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Ise Y, Vacelet J, Mizuyama M, Fujita Y. New lithistid sponge of the genus Sollasipelta (Porifera, Demospongiae,Tetractinellida, Neopeltidae) from submarine caves of the Ryukyu Islands,southwestern Japan, with redescription of S. sollasi. Zootaxa 2023; 5285:293-310. [PMID: 37518705 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5285.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
A new species of 'lithistid' (rock sponge) Sollasipelta subterranea sp. nov. is described from near-shore submarine caves of Okinawa and Shimoji Islands, the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. This new species is characterized by the smooth dentate ectosomal pseudophyllotriaenes, slender choanosomal oxea/style/subtylostyles and two types of amphiasters, one of which is in two size classes. Sollasipelta subterranea sp. nov. is morphologically closest to Sollasipelta sollasi (Lévi & Lévi, 1989), known from the Philippines deep sea, and our examination of the type specimen of S. sollasi revealed that the pseudophyllotriaenes and desmas are substantially different between the two species, and both species possess two types of amphiasters, one of which has two size classes. Sollasipelta cavernicola (Vacelet & Vasseur, 1965) and S. punctata (Lévi & Lévi, 1983) are transferred to the genus Daedalopelta Sollas, 1888, based on possession of one type of amphiastes as microscleres. Sollasipelta mixta (Vacelet, Vasseur and Lévi, 1976) is formally transferred to the genus Neopelta Schmidt, 1880, based on the morphological characters. A key to species of the genus Sollasipelta Van Soest & Hooper, 2020 is also provided. Sollasipelta subterranea sp. nov. represents the first 'lithistid' sponge from submarine caves of the Western Pacific and the first species of sponge inhabiting anchialine cave environments in the Indo-West Pacific. This is also a new record of the family Neopeltidae from Japanese waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ise
- Kuroshio Biological Research Foundation; 560 Nishidomari; Otsuki; Hata; Kochi 788-0333; Japan.
| | - Jean Vacelet
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et dEcologie Marine et Continentale; CNRS; Aix Marseille Université; IRD; Avignon Université; Station Marine dEndoume; Marseille; France.
| | - Masaru Mizuyama
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; AIST; Tsukuba Central 7; 1-1-1 Higashi; Tsukuba; Ibaraki; 305- 8567; Japan.
| | - Yoshihisa Fujita
- Okinawa Prefectural University of Arts; 1-4 Shuri-Tounokura; Naha; Okinawa 903-8692; Japan.
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Dias A, Kelly M, Pinheiro U. Two news species of Corallistidae (Porifera; Demospongiae; Tetractinellida) with a first record of Awhiowhio from the Atlantic. Zootaxa 2023; 5277:182-192. [PMID: 37518324 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we describe two new species of Corallistidae from Brazil, comparing them to all valid species of the respective genera. Both are notable Porifera records, with the first specimen of Neophrissospongia Pisera and Lévi, 2002 registered for the Brazilian coast and the first specimen of Awhiowhio Kelly, 2007 registered for the Atlantic Ocean. The specimens were preserved in 80% ethanol and analyzed following classical procedure for Demospongiae, with dissociated spicule mounts, skeletal sections and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Neophrissospongia jorgeorum sp. nov. is differentiated from its congeners by the categories of spicules present, especially the lack of streptasters/amphiasters. Awhiowhio saci sp. nov. is characterized especially by the presence of spiraster-shaped microrhabds and microxeas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Dias
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Centro de Biociências; Departamento de Zoologia; Av. Nelson Chaves; s/n; Cidade Universi- tária; CEP 50373-970; Recife; PE; Brazil.
| | - Michelle Kelly
- Oceans Centre; National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA); Private Bag 109-695; Newmarket Auckland; New Zealand.
| | - Ulisses Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; Centro de Biociências; Departamento de Zoologia; Av. Nelson Chaves; s/n; Cidade Universi- tária; CEP 50373-970; Recife; PE; Brazil.
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Mammola S, Meierhofer MB, Borges PA, Colado R, Culver DC, Deharveng L, Delić T, Di Lorenzo T, Dražina T, Ferreira RL, Fiasca B, Fišer C, Galassi DMP, Garzoli L, Gerovasileiou V, Griebler C, Halse S, Howarth FG, Isaia M, Johnson JS, Komerički A, Martínez A, Milano F, Moldovan OT, Nanni V, Nicolosi G, Niemiller ML, Pallarés S, Pavlek M, Piano E, Pipan T, Sanchez‐Fernandez D, Santangeli A, Schmidt SI, Wynne JJ, Zagmajster M, Zakšek V, Cardoso P. Towards evidence-based conservation of subterranean ecosystems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1476-1510. [PMID: 35315207 PMCID: PMC9545027 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Subterranean ecosystems are among the most widespread environments on Earth, yet we still have poor knowledge of their biodiversity. To raise awareness of subterranean ecosystems, the essential services they provide, and their unique conservation challenges, 2021 and 2022 were designated International Years of Caves and Karst. As these ecosystems have traditionally been overlooked in global conservation agendas and multilateral agreements, a quantitative assessment of solution-based approaches to safeguard subterranean biota and associated habitats is timely. This assessment allows researchers and practitioners to understand the progress made and research needs in subterranean ecology and management. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature focused on subterranean ecosystems globally (terrestrial, freshwater, and saltwater systems), to quantify the available evidence-base for the effectiveness of conservation interventions. We selected 708 publications from the years 1964 to 2021 that discussed, recommended, or implemented 1,954 conservation interventions in subterranean ecosystems. We noted a steep increase in the number of studies from the 2000s while, surprisingly, the proportion of studies quantifying the impact of conservation interventions has steadily and significantly decreased in recent years. The effectiveness of 31% of conservation interventions has been tested statistically. We further highlight that 64% of the reported research occurred in the Palearctic and Nearctic biogeographic regions. Assessments of the effectiveness of conservation interventions were heavily biased towards indirect measures (monitoring and risk assessment), a limited sample of organisms (mostly arthropods and bats), and more accessible systems (terrestrial caves). Our results indicate that most conservation science in the field of subterranean biology does not apply a rigorous quantitative approach, resulting in sparse evidence for the effectiveness of interventions. This raises the important question of how to make conservation efforts more feasible to implement, cost-effective, and long-lasting. Although there is no single remedy, we propose a suite of potential solutions to focus our efforts better towards increasing statistical testing and stress the importance of standardising study reporting to facilitate meta-analytical exercises. We also provide a database summarising the available literature, which will help to build quantitative knowledge about interventions likely to yield the greatest impacts depending upon the subterranean species and habitats of interest. We view this as a starting point to shift away from the widespread tendency of recommending conservation interventions based on anecdotal and expert-based information rather than scientific evidence, without quantitatively testing their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mammola
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe)Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of HelsinkiPohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13Helsinki00100Finland
- Molecular Ecology Group (dark‐MEG)Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR)Largo Tonolli, 50Verbania‐Pallanza28922Italy
| | - Melissa B. Meierhofer
- BatLab Finland, Finnish Museum of Natural History Luomus (LUOMUS)University of HelsinkiPohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13Helsinki00100Finland
| | - Paulo A.V. Borges
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group / CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of Azores, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment (FCAA), Rua Capitão João d'ÀvilaPico da Urze, 9700‐042 Angra do HeroísmoAzoresPortugal
| | - Raquel Colado
- Departament of Ecology and HidrologyUniversity of MurciaMurcia30100Spain
| | - David C. Culver
- Department of Environmental ScienceAmerican University4400 Massachusetts Avenue, N.WWashingtonDC20016U.S.A.
| | - Louis Deharveng
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS UMR 7205, MNHN, UPMC, EPHEMuseum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Teo Delić
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101Ljubljana1000Slovenia
| | - Tiziana Di Lorenzo
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET‐CNR), National Research CouncilVia Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto FiorentinoFlorenceItaly
| | - Tvrtko Dražina
- Division of Zoology, Department of BiologyFaculty of Science, University of ZagrebRooseveltov Trg 6Zagreb10000Croatia
- Croatian Biospeleological SocietyRooseveltov Trg 6Zagreb10000Croatia
| | - Rodrigo L. Ferreira
- Center of Studies in Subterranean Biology, Biology Department, Federal University of LavrasCampus universitário s/n, Aquenta SolLavrasMG37200‐900Brazil
| | - Barbara Fiasca
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaVia Vetoio 1, CoppitoL'Aquila67100Italy
| | - Cene Fišer
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101Ljubljana1000Slovenia
| | - Diana M. P. Galassi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaVia Vetoio 1, CoppitoL'Aquila67100Italy
| | - Laura Garzoli
- Molecular Ecology Group (dark‐MEG)Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR)Largo Tonolli, 50Verbania‐Pallanza28922Italy
| | - Vasilis Gerovasileiou
- Department of Environment, Faculty of EnvironmentIonian University, M. Minotou‐Giannopoulou strPanagoulaZakynthos29100Greece
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine BiologyBiotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC)Thalassocosmos, GournesCrete71500Greece
| | - Christian Griebler
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Division of LimnologyUniversity of ViennaDjerassiplatz 1Vienna1030Austria
| | - Stuart Halse
- Bennelongia Environmental Consultants5 Bishop StreetJolimontWA6014Australia
| | | | - Marco Isaia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Joseph S. Johnson
- Department of Biological SciencesOhio University57 Oxbow TrailAthensOH45701U.S.A.
| | - Ana Komerički
- Croatian Biospeleological SocietyRooseveltov Trg 6Zagreb10000Croatia
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Molecular Ecology Group (dark‐MEG)Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR)Largo Tonolli, 50Verbania‐Pallanza28922Italy
| | - Filippo Milano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Oana T. Moldovan
- Emil Racovita Institute of SpeleologyClinicilor 5Cluj‐Napoca400006Romania
- Romanian Institute of Science and TechnologySaturn 24‐26Cluj‐Napoca400504Romania
| | - Veronica Nanni
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nicolosi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Matthew L. Niemiller
- Department of Biological SciencesThe University of Alabama in Huntsville301 Sparkman Drive NWHuntsvilleAL35899U.S.A.
| | - Susana Pallarés
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio GlobalMuseo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSICCalle de José Gutiérrez Abascal 2Madrid28006Spain
| | - Martina Pavlek
- Croatian Biospeleological SocietyRooseveltov Trg 6Zagreb10000Croatia
- Ruđer Bošković InstituteBijenička cesta 54Zagreb10000Croatia
| | - Elena Piano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TurinVia Accademia Albertina, 13TorinoI‐10123Italy
| | - Tanja Pipan
- ZRC SAZUKarst Research InstituteNovi trg 2Ljubljana1000Slovenia
- UNESCO Chair on Karst EducationUniversity of Nova GoricaGlavni trg 8Vipava5271Slovenia
| | | | - Andrea Santangeli
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiViikinkaari 1Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Susanne I. Schmidt
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Biology Centre CASNa Sádkách 702/7České Budějovice370 05Czech Republic
- Department of Lake ResearchHelmholtz Centre for Environmental ResearchBrückstraße 3aMagdeburg39114Germany
| | - J. Judson Wynne
- Department of Biological SciencesCenter for Adaptable Western Landscapes, Box 5640, Northern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffAZ86011U.S.A.
| | - Maja Zagmajster
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101Ljubljana1000Slovenia
| | - Valerija Zakšek
- SubBio Lab, Department of Biology, Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101Ljubljana1000Slovenia
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe)Finnish Museum of Natural History (LUOMUS), University of HelsinkiPohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13Helsinki00100Finland
- cE3c—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group / CHANGE – Global Change and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of Azores, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences and Environment (FCAA), Rua Capitão João d'ÀvilaPico da Urze, 9700‐042 Angra do HeroísmoAzoresPortugal
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Schuster A, Pisera A, Ekins M, Debitus C. New genus and species of lithistid demosponges from submarine caves in Nuku Hiva (Marquesas Islands) and Tahiti Iti (Society Islands), French Polynesia. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2021.1939450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Schuster
- Department of Biology, NordCEE, Southern University of Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - A. Pisera
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - M. Ekins
- Biodiversity and Geosciences, Queensland Museum, South Brisbane, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - C. Debitus
- IRD, EIO, Université de la Polynésie française, Faaa
- IRD, CNRS, Ifremer, LEMAR, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Plouzané, France
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Carvalho FC, Cárdenas P, Ríos P, Cristobo J, Rapp HT, Xavier JR. Rock sponges (lithistid Demospongiae) of the Northeast Atlantic seamounts, with description of ten new species. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8703. [PMID: 32292645 PMCID: PMC7147441 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithistid demosponges, also known as rock sponges, are a polyphyletic group of sponges which are widely distributed. In the Northeast Atlantic (NEA), 17 species are known and the current knowledge on their distribution is mainly restricted to the Macaronesian islands. In the Mediterranean Sea, 14 species are recorded and generally found in marine caves. METHODS Lithistids were sampled in nine NEA seamounts during the scientific expeditions Seamount 1 (1987) and Seamount 2 (1993) organized by the MNHN of Paris. Collected specimens were identified through the analyses of external and internal morphological characters using light and scanning electron microscopy, and compared with material from various museum collections as well as literature records. RESULTS A total of 68 specimens were analysed and attributed to 17 species across two orders, seven families, and seven genera, representing new records of distribution. Ten of these species are new to science, viz. Neoschrammeniella inaequalis sp. nov., N. piserai sp. nov., N. pomponiae sp. nov., Discodermia arbor sp. nov., D. kellyae sp. nov., Macandrewia schusterae sp. nov., M. minima sp. nov., Exsuperantia levii sp. nov., Leiodermatium tuba sp. nov. and Siphonidium elongatus sp. nov., and are here described and illustrated. New bathymetric records were also found for D. ramifera, D. verrucosa and M. robusta. The Meteor seamount group has a higher species richness (15 species) compared to the Lusitanian seamount group (six species). The majority of the species had their distribution restricted to one seamount, and ten are only known from a single locality, but this can be a result of sample bias. DISCUSSION The number of species shared between the seamounts and the Macaronesian islands is very reduced. The same pattern repeats between the NEA and Mediterranean Sea. This study demonstrates that NEA seamounts are ecosystems with a higher diversity of lithistids than previously thought, increasing the number of lithistids known to occur in the NEA and Mediterranean Sea from 26 to 36 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca C. Carvalho
- Department of Biological Sciences and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep-Sea Research, Bergen University, Bergen, Norway
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pilar Ríos
- Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Gijón, Spain
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Cristobo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Gijón, Spain
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hans Tore Rapp
- Department of Biological Sciences and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep-Sea Research, Bergen University, Bergen, Norway
| | - Joana R. Xavier
- Department of Biological Sciences and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep-Sea Research, Bergen University, Bergen, Norway
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
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Padiglia A, Cadeddu B, Ledda FD, Bertolino M, Costa G, Pronzato R, Manconi R. Biodiversity assessment in Western Mediterranean marine protected areas (MPAs): Porifera of Posidonia oceanica meadows (Asinara Island MPA) and marine caves (Capo Caccia–Isola Piana MPA) of Sardinia. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2018.1525440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A. Padiglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Department for the Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - B. Cadeddu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - F. D. Ledda
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - M. Bertolino
- Department for the Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - G. Costa
- Department for the Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - R. Pronzato
- Department for the Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - R. Manconi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Ereskovsky A, Kovtun OA, Pronin KK, Apostolov A, Erpenbeck D, Ivanenko V. Sponge community of the western Black Sea shallow water caves: diversity and spatial distribution. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4596. [PMID: 29761036 PMCID: PMC5947102 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine caves possess unique biocoenotic and ecological characteristics. Sessile benthic species such as sponges associated with cave habitats typically show a marked zonation from the cave entrance towards the end of the cave. We describe three semi-submerged karstic caves of 50 to 83 m length and 936 to 2,291 m3 volume from the poorly explored cavernicolous fauna of North-East Bulgaria. We surveyed sponge diversity and spatial variability. Eight demosponge species were identified based on morphological and molecular data, of which six are known from the adjacent open sea waters of the Black Sea. Two species, Protosuberites denhartogi van Soest & de Kluijver, 2003 and Halichondria bowerbanki Burton, 1930, are reported from the Black Sea for the first time. The spatial sponge distribution inside the caves is in general similar, but shows some differences in species composition and distribution depending on cave relief and hydrodynamics. The species composition of sponges of Bulgarian caves is found to be different from Crimean caves. An updated checklist of the Black Sea sponges is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ereskovsky
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France.,Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg A Kovtun
- Hydrobiology and General Ecology Department, Marine Research Station, Odessa National I. I. Mechnikov University, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Konstantin K Pronin
- Physical and Marine Geology Department, Odessa National I. I. Mechnikov University, Odessa, Ukraine
| | | | - Dirk Erpenbeck
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences & GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Viatcheslav Ivanenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Schuster A, Cárdenas P, Pisera A, Pomponi SA, Kelly M, Wörheide G, Erpenbeck D. Seven new deep-water Tetractinellida (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Galápagos Islands – morphological descriptions and DNA barcodes. Zool J Linn Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Schuster
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Pharmacognosy, BioMedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andrzej Pisera
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Warszawa, Pol
| | - Shirley A Pomponi
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Ft Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Michelle Kelly
- National Centre for Coasts and Oceans, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, New Zeal
| | - Gert Wörheide
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- SNSB – Bavarian State Collections of Palaeontology and Geology, Munich, Germany
- GeoBio-CenterLMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Erpenbeck
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- GeoBio-CenterLMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Maldonado M, Aguilar R, Blanco J, García S, Serrano A, Punzón A. Aggregated clumps of lithistid sponges: a singular, reef-like bathyal habitat with relevant paleontological connections. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125378. [PMID: 26016786 PMCID: PMC4446211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of deep-sea exploration using video cameras has uncovered extensive sponge aggregations in virtually all oceans. Yet, a distinct type is herein reported from the Mediterranean: a monospecific reef-like formation built by the lithistid demosponge Leiodermatium pfeifferae. Erect, plate-like individuals (up to 80 cm) form bulky clumps, making up to 1.8 m high mounds (1.14 m on average) on the bottom, at a 760 m-deep seamount named SSS. The siliceous skeletal frameworks of the lithistids persist after sponge death, serving as a complex 3D substratum where new lithistids recruit, along with a varied fauna of other sessile and vagile organisms. The intricate aggregation of lithistid mounds functions as a “reef” formation, architecturally different from the archetypal "demosponge gardens" with disaggregating siliceous skeletons. Leiodermatium pfeifferae also occurred at two additional, close seamounts (EBJ and EBS), but, unlike at SSS, the isolated individuals never formed accretive clumps. The general oceanographic variables (temperature, salinity, dissolved nutrients, chlorophyll, and oxygen) revealed only minimal between-seamount differences, which cannot explain why sponge abundance at SSS is about two orders of magnitude higher than at EBJ or EBS. Large areas of the dense SSS aggregation were damaged, with detached and broken sponges and a few tangled fishing lines. Satellite vessel monitoring revealed low fishing activity around these seamounts. In contrast, international plans for gas and oil extraction at those locations raise serious concerns over the need for protecting urgently this unique, vulnerable habitat to avoid further alteration. Modern lithistids are a relict fauna from Jurassic and Cretaceous reefs and the roots of the very genus Leiodermatium can be traced back to those fossil formations. Therefore, understanding the causes behind the discovered lithistid aggregation is critical not only to its preservation, but also to elucidate how the extraordinary Mesozoic lithistid formations developed and functioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Maldonado
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Girona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Serrano
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico Santander, Santander, Spain
| | - Antonio Punzón
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico Santander, Santander, Spain
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Schuster A, Erpenbeck D, Pisera A, Hooper J, Bryce M, Fromont J, Wörheide G. Deceptive desmas: molecular phylogenetics suggests a new classification and uncovers convergent evolution of lithistid demosponges. PLoS One 2015; 10:e116038. [PMID: 25565279 PMCID: PMC4286238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconciling the fossil record with molecular phylogenies to enhance the understanding of animal evolution is a challenging task, especially for taxa with a mostly poor fossil record, such as sponges (Porifera). 'Lithistida', a polyphyletic group of recent and fossil sponges, are an exception as they provide the richest fossil record among demosponges. Lithistids, currently encompassing 13 families, 41 genera and >300 recent species, are defined by the common possession of peculiar siliceous spicules (desmas) that characteristically form rigid articulated skeletons. Their phylogenetic relationships are to a large extent unresolved and there has been no (taxonomically) comprehensive analysis to formally reallocate lithistid taxa to their closest relatives. This study, based on the most comprehensive molecular and morphological investigation of 'lithistid' demosponges to date, corroborates some previous weakly-supported hypotheses, and provides novel insights into the evolutionary relationships of the previous 'order Lithistida'. Based on molecular data (partial mtDNA CO1 and 28S rDNA sequences), we show that 8 out of 13 'Lithistida' families belong to the order Astrophorida, whereas Scleritodermidae and Siphonidiidae form a separate monophyletic clade within Tetractinellida. Most lithistid astrophorids are dispersed between different clades of the Astrophorida and we propose to formally reallocate them, respectively. Corallistidae, Theonellidae and Phymatellidae are monophyletic, whereas the families Pleromidae and Scleritodermidae are polyphyletic. Family Desmanthidae is polyphyletic and groups within Halichondriidae--we formally propose a reallocation. The sister group relationship of the family Vetulinidae to Spongillida is confirmed and we propose here for the first time to include Vetulina into a new Order Sphaerocladina. Megascleres and microscleres possibly evolved and/or were lost several times independently in different 'lithistid' taxa, and microscleres might at least be four times more likely lost than megascleres. Desma spicules occasionally may have undergone secondary losses too. Our study provides a framework for further detailed investigations of this important demosponge group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Schuster
- Department of Earth- & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
- SNSB – Bavarian State Collections of Palaeontology and Geology, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Erpenbeck
- Department of Earth- & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrzej Pisera
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warszawa, Poland
| | - John Hooper
- Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Monika Bryce
- Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
- Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia, 6986, Australia
| | - Jane Fromont
- Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia, 6986, Australia
| | - Gert Wörheide
- Department of Earth- & Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
- SNSB – Bavarian State Collections of Palaeontology and Geology, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
- GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Gerovasileiou V, Voultsiadou E. Marine caves of the Mediterranean Sea: a sponge biodiversity reservoir within a biodiversity hotspot. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39873. [PMID: 22808070 PMCID: PMC3394755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine caves are widely acknowledged for their unique biodiversity and constitute a typical feature of the Mediterranean coastline. Herein an attempt was made to evaluate the ecological significance of this particular ecosystem in the Mediterranean Sea, which is considered a biodiversity hotspot. This was accomplished by using Porifera, which dominate the rocky sublittoral substrata, as a reference group in a meta-analytical approach, combining primary research data from the Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean) with data derived from the literature. In total 311 species from all poriferan classes were recorded, representing 45.7% of the Mediterranean Porifera. Demospongiae and Homoscleromorpha are highly represented in marine caves at the family (88%), generic (70%), and species level (47.5%), the latter being the most favored group along with Dictyoceratida and Lithistida. Several rare and cave-exclusive species were reported from only one or few caves, indicating the fragmentation and peculiarity of this unique ecosystem. Species richness and phylogenetic diversity varied among Mediterranean areas; the former was positively correlated with research effort, being higher in the northern Mediterranean, while the latter was generally higher in caves than in the overall sponge assemblages of each area. Resemblance analysis among areas revealed that cavernicolous sponge assemblages followed a pattern quite similar to that of the overall Mediterranean assemblages. The same pattern was exhibited by the zoogeographic affinities of cave sponges: species with Atlanto-Mediterranean distribution and Mediterranean endemics prevailed (more than 40% each), 70% of them having warm-water affinities, since most caves were studied in shallow waters. According to our findings, Mediterranean marine caves appear to be important sponge biodiversity reservoirs of high representativeness and great scientific interest, deserving further detailed study and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Gerovasileiou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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