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Baco AR, Ross R, Althaus F, Amon D, Bridges AEH, Brix S, Buhl-Mortensen P, Colaco A, Carreiro-Silva M, Clark MR, Du Preez C, Franken ML, Gianni M, Gonzalez-Mirelis G, Hourigan T, Howell K, Levin LA, Lindsay DJ, Molodtsova TN, Morgan N, Morato T, Mejia-Mercado BE, O’Sullivan D, Pearman T, Price D, Robert K, Robson L, Rowden AA, Taylor J, Taylor M, Victorero L, Watling L, Williams A, Xavier JR, Yesson C. Towards a scientific community consensus on designating Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems from imagery. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16024. [PMID: 37846312 PMCID: PMC10576969 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Management of deep-sea fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations/Arrangements (RFMO/As) requires identification of areas with Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs). Currently, fisheries data, including trawl and longline bycatch data, are used by many RFMO/As to inform the identification of VMEs. However, the collection of such data creates impacts and there is a need to collect non-invasive data for VME identification and monitoring purposes. Imagery data from scientific surveys satisfies this requirement, but there currently is no established framework for identifying VMEs from images. Thus, the goal of this study was to bring together a large international team to determine current VME assessment protocols and establish preliminary global consensus guidelines for identifying VMEs from images. An initial assessment showed a lack of consistency among RFMO/A regions regarding what is considered a VME indicator taxon, and hence variability in how VMEs might be defined. In certain cases, experts agreed that a VME could be identified from a single image, most often in areas of scleractinian reefs, dense octocoral gardens, multiple VME species' co-occurrence, and chemosynthetic ecosystems. A decision flow chart is presented that gives practical interpretation of the FAO criteria for single images. To further evaluate steps of the flow chart related to density, data were compiled to assess whether scientists perceived similar density thresholds across regions. The range of observed densities and the density values considered to be VMEs varied considerably by taxon, but in many cases, there was a statistical difference in what experts considered to be a VME compared to images not considered a VME. Further work is required to develop an areal extent index, to include a measure of confidence, and to increase our understanding of what levels of density and diversity correspond to key ecosystem functions for VME indicator taxa. Based on our results, the following recommendations are made: 1. There is a need to establish a global consensus on which taxa are VME indicators. 2. RFMO/As should consider adopting guidelines that use imagery surveys as an alternative (or complement) to using bycatch and trawl surveys for designating VMEs. 3. Imagery surveys should also be included in Impact Assessments. And 4. All industries that impact the seafloor, not just fisheries, should use imagery surveys to detect and identify VMEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Baco
- Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | | | | | - Diva Amon
- SpeSeas, D’Abadie, Trinidad and Tobago
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States
| | - Amelia E. H. Bridges
- School of Biological and Marine Science, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia Brix
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Senckenberg Nature Research Society, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Ana Colaco
- Okeanos-University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal
| | | | - Malcolm R. Clark
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Cherisse Du Preez
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, Canada
- University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Hourigan
- National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - Kerry Howell
- School of Biological and Marine Science, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa A. Levin
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Dhugal J. Lindsay
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
| | | | - Nicole Morgan
- Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Telmo Morato
- Okeanos-University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal
| | - Beatriz E. Mejia-Mercado
- Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | | | - Tabitha Pearman
- South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute, Stanley, Falkland Islands
| | - David Price
- Okeanos-University of the Azores, Horta, Portugal
- The National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Katleen Robert
- Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University, St. John’s, Canada
| | - Laura Robson
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley A. Rowden
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
- Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - James Taylor
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Senckenberg Nature Research Society, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michelle Taylor
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Lissette Victorero
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Bergen, Norway
- University of Aveiro, CESAM, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Les Watling
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, United States
| | | | - Joana R. Xavier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, CIIMAR, University of Porto, Matsosinhos, Portugal
| | - Chris Yesson
- Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
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Brix S, Kaiser S, Lörz AN, Le Saout M, Schumacher M, Bonk F, Egilsdottir H, Olafsdottir SH, Tandberg AHS, Taylor J, Tewes S, Xavier JR, Linse K. Habitat variability and faunal zonation at the Ægir Ridge, a canyon-like structure in the deep Norwegian Sea. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13394. [PMID: 35726260 PMCID: PMC9206436 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ægir Ridge System (ARS) is an ancient extinct spreading axis in the Nordic seas extending from the upper slope east of Iceland (∼550 m depth), as part of its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), to a depth of ∼3,800 m in the Norwegian basin. Geomorphologically a rift valley, the ARS has a canyon-like structure that may promote increased diversity and faunal density. The main objective of this study was to characterize benthic habitats and related macro- and megabenthic communities along the ARS, and the influence of water mass variables and depth on them. During the IceAGE3 expedition (Icelandic marine Animals: Genetics and Ecology) on RV Sonne in June 2020, benthic communities of the ARS were surveyed by means of a remotely-operated vehicle (ROV) and epibenthic sledge (EBS). For this purpose, two working areas were selected, including abyssal stations in the northeast and bathyal stations in the southwest of the ARS. Video and still images of the seabed were usedtoqualitatively describebenthic habitats based on the presence of habitat-forming taxa and the physical environment. Patterns of diversity and community composition of the soft-sediment macrofauna, retrieved from the EBS, were analyzed in a semiquantitative manner. These biological data were complemented by producing high-resolution bathymetric maps using the vessel's multi-beam echosounder system. As suspected, we were able to identify differences in species composition and number of macro- and megafaunal communities associated with a depth gradient. A biological canyon effect became evident in dense aggregates of megafaunal filter feeders and elevated macrofaunal densities. Analysis of videos and still images from the ROV transects also led to the discovery of a number ofVulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs) dominated by sponges and soft corals characteristic of the Arctic region. Directions for future research encompass a more detailed, quantitative study of the megafauna and more coherent sampling over the entire depth range in order to fully capture the diversity of the habitats and biota of the region. The presence of sensitive biogenic habitats, alongside seemingly high biodiversity and naturalness are supportive of ongoing considerations of designating part of the ARS as an "Ecologically and Biologically Significant Area" (EBSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Brix
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Senckenberg Nature Research Society, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kaiser
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Łódź, Poland,INES Integrated Environmental Solutions UG, Wilhelmshaven, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Anne-Nina Lörz
- Institute for Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Mia Schumacher
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frederic Bonk
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Senckenberg Nature Research Society, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - James Taylor
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Senckenberg Nature Research Society, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simon Tewes
- Bundesamt für Seeschiffahrt und Hydrographie, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joana R. Xavier
- CIIMAR–Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Portro, Matosinhos, Portugal,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Katrin Linse
- British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Santín A, Uriz MJ, Cristobo J, Xavier JR, Ríos P. Unique spicules may confound species differentiation: taxonomy and biogeography of Melonanchora Carter, 1874 and two new related genera (Myxillidae: Poecilosclerida) from the Okhotsk Sea. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12515. [PMID: 35036117 PMCID: PMC8710052 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges are amongst the most difficult benthic taxa to properly identify, which has led to a prevalence of cryptic species in several sponge genera, especially in those with simple skeletons. This is particularly true for sponges living in remote or hardly accessible environments, such as the deep-sea, as the inaccessibility of their habitat and the lack of accurate descriptions usually leads to misclassifications. However, species can also remain hidden even when they belong to genera that have particularly characteristic features. In these cases, researchers inevitably pay attention to these peculiar features, sometimes disregarding small differences in the other "typical" spicules. The genus Melonanchora Carter, 1874, is among those well suited for a revision, as their representatives possess a unique type of spicule (spherancorae). After a thorough review of the material available for this genus from several institutions, four new species of Melonanchora, M. tumultuosa sp. nov., M. insulsa sp. nov., M. intermedia sp. nov. and M. maeli sp. nov. are formally described from different localities across the Atlanto-Mediterranean region. Additionally, all Melonanchora from the Okhotsk Sea and nearby areas are reassigned to other genera; Melonanchora kobjakovae is transferred to Myxilla (Burtonanchora) while two new genera, Hanstoreia gen. nov. and Arhythmata gen. nov. are created to accommodate Melonanchora globogilva and Melonanchora tetradedritifera, respectively. Hanstoreia gen. nov. is closest to Melonanchora, whereas Arhythmata gen. nov., is closer to Stelodoryx, which is most likely polyphyletic and in need of revision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Santín
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Uriz
- Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Javier Cristobo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía. Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón., Gijón, Asturias, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, EU‑US Marine Biodiversity Group, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joana R. Xavier
- CIIMAR–Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pilar Ríos
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía. Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón., Gijón, Asturias, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Figueiredo C, Caetano M, Mil-Homens M, Tojeira I, Xavier JR, Rosa R, Raimundo J. Rare earth and trace elements in deep-sea sponges of the North Atlantic. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 166:112217. [PMID: 33735703 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The available data on trace elements (TE) of deep-sea organisms is scarce and nonexistent for rare earth elements (REE). Hence, this study characterizes REE and TE in five porifera genera (Jaspis, Geodia, Hamacantha, Leiodermatium, Poliopogon) collected in deep-sea areas (between 481 and 2656 m) of the North Atlantic. Aluminium was the most common TE while lead was the less abundant. These sponges showed an increased accumulation of TE compared with other probably influenced by volcanic activity. Poliopogon amadou sampled at the deepest location presented the highest concentration of all REE. All studied species exhibited a Light REE enrichment in comparison to Heavy REE and showed a negative Ce anomaly with a less conspicuous Eu depletion. Besides the establishment of a baseline for future comparisons, this study provides the first record of REE in a sessile deep-sea marine invertebrate group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Figueiredo
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal; Division of Oceanography and Marine Environment, IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal.
| | - Miguel Caetano
- Division of Oceanography and Marine Environment, IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Mário Mil-Homens
- Division of Oceanography and Marine Environment, IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal
| | - Inês Tojeira
- Task Group for the Extension of the Continental Shelf (EMEPC), R. Costa Pinto 165, 2770-047 Paço de Arcos, Portugal
| | - Joana R Xavier
- Task Group for the Extension of the Continental Shelf (EMEPC), R. Costa Pinto 165, 2770-047 Paço de Arcos, Portugal; University of Bergen, Department of Biological Sciences and KG Jebsen Centre for Deep-Sea Research, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rui Rosa
- Laboratório Marítimo da Guia, MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, 2750-374 Cascais, Portugal
| | - Joana Raimundo
- Division of Oceanography and Marine Environment, IPMA - Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Algés, Portugal; CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Carvalho FC, Cárdenas P, Ríos P, Cristobo J, Rapp HT, Xavier JR. Rock sponges (lithistid Demospongiae) of the Northeast Atlantic seamounts, with description of ten new species. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8703. [PMID: 32292645 PMCID: PMC7147441 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithistid demosponges, also known as rock sponges, are a polyphyletic group of sponges which are widely distributed. In the Northeast Atlantic (NEA), 17 species are known and the current knowledge on their distribution is mainly restricted to the Macaronesian islands. In the Mediterranean Sea, 14 species are recorded and generally found in marine caves. METHODS Lithistids were sampled in nine NEA seamounts during the scientific expeditions Seamount 1 (1987) and Seamount 2 (1993) organized by the MNHN of Paris. Collected specimens were identified through the analyses of external and internal morphological characters using light and scanning electron microscopy, and compared with material from various museum collections as well as literature records. RESULTS A total of 68 specimens were analysed and attributed to 17 species across two orders, seven families, and seven genera, representing new records of distribution. Ten of these species are new to science, viz. Neoschrammeniella inaequalis sp. nov., N. piserai sp. nov., N. pomponiae sp. nov., Discodermia arbor sp. nov., D. kellyae sp. nov., Macandrewia schusterae sp. nov., M. minima sp. nov., Exsuperantia levii sp. nov., Leiodermatium tuba sp. nov. and Siphonidium elongatus sp. nov., and are here described and illustrated. New bathymetric records were also found for D. ramifera, D. verrucosa and M. robusta. The Meteor seamount group has a higher species richness (15 species) compared to the Lusitanian seamount group (six species). The majority of the species had their distribution restricted to one seamount, and ten are only known from a single locality, but this can be a result of sample bias. DISCUSSION The number of species shared between the seamounts and the Macaronesian islands is very reduced. The same pattern repeats between the NEA and Mediterranean Sea. This study demonstrates that NEA seamounts are ecosystems with a higher diversity of lithistids than previously thought, increasing the number of lithistids known to occur in the NEA and Mediterranean Sea from 26 to 36 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca C. Carvalho
- Department of Biological Sciences and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep-Sea Research, Bergen University, Bergen, Norway
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pilar Ríos
- Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Gijón, Spain
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Cristobo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Gijón, Instituto Español de Oceanografia, Gijón, Spain
- Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hans Tore Rapp
- Department of Biological Sciences and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep-Sea Research, Bergen University, Bergen, Norway
| | - Joana R. Xavier
- Department of Biological Sciences and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep-Sea Research, Bergen University, Bergen, Norway
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Universidade do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
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Alvizu A, Xavier JR, Rapp HT. Description of new chiactine-bearing sponges provides insights into the higher classification of Calcaronea (Porifera: Calcarea). Zootaxa 2019; 4615:zootaxa.4615.2.1. [PMID: 31716341 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4615.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A recent phylogenetic study revealed a close relationship between chiactine-bearing (family Achramorphidae, order Leucosolenida) and pugiole-bearing (order Baerida) calcaronean sponges as well as new putative taxa within Achramorphidae. In this study, we present a revision of chiactine-bearing sponges based on morphological re-examination of type material and recently collected specimens, in addition to new molecular data for the ribosomal 18S and C-region of the 28S. We provide re-descriptions for all known chiactine-bearing species, and further describe two new species from the Antarctic (Achramorpha antarctica sp. nov. and Megapogon schiaparellii sp. nov.) and two new species and a new genus from the Nordic Seas (Achramorpha ingolfi sp. nov. and Sarsinella karasikensis gen. nov. sp. nov.). The new phylogenetic reconstruction based on ribosomal 18S and C-region of the 28S confirms previous findings about the close relationship of some members of Baerida and the family Achramorphidae of the order Leucosolenida. However, new material and the addition of molecular data from the type species of both taxa would be required to formally propose changes at (sub-)ordinal levels within the classification of Calcaronean sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Alvizu
- Department of Biological Sciences and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep-sea Research, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
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Riesgo A, Taboada S, Pérez-Portela R, Melis P, Xavier JR, Blasco G, López-Legentil S. Genetic diversity, connectivity and gene flow along the distribution of the emblematic Atlanto-Mediterranean sponge Petrosia ficiformis (Haplosclerida, Demospongiae). BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:24. [PMID: 30651060 PMCID: PMC6335727 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge about the distribution of the genetic variation of marine species is fundamental to address species conservation and management strategies, especially in scenarios with mass mortalities. In the Mediterranean Sea, Petrosia ficiformis is one of the species most affected by temperature-related diseases. Our study aimed to assess its genetic structure, connectivity, and bottleneck signatures to understand its evolutionary history and to provide information to help design conservation strategies of sessile marine invertebrates. Results We genotyped 280 individuals from 19 locations across the entire distribution range of P. ficiformis in the Atlanto-Mediterranean region at 10 microsatellite loci. High levels of inbreeding were detected in most locations (especially in the Macaronesia and the Western Mediterranean) and bottleneck signatures were only detected in Mediterranean populations, although not coinciding entirely with those with reported die-offs. We detected strong significant population differentiation, with the Atlantic populations being the most genetically isolated, and show that six clusters explained the genetic structure along the distribution range of this sponge. Although we detected a pattern of isolation by distance in P. ficiformis when all locations were analyzed together, stratified Mantel tests revealed that other factors could be playing a more prominent role than isolation by distance. Indeed, we detected a strong effect of oceanographic barriers impeding the gene flow among certain areas, the strongest one being the Almeria-Oran front, hampering gene flow between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Finally, migration and genetic diversity distribution analyses suggest a Mediterranean origin for the species. Conclusions In our study Petrosia ficiformis showed extreme levels of inbreeding and population differentiation, which could all be linked to the poor swimming abilities of the larva. However, the observed moderate migration patterns are highly difficult to reconcile with such poor larval dispersal, and suggest that, although unlikely, dispersal may also be achieved in the gamete phase. Overall, because of the high genetic diversity in the Eastern Mediterranean and frequent mass mortalities in the Western Mediterranean, we suggest that conservation efforts should be carried out specifically in those areas of the Mediterranean to safeguard the genetic diversity of the species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1343-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Riesgo
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Sergi Taboada
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.,Department of Biology (Zoology), Autonomous University of Madrid, Faculty of Sciences, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Pérez-Portela
- Department of Geology and Biology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, King Juan Carlos I University, C/ Tulipán s.n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo Melis
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana R Xavier
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.,Department of Biology, KG Jebsen Centre for Deep-Sea Research, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53A, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gema Blasco
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susanna López-Legentil
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA
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Beazley L, Wang Z, Kenchington E, Yashayaev I, Rapp HT, Xavier JR, Murillo FJ, Fenton D, Fuller S. Predicted distribution of the glass sponge Vazella pourtalesi on the Scotian Shelf and its persistence in the face of climatic variability. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205505. [PMID: 30356324 PMCID: PMC6200246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerald Basin on the Scotian Shelf off Nova Scotia, Canada, is home to a globally unique aggregation of the glass sponge Vazella pourtalesi, first documented in the region in 1889. In 2009, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) implemented two Sponge Conservation Areas to protect these sponge grounds from bottom fishing activities. Together, the two conservation areas encompass 259 km2. In order to ascertain the degree to which the sponge grounds remain unprotected, we modelled the presence probability and predicted range distribution of V. pourtalesi on the Scotian Shelf using random forest modelling on presence-absence records. With a high degree of accuracy the random forest model predicted the highest probability of occurrence of V. pourtalesi in the inner basins on the central Scotian Shelf, with lower probabilities at the shelf break and in the Fundian and Northeast Channels. Bottom temperature was the most important determinant of its distribution in the model. Although the two DFO Sponge Conservation Areas protect some of the more significant concentrations of V. pourtalesi, much of its predicted distribution remains unprotected (over 99%). Examination of the hydrographic conditions in Emerald Basin revealed that the V. pourtalesi sponge grounds are associated with a warmer and more saline water mass compared to the surrounding shelf. Reconstruction of historical bottom temperature and salinity in Emerald Basin revealed strong multi-decadal variability, with average bottom temperatures varying by 8°C. We show that this species has persisted in the face of this climatic variability, possibly indicating how it will respond to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Beazley
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Zeliang Wang
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ellen Kenchington
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Igor Yashayaev
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hans Tore Rapp
- Department of Biological Sciences and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep-Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Joana R. Xavier
- Department of Biological Sciences and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep-Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Francisco Javier Murillo
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Derek Fenton
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada
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CÁrdenas P, Vacelet J, ChevaldonnÉ P, PÉrez T, Xavier JR. From marine caves to the deep sea, a new look at Caminella (Demospongiae, Geodiidae) in the Atlanto-Mediterranean region. Zootaxa 2018; 4466:174-196. [PMID: 30313446 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Caminella Lendenfeld, 1894 is a poorly known Geodiidae genus with unclear phylogenetic relationships. In order to find new lines of evidence that could shed light on the evolutionary history of Caminella, we decided to revise type material and museum material, as well as examine new material from underwater caves and deep-sea ecosystems. In doing so, we formally show that Isops maculosus Vosmaer, 1894 and Caminella loricata Lendenfeld, 1894 are junior synonyms of Caminella intuta (Topsent, 1892). We discuss different spicule morphological phenotypes in C. intuta, which may be linked to silica availability. We also discovered two new species of deep-sea Caminella: 1) from Cape Verde (Caminella caboverdensis sp. nov.) and 2) from seamounts located south of the Azores archipelago and the North of Spain (Caminella pustula sp. nov.). We reveal that Caminella sterrasters have complex surface microstructures, unique amongst the Geodiidae, where actin tips are linked to each other. Molecular markers (COI, 28S (C1-D2) and 18S) sequenced for some specimens led to new phylogenetic analyses, which continue to suggest a close relationship of Caminella with the Erylinae and Calthropella; these affinities are discussed in light of morphological characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paco CÁrdenas
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden. Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale, CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, Avignon Univ., Station Marine d'Endoume, chemin de la Batterie des Lions, 13007 Marseille, France..
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10
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Alvizu A, Eilertsen MH, Xavier JR, Rapp HT. Increased taxon sampling provides new insights into the phylogeny and evolution of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, Calcarea). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-018-0368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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11
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Karimi E, Ramos M, Gonçalves JMS, Xavier JR, Reis MP, Costa R. Comparative Metagenomics Reveals the Distinctive Adaptive Features of the Spongia officinalis Endosymbiotic Consortium. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2499. [PMID: 29312205 PMCID: PMC5735121 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge of sponge microbiome functioning derives mostly from comparative analyses with bacterioplankton communities. We employed a metagenomics-centered approach to unveil the distinct features of the Spongia officinalis endosymbiotic consortium in the context of its two primary environmental vicinities. Microbial metagenomic DNA samples (n = 10) from sponges, seawater, and sediments were subjected to Hiseq Illumina sequencing (c. 15 million 100 bp reads per sample). Totals of 10,272 InterPro (IPR) predicted protein entries and 784 rRNA gene operational taxonomic units (OTUs, 97% cut-off) were uncovered from all metagenomes. Despite the large divergence in microbial community assembly between the surveyed biotopes, the S. officinalis symbiotic community shared slightly greater similarity (p < 0.05), in terms of both taxonomy and function, to sediment than to seawater communities. The vast majority of the dominant S. officinalis symbionts (i.e., OTUs), representing several, so-far uncultivable lineages in diverse bacterial phyla, displayed higher residual abundances in sediments than in seawater. CRISPR-Cas proteins and restriction endonucleases presented much higher frequencies (accompanied by lower viral abundances) in sponges than in the environment. However, several genomic features sharply enriched in the sponge specimens, including eukaryotic-like repeat motifs (ankyrins, tetratricopeptides, WD-40, and leucine-rich repeats), and genes encoding for plasmids, sulfatases, polyketide synthases, type IV secretion proteins, and terpene/terpenoid synthases presented, to varying degrees, higher frequencies in sediments than in seawater. In contrast, much higher abundances of motility and chemotaxis genes were found in sediments and seawater than in sponges. Higher cell and surface densities, sponge cell shedding and particle uptake, and putative chemical signaling processes favoring symbiont persistence in particulate matrices all may act as mechanisms underlying the observed degrees of taxonomic connectivity and functional convergence between sponges and sediments. The reduced frequency of motility and chemotaxis genes in the sponge microbiome reinforces the notion of a prevalent mutualistic mode of living inside the host. This study highlights the S. officinalis “endosymbiome” as a distinct consortium of uncultured prokaryotes displaying a likely “sit-and-wait” strategy to nutrient foraging coupled to sophisticated anti-viral defenses, unique natural product biosynthesis, nutrient utilization and detoxification capacities, and both microbe–microbe and host–microbe gene transfer amenability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Karimi
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Ramos
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Jorge M S Gonçalves
- Fisheries, Biodiversity and Conservation Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Joana R Xavier
- Department of Biology and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep Sea Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Margarida P Reis
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Costa
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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12
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Cravo R, Rotman V, Oliveira PMN, Defendi HGT, Conceição DA, Xavier JR, Chertkoff R, Noronha TG, Maia MLS. Taliglucerase alfa in Gaucher disease: Description of a Brazilian experience. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2017; 68:160-162. [PMID: 28131618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated retrospectively, efficacy and safety of taliglucerase alfa for Gaucher disease in a Brazilian population. Thirteen patients were included for efficacy analysis only one of them naïve to enzyme replacement therapy. All the parameters evaluated remained stable throughout treatment (mean duration 3,5years). Only three patients (out of 35) had to discontinue treatment due to a serious adverse event. In conclusion, treatment with taliglucerase alfa was found to be safe and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cravo
- Hemorio Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - V Rotman
- BIO-Manguinhos/Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - P M N Oliveira
- BIO-Manguinhos/Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - H G T Defendi
- BIO-Manguinhos/Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - D A Conceição
- BIO-Manguinhos/Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - J R Xavier
- BIO-Manguinhos/Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - T G Noronha
- BIO-Manguinhos/Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - M L S Maia
- BIO-Manguinhos/Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Taboada S, Riesgo A, Blasco G, Solà J, Xavier JR, López-Legentil S. Development of 10 microsatellite markers for the Atlanto-Mediterranean sponge Petrosia ficiformis. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-015-0496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Graça AP, Viana F, Bondoso J, Correia MI, Gomes L, Humanes M, Reis A, Xavier JR, Gaspar H, Lage OM. The antimicrobial activity of heterotrophic bacteria isolated from the marine sponge Erylus deficiens (Astrophorida, Geodiidae). Front Microbiol 2015; 6:389. [PMID: 25999928 PMCID: PMC4423441 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in the study of marine sponges and their associated microbiome has increased both for ecological reasons and for their great biotechnological potential. In this work, heterotrophic bacteria associated with three specimens of the marine sponge Erylus deficiens, were isolated in pure culture, phylogenetically identified and screened for antimicrobial activity. The isolation of bacteria after an enrichment treatment in heterotrophic medium revealed diversity in bacterial composition with only Pseudoalteromonas being shared by two specimens. Of the 83 selected isolates, 58% belong to Proteobacteria, 23% to Actinobacteria and 19% to Firmicutes. Diffusion agar assays for bioactivity screening against four bacterial strains and one yeast, revealed that a high number of the isolated bacteria (68.7%) were active, particularly against Candida albicans and Vibrio anguillarum. Pseudoalteromonas, Microbacterium, and Proteus were the most bioactive genera. After this preliminary screening, the bioactive strains were further evaluated in liquid assays against C. albicans, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Filtered culture medium and acetone extracts from three and 5 days-old cultures were assayed. High antifungal activity against C. albicans in both aqueous and acetone extracts as well as absence of activity against B. subtilis were confirmed. Higher levels of activity were obtained with the aqueous extracts when compared to the acetone extracts and differences were also observed between the 3 and 5 day-old extracts. Furthermore, a low number of active strains was observed against E. coli. Potential presence of type-I polyketide synthases (PKS-I) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) genes were detected in 17 and 30 isolates, respectively. The high levels of bioactivity and the likely presence of associated genes suggest that Erylus deficiens bacteria are potential sources of novel marine bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patrícia Graça
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR) Porto, Portugal
| | - Flávia Viana
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Centro de Química e Bioquímica e Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Bondoso
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR) Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Inês Correia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Luis Gomes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Humanes
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica e Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alberto Reis
- Bioenergy Unit, National Laboratory for Energy and Geology I.P. Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana R Xavier
- Department of Biology and Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - Helena Gaspar
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica e Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Olga M Lage
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto Porto, Portugal ; Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR) Porto, Portugal
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Hardoim CCP, Cardinale M, Cúcio ACB, Esteves AIS, Berg G, Xavier JR, Cox CJ, Costa R. Effects of sample handling and cultivation bias on the specificity of bacterial communities in keratose marine sponges. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:611. [PMID: 25477868 PMCID: PMC4235377 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex and distinct bacterial communities inhabit marine sponges and are believed to be essential to host survival, but our present-day inability to domesticate sponge symbionts in the laboratory hinders our access to the full metabolic breadth of these microbial consortia. We address bacterial cultivation bias in marine sponges using a procedure that enables direct comparison between cultivated and uncultivated symbiont community structures. Bacterial community profiling of the sympatric keratose species Sarcotragus spinosulus and Ircinia variabilis (Dictyoceratida, Irciniidae) was performed by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 454-pyrosequecing of 16S rRNA gene fragments. Whereas cultivation-independent methods revealed species-specific bacterial community structures in these hosts, cultivation-dependent methods resulted in equivalent community assemblages from both species. Between 15 and 18 bacterial phyla were found in S. spinosulus and I. variabilis using cultivation-independent methods. However, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria dominated the cultivation-dependent bacterial community. While cultivation-independent methods revealed about 200 and 220 operational taxonomic units (OTUs, 97% gene similarity) in S. spinosulus and I. variabilis, respectively, only 33 and 39 OTUs were found in these species via culturing. Nevertheless, around 50% of all cultured OTUs escaped detection by cultivation-independent methods, indicating that standard cultivation makes otherwise host-specific bacterial communities similar by selectively enriching for rarer and generalist symbionts. This study sheds new light on the diversity spectrum encompassed by cultivated and uncultivated sponge-associated bacteria. Moreover, it highlights the need to develop alternative culturing technologies to capture the dominant sponge symbiont fraction that currently remains recalcitrant to laboratory manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane C P Hardoim
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Ana C B Cúcio
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Department of Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ana I S Esteves
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology Graz, Austria
| | - Joana R Xavier
- Department of Biology, Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen Bergen, Norway
| | - Cymon J Cox
- Plant Systematics and Bioinformatics, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Costa
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal
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Graça AP, Bondoso J, Gaspar H, Xavier JR, Monteiro MC, de la Cruz M, Oves-Costales D, Vicente F, Lage OM. Antimicrobial activity of heterotrophic bacterial communities from the marine sponge Erylus discophorus (Astrophorida, Geodiidae). PLoS One 2013; 8:e78992. [PMID: 24236081 PMCID: PMC3827338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrophic bacteria associated with two specimens of the marine sponge Erylus discophorus were screened for their capacity to produce bioactive compounds against a panel of human pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus wild type and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus), fish pathogen (Aliivibrio fischeri) and environmentally relevant bacteria (Vibrio harveyi). The sponges were collected in Berlengas Islands, Portugal. Of the 212 isolated heterotrophic bacteria belonging to Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, 31% produced antimicrobial metabolites. Bioactivity was found against both Gram positive and Gram negative and clinically and environmentally relevant target microorganisms. Bioactivity was found mainly against B. subtilis and some bioactivity against S. aureus MRSA, V. harveyi and A. fisheri. No antifungal activity was detected. The three most bioactive genera were Pseudovibrio (47.0%), Vibrio (22.7%) and Bacillus (7.6%). Other less bioactive genera were Labrenzia, Acinetobacter, Microbulbifer, Pseudomonas, Gordonia, Microbacterium, Micrococcus and Mycobacterium, Paenibacillus and Staphylococcus. The search of polyketide I synthases (PKS-I) and nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) genes in 59 of the bioactive bacteria suggested the presence of PKS-I in 12 strains, NRPS in 3 strains and both genes in 3 strains. Our results show the potential of the bacterial community associated with Erylus discophorus sponges as producers of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patrícia Graça
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIMAR/CIIMAR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Bondoso
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIMAR/CIIMAR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Gaspar
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica e Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana R. Xavier
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores – Departamento de Biologia da Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
- CEAB, Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes, (CSIC), Blanes (Girona), Spain
| | - Maria Cândida Monteiro
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes de la Cruz
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Oves-Costales
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisca Vicente
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Olga Maria Lage
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIMAR/CIIMAR), Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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Esteves AI, Hardoim CC, Xavier JR, Gonçalves JM, Costa R. Molecular richness and biotechnological potential of bacteria cultured from Irciniidae sponges in the north-east Atlantic. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 85:519-36. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I.S. Esteves
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group; Centre of Marine Sciences; Universidade do Algarve; Faro Portugal
| | - Cristiane C.P. Hardoim
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group; Centre of Marine Sciences; Universidade do Algarve; Faro Portugal
| | - Joana R. Xavier
- CIBIO; Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos; InBIO Laboratório Associado; Pólo dos Açores - Departamento de Biologia da Universidade dos Açores; Ponta Delgada Portugal
- CEAB, Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes, (CSIC); Blanes (Girona) Spain
| | - Jorge M.S. Gonçalves
- Fisheries; Biodiversity and Conservation Research Group; Centre of Marine Sciences; University of Algarve; Faro Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Costa
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group; Centre of Marine Sciences; Universidade do Algarve; Faro Portugal
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Hardoim CCP, Esteves AIS, Pires FR, Gonçalves JMS, Cox CJ, Xavier JR, Costa R. Phylogenetically and spatially close marine sponges harbour divergent bacterial communities. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53029. [PMID: 23300853 PMCID: PMC3531450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have unravelled the diversity of sponge-associated bacteria that may play essential roles in sponge health and metabolism. Nevertheless, our understanding of this microbiota remains limited to a few host species found in restricted geographical localities, and the extent to which the sponge host determines the composition of its own microbiome remains a matter of debate. We address bacterial abundance and diversity of two temperate marine sponges belonging to the Irciniidae family--Sarcotragus spinosulus and Ircinia variabilis--in the Northeast Atlantic. Epifluorescence microscopy revealed that S. spinosulus hosted significantly more prokaryotic cells than I. variabilis and that prokaryotic abundance in both species was about 4 orders of magnitude higher than in seawater. Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) profiles of S. spinosulus and I. variabilis differed markedly from each other--with higher number of ribotypes observed in S. spinosulus--and from those of seawater. Four PCR-DGGE bands, two specific to S. spinosulus, one specific to I. variabilis, and one present in both sponge species, affiliated with an uncultured sponge-specific phylogenetic cluster in the order Acidimicrobiales (Actinobacteria). Two PCR-DGGE bands present exclusively in S. spinosulus fingerprints affiliated with one sponge-specific phylogenetic cluster in the phylum Chloroflexi and with sponge-derived sequences in the order Chromatiales (Gammaproteobacteria), respectively. One Alphaproteobacteria band specific to S. spinosulus was placed in an uncultured sponge-specific phylogenetic cluster with a close relationship to the genus Rhodovulum. Our results confirm the hypothesized host-specific composition of bacterial communities between phylogenetically and spatially close sponge species in the Irciniidae family, with S. spinosulus displaying higher bacterial community diversity and distinctiveness than I. variabilis. These findings suggest a pivotal host-driven effect on the shape of the marine sponge microbiome, bearing implications to our current understanding of the distribution of microbial genetic resources in the marine realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane C. P. Hardoim
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Algarve, Portugal
| | - Ana I. S. Esteves
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Algarve, Portugal
| | - Francisco R. Pires
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Departamento de Biologia da Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal
| | - Jorge M. S. Gonçalves
- Fisheries, Biodiversity and Conservation Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Algarve, Portugal
| | - Cymon J. Cox
- Plant Systematics and Bioinformatics, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Algarve, Portugal
| | - Joana R. Xavier
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Laboratório Associado, Pólo dos Açores, Departamento de Biologia da Universidade dos Açores, Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal
- Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes, Girona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Costa
- Microbial Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Algarve, Portugal
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Cárdenas P, Xavier JR, Reveillaud J, Schander C, Rapp HT. Molecular phylogeny of the Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae(p)) reveals an unexpected high level of spicule homoplasy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18318. [PMID: 21494664 PMCID: PMC3072971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae(p)) is geographically and bathymetrically widely distributed. Systema Porifera currently includes five families in this order: Ancorinidae, Calthropellidae, Geodiidae, Pachastrellidae and Thrombidae. To date, molecular phylogenetic studies including Astrophorida species are scarce and offer limited sampling. Phylogenetic relationships within this order are therefore for the most part unknown and hypotheses based on morphology largely untested. Astrophorida taxa have very diverse spicule sets that make them a model of choice to investigate spicule evolution. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS With a sampling of 153 specimens (9 families, 29 genera, 89 species) covering the deep- and shallow-waters worldwide, this work presents the first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the Astrophorida, using a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene partial sequence and the 5' end terminal part of the 28S rDNA gene (C1-D2 domains). The resulting tree suggested that i) the Astrophorida included some lithistid families and some Alectonidae species, ii) the sub-orders Euastrophorida and Streptosclerophorida were both polyphyletic, iii) the Geodiidae, the Ancorinidae and the Pachastrellidae were not monophyletic, iv) the Calthropellidae was part of the Geodiidae clade (Calthropella at least), and finally that v) many genera were polyphyletic (Ecionemia, Erylus, Poecillastra, Penares, Rhabdastrella, Stelletta and Vulcanella). CONCLUSION The Astrophorida is a larger order than previously considered, comprising ca. 820 species. Based on these results, we propose new classifications for the Astrophorida using both the classical rank-based nomenclature (i.e., Linnaean classification) and the phylogenetic nomenclature following the PhyloCode, independent of taxonomic rank. A key to the Astrophorida families, sub-families and genera incertae sedis is also included. Incongruences between our molecular tree and the current classification can be explained by the banality of convergent evolution and secondary loss in spicule evolution. These processes have taken place many times, in all the major clades, for megascleres and microscleres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paco Cárdenas
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Xavier JR, van Soest RW, Breeuwer A, Martins AM, Menken SB. Phylogeography, genetic diversity and structure of the poecilosclerid sponge Phorbas fictitius at oceanic islands. CTOZ 2010. [DOI: 10.1163/18759866-07903004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study we assessed the sequence variation in the I3-M11 partition of the mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) in ten populations of the Atlanto-Mediterranean demosponge Phorbas fictitius (Porifera: Poecilosclerida) at two spatial scales: a regional scale comparing mainland (Iberian) and insular (Macaronesian) populations, and a local (Archipelagic) scale focusing on different island populations of the Azores archipelago. A multiple approach combining diversity measures, FST estimates, phylogenetic inference and nested clade phylogeographic analysis was used to assess the genetic structure and elucidate the evolutionary history of this species. Genetic differentiation, based of FST estimates, was found among most populations at both scales revealing highly structured populations. This results of a presumably low dispersal potential and bathymetric range of the species, and the geographical isolation of the studied populations. However we found evidence of long distance dispersal events between some populations. Phylogenetic and network analyses indicate a separation of insular (Macaronesian) and mainland (Iberian) clades with only two haplotypes shared between these areas. The high genetic diversity and prevalence of ancestral haplotypes suggest the Macaronesian islands as the likely place of origin of this species with posterior expansion to mainland locations via current-mediated dispersal of larvae or sponge fragments. This study adds to the growing evidence of structured populations in the marine realm and highlights the importance of the Macaronesian islands on the evolutionary history of the Northeast Atlantic marine biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana R. Xavier
- 1 Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Kruislaan 318 1098 SM Amsterdam The Netherlands
- 2 Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, section Zoological Museum of Amsterdam (ZMA) University of Amsterdam Mauritskade 57 1092 AD Amsterdam The Netherlands
- 3 CIBIO - Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, CIBIO-Azores, Department of Biology University of the Azores Rua Mãe de Deus 9501-801 Ponta Delgada Portugal
- 4 CEAB - Centre for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CSIC) Camí d’accés a la Cala S. Francesc, 14 17300 Blanes (Girona) Spain
- 5 E-mail:
| | - Rob W.M. van Soest
- 2 Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, section Zoological Museum of Amsterdam (ZMA) University of Amsterdam Mauritskade 57 1092 AD Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - A.J. Breeuwer
- 1 Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Kruislaan 318 1098 SM Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - António M.F. Martins
- 3 CIBIO - Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, CIBIO-Azores, Department of Biology University of the Azores Rua Mãe de Deus 9501-801 Ponta Delgada Portugal
| | - Steph B.J. Menken
- 1 Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics University of Amsterdam Kruislaan 318 1098 SM Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Xavier JR, Rachello-Dolmen PG, Parra-Velandia F, Schönberg CHL, Breeuwer JAJ, van Soest RWM. Molecular evidence of cryptic speciation in the “cosmopolitan” excavating sponge Cliona celata (Porifera, Clionaidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 56:13-20. [PMID: 20363344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Xavier
- Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam (IBED), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Reveillaud J, Remerie T, van Soest R, Erpenbeck D, Cárdenas P, Derycke S, Xavier JR, Rigaux A, Vanreusel A. Species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships between Atlanto-Mediterranean shallow-water and deep-sea coral associated Hexadella species (Porifera, Ianthellidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 56:104-14. [PMID: 20382244 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coral reefs constitute the most diverse ecosystem of the marine realm and an increasing number of studies are focusing on coral species boundaries, distribution, and on processes that control species ranges. However, less attention has been paid to coral associated species. Deep-sea sponges dominate cold-water coral ecosystems, but virtually nothing is known about their molecular diversity. Moreover, species boundaries based on morphology may sometimes be inadequate, since sponges have few diagnostic characters. In this study, we investigated the molecular diversity within the genus Hexadella (Porifera, Demospongiae, Verongida, Ianthellidae) from the European shallow-water environment to the deep-sea coral ecosystems. Three molecular markers were used: one mitochondrial (COI) and two nuclear gene fragments (28S rDNA and the ATPS intron). Phylogenetic analyses revealed deeply divergent deep-sea clades congruent across the mitochondrial and nuclear markers. One clade contained specimens from the Irish, the Scottish, and the Norwegian margins and the Greenland Sea (Hexadella dedritifera) while another clade contained specimens from the Ionian Sea, the Bay of Biscay, and the Irish margin (H. cf. dedritifera). Moreover, these deeply divergent deep-sea clades showed a wide distribution suggesting a connection between the reefs. The results also point to the existence of a new deep-sea species (Hexadella sp.) in the Mediterranean Sea and of a cryptic shallow-water species (Hexadella cf. pruvoti) in the Gorringe Bank. In contrast, low genetic differentiation between H. cf. dedritifera and H. pruvoti from the Mediterranean Sea was observed. All Hexadella racovitzai specimens from the Mediterranean Sea (shallow and deep) to the Atlantic formed a monophyletic group.
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Webster NS, Xavier JR, Freckelton M, Motti CA, Cobb R. Shifts in microbial and chemical patterns within the marine sponge Aplysina aerophoba during a disease outbreak. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:3366-76. [PMID: 18783385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The microbial community composition in affected and unaffected portions of diseased sponges and healthy control sponges of Aplysina aerophoba was assessed to ascertain the role of microbes in the disease process. Sponge secondary metabolites were also examined to assess chemical shifts in response to infection. The microbial profile and aplysinimine levels in unaffected tissue near the lesions closely reflected those of healthy sponge tissue, indicating a highly localized disease process. DGGE detected multiple sequences that were exclusively present in diseased sponges. Most notably, a Deltaproteobacteria sequence with high homology to a coral black band disease strain was detected in all sponge lesions and was absent from all healthy and unaffected regions of diseased sponges. Other potential pathogens identified by DGGE include an environmental Cytophaga strain and a novel Epsilonproteobacteria strain with no known close relatives. The disease process also caused a major shift in prokaryote community structure at a very high taxonomic level. Using 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, only the diseased sponges were found to contain sequences belonging to the Epsilonproteobacteria and Firmicutes, and there was a much greater number of Bacteroidetes sequences within the diseased sponges. In contrast, only the healthy sponges contained sequences corresponding to the cyanobacteria and 'OP1' candidate division, and the healthy sponges were dominated by Chloroflexi and Gammaproteobacteria sequences. Overall bacterial diversity was found to be considerably higher in diseased sponges than in healthy sponges. These results provide a platform for future cultivation-based experiments to isolate the putative pathogens from A. aerophoba and perform re-infection trials to define the disease aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Webster
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3 Townsville Mail Centre, Qld 4810, Australia
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Artigas JL, Xavier JR. [Anal agenesis with rectobulbar fistula]. Rev Paul Med 1974; 83:310-2. [PMID: 4438911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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