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Testing the efficacy of real-time fMRI neurofeedback for training people who smoke daily to upregulate neural responses to nondrug rewards. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 23:440-456. [PMID: 36788202 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Although the use of nondrug rewards (e.g., money) to facilitate smoking cessation is widespread, recent research has found that such rewards may be least effective when people who smoke cigarettes are tempted to do so. Specifically, among people who smoke, the neural response to nondrug rewards appears blunted when access to cigarettes is anticipated, and this blunting is linked to a decrease in willingness to refrain from smoking to earn a monetary incentive. Accordingly, methods to enhance the value of nondrug rewards may be theoretically and clinically important. The current proof-of-concept study tested if real-time fMRI neurofeedback training augments the ability to upregulate responses in reward-related brain areas relative to a no-feedback control condition in people who smoke. Adults (n = 44, age range = 20-44) who reported smoking >5 cigarettes per day completed the study. Those in the intervention group (n = 22, 5 females) were trained to upregulate brain responses using feedback of ongoing striatal activity (i.e., a dynamic "thermometer" that reflected ongoing changes of fMRI signal intensity in the striatum) in a single neurofeedback session with three training runs. The control group (n = 22, 5 females) underwent a nearly identical procedure but received no neurofeedback. Those who received neurofeedback training demonstrated significantly greater increases in striatal BOLD activation while attempting to think about something rewarding compared to controls, but this effect was present only during the first training run. Future neurofeedback research with those who smoke should explore how to make neurofeedback training more effective for the self-regulation of reward-related brain activities.
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McKee SA, Verplaetse TL. A novel human laboratory alcohol self-administration paradigm for medication screening: Modeling the ability to resist drinking and heavy drinking. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2022; 4:100085. [PMID: 36120181 PMCID: PMC9481061 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2022.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Human laboratory analogues of drinking behavior provide an efficient, cost-effective mechanistic evaluation of a medication signal on drinking. We developed a novel alcohol self-administration paradigm which models the ability to resist drinking and heavy drinking. Methods We compared a de-escalating schedule of monetary reinforcement (n=16, 50% female) to no schedule (n=16, 50% female) on the ability to resist drinking (i.e., latency to start drinking) and subsequent ad-libitum alcohol consumption of preferred alcoholic beverage in participants with alcohol use disorder (AUD). Participants completed two laboratory sessions designed to model the ability to resist drinking using stress (versus neutral imagery, within-subject factor) as a prime for drinking. Results Participants consumed more alcohol with no schedule (74.2%) versus with the de-escalating reinforcement schedule (40.3%,). The de-escalating schedule reduced alcohol consumption by 49%. Eighty-one percent of participants drank heavily with no schedule and this was reduced with the schedule. Use of the de-escalating schedule also increased the latency to pour and sip the first drink. Participants poured and sipped alcohol faster following stress imagery (vs. neutral), had greater craving, and consumed more alcohol in the first 30 minutes. Conclusions Our novel alcohol self-administration model generated heavy drinking. Over 80% of participants without reinforcement consumed more than 2/3 of their preferred alcoholic beverage designed to increase blood alcohol levels to 0.12 mg% within a 2-hour window. Our model was sensitive to stress, and the de-escalating schedule highlighted stress effects on drinking. Thus, this model is ideal for a cross-over design to test medications for AUD.
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Kunas SL, Stuke H, Heinz A, Ströhle A, Bermpohl F. Evidence for a hijacked brain reward system but no desensitized threat system in quitting-motivated smokers: An fMRI study. Addiction 2022; 117:701-712. [PMID: 34312937 DOI: 10.1111/add.15651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several aspects of how quitting-motivated tobacco use disorder (TUD) subjects and never-smokers differ in terms of reward and threat processing remain unresolved. We aimed to examine aberrant reward and threat processes in TUD and the association with smoking characteristics. DESIGN A between- and within-subjects functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment with a 2 (groups) × 4 (stimulus type) factorial design. The experimental paradigm had four conditions: pictures of (1) cigarettes served as drug-related-positive cues, (2) food as alternative reward cues, (3) long-term consequences of smoking as drug-related-negative cues and (4) neutral pictures as control. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Adult participants (n = 38 TUD subjects and n = 42 never-smokers) were recruited in Berlin, Germany. MEASUREMENTS As contrasts of primary interest, the interactions of group × stimulus-type were assessed. Significance threshold correction for multiple testing was carried out with the family-wise error method. Correlation analyses were used to test the association with smoking characteristics. FINDINGS The 2 × 2 interaction of smoking status and stimulus type revealed activations in the brain reward system to drug-related-positive cues in TUD subjects (between-subjects effect: P-values ≤ 0.036). As a response to drug-related-negative cues, TUD subjects showed no reduced activation of the aversive brain network. Within the TUD group, a significant negative association was found between response of the aversive brain system to drug-related-negative cues (within-subjects effect: P-values ≤ 0.021) and the number of cigarettes smoked per day (right insula r = -0.386, P = 0.024; left insula r = -0.351, P = 0.042; right ACC r = -0.359, P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS Moderate smokers with tobacco use disorder appear to have altered brain reward processing of drug-related-positive (but not negative) cues compared with never smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie L Kunas
- Campus Charité Mitte, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiner Stuke
- Campus Charité Mitte, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Campus Charité Mitte, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Campus Charité Mitte, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Bermpohl
- Campus Charité Mitte, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Creswell KG, Sayette MA. How laboratory studies of cigarette craving can inform the experimental alcohol craving literature. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:344-358. [PMID: 35037262 PMCID: PMC8920775 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interest in alcohol and other drug craving has flourished over the past two decades, and evidence has accumulated showing that craving can be meaningfully linked to both drug use and relapse. Considerable human experimental alcohol craving research since 2000 has focused on craving as a clinical phenomenon. Self-reported craving to drink typically has served as a catch-all for the craving construct in these studies, whereas few studies have considered craving as a process (or hypothetical construct) that interacts with other phenomena to affect use. In contrast to alcohol, we believe that recently there has been more mechanistic work targeting cigarette craving-related processes. Here, we briefly present a narrative review of studies of acute alcohol craving in humans that have been conducted during the past two decades. We then specify important ways in which alcohol and tobacco differ (e.g., the role of withdrawal), and we note the unique challenges in inducing robust alcohol craving states in the laboratory. Finally, we offer recommendations for how the alcohol field might advance its conceptual understanding of craving by adopting ideas and methods drawn from the smoking research literature. Specifically, we suggest that researchers extend their studies to not only examine the link between alcohol craving and relapse but also to focus on why and, in some instances, how alcohol cravings matter clinically, and the circumstances under which craving especially matters. We propose research to investigate the shifts in alcohol-related cognitive and affective processing that occur during alcohol craving states. Furthermore, we highlight the value of research examining the level of insight that individuals with varying levels of alcohol involvement possess about their own craving-related processing shifts. We believe that laboratory studies can provide rich opportunities to examine conceptual questions about alcohol craving that are central to addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey G. Creswell
- Department of PsychologyCarnegie Mellon UniversityPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Michael A. Sayette
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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Lydon-Staley D, MacLean R, Falk E, Bassett D, Wilson S. The feasibility of an in-scanner smoking lapse paradigm to examine the neural correlates of lapses. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e13001. [PMID: 33508880 PMCID: PMC8225575 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quitting smoking is notoriously difficult. Models of nicotine dependence posit that strength of cognitive control contributes to maintaining smoking abstinence during smoking cessation attempts. We examine the role for large-scale functional brain systems associated with cognitive control in smoking lapse using a novel adaption of a well-validated behavioral paradigm. We use data from 17 daily smokers (five females) after 12 h of smoking abstinence. Participants completed up to 10 sequential 5-min functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) runs, within a single scanning session. After each run, participants decided whether to stay in the scanner in order to earn additional money or to terminate the session in order to smoke a cigarette (i.e., lapse) and forego additional monetary reward. Cox regression results indicate that decreased segregation of the default mode system from the frontoparietal system undermines the ability to resist smoking. This study demonstrates the feasibility of modifying an established behavioral model of smoking lapse behavior for use in the neuro imaging environment, and it provides initial evidence that this approach yields valuable information regarding fine-grained, time-varying changes in patterns of neural activity in the moments leading up to a decision to smoke. Specifically, results lend support to the hypothesis that the time-varying interplay between large-scale functional brain systems associated with cognitive control is implicated in smoking lapse behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.M. Lydon-Staley
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - R.R. MacLean
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - E.B. Falk
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Wharton Marketing Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - D.S. Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- The Santa Fe Institute, Sante Fe, NM
| | - S.J. Wilson
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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Kim BM, Lee J, Choi AR, Chung SJ, Park M, Koo JW, Kang UG, Choi JS. Event-related brain response to visual cues in individuals with Internet gaming disorder: relevance to attentional bias and decision-making. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:258. [PMID: 33934100 PMCID: PMC8088436 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated attentional bias toward game-related cues in Internet gaming disorder (IGD) using electrophysiological markers of late positive potential (LPP) and identifying the sources of LPP. In addition, the association between LPP and decision-making ability was investigated. The IGD (n = 40) and healthy control (HC; n = 39) participants viewed a series of game-related and neutral pictures, while their event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. LPPs were calculated as the mean amplitudes between 400 and 700 ms at the centro-parietal (CP3, CP1, Cpz, CP2, and CP4) and parietal (P3, P1, Pz, P2, and P4) electrode sites. The source activations of LPP were estimated using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA). In addition, decision-making ability was evaluated by the Cambridge Gambling Task. Higher LPP amplitudes were found for game-related cues in the IGD group than in the HC group. sLORETA showed that the IGD group was more active in the superior and middle temporal gyri, which are involved in social perception, than in the HC group, whereas it was less active in the frontal area. Individuals with IGD have deficits in decision-making ability. In addition, in the HC group, the lower the LPP when looking at the game-related stimuli, the better the quality of decision-making, but not in the IGD group. Enhanced LPP amplitudes are associated with emotional arousal to gaming cues and decision-making deficits in IGD. In addition, source activities suggest that patients with IGD perceive game-related cues as social stimuli. LPP can be used as a neurophysiological marker of IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Mi Kim
- grid.412479.dDepartment of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Lee
- grid.412479.dDepartment of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061 Republic of Korea
| | - A. Ruem Choi
- grid.412479.dDepartment of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ju Chung
- grid.412479.dDepartment of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061 Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Park
- grid.412479.dDepartment of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061 Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Wook Koo
- grid.452628.f0000 0004 5905 0571Emotion, Cognition and Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062 Republic of Korea ,grid.417736.00000 0004 0438 6721Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, 42988 Republic of Korea
| | - Ung Gu Kang
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung-Seok Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Dieleman J, Kleinjan M, Otten R, van Schie HT, Heuvelmans V, Luijten M. Effects of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on brain functioning in never-smoking adolescents. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01619. [PMID: 32608084 PMCID: PMC7428475 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain functioning, as indexed by event-related potentials (ERPs) representing smoking cue reactivity, inhibitory control, and reward processing, has been found to be compromised in smokers. However, whether environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure in never smokers results in similar brain changes is unknown. This question is particularly relevant during adolescence, given ongoing brain maturation and a high risk of smoking initiation. The present study tested the associations between ETS exposure and ERPs reflecting cue reactivity (P3, LPP), inhibitory control (N2, P3), and reward processing (anticipation P3 (P3), feedback-related negativity (FRN)) among never-smoking adolescents. METHODS Eighty-four never-smoking adolescents (nonexposed = 32, exposed = 52) performed a smoking cue reactivity, a Go/NoGo, and a monetary incentive delay (MID) task while ERPs were measured. RESULTS Exposed and nonexposed groups did not differ in ERPs reflecting smoking cue reactivity, inhibitory control, and reward processing. A negative correlation between ETS exposure and the anticipatory P3 suggests reduced anticipatory reward sensitivity for nondrug rewards with increased levels of ETS exposure. However, since this effect was not consistent across analyses, no strong conclusions can be formulated. In the current study, few participants reported high levels of ETS exposure; therefore, further study is necessary. CONCLUSIONS Nevertheless, from this study, it can be concluded that low-to-moderate exposure to ETS during adolescence does not result in functional brain changes related to smoking cue reactivity, inhibitory control, and reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Dieleman
- Department of Epidemiology and Research Support, Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Kleinjan
- Department of Epidemiology and Research Support, Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Otten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Pluryn, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Hein T van Schie
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian Heuvelmans
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Luijten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Powers JM, LaRowe LR, Heckman BW, Ditre JW. Pain characteristics and nicotine deprivation as predictors of performance during a laboratory paradigm of smoking cessation. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2019; 34:341-350. [PMID: 31750703 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although smokers with co-occurring pain report expectations for experiencing greater nicotine withdrawal and difficulty quitting, limited work has examined the role of pain in cessation-related outcomes. The goal of this study was to examine clinically relevant pain characteristics (pain persistence, pain intensity, pain-related disability) as predictors of withdrawal and smoking lapse/relapse outcomes using a laboratory paradigm of cessation. Participants (N = 120 daily cigarette smokers; 48% male; Mage = 36.17, SD = 12.16; MCigarettes Per Day = 20.51, SD = 6.99) were randomized to either nondeprived or 12-hr nicotine deprivation conditions prior to an experimental study visit. Upon arrival to the laboratory, participants completed measures of pain characteristics and nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Primary outcomes included nicotine withdrawal scores and analogues of smoking lapse (latency to initiating smoking) and relapse (number of cigarettes smoked). We hypothesized that smokers with greater pain persistence, pain intensity, and pain-related disability would endorse more severe nicotine withdrawal and greater lapse/relapse behavior, and that these positive associations would be stronger among those who were nicotine deprived. Results indicated that, above and beyond the effect of nicotine deprivation, persistent pain predicted more severe nicotine withdrawal, and that greater pain-related disability predicted quicker latency to lapse during the laboratory paradigm. Contrary to expectation, nicotine deprivation did not moderate effects of pain characteristics on withdrawal or lapse/relapse outcomes. Clinical implications include that different pain processes may influence different cessation outcomes, and that smokers in pain may benefit from the provision of pharmacological aids to better control withdrawal symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Qian W, Huang P, Shen Z, Wang C, Yang Y, Zhang M. Brain Gray Matter Volume and Functional Connectivity Are Associated With Smoking Cessation Outcomes. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:361. [PMID: 31680913 PMCID: PMC6803765 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking cessation is critical for reducing the risk of respiratory, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. However, most cessation attempts resulted in failure. In the present study, we aim to explore whether alterations of brain gray matter (GM) volume and functional connectivity (FC) are related to cessation outcomes, in hope of providing evidence for improving smoking cessation outcomes. Seventy-three smokers and 41 non-smokers were enrolled in the present study. All smokers participated in a 12-week smoking cessation treatment during which Varenicline was used to aid cessation. At the end of treatment, the smokers were divided into quitters and relapsers based on their abstinence performance. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and voxel-based morphometry were applied to quantify the differences of regional brain volumes among the three groups at baseline. In addition, resting-state FC was used to investigate the related functional changes. In comparison with non-smokers, the smokers showed smaller GM volume in the left dorsal medial thalamus. Among the 73 smokers, 29 subjects successfully quitted smoking. The quitters showed greater GM volume than the relapsers in the right postcentral gyrus, right putamen\caudate nucleus and left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The GM volume in the left OFC was found to be negatively correlated with the pack years and daily smoking amount in the quitters. Furthermore, we found significantly reduced FC between left thalamus and left cerebellum in the relapsers. These findings extended our knowledge of the neural mechanism of smoking cessation, and suggested that brain structural and functional changes were related to smoking cessation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qian
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiyu Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhujing Shen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Minming Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Flannery JS, Riedel MC, Poudel R, Laird AR, Ross TJ, Salmeron BJ, Stein EA, Sutherland MT. Habenular and striatal activity during performance feedback are differentially linked with state-like and trait-like aspects of tobacco use disorder. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax2084. [PMID: 31633021 PMCID: PMC6785263 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The habenula, an epithalamic nucleus involved in reward and aversive processing, may contribute to negative reinforcement mechanisms maintaining nicotine use. We used a performance feedback task that differentially activates the striatum and habenula and administered nicotine and varenicline (versus placebos) to overnight-abstinent smokers and nonsmokers to delineate feedback-related functional brain alterations both as a function of smoking trait (smokers versus nonsmokers) and drug administration state (drug versus placebo). Smokers showed less striatal responsivity to positive feedback, an alteration not mitigated by drug administration, but rather correlated with trait-level addiction severity. Conversely, nicotine administration reduced habenula activity following both positive and negative feedback among abstinent smokers, but not nonsmokers, and increased habenula activity among smokers correlated with elevated state-level tobacco cravings. These outcomes highlight a dissociation between neurobiological processes linked with the dependence severity trait and the nicotine withdrawal state. Interventions simultaneously targeting both aspects may improve currently poor cessation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael C. Riedel
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ranjita Poudel
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Angela R. Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Thomas J. Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse–Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse–Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse–Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew T. Sutherland
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Addicott MA, Sweitzer MM, McClernon FJ. The Effects of Nicotine and Tobacco Use on Brain Reward Function: Interaction With Nicotine Dependence Severity. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:764-771. [PMID: 29584917 PMCID: PMC6784410 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated the effects of nicotine/tobacco on neural activation during performance of a monetary incentive delay task. AIMS AND METHODS Prior to each scan, nonsmokers received nicotine or placebo nasal spray, and smokers were smoking satiated or 24-hour withdrawn. During the scan, participants made timed responses to reward-related cues and received feedback. Parameter estimates from cue- and feedback-related activation in medial prefrontal regions and the nucleus accumbens were extracted and underwent within- and between-group analyses. Smokers' nicotine dependence severity was included as a continuous predictor variable for neural activation. RESULTS Among smokers (n = 21), withdrawal decreased cue-related activation in the supplementary motor area and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the difference in activation (satiety > withdrawal) in these regions negatively correlated with nicotine dependence severity (Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence). Among nonsmokers (n = 22), nicotine increased the difference in nucleus accumbens activation between rewarded and nonrewarded feedback phases. Tobacco withdrawal and acute nicotine also had widespread effects on activation throughout the brain during the feedback phase. CONCLUSIONS Acute nicotine in nonsmokers may have increased the salience of feedback information, but produced few effects on reward-related activation overall, perhaps reflecting nicotine's modest, indirect effects on reward processing. Conversely, tobacco withdrawal decreased activation compared with satiety, and this difference between conditions correlated with nicotine dependence severity. This suggests that as smokers become more dependent on nicotine, tobacco withdrawal has a more pronounced effect on reward processing. IMPLICATIONS Relative to the acute effects of nicotine in nonsmokers, withdrawal from daily tobacco use had more significant effects on reward-related brain activation. This study suggests that the effects of tobacco withdrawal on reward-related brain function interact with subjects' level of nicotine dependence severity. These are potentially important sources of variability that could contribute to smoking cessation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merideth A Addicott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arkansas for Medical Science, Little Rock, AR
| | - Maggie M Sweitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Durham, NC
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Durham, NC
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12
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Dong G, Wang L, Du X, Potenza MN. Gender-related differences in neural responses to gaming cues before and after gaming: implications for gender-specific vulnerabilities to Internet gaming disorder. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2019; 13:1203-1214. [PMID: 30272247 PMCID: PMC6234325 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsy084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds More males than females play video games and develop problems with gaming. However, little is known regarding how males and females who game on the Internet may differ with respect to neural responses to gaming cues. Methods Behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were recorded from 40 female and 68 male Internet gamers. This study included three components including participation in a pre-gaming cue-craving task, 30 min of online gaming and a post-gaming cue-elicited-craving task. Group differences were examined at pre-gaming, post-gaming and post- vs pre-gaming times. Correlations between brain responses and behavioral performance were calculated. Results Gaming-related cues elicited higher cravings in male vs female subjects. Prior to gaming, males demonstrated greater activations in the striatum, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), inferior frontal cortex and bilateral declive. Following gaming, male subjects demonstrated greater activations in the medial frontal gyrus and bilateral middle temporal gyri. In a post–pre comparison, male subjects demonstrated greater thalamic activation than did female subjects. Conclusions Short-term gaming elicited in males vs females more craving-related activations to gaming cues. These results suggest neural mechanisms for why males may be more vulnerable than females in developing Internet gaming disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangheng Dong
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Child Study Center, and National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
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13
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Mathew AR, Heckman BW, Froeliger B, Saladin ME, Brown RA, Hitsman B, Carpenter MJ. Multi-method assessment of distress tolerance and smoking-related factors among adult daily smokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 27:136-145. [PMID: 30589279 PMCID: PMC6561662 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although distress tolerance (DT) is associated with smoking lapse and relapse outcomes, few studies have conducted a rigorous assessment of DT across domain and method in the context of acute abstinence. In a human laboratory-based study of 106 adult daily smokers, we examined between multiple indices of DT and smoking lapse, withdrawal processes, and motivation to quit. We expected that low DT would be associated with shorter latency to smoke, greater withdrawal severity, and lower motivation to quit. Following a smoking abstinence period (≥ 6 hr deprived), participants completed an assessment battery including both behavioral (mirror-tracing, serial addition, cold pressor, and breath-holding tasks) and self-report measures of DT (general and smoking-specific), withdrawal processes (craving, negative affect, and positive affect), and motivation to quit. Latency to smoke (range = 0-50 min) was assessed in a laboratory analogue task in which delaying smoking was monetarily rewarded. Behavioral and self-report DT indices displayed only modest intercorrelations, indicating different facets of this construct by domain and method of assessment. Tolerance of physical pain was uniquely associated with smoking choice. Both self-report DT measures were associated with abstinence-induced increases in negative affect, while only smoking-specific DT was positively associated with craving. Results are discussed within the context of guiding targeted behavioral interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Mathew
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Bryan W. Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Brett Froeliger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Michael E. Saladin
- Department of Health Science and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Brian Hitsman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Matthew J. Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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14
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Sutherland MT, Stein EA. Functional Neurocircuits and Neuroimaging Biomarkers of Tobacco Use Disorder. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:129-143. [PMID: 29398401 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug abuse and addiction remain major public health issues, exemplified by the opioid epidemic currently devastating the United States. Treatment outcomes across substance use disorders remain unacceptably poor, wherein drug discovery/development for this multifaceted neuropsychiatric disorder focuses on single molecular-level targets. Rather, our opinion is that a systems-level neuroimaging perspective is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic targets, biomarkers to stratify patients, and individualized treatment strategies. Focusing on tobacco use disorder, we advocate a brain systems-level perspective linking two abuse-related facets (i.e., statelike withdrawal and traitlike addiction severity) with specific neurocircuitry (insula- and striatum-centered networks). To the extent that precise neurocircuits mediate distinct facets of abuse, treatment development must adopt not only a systems-level perspective, but also multi-intervention rather than mono-intervention practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elliot A Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Dong G, Zheng H, Liu X, Wang Y, Du X, Potenza MN. Gender-related differences in cue-elicited cravings in Internet gaming disorder: The effects of deprivation. J Behav Addict 2018; 7:953-964. [PMID: 30556781 PMCID: PMC6376376 DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Online gaming has become a popular leisure activity, in which males more frequently develop Internet gaming disorder (IGD) compared to females. However, gender-related neurocognitive differences have largely not been systematically investigated in IGD. METHODS Cue-elicited-craving tasks were performed before game playing and immediately after deprivation operationalized as a forced break from gaming when the Internet was disconnected. Ninety-nine subjects with IGD (27 males and 22 females) or recreational game use (RGU; 27 males and 23 females) provided functional MRI and subjective data. Analyses investigating effects of group (IGD and RGU) × gender (male and female) at different times (pre-gaming, post-gaming, and post-pre) on cue-elicited craving and brain responses were performed. Correlations between brain responses and subjective measures were calculated. RESULTS In pre-, post-, and post-pre tests, significant gender-by-group interactions (p < .001, cluster size > 15 voxels) were observed in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Further analyses of the DLPFC cluster showed that in post-pre comparisons, results were related to less engagement of the DLPFC in IGD, especially in females. In addition, at post-test, significant interactions were observed in the caudate, as females with IGD showed greater activation as compared to those with RGU. DISCUSSION The results raise the possibility that women with RGU may show better executive control than men when facing gaming cues, which may provide resiliency against developing IGD; however, once they develop IGD, their gaming may impair their executive control and enhance their cravings for gaming, which may make it more difficult to quit gaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangheng Dong
- School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, P. R. China,Corresponding authors: Prof. Guangheng Dong, PhD; School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, 1 Keji Road, Fujian Province, Fuzhou 321004, P. R. China; Phone: +86 158 6794 9909; Fax: +86 579 8228 2549; E-mail: ; Prof. Marc N. Potenza, PhD, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Phone: +1 203 737 3553; Fax: +1 203 737 3591; E-mail:
| | - Hui Zheng
- Institute of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyue Liu
- Institute of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Du
- Department of Physics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA,National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA,Corresponding authors: Prof. Guangheng Dong, PhD; School of Psychology, Fujian Normal University, 1 Keji Road, Fujian Province, Fuzhou 321004, P. R. China; Phone: +86 158 6794 9909; Fax: +86 579 8228 2549; E-mail: ; Prof. Marc N. Potenza, PhD, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 1 Church Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Phone: +1 203 737 3553; Fax: +1 203 737 3591; E-mail:
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16
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Animal models in addiction research: A dimensional approach. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 106:91-101. [PMID: 30309630 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction affects approximately 10% of the population and these numbers are rising. Treatment and prevention of addiction are impeded by current diagnostic systems, such as DSM-5, which are based on outcomes rather than processes. Here, we review the importance of adopting a dimensional framework, specifically the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), to identify protective and vulnerability mechanisms in addiction. We discuss how preclinical researchers should work within this framework to develop animal models based on domains of function. We highlight RDoC paradigms related to addiction and discuss how these can be used to investigate the biological underpinnings of an addiction cycle (i.e., binge/intoxication, negative affect, and craving). Using this information, we then outline the critical role of animal research in ongoing revisions to the RDoC matrix (specifically the functional significance of domains, constructs and subconstructs) and its contribution to the development and refinement of addiction theories. We conclude with an overview of the contribution that animal research has made to the development of pharmacological and behavioural treatments for addiction.
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17
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Nestor LJ, McCabe E, Jones J, Clancy L, Garavan H. Shared and divergent neural reactivity to non-drug operant response outcomes in current smokers and ex-smokers. Brain Res 2018; 1680:54-61. [PMID: 29242147 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Addiction to cigarettes presents with considerable health risks and induces high costs on healthcare resources. While the majority of cigarette smokers endorse the desire to quit, only a small percentage of quit attempts lead to full abstinence. Failure to achieve abstinence may arise from maladaptive reactivity in fronto-striatal regions that track positive and negative valence outcomes, thus biasing the choice to smoke in the presence of alternative, non-drug reinforcement. Alternatively, long-term nicotine abstinence may reveal neural substrates of adaptive valence outcome processing that promote and maintain smoking cessation. The present study set out to examine the neural correlates of operant response outcomes in current smokers, ex-smokers and matched controls using a monetary incentive delay task during functional MRI. Here we report that compared to controls, both current smokers and ex-smokers showed significantly less activation change in the left amygdala during positive response outcomes, and in the anterior cingulate cortex, during both positive and negative response outcomes. Ex-smokers, however, demonstrated significantly greater activation change compared to smokers and controls in the right amygdala during negative response outcomes. Activation change in the anterior cingulate cortex and middle frontal gyrus of smokers was significantly negatively correlated with nicotine dependence and cigarette pack-years. These results suggest a pattern of shared and divergent reactivity in current smokers and ex-smokers within corticolimbic regions that track both positive and negative operant response outcomes. Exaggerated adaptive processing in ex-smokers may promote long-term smoking cessation through amplified negative valence outcome monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Nestor
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, UK.
| | - Ella McCabe
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Jones
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luke Clancy
- TobaccoFree Research Institute Ireland, DIT, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hugh Garavan
- School of Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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18
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MacLean RR, Martino S, Carroll KM, Smyth JM, Pincus AL, Wilson SJ. Momentary Associations Between Reported Craving and Valuing Health in Daily Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:716-722. [PMID: 28486711 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Research suggests that a blunted response to nondrug rewards, especially under conditions associated with strong cigarette cravings, is associated with reduced abstinence motivation in daily smokers. One limitation of previous studies is that they have largely focused on monetary rewards as broad representative of nondrug rewards. It remains unclear whether craving dampens responses to more abstract nondrug rewards, such as personal values. Personal values often have a positive valence and are frequently assumed to remain stable across time and situations. However, there may be time-varying and contextual influences on smokers' appraisal of values in daily life. Characterizing fluctuations in value importance in relation to relapse precipitants (eg, craving) may inform interventions that leverage personal values as motivation for cessation. Methods Daily smokers (n = 18) completed ecological momentary assessment surveys measuring the importance of specific personal values and smoking-related variables during 8 days of monetarily reinforced cigarette abstinence. We hypothesized that value ratings would demonstrate adequate within-person heterogeneity for multilevel modeling and that within-person fluctuations in craving would be negatively related to valuing personal health. Results All values demonstrated adequate within-person variability for multilevel modeling. Within-person craving was negatively related to health valuation (p = .012) and a cross-level interaction (p > .0001) suggested this effect is stronger for individuals who report greater overall craving. Conclusions Greater craving is associated with decreased importance of personal health in the moment, particularly for those with high average levels of craving. Timely interventions that bolster importance of health during moments of elevated craving can potentially improve cessation outcomes. Implications This study builds on research highlighting the positive influence of personal values in motivating behavior change. Values are an often used, but poorly studied, construct that has considerable utility in smoking cessation. Valuing personal health is frequently reported as a primary motivator for a quit attempt. Inasmuch as personal health is a distal nondrug reward used to motivate smoking abstinence, naturalistic evaluation of health importance, and motivators for continued smoking (ie, craving) could inform the timing and content of smoking treatment. This study is among the first to evaluate momentary assessment of personal values and craving within daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ross MacLean
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.,Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Steve Martino
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kathleen M Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Joshua M Smyth
- Department of Biobehavioral Health and Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Aaron L Pincus
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Stephen J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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19
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Garrison KA, Yip SW, Balodis IM, Carroll KM, Potenza MN, Krishnan-Sarin S. Reward-related frontostriatal activity and smoking behavior among adolescents in treatment for smoking cessation. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 177. [PMID: 28651213 PMCID: PMC5564393 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use is often initiated during adolescence and continued into adulthood despite desires to quit. A better understanding of the neural correlates of abstinence from smoking in adolescents may inform more effective smoking cessation interventions. Neural reward systems are implicated in tobacco use disorder, and adolescent smokers have shown reduced reward-related ventral striatal activation related to increased smoking. METHODS The current study evaluated nondrug reward anticipation in adolescent smokers using a monetary incentive delay task in fMRI pre- and post- smoking cessation treatment (n=14). This study tested how changes in neural responses to reward anticipation pre- to post-treatment were related to reduced smoking. An exploratory analysis in a larger sample of adolescents with only pre-treatment fMRI (n=28) evaluated how neural responses to reward anticipation were related to behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation scales. RESULTS Adolescent smokers showed pre- to post-treatment increases in reward anticipation-related activity in the bilateral nucleus accumbens and insula, and medial prefrontal cortex, and greater increases in reward anticipation-related activity were correlated with larger percent days of smoking abstinence during treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that reduced smoking during smoking cessation treatment is associated with a "recovery of function" in frontostriatal responses to nondrug reward anticipation in adolescent smokers, although comparison with a developmental control group of adolescent nonsmokers is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah W Yip
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine,The National Center on Addictions and Substance Abuse, Yale School of Medicine
| | - Iris M Balodis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine,Department of Psychology, McMaster University
| | | | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine,The National Center on Addictions and Substance Abuse, Yale School of Medicine,Connecticut Mental Health Center,Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine,Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine
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20
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Dong G, Wang L, Du X, Potenza MN. Gaming Increases Craving to Gaming-Related Stimuli in Individuals With Internet Gaming Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2017; 2:404-412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Lesage E, Aronson SE, Sutherland MT, Ross TJ, Salmeron BJ, Stein EA. Neural Signatures of Cognitive Flexibility and Reward Sensitivity Following Nicotinic Receptor Stimulation in Dependent Smokers: A Randomized Trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2017; 74:632-640. [PMID: 28403383 PMCID: PMC5539833 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Withdrawal from nicotine is an important contributor to smoking relapse. Understanding how reward-based decision making is affected by abstinence and by pharmacotherapies such as nicotine replacement therapy and varenicline tartrate may aid cessation treatment. OBJECTIVE To independently assess the effects of nicotine dependence and stimulation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on the ability to interpret valence information (reward sensitivity) and subsequently alter behavior as reward contingencies change (cognitive flexibility) in a probabilistic reversal learning task. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Nicotine-dependent smokers and nonsmokers completed a probabilistic reversal learning task during acquisition of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a 2-drug, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design conducted from January 21, 2009, to September 29, 2011. Smokers were abstinent from cigarette smoking for 12 hours for all sessions. In a fully Latin square fashion, participants in both groups underwent MRI twice while receiving varenicline and twice while receiving a placebo pill, wearing either a nicotine or a placebo patch. Imaging analysis was performed from June 15, 2015, to August 10, 2016. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES A well-established computational model captured effects of smoking status and administration of nicotine and varenicline on probabilistic reversal learning choice behavior. Neural effects of smoking status, nicotine, and varenicline were tested for on MRI contrasts that captured reward sensitivity and cognitive flexibility. RESULTS The study included 24 nicotine-dependent smokers (12 women and 12 men; mean [SD] age, 35.8 [9.9] years) and 20 nonsmokers (10 women and 10 men; mean [SD] age, 30.4 [7.2] years). Computational modeling indicated that abstinent smokers were biased toward response shifting and that their decisions were less sensitive to the available evidence, suggesting increased impulsivity during withdrawal. These behavioral impairments were mitigated with nicotine and varenicline. Similarly, decreased mesocorticolimbic activity associated with cognitive flexibility in abstinent smokers was restored to the level of nonsmokers following stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (familywise error-corrected P < .05). Conversely, neural signatures of decreased reward sensitivity in smokers (vs nonsmokers; familywise error-corrected P < .05) in the dorsal striatum and anterior cingulate cortex were not mitigated by nicotine or varenicline. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE There was a double dissociation between the effects of chronic nicotine dependence on neural representations of reward sensitivity and acute effects of stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on behavioral and neural signatures of cognitive flexibility in smokers. These chronic and acute pharmacologic effects were observed in overlapping mesocorticolimbic regions, suggesting that available pharmacotherapies may alleviate deficits in the same circuitry for certain mental computations but not for others. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00830739.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Lesage
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah E. Aronson
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland,School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore
| | - Matthew T. Sutherland
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami
| | - Thomas J. Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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22
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Shen Z, Huang P, Wang C, Qian W, Yang Y, Zhang M. Increased network centrality as markers of relapse risk in nicotine-dependent individuals treated with varenicline. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 75:142-147. [PMID: 28185963 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Identifying smokers at high risk of relapse could improve the effectiveness of cessation therapies. Although altered regional brain function in smokers has been reported, whether the whole-brain functional organization differs smokers with relapse vulnerability from others remains unclear. Thus, the goal of this study is to investigate the baseline functional connectivity differences between relapsers and quitters. Using resting-state fMRI, we acquired images from 57 smokers prior to quitting attempts. After 12-week treatment with varenicline, smokers were divided into relapsers (n=36) and quitters (n=21) (quitter: continuously abstinent for weeks 9-12). The smoking cessation outcomes were cross-validated by self-reports and expired carbon monoxide. We then used eigenvector centrality (EC) mapping to identify the functional connectivity differences between relapsers and quitters. When compared to quitters, increased EC in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and cerebellum anterior lobe was observed in relapsers. In addition, a logistic regression analysis of EC data (with DLPFC, MTG and cerebellum included) predicted relapse with 80.7% accuracy. These findings suggest that the DLPFC, MTG and cerebellum may be important substrates of smoking relapse vulnerability. The data also suggest that relapse-vulnerable smokers can be identified before quit attempts, which could enable personalized treatment and improve smoking cessation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujing Shen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiyu Huang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Minming Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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23
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Goulet-Kennedy J, Labbe S, Fecteau S. The involvement of the striatum in decision making. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 27069380 PMCID: PMC4826771 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2016.18.1/sfecteau] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Decision making has been extensively studied in the context of economics and from a group perspective, but still little is known on individual decision making. Here we discuss the different cognitive processes involved in decision making and its associated neural substrates. The putative conductors in decision making appear to be the prefrontal cortex and the striatum. Impaired decision-making skills in various clinical populations have been associated with activity in the prefrontal cortex and in the striatum. We highlight the importance of strengthening the degree of integration of both cognitive and neural substrates in order to further our understanding of decision-making skills. In terms of cognitive paradigms, there is a need to improve the ecological value of experimental tasks that assess decision making in various contexts and with rewards; this would help translate laboratory learnings into real-life benefits. In terms of neural substrates, the use of neuroimaging techniques helps characterize the neural networks associated with decision making; more recently, ways to modulate brain activity, such as in the prefrontal cortex and connected regions (eg, striatum), with noninvasive brain stimulation have also shed light on the neural and cognitive substrates of decision making. Together, these cognitive and neural approaches might be useful for patients with impaired decision-making skills. The drive behind this line of work is that decision-making abilities underlie important aspects of wellness, health, security, and financial and social choices in our daily lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Goulet-Kennedy
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et en intégration sociale. Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec; Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sara Labbe
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et en intégration sociale. Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec; Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Shirley Fecteau
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et en intégration sociale. Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec; Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Holroyd CB, Umemoto A. The research domain criteria framework: The case for anterior cingulate cortex. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:418-443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Smoking Abstinence-Induced Changes in Resting State Functional Connectivity with Ventral Striatum Predict Lapse During a Quit Attempt. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:2521-9. [PMID: 27091382 PMCID: PMC4987851 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The ventral and dorsal striatum are critical substrates of reward processing and motivation and have been repeatedly linked to addictive disorders, including nicotine dependence. However, little is known about how functional connectivity between these and other brain regions is modulated by smoking withdrawal and may contribute to relapse vulnerability. In the present study, 37 smokers completed resting state fMRI scans during both satiated and 24-h abstinent conditions, prior to engaging in a 3-week quit attempt supported by contingency management. We examined the effects of abstinence condition and smoking outcome (lapse vs non-lapse) on whole-brain connectivity with ventral and dorsal striatum seed regions. Results indicated a significant condition by lapse outcome interaction for both right and left ventral striatum seeds. Robust abstinence-induced increases in connectivity with bilateral ventral striatum were observed across a network of regions implicated in addictive disorders, including insula, superior temporal gyrus, and anterior/mid-cingulate cortex among non-lapsers; the opposite pattern was observed for those who later lapsed. For dorsal striatum seeds, 24-h abstinence decreased connectivity across both groups with several regions, including medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and supplemental motor area. These findings suggest that modulation of striatal connectivity with the cingulo-insular network during early withdrawal may be associated with smoking cessation outcomes.
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Twining RC, Freet CS, Wheeler RA, Reich CG, Tompers DA, Wolpert SE, Grigson PS. The role of dose and restriction state on morphine-, cocaine-, and LiCl-induced suppression of saccharin intake: A comprehensive analysis. Physiol Behav 2016; 161:104-115. [PMID: 27083122 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rats avoid intake of a taste cue when paired with a drug of abuse or with the illness-inducing agent, lithium chloride (LiCl). Although progress has been made, it is difficult to compare the suppressive effects of abused agents and LiCl on intake of a gustatory conditioned stimulus (CS) because of the cross-laboratory use of different CSs, different unconditioned stimuli (USs), and different doses of the drugs, different conditioning regimens, and different restriction states. Here we have attempted to unify these variables by comparing the suppressive effects of a range of doses of morphine, cocaine, and LiCl on intake of a saccharin CS using a common regimen in non-restricted, food restricted, or water restricted male Sprague-Dawley rats. The results showed that, while the putatively aversive agent, LiCl, was effective in suppressing intake of the taste cue across nearly all doses, regardless of restriction state, the suppressive effects of both morphine and cocaine were greatly reduced when evaluated in either food or water restricted rats. Greater sensitivity to drug was revealed, at very low doses, when testing occurred in the absence of need (i.e., when the rats were non-restricted). Together, these results provide the first uniform and comprehensive analysis of the suppressive effects of morphine, cocaine, and LiCl as a function of dose and restriction state. In the present case, the suppressive effects of morphine and cocaine are found to differ from those of LiCl and, in some respects, from one another as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Twining
- Dept. of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Christopher S Freet
- Dept. of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Robert A Wheeler
- Dept. of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Christian G Reich
- Dept. of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Dennie A Tompers
- Dept. of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Sarah E Wolpert
- Dept. of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Patricia S Grigson
- Dept. of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Blunted striatal response to monetary reward anticipation during smoking abstinence predicts lapse during a contingency-managed quit attempt. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:751-60. [PMID: 26660448 PMCID: PMC5330670 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tobacco smoking is associated with dysregulated reward processing within the striatum, characterized by hypersensitivity to smoking rewards and hyposensitivity to non-smoking rewards. This bias toward smoking reward at the expense of alternative rewards is further exacerbated by deprivation from smoking, which may contribute to difficulty maintaining abstinence during a quit attempt. OBJECTIVE We examined whether abstinence-induced changes in striatal processing of rewards predicted lapse likelihood during a quit attempt supported by contingency management (CM), in which abstinence from smoking was reinforced with money. METHODS Thirty-six non-treatment-seeking smokers participated in two functional MRI (fMRI) sessions, one following 24-h abstinence and one following smoking as usual. During each scan, participants completed a rewarded guessing task designed to elicit striatal activation in which they could earn smoking and monetary rewards delivered after the scan. Participants then engaged in a 3-week CM-supported quit attempt. RESULTS As previously reported, 24-h abstinence was associated with increased striatal activation in anticipation of smoking reward and decreased activation in anticipation of monetary reward. Individuals exhibiting greater decrements in right striatal activation to monetary reward during abstinence (controlling for activation during non-abstinence) were more likely to lapse during CM (p < 0.025), even when controlling for other predictors of lapse outcome (e.g., craving); no association was seen for smoking reward. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with a growing number of studies indicating the specific importance of disrupted striatal processing of non-drug reward in nicotine dependence and highlight the importance of individual differences in abstinence-induced deficits in striatal function for smoking cessation.
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Conditioned cortical reactivity to cues predicting cigarette-related or pleasant images. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 101:59-68. [PMID: 26826400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Through Pavlovian conditioning, reward-associated neutral stimuli can acquire incentive salience and motivate complex behaviors. In smokers, cigarette-associated cues may induce cravings and trigger smoking. Understanding the brain mechanisms underlying conditioned responses to cigarette-associated relative to other inherently pleasant stimuli might contribute to the development of more effective smoking cessation treatments that emphasize the rehabilitation of reward circuitry. Here we measured brain responses to geometric patterns (the conditioned stimuli, CSs) predicting cigarette-related, intrinsically pleasant and neutral images (the unconditioned stimuli, USs) using event-related potentials (ERPs) in 29 never-smokers, 20 nicotine-deprived smokers, and 19 non-deprived smokers. Results showed that during US presentation, cigarette-related and pleasant images prompted higher cortical positivity than neutral images over centro-parietal sensors between 400 and 800ms post-US onset (late positive potential, LPP). The LPP evoked by pleasant images was significantly larger than the LPP evoked by cigarette images. During CS presentation, ERPs evoked by geometric patterns predicting pleasant and cigarette-related images had significantly larger amplitude than ERPs evoked by CSs predicting neutral images. These effects were maximal over right parietal sites between 220 and 240ms post-CS onset and over occipital and frontal sites between 308 and 344ms post-CS onset. Smoking status did not modulate these effects. Our results show that stimuli with no intrinsic reward value (e.g., geometric patterns) may acquire rewarding properties through repeated pairings with established reward cues (i.e., cigarette-related, intrinsically pleasant).
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Karoly HC, Bryan AD, Weiland BJ, Mayer A, Dodd A, Feldstein Ewing SW. Does incentive-elicited nucleus accumbens activation differ by substance of abuse? An examination with adolescents. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 16:5-15. [PMID: 26070843 PMCID: PMC4657439 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous questions surround the nature of reward processing in the developing adolescent brain, particularly in regard to polysubstance use. We therefore sought to examine incentive-elicited brain activation in the context of three common substances of abuse (cannabis, tobacco, and alcohol). Due to the role of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in incentive processing, we compared activation in this region during anticipation of reward and loss using a monetary incentive delay (MID) task. Adolescents (ages 14-18; 66% male) were matched on age, gender, and frequency of use of any common substances within six distinct groups: cannabis-only (n=14), tobacco-only (n=34), alcohol-only (n=12), cannabis+tobacco (n=17), cannabis+tobacco+alcohol (n=17), and non-using controls (n=38). All groups showed comparable behavioral performance on the MID task. The tobacco-only group showed decreased bilateral nucleus accumbens (NAcc) activation during reward anticipation as compared to the alcohol-only group, the control group, and both polysubstance groups. Interestingly, no differences emerged between the cannabis-only group and any of the other groups. Results from this study suggest that youth who tend toward single-substance tobacco use may possess behavioral and/or neurobiological characteristics that differentiate them from both their substance-using and non-substance-using peers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis C Karoly
- University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Angela D Bryan
- University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Barbara J Weiland
- University of Colorado, Boulder, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Andrew Mayer
- The Mind Research Network/LBERI, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA; Neurology Department, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Andrew Dodd
- The Mind Research Network/LBERI, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
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Abstract
Craving is a central feature of addiction. Its recent inclusion as a diagnostic criterion for substance use disorders in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders appears at a time when craving research is at an all-time high. Craving is thought to predict relapse and may deter individuals from even trying to quit. Researchers have developed experimental craving-induction paradigms to identify factors contributing to craving and to test interventions to alleviate craving. This review offers a critique of laboratory craving studies, with particular emphasis on cigarette craving. It raises questions concerning several conceptual and methodological assumptions underlying this research, identifies processes that may explain why cravings are linked to drug use and relapse, addresses contextual factors that may influence various experiences of craving, and considers recent interventions targeting craving. The relation between craving and both emotion and coping is discussed, as well as the level of insight that individuals have about their own future cravings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Sayette
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260;
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Beltz AM, Berenbaum SA, Wilson SJ. Sex differences in resting state brain function of cigarette smokers and links to nicotine dependence. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2015; 23:247-54. [PMID: 26237322 PMCID: PMC4526105 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sex--a marker of biological and social individual differences--matters for drug use, particularly for cigarette smoking, which is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. More men than women smoke, but women are less likely than men to quit. Resting state brain function, or intrinsic brain activity that occurs in the absence of a goal-directed task, is important for understanding cigarette smoking, as it has been shown to differentiate between smokers and nonsmokers. But, it is unclear whether and how sex influences the link between resting state brain function and smoking behavior. In this study, the authors demonstrate that sex is indeed associated with resting state connectivity in cigarette smokers, and that sex moderates the link between resting state connectivity and self-reported nicotine dependence. Using functional MRI and behavioral data from 50 adult daily smokers (23 women), the authors found that women had greater connectivity than men within the default mode network, and that increased connectivity within the reward network was related to increased nicotine tolerance in women but to decreased nicotine tolerance in men. Findings highlight the importance of sex-related individual differences reflected in resting state connectivity for understanding the etiology and treatment of substance use problems.
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Alonso-Alonso M, Woods SC, Pelchat M, Grigson PS, Stice E, Farooqi S, Khoo CS, Mattes RD, Beauchamp GK. Food reward system: current perspectives and future research needs. Nutr Rev 2015; 73:296-307. [PMID: 26011903 PMCID: PMC4477694 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews current research and cross-disciplinary perspectives on the neuroscience of food reward in animals and humans, examines the scientific hypothesis of food addiction, discusses methodological and terminology challenges, and identifies knowledge gaps and future research needs. Topics addressed herein include the role of reward and hedonic aspects in the regulation of food intake, neuroanatomy and neurobiology of the reward system in animals and humans, responsivity of the brain reward system to palatable foods and drugs, translation of craving versus addiction, and cognitive control of food reward. The content is based on a workshop held in 2013 by the North American Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alonso-Alonso
- M. Alonso-Alonso is with the Center for the Study of Nutrition Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. S.C. Woods is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. M. Pelchat and G.K. Beauchamp are with the Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. P.S. Grigson is with the Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA. E. Stice is with the Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. S. Farooqi is with the Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. C.S. Khoo is with the North American Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA. R.D. Mattes is with the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
| | - Stephen C Woods
- M. Alonso-Alonso is with the Center for the Study of Nutrition Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. S.C. Woods is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. M. Pelchat and G.K. Beauchamp are with the Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. P.S. Grigson is with the Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA. E. Stice is with the Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. S. Farooqi is with the Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. C.S. Khoo is with the North American Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA. R.D. Mattes is with the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Marcia Pelchat
- M. Alonso-Alonso is with the Center for the Study of Nutrition Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. S.C. Woods is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. M. Pelchat and G.K. Beauchamp are with the Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. P.S. Grigson is with the Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA. E. Stice is with the Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. S. Farooqi is with the Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. C.S. Khoo is with the North American Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA. R.D. Mattes is with the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Patricia Sue Grigson
- M. Alonso-Alonso is with the Center for the Study of Nutrition Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. S.C. Woods is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. M. Pelchat and G.K. Beauchamp are with the Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. P.S. Grigson is with the Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA. E. Stice is with the Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. S. Farooqi is with the Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. C.S. Khoo is with the North American Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA. R.D. Mattes is with the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Eric Stice
- M. Alonso-Alonso is with the Center for the Study of Nutrition Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. S.C. Woods is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. M. Pelchat and G.K. Beauchamp are with the Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. P.S. Grigson is with the Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA. E. Stice is with the Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. S. Farooqi is with the Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. C.S. Khoo is with the North American Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA. R.D. Mattes is with the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Sadaf Farooqi
- M. Alonso-Alonso is with the Center for the Study of Nutrition Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. S.C. Woods is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. M. Pelchat and G.K. Beauchamp are with the Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. P.S. Grigson is with the Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA. E. Stice is with the Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. S. Farooqi is with the Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. C.S. Khoo is with the North American Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA. R.D. Mattes is with the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Chor San Khoo
- M. Alonso-Alonso is with the Center for the Study of Nutrition Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. S.C. Woods is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. M. Pelchat and G.K. Beauchamp are with the Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. P.S. Grigson is with the Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA. E. Stice is with the Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. S. Farooqi is with the Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. C.S. Khoo is with the North American Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA. R.D. Mattes is with the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Richard D Mattes
- M. Alonso-Alonso is with the Center for the Study of Nutrition Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. S.C. Woods is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. M. Pelchat and G.K. Beauchamp are with the Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. P.S. Grigson is with the Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA. E. Stice is with the Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. S. Farooqi is with the Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. C.S. Khoo is with the North American Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA. R.D. Mattes is with the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Gary K Beauchamp
- M. Alonso-Alonso is with the Center for the Study of Nutrition Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. S.C. Woods is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. M. Pelchat and G.K. Beauchamp are with the Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. P.S. Grigson is with the Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA. E. Stice is with the Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. S. Farooqi is with the Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. C.S. Khoo is with the North American Branch of the International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC, USA. R.D. Mattes is with the Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Colechio EM, Grigson PS. Conditioned Aversion for a Cocaine-Predictive Cue is Associated with Cocaine Seeking and Taking in Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 27:488-500. [PMID: 25673916 PMCID: PMC4321739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rats emit aversive taste reactivity (TR) behavior (i.e., gapes) following intraoral delivery of a cocaine-paired taste cue, and greater conditioned aversive TR in well-trained rats predicts greater drug-taking. Here, we used a between-groups design and tracked the development of this conditioned aversive TR behavior on a trial by trial basis in an effort to determine when the change in behavior occurs and at what point individual differences in cue reactivity become predictive of cocaine-seeking and cocaine-taking. The results demonstrate that conditioned aversive TR to a cocaine-predictive flavor cue appears very early in training (i.e., following as few as 1 to 2 taste-drug pairings), stabilizes quickly, and becomes predictive of terminal self-administration within 3 to 4 trials. Indeed, rats exhibiting high conditioned aversive TR to the cocaine-paired cue also exhibited greater goal-directed behavior, were faster to take drug, self-administered more cocaine, and exhibited greater seeking during periods of drug non-availability. High conditioned aversive TR, then, develops quickly and is associated with a greater motivation for drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Colechio
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Patricia S Grigson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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Colechio EM, Imperio CG, Grigson PS. Once is too much: conditioned aversion develops immediately and predicts future cocaine self-administration behavior in rats. Behav Neurosci 2014; 128:207-16. [PMID: 24773440 DOI: 10.1037/a0036264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Rats emit aversive taste reactivity (TR) behavior (i.e., gapes) following intraoral delivery of a cocaine-paired taste cue and greater conditioned aversive TR at the end of training predicts greater drug-seeking and taking. Here, we examined the development of this conditioned aversive TR behavior on a trial-by-trial basis in an effort to determine when the change in behavior occurs and whether early changes in this behavior can be used to predict later drug taking. The results show that conditioned aversive TR to a cocaine-paired cue occurs very early in training (i.e., following as few as 1-2 taste-drug pairings) and, importantly, that it can be used to predict later drug seeking and drug taking in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Colechio
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
| | - Caesar G Imperio
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
| | - Patricia S Grigson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
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Lydon DM, Wilson SJ, Child A, Geier CF. Adolescent brain maturation and smoking: what we know and where we're headed. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 45:323-42. [PMID: 25025658 PMCID: PMC4451244 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Smoking initiation often occurs during adolescence. This paper reviews and synthesizes adolescent development and nicotine dependence literatures to provide an account of adolescent smoking from onset to compulsive use. We extend neurobiological models of adolescent risk-taking, that focus on the interplay between incentive processing and cognitive control brain systems, through incorporating psychosocial and contextual factors specific to smoking, to suggest that adolescents are more vulnerable than adults to cigarette use generally, but that individual differences exist placing some adolescents at increased risk for smoking. Upon smoking, adolescents are more likely to continue smoking due to the increased positive effects induced by nicotine during this period. Continued use during adolescence, may be best understood as reflecting drug-related changes to neural systems underlying incentive processing and cognitive control, resulting in decision-making that is biased towards continued smoking. Persistent changes following nicotine exposure that may underlie continued dependence are described. We highlight ways that interventions may benefit from a consideration of cognitive-neuroscience findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lydon
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, 315 Health and Human Development - East, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Stephen J Wilson
- Department of Psychology, The College of the Liberal Arts, The Pennsylvania State University, 311 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Amanda Child
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, 315 Health and Human Development - East, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Charles F Geier
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, 315 Health and Human Development - East, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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Freet CS, Arndt A, Grigson PS. Compared with DBA/2J mice, C57BL/6J mice demonstrate greater preference for saccharin and less avoidance of a cocaine-paired saccharin cue. Behav Neurosci 2013; 127:474-84. [PMID: 23544599 PMCID: PMC3967761 DOI: 10.1037/a0032402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rats avoid intake of a saccharin cue when paired with a drug of abuse. While this is true for most subjects, the degree of avoidance of the drug-paired cue depends upon many factors including an individual rat's preference for rewards. That said, the direction of this effect is complex. For example, reward-preferring Lewis rats exhibit greater cocaine-induced avoidance of a saccharin cue relative to Fischer 344 rats; while reward-preferring mice that overexpress ΔFosB (NSE-tTA × TetOp-ΔFosB) exhibit less avoidance of the drug-paired taste cue compared to controls. The aim here was to use two strains of commonly used mice, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J, to determine whether known differences in sensitivity to rewards will facilitate or attenuate drug-induced suppression of intake of a drug-paired taste cue. The results of Experiment 1 demonstrate that C57BL/6J mice, compared with DBA/2J mice, exhibit attenuated suppression of saccharin intake when it is paired with cocaine. The results of Experiment 2 demonstrate that strain differences in impulsivity are not likely to account for these differences. It is proposed that, while the C57BL/6J mice typically are more responsive to drug, they also are more responsive to natural rewards (in this case saccharin), and the stronger preference for saccharin serves to militate against drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Freet
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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