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Ye W, Siwko S, Tsai RYL. Sex and Race-Related DNA Methylation Changes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083820. [PMID: 33917049 PMCID: PMC8067720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer and fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The number of HCC cases continues to rise despite advances in screening and therapeutic inventions. More importantly, HCC poses two major health disparity issues. First, HCC occurs more commonly in men than women. Second, with the global increase in non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), it has also become evident that HCC is more prevalent in some races and/or ethnic groups compared to others, depending on its predisposing etiology. Most studies on HCC in the past have been focused on genetic factors as the driving force for HCC development, and the results revealed that genetic mutations associated with HCC are often heterogeneous and involve multiple pathogenic pathways. An emerging new research field is epigenetics, in which gene expression is modified without altering DNA sequences. In this article, we focus on reviewing current knowledge on HCC-related DNA methylation changes that show disparities among different sexes or different racial/ethnic groups, in an effort to establish a point of departure for resolving the broader issue of health disparities in gastrointestinal malignancies using cutting-edge epigenetic approaches.
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Guan R, Guo W, Hong W, Lin Y, Zou X, Shi N, Yang D, Zhou Y, Jian Z, Jin H, Lin W, Yu M. Identification of Aberrantly Methylated Differentially CpG Sites in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Their Association With Patient Survival. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1031. [PMID: 32793465 PMCID: PMC7390903 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify aberrantly methylated differentially methylated CpG sites (DMCs) and investigate their prognostic value in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A total of 2,404 DMCs were selected from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and validated by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The TCGA cohort was divided into a training cohort and a validating cohort. First, the prognostic model based on six DMCs, including cg08351331, cg02910574, cg09947274, cg17589341, cg24652919, and cg26545968, was constructed based on the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression Cox analysis. The area under the curve (AUC) of the DMC-based model was 0.765 in the training cohort and 0.734 in the validating cohort. The accuracy of a model combining the DMC signature and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, with an AUC of 0.795, was better than that of the DMCs or AJCC stage alone. Second, further analysis revealed that the methylation rate of cg08351331 was negatively associated with the expression of its relative gene, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP). Besides, the gene expression of LBP was significantly associated with poor overall survival in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Finally, these findings were confirmed by GSE57956 data and our own cohort. In conclusion, we established an accurate DMC-based prognostic model that could be combined with AJCC stage to improve the accuracy of prognostic prediction in HCC. Moreover, our preliminary data indicate that LBP may be a new key factor in HBV-induced HCC initiation through the regulation of its methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renguo Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weimin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Hong
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiongfeng Zou
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongyang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixiang Jian
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haosheng Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Haosheng Jin
| | - Weidong Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Cancer Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
- Weidong Lin
| | - Min Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Min Yu
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Cozma A, Fodor A, Vulturar R, Sitar-Tăut AV, Orăşan OH, Mureşan F, Login C, Suharoschi R. DNA Methylation and Micro-RNAs: The Most Recent and Relevant Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55090607. [PMID: 31546948 PMCID: PMC6780418 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a frequently encountered cancer type, and its alarming incidence is explained by genetic and epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic changes may represent diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of HCC. In this review we discussed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hypomethylation, DNA hypermethylation, and aberrant expression of small non-coding ribonucleic acid (RNA), which could be useful new biomarkers in the early diagnosis of HCC. We selected the articles on human subjects published in English over the past two years involving diagnostic markers detected in body fluids, cancer diagnosis made on histopathological exam, and a control group of those with benign liver disease or without liver disease. These biomarkers need further investigation in clinical trials to develop clinical applications for early diagnosis and management of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cozma
- Internal Medicine Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Adriana Fodor
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Romana Vulturar
- Department of Cell Biology, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Adela-Viviana Sitar-Tăut
- Internal Medicine Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Olga Hilda Orăşan
- Internal Medicine Department, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Flaviu Mureşan
- Department of Surgery, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Cezar Login
- Department of Physiology, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ramona Suharoschi
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Liu XN, Cui DN, Li YF, Liu YH, Liu G, Liu L. Multiple “Omics” data-based biomarker screening for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4199-4212. [PMID: 31435173 PMCID: PMC6700689 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i30.4199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The huge prognostic difference between early and late stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a challenging diagnostic problem. Alpha-fetoprotein is the mostly widely used biomarker for HCC used in the clinic, however it’s sensitivity and specificity of is not optimal. The development and application of multiple biotechnologies, including next generation sequencing, multiple “omics” data, that include genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, metagenomics has been used for HCC diagnostic biomarker screening. Effective biomarkers/panels/models have been identified and validated at different clinical levels. A large proportion of these have a good diagnostic performance for HCC, especially for early HCC. In this article, we reviewed the various HCC biomarkers derived from “omics” data and discussed the advantages and disadvantages for diagnosis HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dan-Ni Cui
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Fang Li
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun-He Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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5
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Liu XN, Cui DN, Li YF, Liu YH, Liu G, Liu L. Multiple “Omics” data-based biomarker screening for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis. World J Gastroenterol 2019. [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i29.4199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Zahid KR, Su M, Khan ARR, Han S, Deming G, Raza U. Systems biology based meth-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network identifies metabolic imbalance and hyperactive cell cycle signaling involved in hepatocellular carcinoma onset and progression. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:89. [PMID: 31007607 PMCID: PMC6454777 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading cause of cancer associated deaths worldwide. Independent studies have proposed altered DNA methylation pattern and aberrant microRNA (miRNA) levels leading to abnormal expression of different genes as important regulators of disease onset and progression in HCC. Here, using systems biology approaches, we aimed to integrate methylation, miRNA profiling and gene expression data into a regulatory methylation-miRNA–mRNA (meth-miRNA–mRNA) network to better understand the onset and progression of the disease. Methods Patients’ gene methylation, miRNA expression and gene expression data were retrieved from the NCBI GEO and TCGA databases. Differentially methylated genes, and differentially expressed miRNAs and genes were identified by comparing respective patients’ data using two tailed Student’s t-test. Functional annotation and pathway enrichment, miRNA–mRNA inverse pairing and gene set enrichment analyses (GSEA) were performed using DAVID, miRDIP v4.1 and GSEA tools respectively. meth-miRNA–mRNA network was constructed using Cytoscape v3.5.1. Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were performed using R script and significance was calculated by Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. Results We identified differentially expressed mRNAs, miRNAs, and differentially methylated genes in HCC as compared to normal adjacent tissues by analyzing gene expression, miRNA expression, and methylation profiling data of HCC patients and integrated top miRNAs along with their mRNA targets and their methylation profile into a regulatory meth-miRNA–mRNA network using systems biology approach. Pathway enrichment analyses of identified genes revealed suppressed metabolic pathways and hyperactive cell cycle signaling as key features of HCC onset and progression which we validated in 10 different HCC patients’ datasets. Next, we confirmed the inverse correlation between gene methylation and its expression, and between miRNA and its targets’ expression in various datasets. Furthermore, we validated the clinical significance of identified methylation, miRNA and mRNA signatures by checking their association with clinical features and survival of HCC patients. Conclusions Overall, we suggest that simultaneous (1) reversal of hyper-methylation and/or oncogenic miRNA driven suppression of genes involved in metabolic pathways, and (2) induction of hyper-methylation and/or tumor suppressor miRNA driven suppression of genes involved in cell cycle signaling have potential of inhibiting disease aggressiveness, and predicting good survival in HCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-019-0804-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Rafiq Zahid
- 1Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 Guangdong China
| | - Mingyang Su
- 1Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 Guangdong China
| | - Abdur Rehman Raza Khan
- 2Military College of Signals, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Khadim Hussain Rd, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Shiming Han
- 3School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui, 553004 China
| | - Gou Deming
- 1Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 Guangdong China
| | - Umar Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Abid Majeed Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Gurioli G, Martignano F, Salvi S, Costantini M, Gunelli R, Casadio V. GSTP1 methylation in cancer: a liquid biopsy biomarker? Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 56:702-717. [PMID: 29305565 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The coding region of GSTP1 gene is preceded by a large CpG-rich region that is frequently affected by methylation. In many cancer types, GSTP1 is affected by hypermethylation and, as a consequence, it has a low expression. The aim of this review is to give an overview on GSTP1 methylation studies with a special focus on liquid biopsy, thus to summarize methods, results, sample types, different diseases, to have a complete information regarding this promising epigenetic biomarker. We used all the most valuable scientific search engines (PubMed, Medline, Scopus and Web of Science) searching the following keywords: GSTP1, methylation, cancer, urine, serum, plasma and blood. GSTP1 is a largely investigated tissue biomarker in several malignancies such as prostate, breast, lung and hepatocellular carcinoma with good performances especially for diagnostic purposes. As a liquid biopsy biomarker, it has been mainly investigated in prostate cancer (PCa) where it showed a high specificity but a low sensitivity; thus, it is recommended in combination with other biomarkers. Despite the large number of published papers and the promising results, GSTP1 has not yet entered the clinical practice even for PCa diagnosis. For this reason, further large and prospective studies are needed to validate this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Gurioli
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Filippo Martignano
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Samanta Salvi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Matteo Costantini
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Roberta Gunelli
- Department of Urology, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, Forli, Italy
| | - Valentina Casadio
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
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8
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Ng CKY, Di Costanzo GG, Terracciano LM, Piscuoglio S. Circulating Cell-Free DNA in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Current Insights and Outlook. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:78. [PMID: 29632864 PMCID: PMC5880118 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the advancements in massively parallel sequencing have provided a new paradigm in biomedical research to uncover the genetic basis of human diseases. Integration of ‘omics information has begun transforming clinical management of cancer patients in terms of diagnostics and treatment options, giving rise to the era of precision medicine. Currently, nucleic acids for molecular profiling for patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are typically obtained from resected tumor materials or transplanted neoplastic liver and occasionally from biopsies. Given the intrinsic risks associated with such invasive procedures, circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has been proposed as an alternative source for tumor DNA. Circulating cfDNA is a type of cell-free nucleic acid that derives from apoptotic, necrotic, as well as living eukaryotic cells. Importantly, the detection of abnormal forms of circulating cfDNA that originate from cancer cells provides a new tool for cancer detection, disease monitoring, and molecular profiling. Currently, cfDNA is beginning to be adopted into clinical practice as a non-invasive tool to monitor disease by tracking the evolution of disease-specific genetic alterations in several major cancer types. Moreover, cfDNA is demonstrating potential clinical value as a surrogate to assess the molecular makeup of tumors and to overcome the sampling biases inherent to intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity, especially in the metastatic setting. With the improvements in ‘omics and molecular biology techniques, coupled with the increasing understanding in the molecular pathogenesis of cancer, it can be anticipated that the detection and analysis of cfDNA will become more specific and sensitive and thus enable cfDNA analysis to be used as a diagnostic aid in patients with early-stage disease and perhaps even in a screening setting. In this review, we provide an overview of the latest findings on the role and potential utility of cfDNA analysis in the diagnosis, management, and screening of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte K Y Ng
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, Hepatology Laboratory, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Qiao CY, Li F, Teng Y, Zhao J, Hu N, Fan YC, Wang K. Aberrant GSTP1 promoter methylation predicts poor prognosis of acute-on-chronic hepatitis B pre-liver failure. Clin Exp Med 2017; 18:51-62. [PMID: 28676943 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-017-0466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that glutathione-S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) could protect cells from DNA damage mediated by oxidizing agents or electrophiles in hepatic inflammatory response. Our study evaluated the methylation status and the predictive value for prognosis of GSTP1 promoter region in patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B pre-liver failure (pre-ACHBLF). Methylation status of GSTP1 promoter in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma was measured in 103 patients with pre-ACHBLF, 80 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and 30 healthy controls (HCs) by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. The mRNA level of GSTP1 was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The methylation frequency of GSTP1 promoter region in patients with pre-ACHBLF (35/103 in PBMCs and 33/103 in plasma) was significantly higher than CHB (2/80) and HCs (0/30), respectively. The mRNA level of GSTP1 in patients with pre-ACHBLF was significantly lower than CHB and HCs. Additionally, pre-ACHBLF patients with methylated GSTP1 presented strikingly higher incidence of ACHBLF than those without. Of note, GSTP1 methylation presented distinctly better performance than model for end-stage liver disease score [area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs) 0.825 in PBMCs and 0.798 in plasma VS 0.589; AUC 0.804 in PBMCs and 0.779 in plasma VS 0.622; AUC 0.767 in PBMCs and 0.744 in plasma VS 0.602, respectively] when used to predict the 1-, 2- or 3-month incidence of ACHBLF in patients with pre-ACHBLF. Aberrant methylation of GSTP1 has potential to be a prognostic biomarker for pre-ACHBLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yang Qiao
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yue Teng
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Na Hu
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yu-Chen Fan
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.,Institute of Hepatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China. .,Institute of Hepatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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10
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Tang JC, Feng YL, Guo T, Xie AY, Cai XJ. Circulating tumor DNA in hepatocellular carcinoma: trends and challenges. Cell Biosci 2016; 6:32. [PMID: 27182434 PMCID: PMC4866298 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-016-0100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of individual patients’ tumor cells is becoming increasingly important in offering effective treatment for patients in clinical practice. Recent advances in the field have indicated that circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has huge potential to serve as a biomarker for early detection and precision treatment as well as prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As ctDNA in HCC patients harbors the molecular characteristics of HCC tumor cells, ctDNA analysis in the blood may be sufficient for convenient, non-invasive and accurate detection, providing information for HCC diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. In this review, we will summarize and discuss current trends and challenges of ctDNA application in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Cheng Tang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Li Feng
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China ; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Guo
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China ; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Yong Xie
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China ; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Jun Cai
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Wu B, Jiang Y, Zhu F, Sun D, Huang H. Demethylation effects of elemene on the GSTP1 gene in HCC cell line QGY7703. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2545-2551. [PMID: 27073515 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate elemene's effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the cell cycle in the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line, QYG7703, and to investigate GSTP1 gene methylation change in QGY7703 cells after being treated with elemene to explore whether elemene reversed the abnormal GSTP1 gene methylation. QGY7703 cells were treated with different elemene concentrations. Cell proliferation was measured with MTT assay, cell apoptosis and cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry, and GSTP1 gene methylation was analyzed by methlation-specific polymerase chain reaction. The cells' apoptotic rate increased dose-dependently with elemene concentration, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Elemene treatment arrested the cells in S phase, and thus the percentage of cells in G1 phase decreased while the cells in S phase increased dose-dependently, and the difference was statistically significant compared to the control group (P<0.05). All QGY7703 cells were identified to contain GSTP1 gene methylation before being treated with elemene and the methylation state decreased after treatment. In the present study, elemene induced cell apoptosis, inhibited the cell cycle, and reversed GSTP1 gene methylation in QGY7703 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoqiang Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Donglin Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou 213003, P.R. China
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Mileo AM, Mattarocci S, Matarrese P, Anticoli S, Abbruzzese C, Catone S, Sacco R, Paggi MG, Ruggieri A. Hepatitis C virus core protein modulates pRb2/p130 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines through promoter methylation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:140. [PMID: 26576645 PMCID: PMC4650920 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection is associated with chronically evolving disease and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), albeit the mechanism of HCC induction by HCV is still controversial. The nucleocapsid (core) protein of HCV has been shown to be directly implicated in cellular transformation and immortalization, enhancing the effect of oncogenes and decreasing the one of tumor suppressor genes, as RB1 and its protein product pRB. With the aim of identifying novel molecular mechanisms of hepatocyte transformation by HCV, we examined the effect of HCV core protein on the expression of the whole Retinoblastoma (RB) family of tumor and growth suppressor factors, i.e. pRb, p107 and pRb2/p130. Methods We used a model system consisting of the HuH-7, HCV-free, human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line and of the HuH-7-CORE cells derived from the former and constitutively expressing the HCV core protein. We determined pRb, p107 and pRb2/p130 protein and mRNA amount of the respective genes RB1, RBL1 and RBL2, RBL2 promoter activity and methylation as well as DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and 3b (DNMT3b) expression level. The effect of pRb2/p130 over-expression on the HCV core-expressing HuH-7-CORE cells was also evaluated. Results We found that the HCV core protein expression down-regulated pRb2/p130 protein and mRNA levels in HuH-7-CORE cells by inducing promoter hyper-methylation with the concomitant up-regulation of DNMT1 and DNMT3b expression. When pRb2/p130 expression was artificially re-established in HuH-7-CORE cells, cell cycle analysis outlined an accumulation in the G0/G1 phase, as expected. Conclusions HCV core appears indeed able to significantly down-regulate the expression and the function of two out of three RB family tumor and growth suppressor factors, i.e. pRb and pRb2/p130. The functional consequences at the level of cell cycle regulation, and possibly of more complex cell homeostatic processes, may represent a plausible molecular mechanism involved in liver transformation by HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Mileo
- Experimental Oncology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Mattarocci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paola Matarrese
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Anticoli
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Abbruzzese
- Experimental Oncology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Catone
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sacco
- Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, 56124 Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco G Paggi
- Experimental Oncology, "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Ruggieri
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
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13
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Hlady RA, Tiedemann RL, Puszyk W, Zendejas I, Roberts LR, Choi JH, Liu C, Robertson KD. Epigenetic signatures of alcohol abuse and hepatitis infection during human hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9425-43. [PMID: 25294808 PMCID: PMC4253444 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Deregulated DNA methylation landscapes are ubiquitous in human cancers. Interpretation of epigenetic aberrations in HCC is confounded by multiple etiologic drivers and underlying cirrhosis. We globally profiled the DNA methylome of 34 normal and 122 liver disease tissues arising in settings of hepatitis B (HBV) or C (HCV) viral infection, alcoholism (EtOH), and other causes to examine how these environmental agents impact DNA methylation in a manner that contributes to liver disease. Our results demonstrate that each 'exposure' leaves unique and overlapping signatures on the methylome. CpGs aberrantly methylated in cirrhosis-HCV and conserved in HCC were enriched for cancer driver genes, suggesting a pathogenic role for HCV-induced methylation changes. Additionally, large genomic regions displaying stepwise hypermethylation or hypomethylation during disease progression were identified. HCC-HCV/EtOH methylomes overlap highly with cryptogenic HCC, suggesting shared epigenetically deregulated pathways for hepatocarcinogenesis. Finally, overlapping methylation abnormalities between primary and cultured tumors unveil conserved epigenetic signatures in HCC. Taken together, this study reveals profound epigenome deregulation in HCC beginning during cirrhosis and influenced by common environmental agents. These results lay the foundation for defining epigenetic drivers and clinically useful methylation markers for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Hlady
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rochelle L Tiedemann
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - William Puszyk
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ivan Zendejas
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lewis R Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Keith D Robertson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Qu Z, Jiang Y, Li H, Yu DEC, Ding YT. Detecting abnormal methylation of tumor suppressor genes GSTP1, P16, RIZ1, and RASSF1A in hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical significance. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2553-2558. [PMID: 26622888 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high rate of mortality. Further studies into epigenetic changes in HCC, particularly the abnormal methylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), are required, since these changes may provide novel biomarkers for early screening and diagnosis of HCC. By using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP), the present study detected the methylation status in the promoter region of 4 candidate TSGs, GSTP1, P16, RIZ1, and RASSF1A, respectively, in 35 paired HCC and tumor-adjacent liver tissues in addition to 20 normal liver tissues. Their effect on the initiation and progression of HCC was also investigated by analyzing the clinicopathological data. The results of the present study revealed that the methylation level of RIZ1 and GSTP1 genes in HCC was significantly increased compared with that in the adjacent tissues (P<0.01) and the normal liver tissues (P<0.01). The methylation frequency of P16 and RASSF1A genes was not significantly increased compared with that observed in the adjacent tissues (P>0.05) but was significantly increased compared with the normal tissues (P<0.01). In HCC tissues, the methylation frequency of the GSTP1 gene in tumors with capsular invasion was significantly increased compared with that in tumors without capsular invasion (P<0.05). The methylation frequency of P16 gene in hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg)-positive HCC patients was significantly increased compared with that in HbsAg-negative patients (P<0.05). The methylation status of RIZ1 and RASSF1A genes was not significantly correlated with the clinicopathological data (P>0.05). Previous studies have demonstrated that the methylation status of RIZ1 and GSTP1 genes is HCC-specific, and thus may be used as a biomarker to assist the clinical diagnosis of HCC. While the methylation of GSTP1 gene promoter may associate with the invasiveness of HCC, chronic hepatitis B virus infection may be the cause of methylation-induced P16 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Changzhou First People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Changzhou First People's Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, P.R. China
| | - DE-Cai Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Drum Tower Hospital, Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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15
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Maemura K, Yoshikawa H, Yokoyama K, Ueno T, Kurose H, Uchiyama K, Otsuki Y. Delta-like 3 is silenced by methylation and induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:817-22. [PMID: 23337976 PMCID: PMC3597457 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic and epigenetic events of hepatocarcinogenesis are relatively poorly understood. By analyzing genes from human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with restriction landmark genomic scanning, several aberrantly methylated genes, including Delta-like 3 (DLL3), have been isolated. In this study, we investigated the function of DLL3 in hepatocarcinogenesis. Methylation of the DLL3 gene in HCC cell lines was investigated with methylation-specific PCR and expression of DLL3 mRNA in HCC cells was examined by RT-PCR. Reactivation of DLL3 expression by treatment with a demethylating agent was examined in methylation-silenced HuH2 cells. Human DLL3 cDNA was cloned and DLL3 function was examined by restoring DLL3 expression in HuH2 cells. The effects of DLL3 on cell growth were evaluated by colony formation assay. Induction of cell death by overexpression of DLL3 was examined by flow cytometric assay using Annexin V and PI. Apoptotic cells were detected by TUNEL staining and the amount of single-stranded DNA was measured by ELISA. As a result, the promoter region of the DLL3 gene was methylated in four of ten HCC cell lines. This aberrant methylation correlated well with the suppression of RNA expression and a demethylating agent reactivated DLL3 expression in methylation-silenced HCC cells. Interestingly, the restoration of DLL3 in the methylation-silenced HuH2 cells led to growth suppression on colony formation assay. Flow cytometric assay with Annexin V and PI showed that this growth suppression by DLL3 expression is associated with the induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, these apoptotic effects were confirmed by TUNEL staining and measurement of single-stranded DNA. These results suggest that DLL3 was silenced by methylation in human HCC and that it negatively regulates the growth of HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Maemura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
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Impact of the location of CpG methylation within the GSTP1 gene on its specificity as a DNA marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35789. [PMID: 22536438 PMCID: PMC3335004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypermethylation of the glutathione S-transferase π 1 (GSTP1) gene promoter region has been reported to be a potential biomarker to distinguish hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from other liver diseases. However, reports regarding how specific a marker it is have ranged from 100% to 0%. We hypothesized that, to a large extent, the variation of specificity depends on the location of the CpG sites analyzed. To test this hypothesis, we compared the methylation status of the GSTP1 promoter region of the DNA isolated from HCC, cirrhosis, hepatitis, and normal liver tissues by bisulfite-PCR sequencing. We found that the 5' region of the position -48 nt from the transcription start site of the GSTP1 gene is selectively methylated in HCC, whereas the 3' region is methylated in all liver tissues examined, including normal liver and the HCC tissue. Interestingly, when DNA derived from fetal liver and 11 nonhepatic normal tissue was also examined by bisulfite-PCR sequencing, we found that methylation of the 3' region of the promoter appeared to be liver-specific. A methylation-specific PCR assay targeting the 5' region of the promoter was developed and used to quantify the methylated GSTP1 gene in various diseased liver tissues including HCC. When we used an assay targeting the 3' region, we found that the methylation of the 5'-end of the GSTP1 promoter was significantly more specific than that of the 3'-end (97.1% vs. 60%, p<0.0001 by Fisher's exact test) for distinguishing HCC (n = 120) from hepatitis (n = 35) and cirrhosis (n = 35). Encouragingly, 33.8% of the AFP-negative HCC contained the methylated GSTP1 gene. This study clearly demonstrates the importance of the location of CpG site methylation for HCC specificity and how liver-specific DNA methylation should be considered when an epigenetic DNA marker is studied for detection of HCC.
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Abstract
Oxidative stress and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a role in cancer cells developing an advanced, phenotypic signature that associates with metastasis and progression. Increased ROS concentrations are involved in promoting cancer development and metastasis by inducing expression of oncogenes, suppressing activity of anti-survival molecules and by activating various cell survival and proliferation signaling pathways. Oxidative stress is higher in the epithelium of cancer patients than patients without the disease, and antioxidant trials are currently being explored as a therapeutic option. However, studies have shown that ROS increases expression of CXCR4 in cancer and immune cells. CXCR4 expression in tumors strongly correlates to metastasis and poor prognosis. Herein, we discuss an emerging relationship between ROS and CXCR4 in cancer cells.
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Vaughn MP, Biswal Shinohara D, Castagna N, Hicks JL, Netto G, De Marzo AM, Speed TJ, Reichert ZR, Kwabi-Addo B, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Yegnasubramanian S, Nelson WG. Humanizing π-class glutathione S-transferase regulation in a mouse model alters liver toxicity in response to acetaminophen overdose. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25707. [PMID: 22022436 PMCID: PMC3191143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) metabolize drugs and xenobiotics. Yet despite high protein sequence homology, expression of π-class GSTs, the most abundant of the enzymes, varies significantly between species. In mouse liver, hepatocytes exhibit high mGstp expression, while in human liver, hepatocytes contain little or no hGSTP1 mRNA or hGSTP1 protein. π-class GSTs are known to be critical determinants of liver responses to drugs and toxins: when treated with high doses of acetaminophen, mGstp1/2+/+ mice suffer marked liver damage, while mGstp1/2−/− mice escape liver injury. Methodology/Principal Findings To more faithfully model the contribution of π-class GSTs to human liver toxicology, we introduced hGSTP1, with its exons, introns, and flanking sequences, into the germline of mice carrying disrupted mGstp genes. In the resultant hGSTP1+mGstp1/2−/− strain, π-class GSTs were regulated differently than in wild-type mice. In the liver, enzyme expression was restricted to bile duct cells, Kupffer cells, macrophages, and endothelial cells, reminiscent of human liver, while in the prostate, enzyme production was limited to basal epithelial cells, reminiscent of human prostate. The human patterns of hGSTP1 transgene regulation were accompanied by human patterns of DNA methylation, with bisulfite genomic sequencing revealing establishment of an unmethylated CpG island sequence encompassing the gene promoter. Unlike wild-type or mGstp1/2−/− mice, when hGSTP1+mGstp1/2−/− mice were overdosed with acetaminophen, liver tissues showed limited centrilobular necrosis, suggesting that π-class GSTs may be critical determinants of toxin-induced hepatocyte injury even when not expressed by hepatocytes. Conclusions By recapitulating human π-class GST expression, hGSTP1+mGstp1/2−/− mice may better model human drug and xenobiotic toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Vaughn
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Debika Biswal Shinohara
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nicole Castagna
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Hicks
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Netto
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Traci J. Speed
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zachery R. Reichert
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bernard Kwabi-Addo
- Howard University Cancer Center, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Colin J. Henderson
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Cancer Research United Kingdom Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Biomedical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SY); (WN)
| | - William G. Nelson
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SY); (WN)
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Archer KJ, Zhao Z, Guennel T, Maluf DG, Fisher RA, Mas VR. Identifying genes progressively silenced in preneoplastic and neoplastic liver tissues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 3:52-67. [PMID: 20693610 DOI: 10.1504/ijcbdd.2010.034499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput genomic technologies are increasingly being used to identify therapeutic targets and risk factors for specific diseases. Using 116 independent liver samples, we identified 793 probe sets that demonstrated a significant association in the frequency of absent calls as tissues progressed from normal to pre-neoplastic to neoplastic, followed by a bioinformatic approach which identified that 78.9% of the significant probe sets contained at least one CpG island in the gene promoter region compared with 58.9% of the remaining genes examined. Our results indicate that further high-throughput methylation studies to more fully characterize molecular events involved in hepatocarcinogenesis are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie J Archer
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0032, USA.
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20
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Ko E, Kim Y, Kim SJ, Joh JW, Song S, Park CK, Park J, Kim DH. Promoter Hypermethylation of the p16 Gene Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Recurrent Early-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:2260-7. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Hung JH, Lu YS, Wang YC, Ma YH, Wang DS, Kulp SK, Muthusamy N, Byrd JC, Cheng AL, Chen CS. FTY720 induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through activation of protein kinase C delta signaling. Cancer Res 2008; 68:1204-12. [PMID: 18281497 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at elucidating the mechanism by which FTY720, a synthetic sphingosine immunosuppressant, mediated antitumor effects in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. The three HCC cell lines examined, Hep3B, Huh7, and PLC5, exhibited differential susceptibility to FTY720-mediated suppression of cell viability, with IC(50) values of 4.5, 6.3, and 11 mumol/L, respectively. Although FTY720 altered the phosphorylation state of protein kinase B and p38, our data refuted the role of these two signaling kinases in FTY720-mediated apoptosis. Evidence indicates that the antitumor effect of FTY720 was attributable to its ability to stimulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which culminated in protein kinase C (PKC)delta activation and subsequent caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. We showed that FTY720 activated PKC delta through two distinct mechanisms: phosphorylation and caspase-3-dependent cleavage. Cotreatment with the caspase-3 inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK abrogated the effect of FTY720 on facilitating PKC delta proteolysis. Equally important, pharmacologic inhibition or shRNA-mediated knockdown of PKC delta protected FTY720-treated Huh7 cells from caspase-3 activation. Moreover, FTY720 induced ROS production to different extents among the three cell lines, in the order of Hep3B > Huh7 >> PLC5, which inversely correlated with the respective glutathione S-transferase pi expression levels. The low level of ROS generation might underlie the resistant phenotype of PLC5 cells to the apoptotic effects of FTY720. Blockade of ROS production by an NADPH oxidase inhibitor protected Huh7 cells from FTY720-induced PKC delta activation and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Together, this study provides a rationale to use FTY720 as a scaffold to develop potent PKC delta-activating agents for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hsiang Hung
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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22
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Wu Y, Lin JS. DNA methyltransferase 3B promoter polymorphism and its susceptibility to primary hepatocellular carcinoma in the Chinese Han nationality population: a case-control study. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:6082-6. [PMID: 18023104 PMCID: PMC4250895 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.45.6082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the correlation between C/T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter of the DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B) gene and risk for development and progression of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS One hundred case subjects were selected consecutively from Tongji Hospital (Wuhan, China). from March to November 2006. They did not receive radiotherapy or chemotherapy for newly diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed HCC. One hundred and forty control subjects having no history of cancerous or genetic diseases were healthy volunteers to Wuhan Blood Center in the same period. Frequency was matched for sex, age, alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking status of the case subjects. C/T polymorphism of the DNMT3B promoter was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and sequencing analysis. The association between genotypes of DNMT3B and clinicopathological parameters among cases was also studied. RESULTS The CC genotype was not detected in both HCC patients and controls. In control subjects, the frequency of TT and CT genotypes was 99.3% and 0.7% respectively, and that of T and C alleles was 99.6% and 0.4% respectively. The frequency of CT genotype was higher in HCC (3.0%). The frequency of T and C alleles was 98.5% and 1.5% respectively. However, the genotype and allelotype distribution in HCC patients was not significantly different from that in controls. CONCLUSION C/T polymorphism is not associated with the increased risk of HCC. DNMT3B genetic polymorphism is variable in different races, ethnic groups or geographic areas. Further study is needed to clarify the role of DNMT3B SNP in the development of HCC among other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
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Tada M, Imazeki F, Fukai K, Sakamoto A, Arai M, Mikata R, Tokuhisa T, Yokosuka O. Procaine inhibits the proliferation and DNA methylation in human hepatoma cells. Hepatol Int 2007; 1:355-64. [PMID: 19669330 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-007-9014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes associated with DNA hypermethylation has been known as a hallmark of human cancer. In this study, we revealed that a local anesthetic, procaine (PCA), possessed growth-inhibitory and demethylating effect on human hepatoma cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The viability of PCA-treated cells with or without trichostatin A (TSA) was investigated. To clarify the mechanism of the antiproliferating effect of PCA, TUNEL assay, FACS analysis, and morphological observation of PCA-treated cells were performed. The expression levels and epigenetic alterations of 4 genes inactivated by DNA hypermethylation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were examined in hepatoma cells with or without PCA treatment. The growth-inhibitory and demethylating effect of PCA in vivo was tested in nude mice bearing xenograft. RESULTS The viability of HLE, HuH7, and HuH6 cells was significantly decreased by PCA treatment. In these cells, the combination treatment with TSA and PCA exhibited stronger reduction of the viability. Inhibition of S/G2/M transition, morphological changes such as vacuolation and no increase in apoptosis rate were observed in the PCA-treated HLE cells. All the genes transcriptionally suppressed by DNA hypermethylation were demethylated and reactivated with PCA treatment. PCA treatment led to partial demethylation and significant reduction in tumor volume in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These data indicated that PCA had growth-inhibitory and demethylating effects on human hepatoma cells in vitro and in vivo. PCA may be a candidate agent for future therapies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohisa Tada
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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Krassenstein R, Sauter E, Dulaimi E, Battagli C, Ehya H, Klein-Szanto A, Cairns P. Detection of breast cancer in nipple aspirate fluid by CpG island hypermethylation. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:28-32. [PMID: 14734448 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE New approaches to the early detection of breast cancer are urgently needed as there is more benefit to be realized from screening. Nipple aspiration is a noninvasive technique that yields fluid known to contain breast epithelial cells. Silencing of tumor suppressor genes such as p16(INk4a), BRCA1, and hMLH1 have established hypermethylation as a common mechanism for tumor suppressor inactivation in human cancer and as a promising target for molecular detection. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using sensitive methylation-specific PCR, we searched for aberrant promoter hypermethylation in a panel of six normally unmethylated genes: glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1); retinoic acid receptor-beta2 (RARbeta2); p16(INk4a); p14(ARF); RAS association domain family protein 1A (RASSF1A); and death-associated protein kinase (DAP-kinase) in 22 matched specimens of tumor, normal tissue, and nipple aspirate fluid collected from breast cancer patients. RESULTS Hypermethylation of one or more genes was found in all 22 tumor DNAs (100% diagnostic coverage) and identical gene hypermethylation detected in 18 of 22 (82%) matched aspirate fluid DNAs. In contrast, hypermethylation was absent in benign and normal breast tissue and nipple aspirate DNA from healthy women. CONCLUSIONS Promoter hypermethylation of important cancer genes is common in breast cancer and could be detected in matched aspirate DNAs from patients with ductal carcinoma in situ or stage I cancer. Promoter hypermethylation represents a promising marker, and larger studies may lead to its useful application in breast cancer diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Krassenstein
- Departments of Surgical Oncology and Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Jou YS, Lee CS, Chang YH, Hsiao CF, Chen CF, Chao CC, Wu LSH, Yeh SH, Chen DS, Chen PJ. Clustering of minimal deleted regions reveals distinct genetic pathways of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res 2004; 64:3030-6. [PMID: 15126338 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Systematic scan and statistical analysis of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) has been widely used to define chromosomal aberrations in various cancers for cloning of tumor suppressor genes and for development of prognostic markers. However, the establishment of novel strategies is needed, so that the nonrandom but heterogeneous chromosomal aberration data could provide significant insights into our understanding of molecular pathogenesis of cancers. After comprehensive allelotyping of recurrent allelic losses with 441 highly informative microsatellite markers and overlapping LOH regions on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) chromosomes, 33 minimal deleted regions (MDRs) were revealed. Five and 15 of the 33 MDRs have physical intervals in less than 5 and 10 Mb, respectively, with the smallest MDR9p1 of 2.2 Mb located at 9p21.3-p21.2. Statistical and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed a significant association between the loss of MDR15q1 (15q21.1-q22.2) and the HCC patient survival (adjusted P = 0.033). After cluster analysis of 33 MDRs that represented LOH profiles of each HCC tissue based on clinicopathological features and p53 mutations, two major genetic pathways, low-stage and advanced-stage HCC, were uncovered based on high concordance of MDR clusters. We propose that the definition of genome-wide MDRs on the cancer genome not only narrows down the location of existing tumor suppressor genes to facilitate positional candidate cloning and develop potential prognostic markers after statistical association of MDRs with clinicopathological features but also dissects genetic interactions and pathways of chromosomal aberrations in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Shan Jou
- Division of Molecular and Genomic Medicines, National Health Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lee S, Lee HJ, Kim JH, Lee HS, Jang JJ, Kang GH. Aberrant CpG island hypermethylation along multistep hepatocarcinogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:1371-8. [PMID: 14507645 PMCID: PMC1868296 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To determine the methylation profile of multiple tumor-related genes during multistep hepatocarcinogenesis, we investigated the methylation status of CpG islands of 9 genes, using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction for 60 paired hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and non-HCC liver tissue samples, 22 dysplastic nodule (DN), 30 liver cirrhosis (LC), 34 chronic hepatitis (CH) and 20 normal liver samples. The methylation status of 9 genes was correlated to the clinicopathological findings of HCC patients. All HCC samples showed methylation of at least one gene, whereas it was shown in 72.7% of DN and 40% of LC, but was not shown in CH and normal liver samples (P < 0.001). The number of genes methylated showed a stepwise increase with the progression of stages (0 for normal liver and CH, 0.5 for LC, 1.5 for DN, and 3.7 for HCC (P < 0.001)). The genes frequently methylated in HCC were APC (81.7%), GSTP1 (76.7%), RASSF1A (66.7%), p16 (48.3%), COX-2 (35%), and E-cadherin (33.3%). COX-2, p16, RASSF1A, and TIMP-3 were not methylated in LC and CH from patients without concurrent HCC. Chronic liver diseases with concurrent HCC showed higher methylation frequencies of the tested genes, and a higher number of methylated genes than those without concurrent HCC. HCC patients with methylation of E-cadherin or GSTP1 showed poorer survival than those without (P = 0.034 and 0.043, respectively). In conclusion, our results indicated that CpG island methylation of tumor-related genes is an early and frequent event, and accumulates step-by-step during a multistep hepatocarcinogenesis. CpG island methylation of E-cadherin or GSTP1 might serve as a potential biomarker for prognostication of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Aberrant promoter methylation profiles of tumor suppressor genes in hepatocellular carcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:1101-7. [PMID: 12937151 PMCID: PMC1868243 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most fatal human malignancies, but the molecular mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis remain unclear. Although p53 mutations are frequently observed in Asian HCC, it is not a common event in Western HCC. Recent studies suggest that tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) can also be silenced through epigenetic disruption, such as promoter CpG island methylation, during carcinogenesis. To further understand the molecular mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis, we have investigated the promoter methylation status of nine TSGs (SOCS-1, GSTP, APC, E-cadherin, RAR-beta, p14, p15, p16, and p73) in 51 cases of HCC using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. We found that 82% of HCCs had methylation of at least one TSG promoter. The most frequently methylated TSGs in HCC were: SOCS-1 (65%), GSTP (54%), APC (53%), E-cadherin (49%), and p15 (49%). Methylation of SOCS-1, GSTP, APC, E-cadherin, and p15 was more frequent in HCC than in nontumor liver (P < 0.05). Methylation of SOCS-1, GSTP, and p15 was also significantly more frequent in HCC than cirrhotic liver (P < 0.05). Although methylation of one or two genes could be seen in both nontumor and cirrhotic livers, 53% of the HCC cases had three or more TSG promoters methylated, in comparison to 0% in nontumor liver and 13% in cirrhosis (P = 0.001). Methylation of SOCS-1, APC, and p15 was more frequently seen in hepatitis C virus-positive HCC than hepatitis C virus/hepatitis B virus-negative HCC. Our data suggest that promoter hypermethylation of TSGs is a common event in HCC and may play an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Lin X, Tascilar M, Lee WH, Vles WJ, Lee BH, Veeraswamy R, Asgari K, Freije D, van Rees B, Gage WR, Bova GS, Isaacs WB, Brooks JD, DeWeese TL, De Marzo AM, Nelson WG. GSTP1 CpG island hypermethylation is responsible for the absence of GSTP1 expression in human prostate cancer cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 159:1815-26. [PMID: 11696442 PMCID: PMC1867052 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63028-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
GSTP1 CpG island hypermethylation is the most common somatic genome alteration described for human prostate cancer (PCA); lack of GSTP1 expression is characteristic of human PCA cells in vivo. We report here that loss of GSTP1 function may have been selected during the pathogenesis of human PCA. Using a variety of techniques to detect GSTP1 CpG island DNA hypermethylation in PCA DNA, we found only hypermethylated GSTP1 alleles in each PCA cell in all but two PCA cases studied. In these two cases, CpG island hypermethylation was present at only one of two GSTP1 alleles in PCA DNA. In one of the cases, DNA hypermethylation at one GSTP1 allele and deletion of the other GSTP1 allele were evident. In the other case, an unmethylated GSTP1 allele was detected, accompanied by abundant GSTP1 expression. GSTP1 CpG island DNA hypermethylation was responsible for lack of GSTP1 expression by LNCaP PCA cells: treatment of the cells with 5-azacytidine (5-aza-C), an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases, reversed the GSTP1 promoter DNA hypermethylation, activated GSTP1 transcription, and restored GSTP1 expression. GSTP1 promoter activity, assessed via transfection of GSTP1 promoter-CAT reporter constructs in LNCaP cells, was inhibited by SssI-catalyzed CpG dinucleotide methylation. Remarkably, although selection for loss of GSTP1 function may be inferred for human PCA, GSTP1 did not act like a tumor suppressor gene, as LNCaP cells expressing GSTP1, either after 5-aza-C treatment or as a consequence of transfection with GSTP1 cDNA, grew well in vitro and in vivo. Perhaps, GSTP1 inactivation may render prostatic cells susceptible to additional genome alterations, caused by electrophilic or oxidant carcinogens, that provide a selective growth advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Lin
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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