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Seephonkai P, Theerapong T, Jaikhan S, Klinhom U, Kaewtong C. Characterisation of indole alkaloids and phenolic acids from wild mushroom Tropicoporus linteus and its chemical profiles compared with other Sanghuang mushrooms. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:198-205. [PMID: 35983727 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2112036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Two new indole alkaloids, 1-methylindole-7-methoxy-3-carboxaldehyde (2) and 7-methoxyindole-3-carboxaldehyde (4), together with 7-methoxyindole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester (1) and 1-methylindole-3-carbaldehyde (3) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of wild Sanghuang mushroom Tropicoporus linteus (TL663). TLC, 1H-NMR and LC-MS chemical profiles of this mushroom compared with other three genera of wild Sanghuang mushroom extracts were investigated. The TLC, 1H-NMR and LC-MS profiles of TL663 and Sanghuangporus sanghuang (SS664) were similar and significantly different from other mushrooms. These two samples indicated the same TLC chromatograms by showing prominent bands of 1 - 4 when observed under UV 254 nm and having sharp aldehyde proton signals of 3-carboxaldehyde indole type in 1H-NMR spectra. From LC-MS analyses, peaks of isolated compounds 1 - 4 and indole-3-carboxaldehyde (5) in TL663 extract and peaks of protocatechuic acid (6), caffeic aldehyde (7), caffeic acid (8) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone (9) phenolic acids in TL663 fraction were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapairat Seephonkai
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Thidaphon Theerapong
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Surutsawadee Jaikhan
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - Usa Klinhom
- Amazing Grace Health Products, Pathumthani, Muang, Thailand
| | - Chatthai Kaewtong
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
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Kwon HT, Lee Y, Kim J, Balaraju K, Kim HT, Jeon Y. Identification and Characterization of Bacillus tequilensis GYUN-300: An Antagonistic Bacterium Against Red Pepper Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in Korea. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:826827. [PMID: 35308370 PMCID: PMC8924438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.826827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracnose is a fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum species and has detrimental effects on many crops, including red pepper. This study used Bacillus tequilensis GYUN-300 (GYUN-300), which exhibit antagonistic activity against the fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum acutatum. This pathogen causes anthracnose that manifests primarily as a fruit rot in red pepper. There have been little efforts to identify antagonistic bacteria from mushrooms; this strain of bacteria was identified as B. tequilensis using BIOLOG and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. The genetic mechanism underpinning the biocontrol traits of GYUN-300 was characterized using the complete genome sequence of GYUN-300, which was closely compared to related strains. GYUN-300 inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of C. acutatum under in vitro conditions. Important antagonistic traits, such as siderophore production, solubilization of insoluble phosphate, and production of lytic enzymes (cellulase, protease, and amylase), were observed in GYUN-300, These trains promoted growth in terms of seed germination and vigorous seedling growth compared to the non-treated control. When red pepper fruits were treated with GYUN-300, the preventive and curative effects were 66.6 and 38.3% effective, respectively, in wounded red pepper fruits; there was no difference between the preventive and curative effects in non-wounded red pepper fruits. Furthermore, GYUN-300 was resistant to several commercial fungicides, indicating that GYUN-300 bacterial cells may also be used synergistically with chemical fungicides to increase biocontrol efficiency. Based on in vitro results, GYUN-300 played a role to control anthracnose disease effectively in field conditions when compared to other treatments and non-treated controls. The results from this study provide a better understanding of the GYUN-300 strain as an effective biocontrol agent against red pepper anthracnose; this form of biocontrol provides an environment-friendly alternative to chemical fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeok-Tae Kwon
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - Younmi Lee
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
- Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - Jungyeon Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - Kotnala Balaraju
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
- Agricultural Science and Technology Research Institute, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - Heung Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yongho Jeon
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
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Immunomodulatory potential of polysaccharides derived from plants and microbes: A narrative review. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Min GJ, Kang HW. Artificial Cultivation Characteristics and Bioactive Effects of Novel Tropicoporus linteus (Syn. Phellinus linteus) Strains HN00K9 and HN6036 in Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2021; 49:161-172. [PMID: 37970180 PMCID: PMC10635112 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2021.1892568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Phellinus strains were collected from different areas in Korea. Of them, the fast mycelial growing strains were artificially cultivated on the oak logs to produce fruiting body. The varieties, Phellinus linteus ASI26099 (Korea Sanghwang) and P. baumii PBJS (Jangsoo Sanghwang) were grown under the same conditions as controls. Their cultivating characteristics including mycelial colonization, pinhead formation, and fruiting body formation rate were investigated on the logs. Basidiocarps of Phellinus strains HN00K9, HN6036, and ASI26099 were concentrically zonate and shallowly sulcate, and dark chestnut showing typical characteristics of Tropicoporus linteus (synonyum: P. linteus, Inonotus linteus, polyporus linteus), which is distinguishably different to PBJS. HN00K9 showed the highest yield of fruiting body among the mushroom strains. The β-glucan content in fruiting bodies of HN00K9 was 20% higher than those of other strains. Bioactive effects of polysaccharide samples from fruiting bodies of Phellinus strains, HN00K9, HN6036, ASI26099, and PBJS were assessed on cell viability and cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) inhibition and finally on anticancer to different human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Jin Min
- Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Hankyong National University, Ansung, Korea
| | - Hee-Wan Kang
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Division of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Korea
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Sarfraz A, Rasul A, Sarfraz I, Shah MA, Hussain G, Shafiq N, Masood M, Adem Ş, Sarker SD, Li X. Hispolon: A natural polyphenol and emerging cancer killer by multiple cellular signaling pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 190:110017. [PMID: 32768475 PMCID: PMC7406431 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nature as an infinite treasure of chemotypes and pharmacophores will continue to play an imperative role in the drug discovery. Natural products (NPs) such as plant and fungal metabolites have emerged as leads in drug discovery during recent years due to their efficacy, safety and selectivity. The current review summarizes natural sources as well as pharmacological potential of hispolon which is a major constituent of traditional medicinal mushroom Phellinus linteus. The study aims to update the scientific community about recent developments of hispolon in the arena of natural drugs by providing insights into its present status in therapeutic pursuits. Hispolon, a polyphenol has been reported to possess anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. It fights against cancer via induction of apoptosis, halting cell cycle and inhibition of metastasis by targeting various cellular signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt, MAPK and NF-κB. The current review proposes that hispolon provides a novel opportunity for pharmacological applications and its styrylpyrone carbon skeleton might serve as an attractive scaffold for drug development. However, future researches are recommended to assess bioavailability, toxicological limits, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of hispolon, in order to establish its potential as a potent multi-targeted drug in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Sarfraz
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Iqra Sarfraz
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nusrat Shafiq
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Woman University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muqaddas Masood
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Şevki Adem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Çankırı Karatekin University, Uluyazı Campus Çankırı, Turkey
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, England, UK
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
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Li I, Chen CC, Sheu S, Huang I, Chen C. Optimized production and safety evaluation of hispidin-enriched Sanghuangporus sanghuang mycelia. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:1864-1873. [PMID: 32328252 PMCID: PMC7174198 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phellinus linteus, also known as the sanghuang mushroom, is a medicinal mushroom that has been recognized as beneficial to health for more thousands of years. Among its diverse valuable secondary metabolites, the yellow-brown styrylpyrone pigment hispidin has garnered significant attention due to its various pharmacological effects. However, recently after detailed morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies, the correct scientific name of the true sanghuang strains was shown not to be P. linteus but Sanghuangporus sanghuang. As the incorrect binomial name P. linteus has long been misleadingly referred, there is a need to evaluate the safety of S. sanghuang. Moreover, the growing conditions can impact the secondary metabolite profile of the fungi. Hence, this study is the first to optimize hispidin production and to investigate the genotoxic and oral toxic effects of hispidin-enriched S. sanghuang mycelia. In order to induce the biosynthesis of hispidin, 15 different culture media consisting of five carbon sources, five nitrogen sources, and five initial pH conditions were screened. Glucose and yeast extract at an initial pH of 5 were found to be the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for the optimal growth and production of hispidin. Moreover, the production of hispidin was 3 mg/g in a 20-ton bioreactor under optimal conditions. Furthermore, the ames test, in vitro chromosome aberration test, acute oral toxicity test, and bone marrow micronucleus test were used to detect toxicological properties of 3 mg/g hispidin-enriched S. sanghuang mycelia. In all tests, there was no statistically significant difference between the mycelia and the negative control. Based on the results obtained, the present study demonstrates that 3 mg/g hispidin-enriched S. sanghuang mycelia has a very low order of toxicity, which supports its safety for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- I‐Chen Li
- Biotech Research InstituteGrape King Bio LtdTaoyuanTaiwan
| | | | - Sen‐Je Sheu
- Biotech Research InstituteGrape King Bio LtdTaoyuanTaiwan
| | - I‐Hsuan Huang
- Department of Food Science and BiotechnologyDa‐Yeh UniversityChanghuaTaiwan
| | - Chin‐Chu Chen
- Biotech Research InstituteGrape King Bio LtdTaoyuanTaiwan
- Institute of Food Science and TechnologyNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Bioscience TechnologyChung Yuan Christian UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Nutraceutical BiotechnologyShih Chien UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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Regulation of cancer cell signaling pathways as key events for therapeutic relevance of edible and medicinal mushrooms. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 80:145-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Biochemical Properties and Effects on Mitochondrial Respiration of Aqueous Extracts of Basidiomycete Mushrooms. Cell Biochem Biophys 2020; 78:111-119. [PMID: 32062829 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-020-00901-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There are different varieties of mushrooms not yet studied spread all over the planet. The objective of this study was to evaluate biochemical properties and effects on mitochondrial respiration of eight Basidiomycete mushrooms: Flaviporus venustus EF30, Hydnopolyporus fimbriatus EF41 and EF44, Inonotus splitgerberi EF46, Oudemansiella canarii EF72, Perenniporia sp. EF79, Phellinus linteus EF81, and Pleurotus albidus EF84. Total phenols, ABTS, TEAC, FRAP, and ORAC were measured in order to determine the antioxidant capacity. Antimicrobial potential was studied by disc-diffusion and microdilution method. Cytotoxicity was determined in murine peritoneal macrophages. The bioenergetic aspects were evaluated by the uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondrias. The H. fimbriatus mushroom was the one that presented the most significant results for the antioxidant assays. Three mushrooms presented antimicrobial activity, indicating a potential for formulation of drugs. The results suggest that I. spligerberi has an uncoupling activity, even at the lowest concentration tested, dissipating the mitochondrial electrochemical gradient. On the other hand, P. albidus has effect only on succinate-oxidase activity without influencing mitochondrial respiratory efficiency. Therefore, both interfere negatively in mitochondrial respiration. In relation with the cytotoxicity in peritoneal macrophages, O. canarii and F. venustus were cytotoxic in this type of cells.
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The Biofunctional Effects of Mesima as a Radiosensitizer for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030871. [PMID: 32013255 PMCID: PMC7036851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The tropical basidiomycete fungus Phellinus linteus (Mesima) exhibits anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic, and immunomodulatory properties in various cancers including prostate, colon, and lung cancer along with melanoma by, for example, inducing apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. However, whether medina also facilitates treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the third global cause of cancer deaths, remains unknown. Here, we examined its potential as a radiosensitizer in HCC radiotherapy using human HCC Hep3B and HepG2 cell lines and xenograft tumors. Mesima pretreatment significantly enhanced HCC cell radiosensitivity in vitro and the combination of mesima + radiation treatment significantly reduced xenograft tumor growth and size in vivo compared to those with single treatments. Mechanistically, mesima significantly enhanced radiotherapy efficiency by inhibiting tumor cell survival through inducing apoptosis (assessed via annexin V), impairing cell cycle regulation (shown by flow cytometry), and reducing radiation-induced DNA damage repair (measured via γ-H2AX foci). Combination treatment also facilitated autophagic cell death beyond that from single treatments (assessed by quantifying stained acidic vesicular organelles), and diminished tumor cell metastatic potentials (shown by wound and Transwell assays). These findings support the synergistic anti-tumor effects of mesima combined with radiation and suggest scientific evidence for mesima as a radiosensitizer in HCC.
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Chen W, Tan H, Liu Q, Zheng X, Zhang H, Liu Y, Xu L. A Review: The Bioactivities and Pharmacological Applications of Phellinus linteus. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101888. [PMID: 31100959 PMCID: PMC6572527 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phellinus linteus is a popular medicinal mushroom that is widely used in China, Korea, Japan, and other Asian countries. P. linteus comprises various bioactive components, such as polysaccharides, triterpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and furans, and has proven to be an effective therapeutic agent in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment and the prevention of various diseases. A number of studies have reported that P. linteus possesses many biological activities useful for pharmacological applications, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and antifungal activities, as well as antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective effects. This review article briefly presents the recent progress made in understanding the bioactive components, biological activities, pharmacological applications, safety, and prospects of P. linteus, and provides helpful references and promising directions for further studies of P. linteus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Huiying Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Xiaohua Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Yuhong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Lingchuan Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Fungi and Resource Development in Shandong Province, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
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Shi H, Zhang M, Devahastin S. New Development of Efficient Processing Techniques on Typical Medicinal Fungi: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1613663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan Univiersity, Wuxi, China
| | - Sakamon Devahastin
- Advanced Food Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok Thailand
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Zou Y, Du F, Hu Q, Wang H. The structural characterization of a polysaccharide exhibiting antitumor effect from Pholiota adiposa mycelia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1724. [PMID: 30741980 PMCID: PMC6370848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PAP80-2a, purified from Pholiota adiposa mycelia, is a polysaccharide exhibiting prominent antitumor effects. However, the yield of PAP80-2a was low and its structure has not been characterized, impeding the exploration of its structure-function relationship, thus influencing the development of oral drugs for antitumor therapy and immunomodulation. In order to improve the yield of PAP80-2a, response surface methodology along with Box-Behnken design was applied to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction conditions for polysaccharides. Then, the structure of PAP80-2a exhibiting antitumor activity was determined from different angles. The results showed that the extraction yield of P. adiposa polysaccharides increased by 11.5% under optimized ultrasonic extraction conditions. Structural analysis showed that PAP80-2a was mainly composed of glucose, rhamnose, xylose, and galactose in a ratio of 10.00: 2.09: 4.09: 1.13. The total amino acid content in the sugar chain was 69.92 μg/mL. The sugar chain structure was [α-Rha (1 → 3)-]n, and rhamnose was located at the non-reducing end of the sugar chain, while glucose was located at the non-reducing end or in the sugar chain in 1,2,6- and 1,3,6-linked forms. Our study clearly illuminates the primary structure of PAP80-2a, but 3D structure of PAP80-2a and its structure–function relationship is a future challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zou
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fang Du
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qingxiu Hu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, 2 Yuanmingyuan West road, Beijing, 100193, China
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Lee MS, Kim MS, Yoo JK, Lee JY, Ju JE, Jeong YK. Enhanced anticancer effects of a mixture of low-dose mushrooms and Panax ginseng root extracts in human colorectal cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:1597-1604. [PMID: 28714027 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men and the second most common in women. As conventional colorectal cancer therapies result in various side effects, there is a need for adjuvant therapy that can enhance the conventional therapies without complications. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of combined mixture of the several medicinal mushrooms and Panax ginseng root extracts (also called Amex7) as an adjuvant compound in the treatment of human colorectal cancer. We observed the in vivo inhibitory effect of Amex7 (1.25, 6.25, and 12.5 ml/kg, oral administration, twice daily) on tumor growth in a mouse model xenografted with HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells. In vitro, at 6, 12, and 24 h after 4% Amex7 treatment, we analyzed cell cycle by flow cytometry and the expression levels of cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and DNA damage repair-related proteins using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining in HT-29 cell line. As a result, Amex7 significantly suppressed tumor growth in HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells and xenografts. In vitro, Amex7 induced G2/M arrest through the regulation of cell cycle proteins and cell death by apoptosis and autophagy. Additionally, Amex7 consistently induced DNA damage and delayed the repair of Amex7-induced DNA damage by reducing the level of HR repair proteins. In conclusion, Amex7 enhanced anticancer effects through the induction of G2/M arrest and cell death, including apoptosis and autophagy. Furthermore, Amex7 impaired DNA damage repair. The present study provides a scientific rationale for the clinical use of a combined mixture of medicinal mushrooms and P. ginseng root extracts as an adjuvant treatment in human colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi So Lee
- Radiation Non-clinical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kuk Yoo
- Han Kook Shin Yak Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Nonsan 33023, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Lee
- Radiation Non-clinical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Ju
- Radiation Non-clinical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Kyoung Jeong
- Radiation Non-clinical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
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Yan JK, Pei JJ, Ma HL, Wang ZB, Liu YS. Advances in antitumor polysaccharides from phellinus sensu lato: Production, isolation, structure, antitumor activity, and mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:1256-1269. [PMID: 26506312 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.984802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Edible and medicinal fungi (mushrooms) are widely applied to functional foods and nutraceutical products because of their proven nutritive and medicinal properties. Phellinus sensu lato is a well-known medicinal mushroom that has long been used in preventing ailments, including gastroenteric dysfunction, diarrhea, hemorrhage, and cancers, in oriental countries, particularly in China, Japan, and Korea. Polysaccharides represent a major class of bioactive molecules in Phellinus s. l., which have notable antitumor, immunomodulatory, and medicinal properties. Polysaccharides that were isolated from fruiting bodies, cultured mycelia, and filtrates of Phellinus s. l. have not only activated different immune responses of the host organism but have also directly suppressed tumor growth and metastasis. Studies suggest that polysaccharides from Phellinus s. l. are promising alternative anticancer agents or synergizers for existing antitumor drugs. This review summarizes the recent development of polysaccharides from Phellinus s. l., including polysaccharide production, extraction and isolation methods, chemical structure, antitumor activities, and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Kun Yan
- a School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Juan-Juan Pei
- a School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Hai-Le Ma
- a School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Zhen-Bin Wang
- a School of Food & Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Yuan-Shuai Liu
- b Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Kowloon, Hong Kong , Hong Kong
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Characterization of Polysaccharides with Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities from the Edible Mushroom Oudemansiella radicata. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020234. [PMID: 28165422 PMCID: PMC6155583 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The preliminary structure, in vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective activities of water-soluble polysaccharides (ORWP) and alkali-soluble polysaccharides (ORAP), prepared from the mushroom Oudemansiella radicata, were investigated. Both ORWP and ORAP were heteropolysaccharides with mannose, glucose and galactose being the main monosaccharide components. Regarding the antioxidant activities, ORWP and ORAP showed effective 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects, as well as moderate reducing power and Fe2+ chelating activity. For the hepatoprotective activity, administration of ORWP and ORAP prevented the increase in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in a carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage model, suppressed hepatic malondialdehyde formation and stimulated the activities of hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Thus, we speculate that ORWP and ORAP may protect the liver from CCl₄-induced hepatic damage via antioxidant mechanisms.
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Park HJ. Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice Suppress metastasis and Induce Apoptosis of Colon Cancer Cells by suppressing NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathways. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Mei Y, Zhu H, Hu Q, Liu Y, Zhao S, Peng N, Liang Y. A novel polysaccharide from mycelia of cultured Phellinus linteus displays antitumor activity through apoptosis. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 124:90-7. [PMID: 25839798 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two novel polysaccharides termed PLPS-1 and PLPS-2 were isolated from mycelia of cultured Phellinus linteus by hot water extraction, purified by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography, and structurally characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, GC-MS, periodate oxidation/Smith degradation, and methylation analysis. The monosaccharide compositions of PLPS-1 (MW 2.5×10(5)Da) and PLPS-2 (MW 2.8×10(4)Da) were respectively Glc, Ara, Fuc, Gal, and Xyl in molar ratio 21.964:1.336:1.182:1:1, and Glc, Gal, Man, Ara, Fuc, Xyl in molar ratio 14.368:2.594:1.956:1.552:1.466:1; i.e., both were heteropolysaccharides. The backbone of PLPS-1 consisted primarily of repeating α-d-Glc(1→4)-α-d-Glc(1→6) units, while that of PLPS-2 consisted of α-(1→3)-d-Glc and α-(1→6)-d-Glc. The side branches were also different in their carbohydrate components. In in vitro antitumor assays, PLPS-1 displayed strong anti-proliferative effect against S-180 sarcoma cells through apoptosis, whereas PLPS-2 had no such effect. The difference in antitumor activity between the two PLPS evidently results from their structural differences. PLPS-1 has potential as a novel anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Hai Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Qiming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shumiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Nan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yunxiang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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Gan D, Zeng X, Liu RH, Ye H. Potential mechanism of mycelium polysaccharide from Pholiota dinghuensis Bi in regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells through p38/MAPK pathway. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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21
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Pei JJ, Wang ZB, Ma HL, Yan JK. Structural features and antitumor activity of a novel polysaccharide from alkaline extract of Phellinus linteus mycelia. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 115:472-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Konno S, Chu K, Feuer N, Phillips J, Choudhury M. Potent Anticancer Effects of Bioactive Mushroom Extracts (Phellinus linteus) on a Variety of Human Cancer Cells. J Clin Med Res 2014; 7:76-82. [PMID: 25436023 PMCID: PMC4245057 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr1996w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although several therapeutic options are currently available for patients with various cancers, the outcomes are often disappointing and a more effective modality needs to be promptly established. We have been exploring an alternative approach using natural agents and two bioactive mushroom extracts isolated from Phellinus linteus (PL), namely PL-ES and PL-I-ES, were of our interest. As anticancer effects of similar extracts have been reported in several cancers, we investigated whether PL-ES and PL-I-ES might have such anticancer activities on a variety of human cancer cells in vitro. Methods Ten different types of human cancer cell lines, including three metastatic prostate, bladder, kidney, lung, breast, stomach, liver, and brain cancer cells, were employed and tested with PL-ES or PL-I-ES. Cell growth/viability, exertion of oxidative stress, and induction of apoptosis were assessed by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay, lipid peroxidation (LPO) assay, and specific enzymatic assay, respectively. Results PL-ES (100 µg/mL) exhibited potent anticancer activity, resulting in a significant (40-80%) growth reduction in all 10 cancer cells at 72 hours. PL-I-ES (100 µg/mL) was effective on only four cancer cells but its higher concentration at 250 µg/mL led to a significant (25-90%) growth reduction in seven cancer cells. LPO assays indicated that such a significant growth reduction by PL-ES (100 µg/mL) or PL-I-ES (100 or 250 µg/mL) could result from cell death due to a cytotoxic effect of oxidative stress (through free radicals). Moreover, enzymatic assays for caspase-3 (Csp-3) and caspase-9 (Csp-9), the pro-apoptotic regulators, showed that both enzymes were significantly activated by PL-ES or PL-I-ES, indicating that cell death due to oxidative stress was more likely associated with apoptosis. Conclusions The present study shows that both PL-ES and PL-I-ES indeed have anticancer effects on a variety of cancer cells, although PL-ES appears to be more potent than PL-I-ES. Such an anticancer effect is presumably attributed to oxidative stress, which will ultimately lead to apoptosis. Therefore, these two bioactive mushroom extracts may have clinical implications in a more effective therapeutic option for a variety of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sensuke Konno
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Chu
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas Feuer
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - John Phillips
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Muhammad Choudhury
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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Zhao C, Liao Z, Wu X, Liu Y, Liu X, Lin Z, Huang Y, Liu B. Isolation, Purification, and Structural Features of a Polysaccharide fromPhellinus linteusand Its Hypoglycemic Effect in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice. J Food Sci 2014; 79:H1002-10. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry Univ; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- Natl. Engineering Research Center of Juncao; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Zunsheng Liao
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry Univ; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Xiaoqi Wu
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry Univ; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Natl. Engineering Research Center of Juncao; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- College of Life Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry Univ; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry Univ; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Zhanxi Lin
- Natl. Engineering Research Center of Juncao; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- College of Life Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry Univ; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Yifan Huang
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry Univ; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- Natl. Engineering Research Center of Juncao; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- College of Animal Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry Univ; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry Univ; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- Natl. Engineering Research Center of Juncao; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
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Zeng YW, Yang JZ, Pu XY, Du J, Yang T, Yang SM, Zhu WH. Strategies of functional food for cancer prevention in human beings. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:1585-92. [PMID: 23679240 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.3.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional food for prevention of chronic diseases is one of this century's key global challenges. Cancer is not only the first or second leading cause of death in China and other countries across the world, but also has diet as one of the most important modifiable risk factors. Major dietary factors now known to promote cancer development are polished grain foods and low intake of fresh vegetables, with general importance for an unhealthy lifestyle and obesity. The strategies of cancer prevention in human being are increased consumption of functional foods like whole grains (brown rice, barley, and buckwheat) and by-products, as well some vegetables (bitter melon, garlic, onions, broccoli, and cabbage) and mushrooms (boletes and Tricholoma matsutake). In addition some beverages (green tea and coffee) may be protective. Southwest China (especially Yunnan Province) is a geographical area where functional crop production is closely related to the origins of human evolution with implications for anticancer influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Zeng
- Biotechnology and Genetic Germplasm Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunmin, China.
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Sun J, Chen QJ, Zhu MJ, Wang HX, Zhang GQ. An extracellular laccase with antiproliferative activity from the sanghuang mushroom Inonotus baumii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Kim JM, Park JD, Park DC, Kim BO. In vivo Antitumor Activity and Acute, Subacute Toxicity of Keumsa (Phellinus linteus) Extracts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2013.23.11.1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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27
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Bioactive metabolites from macrofungi: ethnopharmacology, biological activities and chemistry. FUNGAL DIVERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-013-0265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Lee S, Kim JI, Heo J, Lee I, Park S, Hwang MW, Bae JY, Park MS, Park HJ, Park MS. The anti-influenza virus effect of Phellinus igniarius extract. J Microbiol 2013; 51:676-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-3384-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Jiang CK, Lee KA, Kim CJ, Lee JY, Hur SJ, Lee SK. Quality characteristics of Cheonggukjang containing Phellinus linteus extracts and antitumor effects in hep-2 and SK-MES cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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30
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Jeon TI, Jung CH, Cho JY, Park DK, Moon JH. Identification of an anticancer compound against HT-29 cells from Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3:785-9. [PMID: 24075343 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To isolate and identify the anticancer compound against proliferation of human colon cancer cells from ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of Phellinus linteus grown on germinated brown rice (PB). METHODS EtOAc extract of PB was partitioned with n-hexane, EtOAc, and water-saturated n-butanol. Anticancer compound of n-hexane layer was isolated and identified by HPLC and NMR, respectively. Cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells was tested by SRB assay. RESULTS The n-hexane layer obtained after solvent fractionation of PB EtOAc extracts showed a potent anticancer activity against the HT-29 cell line. Atractylenolide I, a eudesmane-type sesquiterpene lactone, a major anticancer substance of PB, was isolated from the n-hexane layer by silica gel column chromatography and preparative-HPLC. This structure was elucidated by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic data. Atractylenolide I has not been reported in mushrooms or rice as of yet. The isolated compound dose-dependently inhibited the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Atractylenolide I might contribute to the anticancer effect of PB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Il Jeon
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Chonnam National University, Korea
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31
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Kim YN, Kim MS, Chun SS, Choi JH. Effect of Phellius linteus water extract on benign prostatic hyperplasia. Nutr Res Pract 2013; 7:172-7. [PMID: 23766877 PMCID: PMC3679325 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2013.7.3.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases among elderly men. As the old-age population is increasing recently, it is to our interest to observe the growing BPH within them. In BPH, the dihydrotestosterone (DHT) acts as promotes prostate growth. It inhibits enzyme 5α-reductase that is involved in the conversion of testosterone to the DHT activity which reduces the excessive prostate growth. Through experiments, the effects of Phellius linteus water extract performed on the BPH rats were induced by testosterone treatments. For 12 weeks, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with testosterone for the induction of BPH. Rats were divided into four experimental groups: the not treated group (N), the testosterone injection and D.W treatment group (TN), the testosterone injection and Phellinus linteus treatment group (TP) and testosterone injection and finasteride treatment group (TF). Prostate weight, volume and weight ratio in the TP group and the TF group were significantly lower than the TN group. Testosterone and DHT levels in the TN group were significantly higher than that of the N group. And the TP group was significantly decreased than that of the TN group. While prostates of control rats revealed severe acinar gland atrophy and stromal proliferation; the TP and TF groups showed trophic symptoms and were lined by flattened epithelial cells, thus, the stromal proliferation is relatively low as compared to the TN group. These suggest that Phellinus linteus water extracts may be an useful remedy for treating the benign prostatic hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Na Kim
- Department of Food Science, International University of Korea, Gyeongnam 660-759, Korea
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Sun LX, Lin ZB, Duan XS, Lu J, Ge ZH, Li M, Xing EH, Lan TF, Jiang MM, Yang N, Li WD. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides counteract inhibition on CD71 and FasL expression by culture supernatant of B16F10 cells upon lymphocyte activation. Exp Ther Med 2013; 5:1117-1122. [PMID: 23596479 PMCID: PMC3628224 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to tumor-associated antigens are often detectable in tumor-bearing hosts, but they fail to eliminate malignant cells or prevent development of metastases. Tumor cells produce factors such as interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that suppress the function of immune cells or induce apoptosis of immune cells. Culture supernatant of tumor cells may contain these immunosuppressive factors which suppress lymphocyte activation. CD71 and FasL are two important molecules that are expressed upon lymphocyte activation. Counteraction against suppression CD71 and FasL expression upon lymphocyte activation may benefit tumor control. A potential component with this effect is Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS). In this study, Gl-PS was used on lymphocytes incubating with culture supernatant of B16F10 melanoma cells (B16F10-CS) in the presence of phytohemagglutinin. Following induction with phytohemagglutinin, B16F10-CS suppressed CD71 expression in lymphocytes (as detected by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry), proliferation in lymphocytes (as detected by MTT assay), and FasL expression in lymphocytes (as detected by immunocytochemistry and western blot analysis), while Gl-PS fully or partially counteracted these suppressions. Gl-PS showed counteractive effects against suppression induced by B16F10-CS on CD71 and FasL expression upon lymphocyte activation, suggesting the potential of Gl-PS to facilitate cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Sun
- The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei 067000
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