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Chiang IT, Liu YC, Liu HS, Ali AAA, Chou SY, Hsu TI, Hsu FT. Regorafenib Reverses Temozolomide-Induced CXCL12/CXCR4 Signaling and Triggers Apoptosis Mechanism in Glioblastoma. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:616-634. [PMID: 35267171 PMCID: PMC9226247 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) monotherapy is known to be insufficient for resistant/relapsed glioblastoma (GBM), thus seeking a sensitization agent for TMZ is necessary. It was found that regorafenib may improve the overall survival of relapsed GBM patients. We aimed to discover whether regorafenib can enhance the anti-GBM effects of TMZ, and elucidate underlying mechanism. Our analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas database revealed that the increased expression of CXCR4 is linked to poor survival of GBM patients. Additionally, TMZ treatment may trigger CXCR4/CXCL12 axis of GBM. We used two GBM cell lines, two primary GBM cells, and animal model to identify underlying mechanism and treatment efficacy of regorafenib combined with TMZ by cytotoxicity, apoptosis, reporter gene and invasion/migration assays, chemokine array, Western blotting, MRI, microarray, and immunohistochemistry. We observed that the chemokine CXCL-12 and its receptor CXCR4 regulate the resistance to TMZ, whereas the inhibition of CXCL-12/CXCR4 signaling sensitizes GBM cells to TMZ. The TMZ-induced CXCL-12/CXCR4 signaling, phosphor-extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), and NF-κB-related proteins can effectively diminish when combining with regorafenib. Regorafenib significantly enhanced the TMZ-induced extrinsic/intrinsic apoptotic pathways, and facilitated the suppression of invasion and migration potential in GBM. Orthotopic tumor experiments demonstrated tumor size reduction and prolonged survival in combination group even with half-dose of TMZ. Our findings provide promising evidence that regorafenib may sensitize GBM to TMZ treatment through inhibition of the CXCL12/CXCR4/ERK/NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Tsang Chiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, 505, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, 406, Taiwan
- Medical administrative center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, 505, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, 406, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Shan Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering & Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Ahmed Atef Ahmed Ali
- TMU Neuroscience Research Center - NeuroImage, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yi Chou
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institute, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-I Hsu
- Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institute, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institute, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Fei-Ting Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan.
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2
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Codrici E, Popescu ID, Tanase C, Enciu AM. Friends with Benefits: Chemokines, Glioblastoma-Associated Microglia/Macrophages, and Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052509. [PMID: 35269652 PMCID: PMC8910233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary intracranial tumor and has the greatest prevalence of all brain tumors. Treatment resistance and tumor recurrence in GBM are mostly explained by considerable alterations within the tumor microenvironment, as well as extraordinary cellular and molecular heterogeneity. Soluble factors, extracellular matrix components, tissue-resident cell types, resident or newly recruited immune cells together make up the GBM microenvironment. Regardless of many immune cells, a profound state of tumor immunosuppression is supported and developed, posing a considerable hurdle to cancer cells' immune-mediated destruction. Several studies have suggested that various GBM subtypes present different modifications in their microenvironment, although the importance of the microenvironment in treatment response has yet to be determined. Understanding the microenvironment and how it changes after therapies is critical because it can influence the remaining invasive GSCs and lead to recurrence. This review article sheds light on the various components of the GBM microenvironment and their roles in tumoral development, as well as immune-related biological processes that support the interconnection/interrelationship between different cell types. Also, we summarize the current understanding of the modulation of soluble factors and highlight the dysregulated inflammatory chemokine/specific receptors cascades/networks and their significance in tumorigenesis, cancer-related inflammation, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Codrici
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (I.-D.P.); (A.-M.E.)
| | - Ionela-Daniela Popescu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (I.-D.P.); (A.-M.E.)
| | - Cristiana Tanase
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Enciu
- Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (I.-D.P.); (A.-M.E.)
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3
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Gu S, Peng Z, Wu Y, Wang Y, Lei D, Jiang X, Zhao H, Fu P. COL5A1 Serves as a Biomarker of Tumor Progression and Poor Prognosis and May Be a Potential Therapeutic Target in Gliomas. Front Oncol 2021; 11:752694. [PMID: 34868960 PMCID: PMC8635112 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.752694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common malignancy of the central nervous system. Although advances in surgical resection, adjuvant radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have been achieved in the last decades, the prognosis of gliomas is still dismal. COL5A1 is one of the collagen members with minor content but prominent functions. The present study examined the biological functions, prognostic value, and gene-associated tumor-infiltrating immune cells of COL5A1 through experiments and bioinformatics analysis. We found that the overexpression of COL5A1 was positively correlated with the increasing tumor malignancies and indicated poor prognosis in gliomas. Moreover, downregulation of COL5A1 could inhibit proliferation and migration of glioma cells and enhance their temozolomide sensitivities in vitro. Further bioinformatic analysis revealed that COL5A1 and its co-expressed genes participated in a number of pathways and biological processes involved in glioma progression. Finally, we evaluated the tumor-infiltrating immune cells of gliomas depending on COL5A1 and found that the percentages of the dendritic cells, which were known as the central mediator of tumor microenvironment in gliomas, were positively associated with the expression levels of COL5A1. Taken together, COL5A1 is an important biomarker and potential therapeutic target of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zesheng Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurosurgery General Hospital of The Yangtze River Shipping, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yihao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Deqiang Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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4
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Fan Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Dong X, Gao P, Liu K, Ma C, Zhao G. Breaking Bad: Autophagy Tweaks the Interplay Between Glioma and the Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:746621. [PMID: 34671362 PMCID: PMC8521049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.746621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Though significant strides in tumorigenic comprehension and therapy modality have been witnessed over the past decades, glioma remains one of the most common and malignant brain tumors characterized by recurrence, dismal prognosis, and therapy resistance. Immunotherapy advance holds promise in glioma recently. However, the efficacy of immunotherapy varies among individuals with glioma, which drives researchers to consider the modest levels of immunity in the central nervous system, as well as the immunosuppressive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Considering the highly conserved property for sustaining energy homeostasis in mammalian cells and repeatedly reported links in malignancy and drug resistance, autophagy is determined as a cutting angle to elucidate the relations between glioma and the TIME. In this review, heterogeneity of TIME in glioma is outlined along with the reciprocal impacts between them. In addition, controversies on whether autophagy behaves cytoprotectively or cytotoxically in cancers are covered. How autophagy collapses from its homeostasis and aids glioma malignancy, which may depend on the cell type and the cellular context such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level, are briefly discussed. The consecutive application of autophagy inducers and inhibitors may improve the drug resistance in glioma after overtreatments. It also highlights that autophagy plays a pivotal part in modulating glioma and the TIME, respectively, and the intricate interactions among them. Specifically, autophagy is manipulated by either glioma or tumor-associated macrophages to conform one side to the other through exosomal microRNAs and thereby adjust the interactions. Given that some of the crosstalk between glioma and the TIME highly depend on the autophagy process or autophagic components, there are interconnections influenced by the status and well-being of cells presumably associated with autophagic flux. By updating the most recent knowledge concerning glioma and the TIME from an autophagic perspective enhances comprehension and inspires more applicable and effective strategies targeting TIME while harnessing autophagy collaboratively against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuechao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pu Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chengyuan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Urbantat RM, Jelgersma C, Brandenburg S, Nieminen-Kelhä M, Kremenetskaia I, Zollfrank J, Mueller S, Rubarth K, Koch A, Vajkoczy P, Acker G. Tumor-Associated Microglia/Macrophages as a Predictor for Survival in Glioblastoma and Temozolomide-Induced Changes in CXCR2 Signaling with New Resistance Overcoming Strategy by Combination Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011180. [PMID: 34681839 PMCID: PMC8538679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor recurrence is the main challenge in glioblastoma (GBM) treatment. Gold standard therapy temozolomide (TMZ) is known to induce upregulation of IL8/CXCL2/CXCR2 signaling that promotes tumor progression and angiogenesis. Our aim was to verify the alterations on this signaling pathway in human GBM recurrence and to investigate the impact of TMZ in particular. Furthermore, a combi-therapy of TMZ and CXCR2 antagonization was established to assess the efficacy and tolerability. First, we analyzed 76 matched primary and recurrent GBM samples with regard to various histological aspects with a focus on the role of TMZ treatment and the assessment of predictors of overall survival (OS). Second, the combi-therapy with TMZ and CXCR2-antagonization was evaluated in a syngeneic mouse tumor model with in-depth immunohistological investigations and subsequent gene expression analyses. We observed a significantly decreased infiltration of tumor-associated microglia/macrophages (TAM) in recurrent tumors, while a high TAM infiltration in primary tumors was associated with a reduced OS. Additionally, more patients expressed IL8 in recurrent tumors and TMZ therapy maintained CXCL2 expression. In mice, enhanced anti-tumoral effects were observed after combi-therapy. In conclusion, high TAM infiltration predicts a survival disadvantage, supporting findings of the tumor-promoting phenotype of TAMs. Furthermore, the combination therapy seemed to be promising to overcome CXCR2-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M. Urbantat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (R.M.U.); (C.J.); (S.B.); (M.N.-K.); (I.K.); (J.Z.); (P.V.)
| | - Claudius Jelgersma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (R.M.U.); (C.J.); (S.B.); (M.N.-K.); (I.K.); (J.Z.); (P.V.)
| | - Susan Brandenburg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (R.M.U.); (C.J.); (S.B.); (M.N.-K.); (I.K.); (J.Z.); (P.V.)
| | - Melina Nieminen-Kelhä
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (R.M.U.); (C.J.); (S.B.); (M.N.-K.); (I.K.); (J.Z.); (P.V.)
| | - Irina Kremenetskaia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (R.M.U.); (C.J.); (S.B.); (M.N.-K.); (I.K.); (J.Z.); (P.V.)
| | - Julia Zollfrank
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (R.M.U.); (C.J.); (S.B.); (M.N.-K.); (I.K.); (J.Z.); (P.V.)
| | - Susanne Mueller
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rubarth
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arend Koch
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (R.M.U.); (C.J.); (S.B.); (M.N.-K.); (I.K.); (J.Z.); (P.V.)
| | - Gueliz Acker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (R.M.U.); (C.J.); (S.B.); (M.N.-K.); (I.K.); (J.Z.); (P.V.)
- Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-660357
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Wang Z, Liu Y, Mo Y, Zhang H, Dai Z, Zhang X, Ye W, Cao H, Liu Z, Cheng Q. The CXCL Family Contributes to Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in Gliomas and Assists in Gliomas Chemotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:731751. [PMID: 34603309 PMCID: PMC8482424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are a type of malignant central nervous system tumor with poor prognosis. Molecular biomarkers of gliomas can predict glioma patient's clinical outcome, but their limitations are also emerging. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand family plays a critical role in shaping tumor immune landscape and modulating tumor progression, but its role in gliomas is elusive. In this work, samples of TCGA were treated as the training cohort, and as for validation cohort, two CGGA datasets, four datasets from GEO database, and our own clinical samples were enrolled. Consensus clustering analysis was first introduced to classify samples based on CXCL expression profile, and the support vector machine was applied to construct the cluster model in validation cohort based on training cohort. Next, the elastic net analysis was applied to calculate the risk score of each sample based on CXCL expression. High-risk samples associated with more malignant clinical features, worse survival outcome, and more complicated immune landscape than low-risk samples. Besides, higher immune checkpoint gene expression was also noticed in high-risk samples, suggesting CXCL may participate in tumor evasion from immune surveillance. Notably, high-risk samples also manifested higher chemotherapy resistance than low-risk samples. Therefore, we predicted potential compounds that target high-risk samples. Two novel drugs, LCL-161 and ADZ5582, were firstly identified as gliomas' potential compounds, and five compounds from PubChem database were filtered out. Taken together, we constructed a prognostic model based on CXCL expression, and predicted that CXCL may affect tumor progression by modulating tumor immune landscape and tumor immune escape. Novel potential compounds were also proposed, which may improve malignant glioma prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuze Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinic Medicine of 5-Year Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuyao Mo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinic Medicine of 5-Year Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyu Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weijie Ye
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province, The Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhixiong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Diagnosis and Therapy Center for Gliomas of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Clinical Diagnosis and Therapy Center for Gliomas of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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7
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Cao F, Fan Y, Yu Y, Yang G, Zhong H. Dissecting Prognosis Modules and Biomarkers in Glioblastoma Based on Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:5477-5489. [PMID: 34267555 PMCID: PMC8276137 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s310346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction As one of the most prevalent and malignant brain cancers, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) presents a poor prognosis and the molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Consequently, molecular research, including various biomarkers, is essential to exploit the occurrence and development of glioma. Methods Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to construct gene co-expression modules and networks based on the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) glioblastoma specimens. Then, protein–protein interaction (PPI) and gene ontology (GO) analyses were performed to mine hub genes. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were employed to examine the expression level of GRPR, CXCL5, and CXCL11 in glioma patients. Results We confirmed two gene modules by protein–protein interaction networks. Functional enrichment analysis was performed to identify the significance of gene modules. Prognostic biomarkers GRPR, CXCL5, and CXCL11 related to the survival time of GBM samples were mined in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. qRT-PCR revealed that GRPR, CXCL5, and CXCL11 led to a significant increase in GBM sample compared to control. Conclusion In this study, we developed and confirmed three mRNA signatures (GRPR, CXCL5, and CXCL11) for evaluating overall survival in GBM patients. Our research assists in existing understanding of GBM diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinchun Fan
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunhu Yu
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Disease, the People's Hospital of Hong Hua Gang District of ZunYi, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Yang
- Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medicine Education of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, People's Republic of China
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Advances in Chemokine Signaling Pathways as Therapeutic Targets in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122983. [PMID: 34203660 PMCID: PMC8232256 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With a median patient survival of 15 months, glioblastoma (GBM) is still one of the deadliest malign tumors. Despite immense efforts, therapeutic regimens fail to prolong GBM patient overall survival due to various resistance mechanisms. Chemokine signaling as part of the tumor microenvironment plays a key role in gliomagenesis, proliferation, neovascularization, metastasis and tumor progression. In this review, we aimed to investigate novel therapeutic approaches targeting various chemokine axes, including CXCR2/CXCL2/IL-8, CXCR3/CXCL4/CXCL9/CXCL10, CXCR4/CXCR7/CXCL12, CXCR6/CXCL16, CCR2/CCL2, CCR5/CCL5 and CX3CR1/CX3CL1 in preclinical and clinical studies of GBM. We reviewed targeted therapies as single therapies, in combination with the standard of care, with antiangiogenic treatment as well as immunotherapy. We found that there are many antagonist-, antibody-, cell- and vaccine-based therapeutic approaches in preclinical and clinical studies. Furthermore, targeted therapies exerted their highest efficacy in combination with other established therapeutic applications. The novel chemokine-targeting therapies have mainly been examined in preclinical models. However, clinical applications are auspicious. Thus, it is crucial to broadly investigate the recently developed preclinical approaches. Promising preclinical applications should then be investigated in clinical studies to create new therapeutic regimens and to overcome therapy resistance to GBM treatment.
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9
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Luker GD, Yang J, Richmond A, Scala S, Festuccia C, Schottelius M, Wester HJ, Zimmermann J. At the Bench: Pre-clinical evidence for multiple functions of CXCR4 in cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 109:969-989. [PMID: 33104270 PMCID: PMC8254203 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2bt1018-715rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through chemokine receptor, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) regulates essential processes in normal physiology, including embryogenesis, tissue repair, angiogenesis, and trafficking of immune cells. Tumors co-opt many of these fundamental processes to directly stimulate proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. CXCR4 signaling contributes to critical functions of stromal cells in cancer, including angiogenesis and multiple cell types in the tumor immune environment. Studies in animal models of several different types of cancers consistently demonstrate essential functions of CXCR4 in tumor initiation, local invasion, and metastasis to lymph nodes and distant organs. Data from animal models support clinical observations showing that integrated effects of CXCR4 on cancer and stromal cells correlate with metastasis and overall poor prognosis in >20 different human malignancies. Small molecules, Abs, and peptidic agents have shown anticancer efficacy in animal models, sparking ongoing efforts at clinical translation for cancer therapy. Investigators also are developing companion CXCR4-targeted imaging agents with potential to stratify patients for CXCR4-targeted therapy and monitor treatment efficacy. Here, pre-clinical studies demonstrating functions of CXCR4 in cancer are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Luker
- Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jinming Yang
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ann Richmond
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stefania Scala
- Research Department, Microenvironment Molecular Targets, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G. Pascale", Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Department of Applied Clinical Science and Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Margret Schottelius
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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10
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The CXCL2/IL8/CXCR2 Pathway Is Relevant for Brain Tumor Malignancy and Endothelial Cell Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052634. [PMID: 33807899 PMCID: PMC7961945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the angiogenic capacity of CXCL2 and IL8 affecting human endothelial cells to clarify their potential role in glioblastoma (GBM) angiogenesis. Human GBM samples and controls were stained for proangiogenic factors. Survival curves and molecule correlations were obtained from the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) database. Moreover, proliferative, migratory and angiogenic activity of peripheral (HUVEC) and brain specific (HBMEC) primary human endothelial cells were investigated including blockage of CXCR2 signaling with SB225502. Gene expression analyses of angiogenic molecules from endothelial cells were performed. Overexpression of VEGF and CXCL2 was observed in GBM patients and associated with a survival disadvantage. Molecules of the VEGF pathway correlated but no relation for CXCR1/2 and CXCL2/IL8 was found. Interestingly, receptors of endothelial cells were not induced by addition of proangiogenic factors in vitro. Proliferation and migration of HUVEC were increased by VEGF, CXCL2 as well as IL8. Their sprouting was enhanced through VEGF and CXCL2, while IL8 showed no effect. In contrast, brain endothelial cells reacted to all proangiogenic molecules. Additionally, treatment with a CXCR2 antagonist led to reduced chemokinesis and sprouting of endothelial cells. We demonstrate the impact of CXCR2 signaling on endothelial cells supporting an impact of this pathway in angiogenesis of glioblastoma.
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11
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Yen SC, Chen LC, Huang HL, Ngo ST, Wu YW, Lin TE, Sung TY, Lien ST, Tseng HJ, Pan SL, Huang WJ, Hsu KC. Investigation of Selected Flavonoid Derivatives as Potent FLT3 Inhibitors for the Potential Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1-10. [PMID: 33393294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive disease with a poor prognosis and a high degree of relapse seen in patients. Overexpression of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is associated with up to 70% of AML patients. Wild-type FLT3 induces proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in AML cells, while uncontrolled proliferation of FLT3 kinase activity is also associated with FLT3 mutations. Therefore, inhibiting FLT3 activity is a promising AML therapy. Flavonoids are a group of phytochemicals that can target protein kinases, suggesting their potential antitumor activities. In this study, several plant-derived flavonoids have been identified with FLT3 inhibitory activity. Among these compounds, compound 40 (5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone) exhibited the most potent inhibition against not only FLT3 (IC50 = 0.44 μM) but also FLT3-D835Y and FLT3-ITD mutants (IC50 = 0.23 and 0.39 μM, respectively). The critical interactions between the FLT3 binding site and the compounds were identified by performing a structure-activity relationship analysis. Furthermore, the results of cellular assays revealed that compounds 28, 31, 32, and 40 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against two human AML cell lines (MOLM-13 and MV-4-11), and compounds 31, 32, and 40 resulted in cell apoptosis and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Collectively, these flavonoids have the potential to be further optimized as FLT3 inhibitors and provide valuable chemical information for the development of new AML drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chung Yen
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang-Chieh Chen
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Li Huang
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Ting Ngo
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Wu
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tony Eight Lin
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Master Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ying Sung
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Ting Lien
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Tseng
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Lin Pan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jan Huang
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Entry and exit of chemotherapeutically-promoted cellular dormancy in glioblastoma cells is differentially affected by the chemokines CXCL12, CXCL16, and CX3CL1. Oncogene 2020; 39:4421-4435. [PMID: 32346064 PMCID: PMC7253351 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant brain tumor that evades therapy regimens. Since cellular dormancy is one strategy for surviving, and since chemokines determine the environmental conditions in which dormancy occurs, we investigated how chemokines affect temozolomide (TMZ)-promoted cellular dormancy entry and exit in GBM cells. TMZ administration over ten days promoted cellular dormancy entry, whereas discontinuing TMZ for a further 15 days resulted in resumption of proliferation. Co-administration of a chemokine cocktail containing CXCL12, CXCL16, and CX3CL1 resulted in both delayed entry and exit from cellular dormancy. A microarray-based transcriptome analysis in LN229 GBM cells revealed that cellular dormancy entry was characterized by an increased expression of CCL2 and SAA2, while THSD4, FSTL3, and VEGFC were upregulated during dormancy exit. Co-stimulation with the chemokine cocktail reduced upregulation of identified genes. After verifying the appearance of identified genes in human GBM primary cultures and ex vivo samples, we clarified whether each chemokine alone impacts cellular dormancy mechanisms using specific antagonists and selective CRISPR/Cas9 clones. While expression of CCL2 and SAA2 in LN229 cells was altered by the CXCL12-CXCR4-CXCR7 axis, CXCL16 and CX3CL1 contributed to reduced upregulation of THSD4 and, to a weaker extent, of VEGFC. The influence on FSTL3 expression depended on the entire chemokine cocktail. Effects of chemokines on dormancy entry and exit-associated genes were detectable in human GBM primary cells, too, even if in a more complex, cell-specific manner. Thus, chemokines play a significant role in the regulation of TMZ-promoted cellular dormancy in GBMs.
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13
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Mi Y, Guo N, Luan J, Cheng J, Hu Z, Jiang P, Jin W, Gao X. The Emerging Role of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Glioma Immune Suppressive Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2020; 11:737. [PMID: 32391020 PMCID: PMC7193311 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous group of myeloid progenitor and precursor cells at different stages of differentiation, which play an important role in tumor immunosuppression. Glioma is the most common and deadliest primary malignant tumor of the brain, and ample evidence supports key contributions of MDSCs to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, which is a key factor stimulating glioma progression. In this review, we summarize the source and characterization of MDSCs, discuss their immunosuppressive functions, and current approaches that target MDSCs for tumor control. Overall, the review provides insights into the roles of MDSC immunosuppression in the glioma microenvironment and suggests that MDSC control is a powerful cellular therapeutic target for currently incurable glioma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Mi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Na Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Luan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianghong Cheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhifang Hu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengtao Jiang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weilin Jin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Lab for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingchun Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Key Lab for Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology, Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electronic Engineering, Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Chen JC, Hsieh PS, Chen SM, Hwang JH. Effects of Cinnamaldehyde on the Viability and Expression of Chemokine Receptor Genes in Temozolomide-treated Glioma Cells. In Vivo 2020; 34:595-599. [PMID: 32111758 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The effects of cinnamaldehyde on glioma are still unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde on the viability and expression of chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 in temozolomide (TMZ)-treated glioma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell viability and CXCR4 and CXCR7 expression were measured by western blotting at 72 h after treatment with various concentrations of cinnamaldehyde and TMZ. RESULTS Cell viability was significantly lower after treatment with 300 μM TMZ, 50 μM cinnamaldehyde, 75 μM cinnamaldehyde, or combined treatment with 300 μM TMZ plus 50 μM or 75 μM cinnamaldehyde than after no treatment (i.e., without TMZ or cinnamaldehyde); and significantly lower after combined treatment with 300 μM TMZ plus 75 μM cinnamaldehyde but not 50 μM cinnamaldehyde, than treatment with 300 μM TMZ alone. Western blotting showed that either single treatments or combined treatments had lower CXCR4 expression (compared to the no-treatment control). Compared to 300 μM TMZ alone, both combined treatment of 300 μM TMZ plus 50 μM cinnamaldehyde or 75 μM cinnamaldehyde had significantly lowered CXCR4 expression. However, CXCR7 expression was not significantly different in all groups. CONCLUSION Cinnamaldehyde, acting with TMZ, reduces glioma cell viability possibly via decreasing CXCR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Cherng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan, R.O.C.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Haulien, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pei-Shan Hsieh
- Department of Medical Research, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Min Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Juen-Haur Hwang
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Haulien, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
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15
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Monsalve FA, Rojas A, Gonzalez I, Perez R, Añasco C, Romero J, Araya P, Santos LS, Delgado-Lopez F. RID: Evaluation of the Possible Inhibiting Effect of the Proinflammatory Signaling Induced by TNF- α through NF- κβ and AP-1 in Two Cell Lines of Breast Cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:2707635. [PMID: 32655311 PMCID: PMC7327562 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2707635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor internalization and degradation (RID), is a transmembrane protein coded within the E3 region expression cassette of adenoviruses. RID downregulates the cell surface expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR), and apoptosis antigen 1 (FAS), causing a reduction of the effects of their respective ligands. In addition, RID inhibits apoptosis by decreasing the secretion of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) by normal tissue cells. In this article, we report that RID inhibited chemokine expression in human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 but showed no effect in cell line MCF7. These dissimilar results may be due to the different molecular and functional properties of both cell lines. Therefore, it is necessary to replicate this study in other breast cancer cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Monsalve
- 1Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Chile
| | - A. Rojas
- 2Laboratories of Biomedical Research, Division of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile
| | - I. Gonzalez
- 2Laboratories of Biomedical Research, Division of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile
| | - R. Perez
- 2Laboratories of Biomedical Research, Division of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile
| | - C. Añasco
- 2Laboratories of Biomedical Research, Division of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile
| | - J. Romero
- 2Laboratories of Biomedical Research, Division of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile
| | - P. Araya
- 2Laboratories of Biomedical Research, Division of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile
| | - L. S. Santos
- 3Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, Institute of Chemistry and Natural Products, University of Talca, Chile
| | - F. Delgado-Lopez
- 2Laboratories of Biomedical Research, Division of Medicine, Universidad Católica del Maule, Chile
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16
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Afshari AR, Jalili-Nik M, Soukhtanloo M, Ghorbani A, Sadeghnia HR, Mollazadeh H, Karimi Roshan M, Rahmani F, Sabri H, Vahedi MM, Mousavi SH. Auraptene-induced cytotoxicity mechanisms in human malignant glioblastoma (U87) cells: role of reactive oxygen species (ROS). EXCLI JOURNAL 2019; 18:576-590. [PMID: 31611741 PMCID: PMC6785765 DOI: 10.17179/excli2019-1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), like the devastating type of astrocytic tumors, is one of the most challenging cancers to treat owing to its aggressive nature. Auraptene, as a prenyloxy coumarin from citrus species, represents antioxidant and antitumor activities; however, the underlying antitumor mechanisms of auraptene against GBM remain unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic and apoptogenic effects of auraptene, as a promising natural product, and the possible signaling pathways affected in human malignant GBM (U87) cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production significantly decreased in the first 2, and 6 hours after treatment with auraptene however, ROS levels increased in other incubation times (8 and 24 hours), dramatically. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) markedly attenuated auraptene-induced ROS production, and consequently reversed auraptene-induced cytotoxicity in 8 and 24 hours after treatment, as well. Induction of apoptosis occurred in the first 24- and 48-hours concentration-dependently. The qRT-PCR showed an up-regulation in p21, CXCL3, and a down-regulation in Cyclin D1 genes expression. Western blot analysis confirmed the up-regulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio protein levels concentration-dependently. Hence, this study collectively revealed that the increase in ROS level is at least one of the mechanisms associated with auraptene-induced GBM cell toxicity as well as the induction of apoptosis through Bax/Bcl-2 modulation and genes expression involved that contribute to the cytotoxicity of auraptene in U87 cells. So, auraptene might be utilized as a potential novel anti-GBM agent after further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir R Afshari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jalili-Nik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghorbani
- Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid R Sadeghnia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Mollazadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mostafa Karimi Roshan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzad Rahmani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Sabri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Vahedi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Seyed Hadi Mousavi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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17
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Doan NB, Nguyen HS, Alhajala HS, Jaber B, Al-Gizawiy MM, Ahn EYE, Mueller WM, Chitambar CR, Mirza SP, Schmainda KM. Identification of radiation responsive genes and transcriptome profiling via complete RNA sequencing in a stable radioresistant U87 glioblastoma model. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23532-23542. [PMID: 29805753 PMCID: PMC5955095 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The absence of major progress in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) is partly attributable to our poor understanding of both GBM tumor biology and the acquirement of treatment resistance in recurrent GBMs. Recurrent GBMs are characterized by their resistance to radiation. In this study, we used an established stable U87 radioresistant GBM model and total RNA sequencing to shed light on global mRNA expression changes following irradiation. We identified many genes, the expressions of which were altered in our radioresistant GBM model, that have never before been reported to be associated with the development of radioresistant GBM and should be concertedly further investigated to understand their roles in radioresistance. These genes were enriched in various biological processes such as inflammatory response, cell migration, positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, apoptosis, positive regulation of T-cell migration, positive regulation of macrophage chemotaxis, T-cell antigen processing and presentation, and microglial cell activation involved in immune response genes. These findings furnish crucial information for elucidating the molecular mechanisms associated with radioresistance in GBM. Therapeutically, with the global alterations of multiple biological pathways observed in irradiated GBM cells, an effective GBM therapy may require a cocktail carrying multiple agents targeting multiple implicated pathways in order to have a chance at making a substantial impact on improving the overall GBM survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninh B Doan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ha S Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Hisham S Alhajala
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Basem Jaber
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria
| | - Mona M Al-Gizawiy
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Wade M Mueller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Christopher R Chitambar
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Shama P Mirza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Kathleen M Schmainda
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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18
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Ginsenoside Rg3 Prevents Oxidative Stress-Induced Astrocytic Senescence and Ameliorates Senescence Paracrine Effects on Glioblastoma. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091516. [PMID: 28891967 PMCID: PMC6151485 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescent astrocytes in aging brain express senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and link with increased brain aging and its related diseases. In order to determine whether ginsenosides ameliorate the astrocytic senescence in vitro, human astrocytic CRT cells and primary rat astrocytes were used in the present study. Ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1 and Rg3 (5 μg/mL) could effectively prevent the astrocytic senescence induced by H2O2 exposure. However, these ginsenosides did not reverse the astrocytic senescence. Importantly, senescent astrocytes herein produce SASP. The expression of major components of SASP, IL-6 and IL-8, are greatly increased in senescent astrocytes. Ginsenoside Rg3 (10 μg/mL) effectively suppressed the expressions of IL-6 and IL-8, which is associated with regulations of NF-κB and p38MAPK activation. In addition, after incubation with Rg3, conditioned medium from senescent astrocytic CRT cells significantly decreased the ability to promote the proliferation of astrocytoma U373-MG, U87-MG and U251-MG cells compared with non-treated senescent samples. Similar patterns were confirmed in chemotherapy-induced glioblastoma senescent cells. The present study explored a potential candidate for amelioration of astrocytic senescence and SASP in brain aging, which provided a basis for developing strategies to reduce the dark side of senescence in normal or pathological aging process.
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19
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Ahn SH, Ahn JH, Ryu DR, Lee J, Cho MS, Choi YH. Effect of Necrosis on the miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network in CRT-MG Human Astroglioma Cells. Cancer Res Treat 2017; 50:382-397. [PMID: 28546527 PMCID: PMC5912152 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2016.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common adult primary intracranial tumor. The remarkable features of GBM include central necrosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been considered as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers for many cancers, including glioblastoma. However, the effect of necrosis on the miRNA expression profile and predicted miRNA-mRNA regulatory information remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of necrotic cells on the modulation of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles and miRNA-mRNA network in CRT-MG cells. Materials and Methods We used human astroglioma cells, CRT-MG, treated with necrotic CRT-MG cells to examine the effect of necrosis on the modulation of miRNA and mRNA by next-generation sequencing. For preparation of necrotic cells, CRT-MGcellswere frozen and thawed through cycle of liquid nitrogen–water bath. The putative miRNA-mRNA regulatory relationshipwas inferred through target information, using miRDB. Results The necrotic cells induced dysregulation of 106 miRNAs and 887 mRNAs. Among them, 11 miRNAs that had a negative correlation value of p < 0.05 by the hypergeometric test were screened, and their target mRNAs were analyzed by Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. Using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, we also found several necrotic cell treatment-activated pathways that were modulated by relevant gene targets of differentially expressed miRNAs. Conclusion Our result demonstrated that dysregulation of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles occurs when GBM cells are exposed to necrotic cells, suggesting that several miRNAs may have the potential to be used as biomarkers for predicting GBM progression and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Ahn
- Department of Physiology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea.,Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyuck Ahn
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Ryeol Ryu
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisoo Lee
- Department of Internal medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Sun Cho
- Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn-Hee Choi
- Department of Physiology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea.,Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine,Seoul, Korea
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20
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Adamski V, Schmitt AD, Flüh C, Synowitz M, Hattermann K, Held-Feindt J. Isolation and Characterization of Fast-Migrating Human Glioma Cells in the Progression of Malignant Gliomas. Oncol Res 2016; 25:341-353. [PMID: 27641619 PMCID: PMC7841193 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14737243054982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors. The most malignant form, the glioblastoma multiforme (GBM; WHO IV), is characterized by an invasive phenotype, which enables the tumor cells to infiltrate into adjacent brain tissue. When investigating GBM migration and invasion properties in vitro, in most cases GBM cell lines were analyzed. Comprehensive investigations focusing on progression-dependent characteristics of migration processes using fresh human glioma samples of different malignancy grades do not exist. Thus, we isolated fast-migrating tumor cells from fresh human glioma samples of different malignancy grades (astrocytomas WHO grade II, grade III, GBM, and GBM recurrences) and characterized them with regard to the transcription of genes involved in the migration and invasion, tumor progression, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and stemness. In addition, we transferred our results to GBM cell lines and glioma stem-like cells and examined the influence of temozolomide on the expression of the above-mentioned genes in relation to migratory potential. Our results indicate that "evolutionary-like" expression alterations occur during glioma progression when comparing slow- and fast-migrating cells of fresh human gliomas. Furthermore, a close relation between migratory and stemness properties seems to be most likely. Variations in gene expression were also identified in GBM cell lines, not only when comparing fast- and slow-migrating cells but also regarding temozolomide-treated and untreated cells. Moreover, these differences coincided with the expression of stem cell markers and their migratory potential. Expression of migration-related genes in fast-migrating glioma cells is not only regulated in a progression-dependent manner, but these cells are also characterized by specific stem cell-like features.
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Stepanenko AA, Andreieva SV, Korets KV, Mykytenko DO, Baklaushev VP, Huleyuk NL, Kovalova OA, Kotsarenko KV, Chekhonin VP, Vassetzky YS, Avdieiev SS, Dmitrenko VV. Temozolomide promotes genomic and phenotypic changes in glioblastoma cells. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:36. [PMID: 27158244 PMCID: PMC4858898 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Temozolomide (TMZ) is a first-line drug for the treatment of glioblastoma. Long-term TMZ-treated tumour cells acquire TMZ resistance by profound reprogramming of the transcriptome, proteome, kinome, metabolism, and demonstrate versatile and opposite changes in proliferation, invasion, in vivo growth, and drug cross-resistance. We hypothesized that chromosomal instability (CIN) may be implicated in the generation of TMZ-driven molecular and phenotype diversity. CIN refers to the rate (cell-to-cell variability) with which whole chromosomes or portions of chromosomes are gained or lost. METHODS The long-term TMZ-treated cell lines were established in vitro (U251TMZ1, U251TMZ2, T98GTMZ and C6TMZ) and in vivo (C6R2TMZ). A glioma model was achieved by the intracerebral stereotactic implantation of C6 cells into the striatum region of rats. Genomic and phenotypic changes were analyzed by conventional cytogenetics, array CGH, trypan blue exclusion assay, soft agar colony formation assay, scratch wound healing assay, transwell invasion assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. RESULTS Long-term TMZ treatment increased CIN-mediated genomic diversity in U251TMZ1, U251TMZ2 and T98GTMZ cells but reduced it in C6TMZ and C6R2TMZ cells. U251TMZ1 and U251TMZ2 cell lines, established in parallel with a similar treatment procedure with the only difference in the duration of treatment, underwent individual phenotypic changes. U251TMZ1 had a reduced proliferation and invasion but increased migration, whereas U251TMZ2 had an enhanced proliferation and invasion but no changes in migration. U251TMZ1 and U251TMZ2 cells demonstrated individual patterns in expression/activation of signal transduction proteins (e.g., MDM2, p53, ERK, AKT, and ASK). C6TMZ and C6R2TMZ cells had lower proliferation, colony formation efficiency and migration, whereas T98GTMZ cells had increased colony formation efficiency without any changes in proliferation, migration, and invasion. TMZ-treated lines demonstrated a differential response to a reduction in glucose concentration and an increased resistance to TMZ re-challenge but not temsirolimus (mTOR inhibitor) or U0126 (MEK1/2 inhibitor) treatment. CONCLUSION Long-term TMZ treatment selected resistant genotype-phenotype variants or generated novel versatile phenotypes by increasing CIN. An increase of resistance to TMZ re-challenge seems to be the only predictable trait intrinsic to all long-term TMZ-treated tumour cells. Changes in genomic diversity may be responsible for heterogeneous phenotypes of TMZ-treated cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei A Stepanenko
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo str. 150, Kiev, 03680 Ukraine
| | - Svitlana V Andreieva
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo str. 150, Kiev, 03680 Ukraine
| | - Kateryna V Korets
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo str. 150, Kiev, 03680 Ukraine
| | - Dmytro O Mykytenko
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo str. 150, Kiev, 03680 Ukraine
| | - Vladimir P Baklaushev
- Department of Medicinal Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Ostrovitianov str. 1, Moscow, 117997 Russia ; Federal Research and Clinical Centre, FMBA of Russia, Orekhoviy Bulvar str. 28, Moscow, 115682 Russia
| | - Nataliya L Huleyuk
- Department of Diagnostic of Hereditary Pathology, Institute of Hereditary Pathology, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Lysenko str. 31A, Lviv, 79008 Ukraine
| | - Oksana A Kovalova
- Department of Experimental Cell System, R.E.Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Vasylkivska str. 45, Kiev, 03022 Ukraine
| | - Kateryna V Kotsarenko
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo str. 150, Kiev, 03680 Ukraine
| | - Vladimir P Chekhonin
- Department of Medicinal Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Ostrovitianov str. 1, Moscow, 117997 Russia
| | - Yegor S Vassetzky
- CNRS UMR8126, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Sud 11, Camille-Desmoulins str. 39, Villejuif, 94805 France
| | - Stanislav S Avdieiev
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo str. 150, Kiev, 03680 Ukraine
| | - Vladimir V Dmitrenko
- Department of Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo str. 150, Kiev, 03680 Ukraine
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Topological robustness analysis of protein interaction networks reveals key targets for overcoming chemotherapy resistance in glioma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16830. [PMID: 26582089 PMCID: PMC4652178 DOI: 10.1038/srep16830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological networks display high robustness against random failures but are vulnerable to targeted attacks on central nodes. Thus, network topology analysis represents a powerful tool for investigating network susceptibility against targeted node removal. Here, we built protein interaction networks associated with chemoresistance to temozolomide, an alkylating agent used in glioma therapy, and analyzed their modular structure and robustness against intentional attack. These networks showed functional modules related to DNA repair, immunity, apoptosis, cell stress, proliferation and migration. Subsequently, network vulnerability was assessed by means of centrality-based attacks based on the removal of node fractions in descending orders of degree, betweenness, or the product of degree and betweenness. This analysis revealed that removing nodes with high degree and high betweenness was more effective in altering networks' robustness parameters, suggesting that their corresponding proteins may be particularly relevant to target temozolomide resistance. In silico data was used for validation and confirmed that central nodes are more relevant for altering proliferation rates in temozolomide-resistant glioma cell lines and for predicting survival in glioma patients. Altogether, these results demonstrate how the analysis of network vulnerability to topological attack facilitates target prioritization for overcoming cancer chemoresistance.
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Sun C, Wang Z, Song W, Chen B, Zhang J, Dai X, Wang L, Wu J, Lan Q, Huang Q, Dong J. Alteration of DNA damage signaling pathway profile in radiation-treated glioblastoma stem-like cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1769-1774. [PMID: 26622748 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the alteration of the DNA damage signaling pathway profile in radiation-treated glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSLCs), and also aimed to explore potential targets for overcoming glioblastoma radioresistance. Serum-free medium was used to isolate and culture GSLCs. Cell growth was detected using a cell counting kit-8 assay and cell sorting analysis was performed by flow cytometry. X-ray irradiation was produced by a Siemens-Primus linear accelerator. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)was performed to investigate target genes. SPSS 15.0 was used for all statistical analyses. Human glioblastoma U251 and U87 cells were cultured in serum-free medium supplemented with epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2, which constitutes tumor sphere medium, and demonstrated sphere formation, with significantly increased the proportion of CD133+ and Nestin+ cells, which are referred to as GSLCs. The present data revealed that treatment with 10 Gy X-ray radiation alters the expression profile of DNA damage-associated genes in GSLCs. The expression levels of 12 genes demonstrated a ≥2-fold increase in the irradiated U87 GSLCs compared with the untreated U87 GSLCs. Three genes, consisting of XPA, RAD50 and PPP1R15A, were selected from the 12 genes by gene functional searching and qPCR confirmatory studies, as these genes were considered to be potential targets for overcoming radioresistance. The expression of XPA, RAD50 and PPP1R15A is significantly increased in U87 and U251 radiation resistant GSLCs, indicating three potential targets for overcoming the radioresistance of GSLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Wuchao Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Baomin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Jinshi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Xingliang Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Jinding Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Qing Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
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Doloff JC, Waxman DJ. Transcriptional profiling provides insights into metronomic cyclophosphamide-activated, innate immune-dependent regression of brain tumor xenografts. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:375. [PMID: 25952672 PMCID: PMC4523019 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclophosphamide treatment on a six-day repeating metronomic schedule induces a dramatic, innate immune cell-dependent regression of implanted gliomas. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms whereby metronomic cyclophosphamide induces innate immune cell mobilization and recruitment, or about the role of DNA damage and cell stress response pathways in eliciting the immune responses linked to tumor regression. Methods Untreated and metronomic cyclophosphamide-treated human U251 glioblastoma xenografts were analyzed on human microarrays at two treatment time points to identify responsive tumor cell-specific factors and their upstream regulators. Mouse microarray analysis across two glioma models (human U251, rat 9L) was used to identify host factors and gene networks that contribute to the observed immune and tumor regression responses. Results Metronomic cyclophosphamide increased expression of tumor cell-derived DNA damage, cell stress, and cell death genes, which may facilitate innate immune activation. Increased expression of many host (mouse) immune networks was also seen in both tumor models, including complement components, toll-like receptors, interferons, and cytolysis pathways. Key upstream regulators activated by metronomic cyclophosphamide include members of the interferon, toll-like receptor, inflammatory response, and PPAR signaling pathways, whose activation may contribute to anti-tumor immunity. Many upstream regulators inhibited by metronomic cyclophosphamide, including hypoxia-inducible factors and MAP kinases, have glioma-promoting activity; their inhibition may contribute to the therapeutic effectiveness of the six-day repeating metronomic cyclophosphamide schedule. Conclusions Large numbers of responsive cytokines, chemokines and immune regulatory genes linked to innate immune cell recruitment and tumor regression were identified, as were several immunosuppressive factors that may contribute to the observed escape of some tumors from metronomic CPA-induced, immune-based regression. These factors may include useful biomarkers that facilitate discovery of clinically effective immunogenic metronomic drugs and treatment schedules, and the selection of patients most likely to be responsive to immunogenic drug scheduling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1358-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Doloff
- Department of Biology, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, USA.
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, USA.
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Mayer AMS, Hall ML, Holland M, De Castro C, Molinaro A, Aldulescu M, Frenkel J, Ottenhoff L, Rowley D, Powell J. Vibrio vulnificus MO6-24/O lipopolysaccharide stimulates superoxide anion, thromboxane B₂, matrix metalloproteinase-9, cytokine and chemokine release by rat brain microglia in vitro. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:1732-56. [PMID: 24675728 PMCID: PMC4012467 DOI: 10.3390/md12041732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human exposure to Gram-negative Vibrio vulnificus (V. vulnificus) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been reported to result in septic shock, its impact on the central nervous system's innate immunity remains undetermined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether V. vulnificus MO6-24/O LPS might activate rat microglia in vitro and stimulate the release of superoxide anion (O₂⁻), a reactive oxygen species known to cause oxidative stress and neuronal injury in vivo. Brain microglia were isolated from neonatal rats, and then treated with either V. vulnificus MO6-24/O LPS or Escherichia coli O26:B6 LPS for 17 hours in vitro. O₂⁻ was determined by cytochrome C reduction, and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 by gelatinase zymography. Generation of cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), IL-6, and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1α)/chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3 (CCL3), MIP-2/chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL2, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-2alpha/beta (CINC-2α/β)/CXCL3, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), were determined by specific immunoassays. Priming of rat microglia by V. vulnificus MO6-24/O LPS in vitro yielded a bell-shaped dose-response curve for PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate)-stimulated O₂⁻ generation: (1) 0.1-1 ng/mL V. vulnificus LPS enhanced O₂⁻ generation significantly but with limited inflammatory mediator generation; (2) 10-100 ng/mL V. vulnificus LPS maximized O₂⁻ generation with concomitant release of thromboxane B2 (TXB2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and several cytokines and chemokines; (3) 1000-100,000 ng/mL V. vulnificus LPS, with the exception of TXB2, yielded both attenuated O₂⁻ production, and a progressive decrease in MMP-9, cytokines and chemokines investigated. Thus concentration-dependent treatment of neonatal brain microglia with V. vulnificus MO6-24/O LPS resulted in a significant rise in O₂⁻ production, followed by a progressive decrease in O₂⁻ release, with concomitant release of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and generation of TXB2, MMP-9, cytokines and chemokines. We hypothesize that the inflammatory mediators investigated may be cytotoxic to microglia in vitro, by an as yet undetermined autocrine mechanism. Although V. vulnificus LPS was less potent than E. coli LPS in vitro, inflammatory mediator release by the former was clearly more efficacious. Finally, we hypothesize that should V. vulnificus LPS gain entry into the CNS, it would be possible that microglia might become activated, resulting in high levels of O₂⁻ as well as neuroinflammatory TXB2, MMP-9, cytokines and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M S Mayer
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Mary L Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Michael Holland
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Monica Aldulescu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Frenkel
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Lauren Ottenhoff
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - David Rowley
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Jan Powell
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 Pine St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Infanger DW, Cho Y, Lopez BS, Mohanan S, Liu SC, Gursel D, Boockvar JA, Fischbach C. Glioblastoma stem cells are regulated by interleukin-8 signaling in a tumoral perivascular niche. Cancer Res 2013; 73:7079-89. [PMID: 24121485 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme contains a subpopulation of cancer stem-like cells (CSC) believed to underlie tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance. Recent studies have localized CSCs in this disease adjacent to endothelial cells (EC) in what has been termed a perivascular niche, spurring investigation into the role of EC-CSC interactions in glioblastoma multiforme pathobiology. However, these studies have been limited by a lack of in vitro models of three-dimensional disease that can recapitulate the relevant conditions of the niche. In this study, we engineered a scaffold-based culture system enabling brain endothelial cells to form vascular networks. Using this system, we showed that vascular assembly induces CSC maintenance and growth in vitro and accelerates tumor growth in vivo through paracrine interleukin (IL)-8 signaling. Relative to conventional monolayers, endothelial cells cultured in this three-dimensional system not only secreted enhanced levels of IL-8 but also induced CSCs to upregulate the IL-8 cognate receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, which collectively enhanced CSC migration, growth, and stemness properties. CXCR2 silencing in CSCs abolished the tumor-promoting effects of endothelial cells in vivo, confirming a critical role for this signaling pathway in GMB pathogenesis. Together, our results reveal synergistic interactions between endothelial cells and CSCs that promote the malignant properties of CSCs in an IL-8-dependent manner. Furthermore, our findings underscore the relevance of tissue-engineered cell culture platforms to fully analyze signaling mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Infanger
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; and Laboratory for Translational Stem Cell Research, Weill Cornell Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York
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27
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Pluquet O, Dejeans N, Bouchecareilh M, Lhomond S, Pineau R, Higa A, Delugin M, Combe C, Loriot S, Cubel G, Dugot-Senant N, Vital A, Loiseau H, Gosline SJC, Taouji S, Hallett M, Sarkaria JN, Anderson K, Wu W, Rodriguez FJ, Rosenbaum J, Saltel F, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Chevet E. Posttranscriptional regulation of PER1 underlies the oncogenic function of IREα. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4732-43. [PMID: 23752693 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports a role for the unfolded protein response (UPR) in carcinogenesis; however, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain elusive. Herein, we identified the circadian clock PER1 mRNA as a novel substrate of the endoribonuclease activity of the UPR sensor IRE1α. Analysis of the mechanism shows that IRE1α endoribonuclease activity decreased PER1 mRNA in tumor cells without affecting PER1 gene transcription. Inhibition of IRE1α signaling using either siRNA-mediated silencing or a dominant-negative strategy prevented PER1 mRNA decay, reduced tumorigenesis, and increased survival, features that were reversed upon PER1 silencing. Clinically, patients showing reduced survival have lower levels of PER1 mRNA expression and increased splicing of XBP1, a known IRE-α substrate, thereby pointing toward an increased IRE1α activity in these patients. Hence, we describe a novel mechanism connecting the UPR and circadian clock components in tumor cells, thereby highlighting the importance of this interplay in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Pluquet
- Inserm U1053, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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Yeung YT, McDonald KL, Grewal T, Munoz L. Interleukins in glioblastoma pathophysiology: implications for therapy. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:591-606. [PMID: 23062197 PMCID: PMC3579281 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable amount of research, the poor prognosis of patients diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) critically needs new drug development to improve clinical outcomes. The development of an inflammatory microenvironment has long been considered important in the initiation and progression of glioblastoma; however, the success of developing therapeutic approaches to target inflammation for GBM therapy has yet been limited. Here, we summarize the accumulating evidence supporting a role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma, discuss anti-inflammatory targets that could be relevant for GBM treatment and provide a perspective on the challenges faced in the development of drugs that target GBM inflammation. In particular, we will review the function of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 as well as the potential of kinase inhibitors targeting key players in inflammatory cell signalling cascades such as JAK, JNK and p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Yeung
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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29
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Yuan S, Pan Q, Fu C, Bi Z. Silencing of HMGA1 expression by RNA interference suppresses growth of osteogenic sarcoma. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 355:281-7. [PMID: 21573994 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The expression of high mobility group protein A1 (HMGA1) protein has been closely related to various malignant and prognostic degrees of tumor. To investigate the influence of down-regulating HMGA1 on the tumor and the mechanism underlying antitumor of HMGA1, we transfected the HMGA1 shRNA vector into the osteogenic sarcoma MG-63 cell and observed the changes of cell proliferation, invasion abilities, and the tumor growth. HMGA1 gene expression could be efficiently inhibited, and cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and matrix metalloprotease level were also decreased. BALB/C nude mice injected with the MG-63 cells transfected HMGA1 shRNA showed the significant lower tumor weight, tumor volume, and longer tumor-forming time compared with the control group. Our results suggest that knockdown of HMGA1 could inhibit growth and metastasis potentials of MG-63 cells, which may be a therapeutic target protein for osteogenic sarcoma and may be of biological importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
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