specific markers for CrD although their presence does not rule out a possible active CoD. The combination of ASCA, NANA and PAB tests improves the sensitivity of immunological markers for CrD. Repeating ASCA, NANA, and PAB testing during the course of CrD has no clinical value.

Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody does not differentiate between Crohn's disease and intestinal tuberculosis

The clinical, morphological, and histological features of intestinal tuberculosis (IT) and Crohn's disease (CD) mimic so much, that it becomes difficult to differentiate between them. The sensitivity of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody (ASCA) IgG and ASCA IgA in CD is 60%-80%, whereas the specificity is almost 90%. There are no reports of study of ASCA in patients with IT, nor has it ever been used to differentiate CD from IT. Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC; n=25), CD (n=59), and IT (n=30) and 21 healthy controls were included in this study. The location and behavior of CD were classified according to the Modified Montreal classification. Five milliliters of blood was taken from them and serum was stored at -70 degrees C. ASCA antibodies (both IgG and IgA) were estimated using commercially available ELISA kits (AESKU Diagnostics, Germany). Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody was measured by indirect immunofluorescence test. ASCA IgA was positive in 4.7%, 28%, 33.9%, and 43.3% and ASCA IgG was positive in 4.7%, 24%, 50.8%, and 46.6% of healthy controls and patients with UC, CD, and IT, respectively. Either ASCA IgG or ASCA IgA was positive in 9.5%, 40%, 61% and 66.6% of healthy controls, UC, CD, and IT, respectively. ANCA was positive in 0%, 32%, 10.1%, and 6.6% of healthy controls, UC, CD, and IT, respectively. ASCA IgG was positive in a significantly higher number of patients with CD (P<0.0001) and IT (P<0.0001) in comparison to healthy controls. ASCA IgA was positive in a significantly higher number of patients with UC (P<0.04), CD (P<0.013), and IT (P<0.006) in comparison to healthy controls. In comparisons between diseases, ASCA IgG was positive in significantly more patients with CD (P<0.001) and IT (P<0.001) in comparison to UC. There was no significant difference in ASCA IgA (33.9% vs. 43.3%), ASCA IgG (50.86% vs. 46.6%), or ANCA (10.7%, 7.4%) in patients with CD and IT, respectively. There was no correlation between ASCA and duration, location and behavior of CD, and IT. We conclude that ASCA IgG and ASCA IgA do not help to differentiate between IT and CD.

Antibodies against laminaribioside and chitobioside are novel serologic markers in Crohn's disease

BACKGROUND & AIMS

New serologic markers of inflammatory bowel disease may be useful for differentiating between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and for disease stratification. We profiled sugar-binding antibodies to identify novel antiglycan antibodies that may be associated with inflammatory bowel disease.

METHODS

Serum samples were obtained from patients with diagnosed Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis and from control patients. The presence of antiglycan antibodies was evaluated using either a glycan array (GlycoChip; Glycominds, Ltd, Lod, Israel) in patients with Crohn's disease (n = 72) or ulcerative colitis (n = 56) and in healthy controls (n = 41) or using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients with Crohn's disease (n = 124), ulcerative colitis (n = 106), and in control patients (n = 101).

RESULTS

Inaddition to antibodies against mannan, antibodies to laminaribioside (Glc[beta1,3]Glc[beta]) and chitobioside (GlcNAc[beta1,4]GlcNAc[beta]) had the highest discriminative capability between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (P < .001 and P < .05, respectively). Importantly, 44% (12/27) of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody-negative Crohn's disease patients were positive for antilaminaribioside or antichitobioside. In patients with inflammatory bowel disease positive for antibodies against either laminaribioside, chitobioside, or mannan, the diagnosis of Crohn's disease was suggested with a sensitivity of 77.4% and specificity of 90.6%. Having at least 2 of these antibodies increased the specificity to 99.1%. In Crohn's disease, higher levels of antibodies against laminaribioside or mannan were significantly associated with small intestinal disease (P = .03 and P < .0001, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Antilaminaribioside and antichitobioside carbohydrate antibodies are novel serologic markers associated with Crohn's disease. These antibodies may contribute to the diagnosis and improved stratification of Crohn's disease.

Management of inflammatory bowel diseases in Eastern Europe

Limited data are available on the management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in East European countries. The diagnostic tools and most treatment options are also available in Eastern Europe. The diagnostic procedures commonly used became more sophisticated in the past few years, with a greater use of computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging and serology testing; however, double contrast barium enema, enteroclysis, and endoscopy remained standard. The medical therapy and surgical strategies are also somewhat different from those applied in Western countries. In ulcerative colitis, besides mesalazine, the use of sulphasalazine is still frequent, while azathioprine is only used in a minority of patients. The use of conventional corticosteroids is common and the rate of non-colorectal cancer associated colectomies is low. In contrast, 5-aminosalicylates are still used for maintenance in Crohn's disease and azathioprine is generally less frequently given compared with Western Europe. Biological agents have also become available about five years ago, yet their use is restricted mainly to specialised centres.

Disappearance of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies in coeliac disease during a gluten-free diet

BACKGROUND

Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCAs) are known to be positive in about 65% of Crohn's disease patients, in up to 43% of coeliac disease patients and in 0-5% of healthy controls. Coeliac disease might be an in-vivo model for unravelling the role of mucosal integrity in the formation of ASCAs since mucosal abnormalities normalize during a gluten-free diet (GFD).

AIMS

Firstly, to evaluate, retrospectively, the frequency of ASCA positivity in coeliac patients both at diagnosis and during follow-up on a GFD. Secondly, to study the correlation between ASCA positivity and mucosal damage.

METHODS

One hundred and eleven patients with histologically proven coeliac disease, positive endomysium antibodies on diagnosis and normalization of trans-glutaminase antibodies (t-TGAs) after successful adherence to a GFD were included. ASCAs, IgA and IgG were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays both at diagnosis and after the GFD.

RESULTS

Eighty-three children and 28 adults were included in this study. The mean age at diagnosis was 4.6 years for children and 48 years for adults. At diagnosis 15/83 (18%) of children were ASCA positive (either IgG or IgA), compared to 17/28 (61%) of adults. After successful adherence to a GFD and normalization of t-TGAs only one child remained ASCA positive (1%) compared to eight adults (29%). Two out of 28 (7%) adults remained positive for both IgA and IgG ASCAs.

CONCLUSION

In the majority of patients ASCAs disappeared during a GFD. In children this disappearance of ASCA positivity was more pronounced. This can be explained by the well-known fact that gut permeability normalizes much better in children than in adults. Also, the adults had higher levels of ASCAs at diagnosis. This was probably because they had been exposed to gluten for longer and therefore had more long-lasting damage.

High prevalence of celiac disease among patients affected by Crohn's disease

BACKGROUND

Recent literature has shown a correlation between Crohn's disease (CD) and celiac disease, but a prospective study has not been performed. Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of celiac disease in a consecutive series of patients affected by CD, in whom the disease was diagnosed for the first time.

METHODS

From January to December 2004, we diagnosed 27 patients affected by CD (13 men and 14 women; mean age, 32.3 yrs; range, 16-69 yrs). In all patients, we performed antigliadin, antiendomysium, and antitransglutaminase antibody tests, and the sorbitol H2 breath test evaluation. In case of antibodies and/or sorbitol positivity, esophagogastroduodenoscopy was performed for a small bowel biopsy.

RESULTS

Antigliadin, antiendomysium, and antitransglutaminase antibody tests were positive in 8/27 (29.63%), 4/27 (14.81%), and 5/27 (18.52%) patients, respectively, whereas the sorbitol H2 breath test was positive in 11/27 (40.74%) patients: all of them underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Nine of 11 patients showed signs of duodenal endoscopic damage, and 5/9 (55.55%) showed histologic features of celiac disease (18.52% of overall CD population studied): 2 showed Marsh IIIc lesions (1 patient affected by ileal CD and 1 affected by ileo-colonic CD), 2 showed Marsh IIIb lesions (all of them affected by ileo-colonic CD), 1 showed a Marsh IIIa lesion (1 patient affected by colonic CD).

CONCLUSIONS

Prevalence of celiac disease seems to be high among patients affected by CD, and this finding should be kept in mind at the time of the first diagnosis of CD; a gluten-free diet should be promptly started.

Inflammatory bowel disease in patients with celiac disease

BACKGROUND

Several case reports and series report an association between celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); however, there is no current data assessing this association. We therefore studied the occurrence of these conditions in a cohort of patients with celiac disease seen at a referral center.

METHODS

A database of patients with celiac disease seen between 1981 and 2002 was analyzed. Only biopsy-proven adults were included. Patients who had endoscopic and pathologic evidence of IBD were identified, and their pathology was reviewed. Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rate ratios were determined by comparing results with population-based prevalence data.

RESULTS

Among 455 patients with celiac disease, IBD was identified in 10 (5 had ulcerative colitis and 5 had Crohn's disease). This represented an age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rate ratio for ulcerative colitis of 3.56 (95% confidence interval, 1.48-8.56) and for Crohn's disease of 8.49 (95% confidence interval, 3.53-20.42).

CONCLUSION

Within our cohort of patients with celiac disease, IBD was significantly more common than in the general population.