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Ren C, Zhou Y, Liu W, Wang Q. Paradoxical effects of arsenic in the lungs. Environ Health Prev Med 2021; 26:80. [PMID: 34388980 PMCID: PMC8364060 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-021-00998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels (> 100 ug/L) of arsenic are known to cause lung cancer; however, whether low (≤ 10 ug/L) and medium (10 to 100 ug/L) doses of arsenic will cause lung cancer or other lung diseases, and whether arsenic has dose-dependent or threshold effects, remains unknown. Summarizing the results of previous studies, we infer that low- and medium-concentration arsenic cause lung diseases in a dose-dependent manner. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is recognized as a chemotherapeutic drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), also having a significant effect on lung cancer. The anti-lung cancer mechanisms of ATO include inhibition of proliferation, promotion of apoptosis, anti-angiogenesis, and inhibition of tumor metastasis. In this review, we summarized the role of arsenic in lung disease from both pathogenic and therapeutic perspectives. Understanding the paradoxical effects of arsenic in the lungs may provide some ideas for further research on the occurrence and treatment of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Lung Cancer, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Liaoning Clinical Research Center for Lung Cancer, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Hu X, Cai J, Zhu J, Lang W, Zhong J, Zhong H, Chen F. Arsenic trioxide potentiates Gilteritinib-induced apoptosis in FLT3-ITD positive leukemic cells via IRE1a-JNK-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:250. [PMID: 32565734 PMCID: PMC7298957 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3-internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) have a high relapse rate and poor prognosis. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanism of combining Gilteritinib with ATO at low concentration in the treatment of FLT3-ITD positive leukemias. Methods We used both in vitro and in vivo studies to investigate the effects of combination of Gilteritinib with ATO at low concentration on FLT3-ITD positive leukemias, together with the underlying molecular mechanisms of these processes. Results Combination of Gilteritinib with ATO showed synergistic effects on inhibiting proliferation, increasing apoptosis and attenuating invasive ability in FLT3-ITD-mutated cells and reducing tumor growth in nude mice. Results of western blot indicated that Gilteritinib increased a 160KD form of FLT3 protein on the surface of cell membrane. Detection of endoplasmic reticulum stress marker protein revealed that IRE1a and its downstream signal phosphorylated JNK were suppressed in Gilteritinib-treated FLT3-ITD positive cells. The downregulation of IRE1a induced by Gilteritinib was reversed with addition of ATO. Knockdown of IRE1a diminished the combinatorial effects of Gilteritinib plus ATO treatment and combination of tunicamycin (an endoplasmic reticulum pathway activator) with Gilteritinib achieved the similar effect as treatment with Gilteritinib plus ATO. Conclusions Thus, ATO at low concentration potentiates Gilteritinib-induced apoptosis in FLT3-ITD positive leukemic cells via IRE1a-JNK signal pathway, targeting IRE1a to cooperate with Gilteritinib may serve as a new theoretical basis on FLT3-ITD mutant AML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Jiayi Cai
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Jianyi Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Wenjing Lang
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Jihua Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127 China
| | - Fangyuan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127 China
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Kuo YJ, Liu YJ, Way TD, Chiang SY, Lin JG, Chung JG. Synergistic inhibition of leukemia WEHI-3 cell growth by arsenic trioxide and Hedyotis diffusa Willd extract in vitro and in vivo. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:3388-3396. [PMID: 28587418 PMCID: PMC5450767 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is clinically used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL); however, the therapeutic dose of ATO may prompt critical cardiac side effects. Combination therapy may be used to improve the therapeutic efficiency. To evaluate this possibility, the present study determined the combined effects of Hedyotis diffusa Willd (HDW) extract and ATO in leukemic WEHI-3 cells. The results demonstrated that co-treatment of HDW with ATO resulted in a synergistic augmentation of cytotoxicity in cells at the concentration tested. In order to investigate the potential therapeutic application for leukemia, the combined effects of HDW and ATO were analyzed on the WEHI-3 cell-induced orthotopic leukemia animal model in vivo. The WEHI-3 cells in mice with leukemia were established by injecting murine WEHI-3 cells into BALB/c mice, and treating them with HDW and/or combined with ATO. The results indicated that HDW alone or HDW combined with ATO promoted the total survival rate of mice with leukemia, and these effects are dose-dependent. HDW alone or HDW combined with ATO did not affect the body weight, decreased the spleen weight and did not affect the liver weight. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that HDW alone or HDW combined with ATO resulted in a synergistic augmentation of apoptosis in WEHI-3 cells at the concentration tested. In order to further reveal the detailed mechanism of this synergistic effect on apoptosis, apoptosis-related proteins were also evaluated. The data revealed that HDW alone or HDW combined with ATO induced the expression of death receptor 4 (DR4) and DR5 and the activation of poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase, caspase-3, -8 and -9. Furthermore, HDW alone or HDW combined with ATO decreased the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2, B-cell lymphoma-extra large and survivin, and increased the expression levels of Bak and t-Bid. Altogether, the results indicate that the combination of HDW with ATO may be a promising strategy used to increase the clinical efficacy of ATO in the treatment of APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jui Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital, Tainan 70173, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yan-Jin Liu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tzong-Der Way
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Su-Yin Chiang
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jaung-Geng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Eskandari F, Momeni HR. Protective effect of silymarin on viability, motility and mitochondrial membrane potential of ram sperm treated with sodium arsenite. Int J Reprod Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.29252/ijrm.14.6.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Mandal S, Chaudhuri K. Engineered magnetic core shell nanoprobes: Synthesis and applications to cancer imaging and therapeutics. World J Biol Chem 2016; 7:158-167. [PMID: 26981204 PMCID: PMC4768120 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v7.i1.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic core shell nanoparticles are composed of a highly magnetic core material surrounded by a thin shell of desired drug, polymer or metal oxide. These magnetic core shell nanoparticles have a wide range of applications in biomedical research, more specifically in tissue imaging, drug delivery and therapeutics. The present review discusses the up-to-date knowledge on the various procedures for synthesis of magnetic core shell nanoparticles along with their applications in cancer imaging, drug delivery and hyperthermia or cancer therapeutics. Literature in this area shows that magnetic core shell nanoparticle-based imaging, drug targeting and therapy through hyperthermia can potentially be a powerful tool for the advanced diagnosis and treatment of various cancers.
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Walker AM, Stevens JJ, Ndebele K, Tchounwou PB. Evaluation of Arsenic Trioxide Potential for Lung Cancer Treatment: Assessment of Apoptotic Mechanisms and Oxidative Damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 8:1-9. [PMID: 27158419 PMCID: PMC4856166 DOI: 10.4172/1948-5956.1000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is one of the most lethal and common cancers in the world, causing up to 3 million deaths annually. The chemotherapeutic drugs that have been used in treating lung cancer include cisplatin-pemetrexed, cisplastin-gencitabinoe, carboplatin-paclitaxel and crizotinib. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been used in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. However, its effects on lung cancer are not known. We hypothesize that ATO may also have a bioactivity against lung cancer, and its mechanisms of action may involve apoptosis, DNA damage and changes in stress-related proteins in lung cancer cells. Methods To test the above stated hypothesis, lung carcinoma (A549) cells were used as the test model. The effects of ATO were examined by performing 6-diamidine-2 phenylindole (DAPI) nuclear staining for morphological characterization of apoptosis, flow cytometry analysis for early apoptosis, and western blot analysis for stress-related proteins (Hsp70 and cfos) and apoptotic protein expressions. Also, the single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay was used to evaluate the genotoxic effect. Results ATO-induced apoptosis was evidenced by chromatin condensation and formation of apoptotic bodies as revealed by DAPI nuclear staining. Cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing were observed at 4 and 6 µg/ml of ATO. Data from the western blot analysis revealed a significant dose-dependent increase (p < 0.05) in the Hsp 70, caspase 3 and p53 protein expression, and a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the cfos, and bcl-2 protein expression at 4 and 6 µg/ml of ATO. There was a slight decrease in cytochrome c protein expression at 4 and 6 µg/ ml of ATO. Comet assay data revealed significant dose-dependent increases in the percentages of DNA damage, Comet tail lengths, and Comet tail moment. Conclusion Taken together our results indicate that ATO is cytotoxic to lung cancer cells and its bioactivity is associated with oxidative damage, changes in cellular morphology, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Walker
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Research Laboratory, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jacqueline J Stevens
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Research Laboratory, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Kenneth Ndebele
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Research Laboratory, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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Graham B, Stevens J, Wells P, Sims J, Rogers C, Leggett SS, Ekunwe S, Ndebele K. Enhancement of arsenic trioxide-mediated changes in human induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:7524-36. [PMID: 25054231 PMCID: PMC4113892 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110707524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPS) are an artificially derived type of pluripotent stem cell, showing many of the same characteristics as natural pluripotent stem cells. IPS are a hopeful therapeutic model; however there is a critical need to determine their response to environmental toxins. Effects of arsenic on cells have been studied extensively; however, its effect on IPS is yet to be elucidated. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis and genotoxicity in many cells. Based on ATOs action in other cells, we hypothesize that it will induce alterations in morphology, inhibit cell viability and induce a genotoxic effect on IPS. Cells were treated for 24 hours with ATO (0-9 µg/mL). Cell morphology, viability and DNA damage were documented. Results indicated sufficient changes in morphology of cell colonies mainly in cell ability to maintain grouping and ability to remain adherent. Cell viability decreased in a dose dependent manner. There were significant increases in tail length and moment as well as destruction of intact DNA as concentration increased. Exposure to ATO resulted in a reproducible dose dependent sequence of events marked by changes in morphology, decrease of cell viability, and induction of genotoxicity in IPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Graham
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Target Validation, Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Jacqueline Stevens
- RCMI Molecular Core Lab, Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Phatia Wells
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Target Validation, Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Jennifer Sims
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Target Validation, Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Christian Rogers
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Sophia S Leggett
- Department of Behavioral and Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Stephen Ekunwe
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
| | - Kenneth Ndebele
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Target Validation, Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA.
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Arsenic trioxide inhibits Hedgehog, Notch and stem cell properties in glioblastoma neurospheres. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:31. [PMID: 24685274 PMCID: PMC3977902 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Notch and Hedgehog signaling have been implicated in the pathogenesis and stem-like characteristics of glioblastomas, and inhibitors of the pathways have been suggested as new therapies for these aggressive tumors. It has also been reported that targeting both pathways simultaneously can be advantageous in treating glioblastoma neurospheres, but this is difficult to achieve in vivo using multiple agents. Since arsenic trioxide has been shown to inhibit both Notch and Hedgehog in some solid tumors, we examined its effects on these pathways and on stem cell phenotype in glioblastoma. Results We found that arsenic trioxide suppresses proliferation and promotes apoptosis in three stem-like glioblastoma neurospheres lines, while inhibiting Notch and Hedgehog target genes. Importantly, arsenic trioxide markedly reduced clonogenic capacity of the tumor neurospheres, and the stem-like CD133-positive fraction was also diminished along with expression of the stem cell markers SOX2 and CD133. Conclusions Our results suggest that arsenic trioxide may be effective in targeting stem-like glioblastoma cells in patients by inhibiting Notch and Hedgehog activity.
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yang L, Cai B, Li J, Zhou Y, Yin L, Yang L, Yang BF, Lu YJ. Arsenic trioxide induces the apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells through activation of caspase-3 and inhibition of HERG channels. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:481-486. [PMID: 22977528 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) has been widely used to treat patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia and has also been shown to exhibit therapeutic effects on various types of solid tumors, including gastric cancer and lung carcinoma. Breast cancer is a type of solid tumor whose incidence has been increasing for many years. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of As(2)O(3) on the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, and to explore its potential mechanisms. The MTT assay demonstrated that As(2)O(3) decreased the cellular viability of MCF-7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Morphological observation, the TUNEL assay and flow cytometric analysis revealed that apoptosis was involved in the process. An assay for caspase-3 activity suggested that the apoptosis was mediated through caspase-3 activation. Further investigation indicated that protein levels of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) were markedly downregulated by As(2)O(3). Taken together, the results indicate that arsenic trioxide induces the apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells at least in part through the activation of caspase-3 and the decrease in HERG expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine and Pharmaceutics, and
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Walker AM, Stevens JJ, Ndebele K, Tchounwou PB. Arsenic trioxide modulates DNA synthesis and apoptosis in lung carcinoma cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:1996-2007. [PMID: 20632473 PMCID: PMC2864039 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7051996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide, the trade name Trisenox, is a drug used to treat acute promyleocytic leukemia (APL). Studies have demonstrated that arsenic trioxide slows cancer cells growth. Although arsenic influences numerous signal-transduction pathways, cell-cycle progression, and/or apoptosis, its apoptotic mechanisms are complex and not entirely delineated. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of arsenic trioxide on DNA synthesis and to determine whether arsenic-induced apoptosis is mediated via caspase activation, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and cell cycle arrest. To achieve this goal, lung cancer cells (A549) were exposed to various concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 microg/mL) of arsenic trioxide for 48 h. The effect of arsenic trioxide on DNA synthesis was determined by the [3H]thymidine incorporation assay. Apoptosis was determined by the caspase-3 fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) assay, p38 MAP kinase activity was determined by an immunoblot assay, and cell-cycle analysis was evaluated by the propidium iodide assay. The [3H]thymidine-incorporation assay revealed a dose-related cytotoxic response at high levels of exposure. Furthermore, arsenic trioxide modulated caspase 3 activity and induced p38 MAP kinase activation in A549 cells. However, cell-cycle studies showed no statistically significant differences in DNA content at subG1 check point between control and arsenic trioxide treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M. Walker
- Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH RCMI-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 JR Lynch Street, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA; E-Mail:
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Research Laboratory, NIH RCMI-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 JR Lynch Street, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Jacqueline J. Stevens
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Research Laboratory, NIH RCMI-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 JR Lynch Street, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Kenneth Ndebele
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology: Target Identification and Validation, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 JR Lynch Street, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Paul B. Tchounwou
- Molecular Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH RCMI-Center for Environmental Health, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 JR Lynch Street, Box 18540, Jackson, MS 39217, USA; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +1-601-979-0777; Fax: +1-601-979-0570
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Yook YJ, Seo YJ, Kang HJ, Ko SH, Shin HY, Lee JJ, Jeong G, Ahn HS. Induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α inhibits drug-induced apoptosis in the human leukemic cell line HL-60. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2010; 45:158-63. [PMID: 21120203 PMCID: PMC2983039 DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2010.45.3.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukemic cells originate from hypoxic bone marrow, which protects them from anti-cancer drugs. Although many factors that cause drug resistance in leukemic cells have been studied, the effect of hypoxia on drug-induced apoptosis is still poorly understood. METHODS In this study, we examined the effect of hypoxia on anti-leukemic drug resistance in leukemic cell lines treated with cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)), a hypoxia-mimetic agent. Cellular proliferation was evaluated using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Flow cytometry analysis and western blots were performed to investigate apoptosis-related proteins. RESULTS Unlike its previously known apoptotic effect, the expression of HIF-1α increased the survival rate of human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells when these cells were exposed to anti-leukemic drugs; these effects were mediated by heat-shock protein HSP70 and the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. CONCLUSION These findings may provide new insights for understanding the mechanisms underlying hypoxia and for designing new therapeutic strategies for acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Joo Yook
- Department of Pediatrics, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Jutooru I, Chadalapaka G, Sreevalsan S, Lei P, Barhoumi R, Burghardt R, Safe S. Arsenic trioxide downregulates specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors and inhibits bladder cancer cell and tumor growth. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:2174-88. [PMID: 20435036 PMCID: PMC2900380 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide exhibits antiproliferative, antiangiogenic and proapoptotic activity in cancer cells, and many genes associated with these responses are regulated by specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors. Treatment of cancer cells derived from urologic (bladder and prostate) and gastrointestinal (pancreas and colon) tumors with arsenic trioxide demonstrated that these cells exhibited differential responsiveness to the antiproliferative effects of this agent and this paralleled their differential repression of Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 proteins in the same cell lines. Using arsenic trioxide-responsive KU7 and non-responsive 253JB-V bladder cancer cells as models, we show that in KU7 cells, < or =5 microM arsenic trioxide decreased Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 and several Sp-dependent genes and responses including cyclin D1, epidermal growth factor receptor, bcl-2, survivin and vascular endothelial growth factor, whereas at concentrations up to 15 microM, minimal effects were observed in 253JB-V cells. Arsenic trioxide also inhibited tumor growth in athymic mice bearing KU7 cells as xenografts, and expression of Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 was significantly decreased. Inhibitors of oxidative stress such as glutathione or dithiothreitol protected KU7 cells from arsenic trioxide-induced antiproliferative activity and Sp repression, whereas glutathione depletion sensitized 253JB-V cells to arsenic trioxide. Mechanistic studies suggested that arsenic trioxide-dependent downregulation of Sp and Sp-dependent genes was due to decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and induction of reactive oxygen species, and the role of peroxides in mediating these responses was confirmed using hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Jutooru
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466 USA
| | - Gayathri Chadalapaka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466 USA
| | - Sandeep Sreevalsan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466 USA
| | - Ping Lei
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX 77030-3303 USA
| | - Rola Barhoumi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458 USA
| | - Robert Burghardt
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458 USA
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4466 USA
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX 77030-3303 USA
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Salazar AM, Miller HL, McNeely SC, Sordo M, Ostrosky-Wegman P, States JC. Suppression of p53 and p21CIP1/WAF1 reduces arsenite-induced aneuploidy. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:357-64. [PMID: 20000476 DOI: 10.1021/tx900353v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploidy and extensive chromosomal rearrangements are common in human tumors. The role of DNA damage response proteins p53 and p21(CIP1/WAF1) in aneugenesis and clastogenesis was investigated in telomerase immortalized diploid human fibroblasts using siRNA suppression of p53 and p21(CIP1/WAF1). Cells were exposed to the environmental carcinogen sodium arsenite (15 and 20 microM), and the induction of micronuclei (MN) was evaluated in binucleated cells using the cytokinesis-block assay. To determine whether MN resulted from missegregation of chromosomes or from chromosomal fragments, we used a fluorescent in situ hybridization with a centromeric DNA probe. Micronuclei were predominantly of clastogenic origin in control cells regardless of p53 or p21(CIP1/WAF1) expression. MN with centromere signals in cells transfected with NSC siRNA or Mock increased 30% after arsenite exposure, indicating that arsenite induced aneuploidy in the tGM24 cells. Although suppression of p53 increased the fraction of arsenite-treated cells with MN, it caused a decrease in the fraction with centromeric DNA. Suppression of p21(CIP1/WAF1) like p53 suppression decreased the fraction of MN with centromeric DNA. Our results suggest that cells lacking normal p53 function cannot become aneuploid because they die by mitotic arrest-associated apoptosis, whereas cells with normal p53 function that are able to exit from mitotic arrest can become aneuploid. Furthermore, our current results support this role for p21(CIP1/WAF1) since suppression of p21(CIP1/WAF1) caused a decrease in aneuploidy induced by arsenite, suggesting that p21(CIP1/WAF1) plays a role in mitotic exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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Momeny M, Zakidizaji M, Ghasemi R, Dehpour AR, Rahimi-Balaei M, Abdolazimi Y, Ghavamzadeh A, Alimoghaddam K, Ghaffari SH. Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis in NB-4, an acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line, through up-regulation of p73 via suppression of nuclear factor kappa B-mediated inhibition of p73 transcription and prevention of NF-kappaB-mediated induction of XIAP, cIAP2, BCL-XL and survivin. Med Oncol 2009; 27:833-42. [PMID: 19763917 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-009-9294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effects of arsenic trioxide (ATO) on human acute promyelocytic leukemia NB-4 cells. Microculture tetrazolium test, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) cell proliferation assay, caspase 3 activity assay, cell-based nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) phosphorylation measurement by ELISA and real-time RT-PCR were employed to appraise the effects of ATO on metabolic activity, DNA synthesis, induction of programmed cell death and NF-kappaB activation. The suppressive effects of ATO on metabolic potential, cell proliferation and NF-kappaB activation were associated with induction of apoptosis in NB-4 cells. In addition, an expressive enhancement in mRNA levels of p73, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21), tumor protein 53-induced nuclear protein 1 (TP53INP1), WNK lysine deficient protein kinase 2 (WNK2) and lipocalin 2 coupled with a significant reduction in transcriptional levels of NF-kappaB inhibitor beta (IKK2), Nemo, BCL2-like 1 (BCL-X(L)), inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (cIAP2), X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), survivin, Bcl-2, TIP60, ataxia telangiectasia (ATM), SHP-2 and sirtuin (SIRT1) were observed. Altogether, these issues show for the first time that ATO treatment could trammel cell growth and proliferation as well as induces apoptosis in NB-4 cells through induction of transcriptional levels of p73, TP53INP1, WNK2, lipocalin 2 as well as suppression of NF-kappaB-mediated induction of BCL-X(L), cIAP2, XIAP and survivin. Furthermore, the inductionary effects of ATO on transcriptional stimulation of p73 might be through cramping the NF-kappaB module (through suppression of p65 phosphorylation as well as transcriptional hindering of IKK2, ATM and Nemo) along with diminishing the mRNA expression of TIP60, SHP-2 and SIRT1.
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MESH Headings
- Acute-Phase Proteins/biosynthesis
- Acute-Phase Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Arsenic Trioxide
- Arsenicals/pharmacology
- Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins
- Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 3 Protein
- Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Caspase 3/biosynthesis
- Caspase 3/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor/pathology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/biosynthesis
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Heat-Shock Proteins/biosynthesis
- Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- Histone Acetyltransferases/biosynthesis
- Histone Acetyltransferases/genetics
- Humans
- I-kappa B Kinase/biosynthesis
- I-kappa B Kinase/genetics
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/biosynthesis
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/genetics
- Lipocalin-2
- Lipocalins/biosynthesis
- Lipocalins/genetics
- Lysine Acetyltransferase 5
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/biosynthesis
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Oxides/pharmacology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/biosynthesis
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Sirtuin 1/biosynthesis
- Sirtuin 1/genetics
- Survivin
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tumor Protein p73
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/biosynthesis
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
- X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein/biosynthesis
- X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein/genetics
- bcl-X Protein/biosynthesis
- bcl-X Protein/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Momeny
- Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Duan Q, Komissarova E, Dai W. Arsenic trioxide suppresses paclitaxel-induced mitotic arrest. Cell Prolif 2009; 42:404-11. [PMID: 19397590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To understand if there exists a functional interaction between arsenic trioxide and paclitaxel in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS HeLa and HCT116 (rho53(+/+) and rho53(-/-)) cells were treated with As2O3 and/or paclitaxel for various times. Treated cells were collected for analyses using a combination of flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy and Western blotting. RESULTS Because As(2)O(3) is capable of inhibiting tubulin polymerization and inducing mitotic arrest, we examined whether there existed any functional interaction between As(2)O(3) and paclitaxel, a well-known microtubule poison. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy revealed that although As(2)O(3) alone caused a moderate level of mitotic arrest, it greatly attenuated paclitaxel-induced mitotic arrest in cells with p53 deficiency. Western blot analysis showed that As(2)O(3) significantly blocked phosphorylation of BubR1, Cdc20, and Cdc27 in cells treated with paclitaxel, suggesting that arsenic compromised the activation of the spindle checkpoint. Our further studies revealed that the attenuation of paclitaxel-induced mitotic arrest by As(2)O(3) resulted primarily from sluggish cell cycle progression at S phase but not enhanced mitotic exit. CONCLUSION The observations that As(2)O(3) has a negative impact on the cell cycle checkpoint activation by taxol should have significant clinical implications because the efficacy of taxol in the clinics is associated with its ability to induce mitotic arrest and subsequent mitotic catastrophe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Duan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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16
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Merkel O, Heyder C, Asslaber D, Hamacher F, Tinhofer I, Holler C, Stöcher M, Prokesch A, Papak C, Scheideler M, Trajanoski Z, Greil R. Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis preferentially in B-CLL cells of patients with unfavourable prognostic factors including del17p13. J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:541-52. [PMID: 18297255 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-008-0314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, arsenic trioxide (As2O3) has been used very successfully to treat acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL). Much less is known about the effectiveness of As2O3 in other neoplastic disorders. In this paper, we report that after 18 h in vitro treatment with 4 microM As2O3, 75+/-18% of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) cells (n=52) underwent apoptosis. It is important to note that B-CLL cells harboring a deletion of chromosome 17p13, which predisposes to fludarabine resistance and has been identified as an important negative predictor of clinical outcome, were more susceptible to As2O3 toxicity than cells lacking this aberration. Furthermore, unfavourable risk profiles such as unmutated IgVH status, high CD38 expression and prior treatment were associated with significantly higher sensitivity of B-CLL cells to As2O3. As2O3 also preferentially killed B-CLL cells compared to B cells from healthy age-matched controls. Molecular analysis revealed that basal superoxide dismutase activity was positively correlated with the pro-apoptotic activity of As2O3 pointing to a role of reactive oxygen species in cell death induction. The high activity of As2O3 in B-CLL cells from high-risk patients makes it a promising drug for high-risk and/or fludarabine-refractory B-CLL patients.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Arsenic Trioxide
- Arsenicals/pharmacology
- Caspases/metabolism
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Female
- Free Radical Scavengers/pharmacology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Oxides/pharmacology
- Oxides/toxicity
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
- Vidarabine/analogs & derivatives
- Vidarabine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Merkel
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, IIIrd Medical Department with Hematology, Medical Oncology, Hemostaseology, Rheumatology and Infectiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
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17
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Park MT, Kang YH, Park IC, Kim CH, Lee YS, Chung HY, Lee SJ. Combination treatment with arsenic trioxide and phytosphingosine enhances apoptotic cell death in arsenic trioxide-resistant cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:82-92. [PMID: 17237268 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to anticancer drugs can sometimes be overcome by combination treatment with other therapeutic drugs. Here, we showed that phytosphingosine treatment in combination with arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) enhanced cell death of naturally As(2)O(3)-resistant human myeloid leukemia cells. The combination treatment induced an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species level, mitochondrial relocalization of Bax, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activation, and cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. N-acetyl-l-cysteine, a thiol-containing antioxidant, completely blocked Bax relocalization, PARP-1 activation, and cytochrome c release. Pretreatment of 3,4-dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy]-1(2H)-isoquinolinone, a PARP-1 inhibitor, or PARP-1/small interfering RNA partially attenuated cytochrome c release, whereas the same treatment did not affect Bax relocalization. The combination treatment induced selective activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Inhibition of p38 MAPK by treatment of SB203580 or expression of dominant-negative forms of p38 MAPK suppressed the combination treatment-induced Bax relocalization but did not affect PARP-1 activation. In addition, antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine completely blocked p38 MAPK activation. These results indicate that phytosphingosine in combination with As(2)O(3) induces synergistic apoptosis in As(2)O(3)-resistant leukemia cells through the p38 MAPK-mediated mitochondrial translocation of Bax and the PARP-1 activation, and that p38 MAPK and PARP-1 activations are reactive oxygen species dependent. The molecular mechanism that we elucidated in this study may provide insight into the design of future combination cancer therapies to cells intrinsically less sensitive to As(2)O(3) treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Taek Park
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 215-4 Gongneung-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul 139-706, Korea
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18
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Chen D, Chan R, Waxman S, Jing Y. Buthionine sulfoximine enhancement of arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in leukemia and lymphoma cells is mediated via activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and up-regulation of death receptors. Cancer Res 2007; 66:11416-23. [PMID: 17145888 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of apoptosis induced by treatment with As(2)O(3) alone or in combination with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) was studied in NB4, U937, Namalwa, and Jurkat cells. As(2)O(3) at concentrations <2 micromol/L induced apoptosis in NB4 cells and Namalwa cells but not in U937 and Jurkat cells. As(2)O(3)-induced apoptosis in NB4 cells and Namalwa cells correlated with increase of H(2)O(2) and caspase activation without activation of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK). BSO (10 micromol/L) depleted the reduced form of intracellular glutathione without inducing apoptosis but synergized with 1 micromol/L As(2)O(3) to induce apoptosis in all four cell lines. This synergy correlated with JNK activation. Treatment with As(2)O(3) plus BSO, but not with As(2)O(3) alone, increased the levels of death receptor (DR) 5 protein and caspase-8 cleavage. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 inhibited the increase in DR5 protein and attenuated apoptosis induced by treatment with As(2)O(3) plus BSO. These observations suggest that a DR-mediated pathway activated by JNK is involved in apoptosis induced by treatment with As(2)O(3) plus BSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, USA
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19
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Ho SY, Huang PC, Guo HR, Chang WH, Chen RJ, Wei BL, Wu WJ, Tai C, Wang YJ. Mechanisms of Apoptosis Induction and Cell Cycle Regulation in Irradiated Leukemia U937 Cells and Enhancement by Arsenic Trioxide. Radiat Res 2006; 165:390-9. [PMID: 16579651 DOI: 10.1667/rr3518.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a common mode of cell death after exposure of tumor cells to radiation and/or chemotherapy. The factors that determine the rate of induction of apoptosis are generally related to the functioning of cell cycle checkpoints. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of several genes in cell cycle redistribution and induction of apoptosis in U937 cells after low and high doses of radiation. Activation of CDC2 was observed after both low and high doses of radiation in U937 cells that underwent apoptosis. Expression of CDK2, CDC2 and cyclin A was induced rapidly in the process of radiation-induced apoptosis. In addition, we investigated the use of a clinically relevant dose of radiation to promote As2O3-induced apoptosis in U937 cells. We found that combining radiation and As2O3 may be a new and more effective means of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yow Ho
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan, Taiwan
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20
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Tan B, Huang JF, Wei Q, Zhang H, Ni RZ. Anti-hepatoma effect of arsenic trioxide on experimental liver cancer induced by 2-acetamidofluorene in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:5938-43. [PMID: 16273603 PMCID: PMC4436714 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i38.5938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the anti-hepatoma efficiency of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in the treatment of experimental rat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) induced by 2-acetamidofluorene (2-FAA) and to elucidate the possible mechanisms.
METHODS: SD rats (2 mo old) had been fed with 2-FAA for 8 wk to induce HCC, and then they were treated with As2O3 or matrine. On d 29, the rats were killed and the liver was weighed and liver tumors were counted. The histological changes of liver tissue were observed under microscope, and the cellular dynamic parameters were studied by flow cytometry. Immunohistochemistry (two-step method) was used to observe the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and micro-vessel density (MVD) on consecutive sections. The pathological parameters were also analyzed, the levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (TBi), and direct bilirubin (DBi).
RESULTS: The number of liver tumors decreased significantly in groups treated with As2O3, especially in medium-dose (1 mg/kg) group (t = 2.80, P<0.01). As2O3 caused HCC cell death via apoptosis; necrosis was seen and apoptosis was common when the dose was 1 mg/kg. Proliferation index decreased sharply in medium-dose (1 mg/kg) group (7.87±4.11 vs 24.46±6.49, t = 2087, P<0.01), but not in 0.2 mg/kg group. However, S-phase fraction decreased dramatically in both groups, it reached the bottom level only when the dose was 1 mg/kg compared with control (0.40±0.13 vs 3.01±0.51, t = 2.97, P<0.01), and it was obviously accompanied with accumulation of cells in G0/G1 (G0/G1 restriction). The expressions of VEGF and MVD in medium-dose (1 mg/kg) group were significantly lower than normal saline group (0.63±0.74 vs 2.44±0.88, P<0.05; 15.75±3.99 vs 47.44±13.41, t = 2.80, P<0.01). Compared with normal saline group, medium- and low-dose groups As2O3 and matrine lowered the levels of ALT in serum (61.46±9.46, 63.75±20.40, 61.18±13.00 vs 108.98±29.86, t = 2.14, P<0.05), but had no effect on the level of serum AST, TBi, and DBi.
CONCLUSION: As2O3 had inhibitory effect on growth of experimental HCC in rats induced by 2-FAA, but had no obvious effect on normal hepatic cells. The mechanisms may involve decrease of cell division, accumulation of cells in G0/G1 phase, apoptosis of tumor cells, and inhibitory effect on angiogenesis through blocking VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Tan
- Department of Digestive Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong Medical College, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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21
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Tang YH, Tian YG, Liu TF, Xu HY, Zhuang LW, Liang T, Jiang AM. Inhibitory effect of arsenic trioxide on proliferation of hepatoma cells in mice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:2074-2077. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i17.2074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the arsenic trioxide(As2O3)-induced inhibition of the proliferation of mouse hepatoma cells in vivo.
METHODS: The mice bearing H22 solid and ascetic hepatoma cells were treated with different concentrations of arsenic trioxide. The growth of the solid tumor and the survival of the ascetic tumor-bearing mice were observed. The expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclinD1 of the tumor cells were examined by immunohistochemical methods. The changes of cell cycle were measured by flow cytometry. The ultra-structural changes of the cells were observed under electron microscope.
RESULTS: Both high and low concentration of As2O3 inhibited the growth of the solid tumor and prolonged the survival time of ascetic-tumor-bearing mice, and the inhibitory rates were 39.1% and 45.7%, respectively. The life prolonging rates were 57.2% and 97.7%, respectively. The positive rates of PCNA and cyclinD1 expression in the As2O3-treated groups were significantly decreased from 57.9±6.6% to 44.0±5.0% (P <0.01), and from 49.2±9.3% to 37.6±6.3% (P <0.01), respectively. Flow cytometry showed that the percentage of G0/G1 phase cells was decreased and the percentage of G2/M phase cells was increased. Electron microscopy showed the typical characteristics of cell apoptosis.
CONCLUSION: As2O3 can significantly inhibit the proliferation of mouse hepatoma cells.
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22
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Rotem R, Heyfets A, Fingrut O, Blickstein D, Shaklai M, Flescher E. Jasmonates: novel anticancer agents acting directly and selectively on human cancer cell mitochondria. Cancer Res 2005; 65:1984-93. [PMID: 15753398 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously that jasmonates can kill human cancer cells. Many chemotherapeutic drugs induce mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, membrane depolarization, osmotic swelling, and release of cytochrome c, involving the opening of the permeability transition pore complex (PTPC). Because jasmonates exert their cytotoxic effects independent of transcription, translation, and p53 expression, we hypothesized that these compounds may act directly on mitochondria. Mitochondrial membrane depolarization was determined by flow cytometry, and cytochrome c release by Western blotting. Mitochondria were isolated by mechanical lysis and differential centrifugation. Cytotoxicity was measured by a tetrazolium-based assay, and mitochondrial swelling by spectrophotometry. Jasmonates induced membrane depolarization and cytochrome c release in intact human cancer cell lines. Jasmonates induced swelling in mitochondria isolated from Hep 3B hepatoma cells, but not in mitochondria isolated from 3T3 nontransformed cells or from normal lymphocytes, in a PTPC-mediated manner. Methyl jasmonate induced the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria isolated from cancer cell lines in a PTPC-mediated manner, but not from mitochondria isolated from normal lymphocytes. A correlation was found between cytotoxicity of methyl jasmonate and the percentage of leukemic cells in the blood of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Jasmonates induced membrane depolarization in CLL cells, and swelling and release of cytochrome c in mitochondria isolated from these cells. In conclusion, jasmonates act directly on mitochondria derived from cancer cells in a PTPC-mediated manner, and could therefore bypass premitochondrial apoptotic blocks. Jasmonates are promising candidates for the treatment of CLL and other types of cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Acetates/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclopentanes/pharmacology
- Cytochromes c/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Ion Channels/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Membrane Potentials/drug effects
- Mice
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins
- Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore
- Mitochondrial Swelling
- Oxylipins
- Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Rotem
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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23
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Kang YH, Yi MJ, Kim MJ, Park MT, Bae S, Kang CM, Cho CK, Park IC, Park MJ, Rhee CH, Hong SI, Chung HY, Lee YS, Lee SJ. Caspase-independent cell death by arsenic trioxide in human cervical cancer cells: reactive oxygen species-mediated poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 activation signals apoptosis-inducing factor release from mitochondria. Cancer Res 2005; 64:8960-7. [PMID: 15604259 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although mechanisms of arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3))-induced cell death have been studied extensively in hematologic cancers, those in solid cancers have yet to be clearly defined. In this study, we showed that the translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) from mitochondria to the nucleus is required for As(2)O(3)-induced cell death in human cervical cancer cells. We also showed that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activation is necessary for AIF release from mitochondria. The treatment of human cervical cancer cells with As(2)O(3) induces dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsi(m)), translocation of AIF from mitochondria to the nucleus, and subsequent cell death. Small interfering RNA targeting of AIF effectively protects cervical cancer cells against As(2)O(3)-induced cell death. As(2)O(3) also induces an increase of intracellular ROS level and a marked activation of PARP-1. N-acetyl-l-cystein, a thiol-containing antioxidant, completely blocks As(2)O(3)-induced PARP-1 activation, Deltapsi(m) loss, nuclear translocation of AIF from mitochondria, and the consequent cell death. Furthermore, pretreatment of 1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline or 3,4-dihydro-5-[4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy]-1(2H)-isoquinolinone, PARP-1 inhibitors, effectively attenuates the loss of Deltapsi(m), AIF release, and cell death. These data support a notion that ROS-mediated PARP-1 activation signals AIF release from mitochondria, resulting in activation of a caspase-independent pathway of cell death in solid tumor cells by As(2)O(3) treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hee Kang
- Laboratory of Radiation Effect and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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24
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Xiong XD, Li EM, Xu LY, Chen HB, Chen L, Cai WJ, Han YL, Shen ZY, Zeng Y. Separation and identification of differentially expressed nuclear matrix proteins between human esophageal immortalized and carcinomatous cell lines. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:2143-8. [PMID: 14562366 PMCID: PMC4656451 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i10.2143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To separate and identify differentially expressed nuclear matrix proteins (NMPs) between the immortalized human esophageal epithelial cell line (SHEE) and the malignantly transformed esophageal carcinoma cell line (SHEEC), and to provide new ways for finding specific markers and the pathogenesis of esophageal carcinoma.
METHODS: SHEE and SHEEC cell lines were used to extract NMPs. The quality of NMPs was monitored by Western blot analysis including DNA topoisomerase IIα, proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and histone. NMPs of SHEE and SHEEC were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), silver staining and PDQuest6.2 image analysis software. Three spots in which the differentially expressed NMPs were more obvious, were selected and analyzed with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flying mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and database search.
RESULTS: Western blot analysis revealed that DNA topoisomerase IIα and PCNA were detected, and the majority of histones were deleted in NMPs of SHEE and SHEEC. After 2-DE image analysis by PDQuest6.2 software, the 2-DE maps were detected with an average of 106 ± 7.1 spots in SHEE and 132 ± 5.0 spots in SHEEC. Most of them were matched one another (r = 0.72), only 16 protein spots were found differing in intensity. Three NMPs including cytoskeletal tropomyosin, FK506-binding protein 6, similar to retinoblastoma binding protein 8 were preliminarily identified by MALDI- TOF-MS.
CONCLUSION: These differentially expressed NMPs may play an important role during malignant transformation from SHEE to SHEEC. Their separation and identification will contribute to searching for specific markers and probing into the pathogenesis of esophageal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Dong Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College, Shantou University, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515031, Guangdong Province, China
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Xiong XD, Xu LY, Shen ZY, Cai WJ, Luo JM, Han YL, Li EM. Identification of differentially expressed proteins between human esophageal immortalized and carcinomatous cell lines by two-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:777-81. [PMID: 12378614 PMCID: PMC4656560 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i5.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To identify the differentially expressed proteins between the human immortalized esophageal epithelial cell line (SHEE) and the malignant transformed esophageal carcinoma cell line (SHEEC), and to explore new ways for studying esophageal carcinoma associated genes.
METHODS: SHEE and SHEEC cell lines were used to separate differentially expressed proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The silver-stained 2-D gels was scanned with EDAS290 digital camera system and analyzed with the PDQuest 6.2 Software. Six spots in which the differentially expressed protein was more obvious were selected and analyzed with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flying mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS).
RESULTS: There were 107±4.58 and 115±9.91 protein spots observed in SHEE and SHEEC respectively, and the majority of these spots between the two cell lines matched each other (r = 0.772), only a few were expressed differentially. After analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS and database search for the six differentially expressed proteins, One new protein as well as other five sequence-known proteins including RNPEP-like protein, human rRNA gene upstream sequence binding transcription factor, uracil DNA glycosylase, Annexin A2 and p300/CBP-associated factor were preliminarily identified.
CONCLUSION: These differentially expressed proteins might play an importance role during malignant transformation of SHEEC from SHEE. The identification of these proteins may serve as a new way for studying esophageal carcinoma associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Dong Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong Province, China
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Shen ZY, Shen J, Li QS, Chen CY, Chen JY, Yi Z. Morphological and functional changes of mitochondria in apoptotic esophageal carcinoma cells induced by arsenic trioxide. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:31-5. [PMID: 11833066 PMCID: PMC4656620 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To demonstrate that mitochondrial morphological and functional changes are an important intermediate link in the course of apoptosis in esophageal carcinoma cells induced by As2O3.
METHODS: The esophageal carcinoma cell line SHEEC1, established in our laboratory, was cultured in 199 growth medium, supplemented with 100 mL·L-1 calf serum and 3 μmol·L-1 As2O3 ( the same below). After 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 h of drug adding, the SHEEC1 cells were collected for light-and electron-microscopic examination. The mitochondria were labeled by Rhodamine fluorescence probe and the fluorescence intensity of the mitochondria was measured by flow cytometer and cytofluorimetric analysis. Further, the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP, ∆Ψ m) change was also calculated.
RESULTS: The mitochondrial morphological change after adding As2O3 could be divided into three stages. In the early-stage (2-6 h) after adding As2O3, an adaptive proliferation of mitochondria appeared; in the mid-stage (6-12 h) a degenerative change was observed; and in the late-stage (12-24 h) the mitochondria swelled with outer membrane broken down and then cells death with apoptotic changes of nucleus. The functional change of the mitochondria indicated by fluorescent intensity, which reflected the MTP status of mitochondria, was in accordance with morphological change of the mitochondria. The fluorescent intensity increased at early-stage, declined in mid-stage and decreased to the lowest in the late-stage. 24 h after As2O3 adding, the cell nucleus showed typical apoptotic changes.
CONCLUSION: Under the inducement of As2O3, the early apoptotic changes of SHEEC1 cells were the apparent morphological and functional changes of mitochondria, afterwards the nucleus changes followed. It is considered that changes of mitochondria are an important intermediate link in the course of apoptosis of esophageal carcinoma cells induced by As2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ying Shen
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Shantou University, 22 Xinglin Road, Shantou 515031, Guandong Province, China. zhongyingshen@ yahoo.com
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Shen ZY, Shen WY, Chen MH, Shen J, Cai WJ, Yi Z. Nitric oxide and calcium ions in apoptotic esophageal carcinoma cells induced by arsenite. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:40-3. [PMID: 11833068 PMCID: PMC4656622 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To Quantitatively analyze the nitri oxide (NO) and Ca2+ in apoptosis of esophageal carcinoma cells induced by arsenic trioxide (As2O3).
METHODS: The cell line SHEEC1, a malignant esophageal epithelial cell induced by HPV in synergy with TPA in our laboratory, was cultured in a serum-free medium and treated with As2O3. Before and after administration of As2O3, NO production in cultured medium was detected quantitatively using the Griess Colorimetric method. Intracellular Ca2+ was labeled by using the fluorescent dye Fluo3-AM and detected under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), which was able to acquire data in real-time enabling Ca2+ dynamics of individual cells in vitro. The apoptotic cells were examined under electron microscopy.
RESULTS: Intracellular concentration of Ca2+ increased from 1.00 units to 1.09-1.38 units of fluorescent intensity at As2O3 treatment and NO products subsequently released from As2O3-treated cells increased from 0.98-1.00 × 10-2μmol·L-1 up to 1.48-1.52 × 10-2μmol·L-1 and maintained in a high level continuously. Finally apoptosis of cells occurred, chromatin being agglutinated, cells shrunk, nuclei became round and mitochondria swelled.
CONCLUSION: Ca2+ and NO increased with cell damage and apoptosis in cells treated by As2O3. The Ca2+ is an initial messenger to the apoptotic pathway. To investigate Ca2+ and NO will be a new direction for studying the apoptotic signaling messenger of the esophageal carcinoma cells induced by As2O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ying Shen
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Shantou University, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515031, Guandong Province, China.
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