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Gopalakrishnan J, Tessneer KL, Fu Y, Pasula S, Pelikan RC, Kelly JA, Wiley GB, Gaffney PM. Variants on the UBE2L3/YDJC Autoimmune Disease Risk Haplotype Increase UBE2L3 Expression by Modulating CCCTC-Binding Factor and YY1 Binding. Arthritis Rheumatol 2022; 74:163-173. [PMID: 34279042 PMCID: PMC8712360 DOI: 10.1002/art.41925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic variants spanning UBE2L3 are associated with increased expression of the UBE2L3-encoded E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme H7 (UbcH7), which facilitates activation of proinflammatory NF-κB signaling and susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. We undertook this study to delineate how genetic variants carried on the UBE2L3/YDJC autoimmune risk haplotype function to drive hypermorphic UBE2L3 expression. METHODS We used bioinformatic analyses, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and luciferase reporter assays to identify and functionally characterize allele-specific effects of risk variants positioned in chromatin accessible regions of immune cells. Chromatin conformation capture with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (3C-qPCR), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR, and small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown assays were performed on patient-derived Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells homozygous for the UBE2L3/YDJC nonrisk or risk haplotype to determine if the risk haplotype increases UBE2L3 expression by altering the regulatory chromatin architecture in the region. RESULTS Of the 7 prioritized variants, 5 demonstrated allele-specific increases in nuclear protein binding affinity and regulatory activity. High-throughput sequencing of chromosome conformation capture coupled with ChIP (HiChIP) and 3C-qPCR uncovered a long-range interaction between the UBE2L3 promoter (rs140490, rs140491, rs11089620) and the downstream YDJC promoter (rs3747093) that was strengthened in the presence of the UBE2L3/YDJC risk haplotype, and correlated with the loss of CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and gain of YY1 binding at the risk alleles. Depleting YY1 by siRNA disrupted the long-range interaction between the 2 promoters and reduced UBE2L3 expression. CONCLUSION The UBE2L3/YDJC autoimmune risk haplotype increases UBE2L3 expression through strengthening a YY1-mediated interaction between the UBE2L3 and YDJC promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaanam Gopalakrishnan
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Kandice L. Tessneer
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Yao Fu
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Satish Pasula
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Richard C. Pelikan
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Kelly
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Graham B. Wiley
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Patrick M. Gaffney
- Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed Patrick M. Gaffney, MD, Chair, Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13 Street, MS 57, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, Tel: 405-271-2572, Fax: 405-271-2536,
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Wu Q, Zhou J, Yuan ZC, Lan YY, Xu WD, Huang AF. Association between IL-37 and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Risk. Immunol Invest 2021; 51:727-738. [PMID: 33459098 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1869254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-37 (IL-37) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In our former study, we found increased plasma IL-37 levels in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. However, relationship between IL-37 levels and clinical laboratory characteristics of SLE patients has not been elucidated. In addition, association of IL37 gene polymorphism with SLE risk needs to be discussed. A group of 580 individuals (220 SLE patients and 360 healthy controls) in a Southern Chinese Han population were recruited. Plasma IL-37 levels were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3811047, rs2723186, rs2723176 and rs4364030) of IL37 gene were genotyped. Relationship of IL-37 expression, IL37 gene polymorphisms and clinical characteristics was discussed. We found that plasma levels of IL-37 were negatively associated with SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) (rs = -0.352, P = .001), and were higher in less active patients compared with active patients (P = .003). Decreased levels of IL-37 were found in SLE patients with discoid rash when compared to patients who did not have this symptom (P < .001). Plasma IL-37 levels were significantly lower in patients with hypocomplementemia comparing to those without this feature (P = .009). Levels of IL-37 in SLE with positive proteinuria were lower than patients with negative proteinuria (P = .046). Furthermore, allele distribution of rs2723186, rs4364030 between SLE cases and healthy individuals was significantly different (P = .001, P = .010, respectively). Genotype of rs4364030 was different between SLE cases and controls (P = .015). Haplotype analysis revealed that the frequency of haplotype CG (rs2723176 (C) +rs2723186 (G)) was higher in SLE, as compared with healthy individuals (P = .002). In conclusion, the plasma levels of IL-37 were related to SLE severity, and IL37 gene polymorphisms (rs2723186, rs2723176 and rs4364030) may associate with SLE susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Chao Yuan
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - You-Yu Lan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - An-Fang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, P.R. China
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Ghodke-Puranik Y, Imgruet M, Dorschner JM, Shrestha P, McCoy K, Kelly JA, Marion M, Guthridge JM, Langefeld CD, Harley JB, James JA, Sivils KL, Niewold TB. Novel genetic associations with interferon in systemic lupus erythematosus identified by replication and fine-mapping of trait-stratified genome-wide screen. Cytokine 2019; 132:154631. [PMID: 30685201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE High serum interferon alpha (IFN-α) is an important heritable phenotype in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) which is involved in primary disease pathogenesis. High vs. low levels of IFN-α are associated with disease severity and account for some of the biological heterogeneity between SLE patients. The aim of the study was to replicate and fine-map previously detected genetic associations with serum IFN-α in SLE. METHODS We previously undertook a case-case genome-wide association study of SLE patients stratified by ancestry and extremes of phenotype in serum IFN-α. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven loci identified in this screen were selected for follow up in a large independent cohort of 1370 SLE patients (703 European-ancestry, 432 African ancestry, and 235 Amerindian ancestry). Each ancestral background was analyzed separately, and ancestry-informative markers were used to control for ancestry and admixture. RESULTS We find a rare haplotype spanning the promoter region of EFNA5 that is strongly associated with serum IFN-α in both African-American and European-American SLE patients (OR = 3.0, p = 3.7 × 10-6). We also find SNPs in the PPM1H, PTPRM, and NRGN regions associated with IFN-α levels in European-American, Amerindian, and African-American SLE patients respectively. Many of these associations are within regulatory regions of the gene, suggesting an impact on transcription. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the power of molecular sub-phenotypes to reveal genetic factors involved in complex autoimmune disease. The distinct associations observed in different ancestral backgrounds emphasize the heterogeneity of molecular pathogenesis in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Ghodke-Puranik
- Colton Center for Autoimmunity, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Molly Imgruet
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Kaci McCoy
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kelly
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Miranda Marion
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Joel M Guthridge
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - John B Harley
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Judith A James
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kathy L Sivils
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Timothy B Niewold
- Colton Center for Autoimmunity, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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The genetics and molecular pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in populations of different ancestry. Gene 2018; 668:59-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Our understanding on genetic basis of SLE has been advanced through genome-wide association studies. We review recent progress in lupus genetics with a focus on SLE-associated loci that have been functionally characterized, and discuss the potential for clinical translation of genetics data. RECENT FINDINGS Over 100 loci have been confirmed to show robust association with SLE and many share with other immune-mediated diseases. Although causative variants captured at these established loci are limited, they guide biological studies of gene targets for functional characterization which highlight the importance of aberrant recognition of self-nucleic acid, type I interferon overproduction, and defective immune cell signaling underlying the pathogenesis of SLE. Increasing examples illustrate a predictive value of genetic findings in susceptibility/prognosis prediction, clinical classification, and pharmacological implication. Genetic findings provide a foundation for better understanding of disease pathogenic mechanisms and opportunities for target selection in lupus drug development.
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Teruel M, Alarcón-Riquelme ME. The genetic basis of systemic lupus erythematosus: What are the risk factors and what have we learned. J Autoimmun 2016; 74:161-175. [PMID: 27522116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The genome-wide association study is a free-hypothesis approach based on screening of thousands or even millions of genetic variants distributed throughout the whole human genome in relation to a phenotype. The relevant role of the genome-wide association studies in the last decade is undisputed because it has permitted to elucidate multiple risk genetic factors associated with the susceptibility to several human complex diseases. Regarding systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) this approach has allowed to identify more than 60 risk loci for SLE susceptibility across populations to date, increasing our understanding on the pathogenesis of this disease. We present the latest findings in the genetic of SLE across populations using genome-wide approaches. These studies revealed that most of the genetic risk is shared across borders and ethnicities. Finally, we focus on describing the most important risk loci for SLE attempting to cover the genetic findings in relation to functional polymorphisms, such as missense single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or regulatory variants involved in the development of the disease. The functional studies try to identify the causality of some GWAS-associated variants, many of which fall in non-coding regions of the genome, suggesting a regulatory role. Many loci show an environmental interaction, another aspect revealed by the studies of epigenetic modifications and those associated with genetic variants. Finally, new-generation sequencing technologies can open other paths in the research on SLE genetics, the role of rare variants and the detailed identification of causal regulatory variation. The clinical relevance of the genetic factors will be shown when we are able to use them or in combination with other molecular measurements to re-classify a heterogeneous disease such as SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teruel
- Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, GENYO, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Government, PTS, Granada, 18016, Spain.
| | - Marta E Alarcón-Riquelme
- Center for Genomics and Oncological Research, GENYO, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Government, PTS, Granada, 18016, Spain; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 171 67, Sweden.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The field of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) genetics has been advancing rapidly in recent years. This review will summarize recent advances in SLE genetics. RECENT FINDINGS Genome-wide-association and follow-up studies have greatly expanded the list of associated polymorphisms, and much current work strives to integrate these polymorphisms into immune system biology and the pathogenic mediators involved in the disease. This review covers some current areas of interest, including genetic studies in non-European SLE patient populations, studies of pathogenic immune system subphenotypes such as type I interferon and autoantibodies, and a rapidly growing body of work investigating the functional consequences of the genetic polymorphisms associated with SLE. SUMMARY These studies provide a fascinating window into human SLE disease biology. As the work proceeds from genetic association signal to altered human biology, we move closer to tailoring interventions based upon an individual's genetic substrate.
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Wang Y, Zhu YF, Wang Q, Xu J, Yan N, Xu J, Shi LF, He ST, Zhang JA. The haplotype of UBE2L3 gene is associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in a Chinese Han population. BMC Endocr Disord 2016; 16:18. [PMID: 27094594 PMCID: PMC4837539 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-016-0098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2L3 (UBE2L3) gene is associated with susceptibility to many autoimmune diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between UBE2L3 gene and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) and their clinical phenotypes. METHODS We genotyped five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs131654, rs5754217, rs2298428, rs140489 and rs5998672 of UBE2L3 gene in case groups including 1028 patients with AITDs [676 cases of Graves' disease (GD) and 352 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT)] and control group including 897 healthy individuals. The genotyping was performed with the method of polymerase chain reaction-ligase detection reaction (PCR-LDR). RESULTS The frequencies of allele and genotype of five SNPs in gene UBE2L3 showed no statistically significant difference between case groups and control group, respectively. Moreover, no significant differences in frequencies of allele and genotype of five SNPs of the gene were found between clinical subphenotypes of AITDs and control group. Such subphenotypes included GD, HT, and thyroid associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). The negative results were also found in the frequency of other haplotypes of the gene except the haplotype of TCGGC, which was significantly higher in HT group than in control group (P = 0.031, OR = 1.441). CONCLUSIONS The present findings indicate that TCGGC haplotype is associated with an increased risk of HT and UBE2L3 gene is likely to be a susceptibility factor to HT in a Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yuan-feng Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ni Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, , Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, , Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Liang-feng Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, , Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Shuang-tao He
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, , Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Jin-an Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, No. 1508 Longhang Road, , Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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Genetic association study of systemic lupus erythematosus and disease subphenotypes in European populations. Clin Rheumatol 2016; 35:1161-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-016-3235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Zhang J, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Yang J, Guo M, Sun L, Pan HF, Hirankarn N, Ying D, Zeng S, Lee TL, Lau CS, Chan TM, Leung AMH, Mok CC, Wong SN, Lee KW, Ho MHK, Lee PPW, Chung BHY, Chong CY, Wong RWS, Mok MY, Wong WHS, Tong KL, Tse NKC, Li XP, Avihingsanon Y, Rianthavorn P, Deekajorndej T, Suphapeetiporn K, Shotelersuk V, Ying SKY, Fung SKS, Lai WM, Garcia-Barceló MM, Cherny SS, Sham PC, Cui Y, Yang S, Ye DQ, Zhang XJ, Lau YL, Yang W. Gene-Based Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Study Data Identifies Independent Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms inANXA6as Being Associated With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Asian Populations. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015. [PMID: 26202167 DOI: 10.1002/art.39275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Queen Mary Hospital and The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, and Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Queen Mary Hospital and The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Queen Mary Hospital and The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Jing Yang
- Queen Mary Hospital and The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Mengbiao Guo
- Queen Mary Hospital and The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | | | | | | | - Dingge Ying
- Queen Mary Hospital and The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Shuai Zeng
- Queen Mary Hospital and The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Tsz Leung Lee
- Queen Mary Hospital and The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Chak Sing Lau
- Queen Mary Hospital and The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Queen Mary Hospital and The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | | | - Chi Chiu Mok
- Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, New Territories; Hong Kong China
| | - Sik Nin Wong
- Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, New Territories; Hong Kong China
| | - Ka Wing Lee
- Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital; Hong Kong China
| | - Marco Hok Kung Ho
- Queen Mary Hospital and The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | | | | | - Chun Yin Chong
- Queen Mary Hospital and The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | | | - Mo Yin Mok
- Queen Mary Hospital and The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stacey S. Cherny
- Queen Mary Hospital and The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Pak Chung Sham
- Queen Mary Hospital and The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
| | - Yong Cui
- Anhui Medical University; China Hefei China
| | - Sen Yang
- Anhui Medical University; China Hefei China
| | | | | | - Yu Lung Lau
- Queen Mary Hospital and The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, and The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Wanling Yang
- Queen Mary Hospital and The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong China
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disorder that has a broad spectrum of effects on the majority of organs, including the kidneys. Approximately 40-70% of patients with SLE will develop lupus nephritis. Renal assault during SLE is initiated by genes that breach immune tolerance and promote autoantibody production. These genes might act in concert with other genetic factors that augment innate immune signalling and IFN-I production, which in turn can generate an influx of effector leucocytes, inflammatory mediators and autoantibodies into end organs, such as the kidneys. The presence of cognate antigens in the glomerular matrix, together with intrinsic molecular abnormalities in resident renal cells, might further accentuate disease progression. This Review discusses the genetic insights and molecular mechanisms for key pathogenic contributors in SLE and lupus nephritis. We have categorized the genes identified in human studies of SLE into one of four pathogenic events that lead to lupus nephritis. We selected these categories on the basis of the cell types in which these genes are expressed, and the emerging paradigms of SLE pathogenesis arising from murine models. Deciphering the molecular basis of SLE and/or lupus nephritis in each patient will help physicians to tailor specific therapies.
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12
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Interferon regulatory factors: critical mediators of human lupus. Transl Res 2015; 165:283-95. [PMID: 25445206 PMCID: PMC4306637 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is multifactorial, and the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) play an important role. Autoantibodies formed in SLE target nuclear antigens, and immune complexes formed by these antibodies contain nucleic acid. These immune complexes can activate antiviral pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), resulting in the downstream activation of IRFs, which can induce type I interferon (IFN-I) and other inflammatory mediators. Genetic variations in IRFs have been associated with susceptibility to SLE, and current evidence supports the idea that these polymorphisms are gain of function in humans. Recent studies suggest that these genetic variations contribute to the break in humoral tolerance that allows for nucleic acid binding autoantibodies, and that the same polymorphisms also augment IFN-I production in the presence of these autoantibody immune complexes, forming a feed-forward loop. In this review, we will outline major features of the PRR/IRF systems and describe the role of the IRFs in human SLE pathogenesis.
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Kariuki SN, Ghodke-Puranik Y, Dorschner JM, Chrabot BS, Kelly JA, Tsao BP, Kimberly RP, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Jacob CO, Criswell LA, Sivils KL, Langefeld CD, Harley JB, Skol AD, Niewold TB. Genetic analysis of the pathogenic molecular sub-phenotype interferon-alpha identifies multiple novel loci involved in systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes Immun 2015; 16:15-23. [PMID: 25338677 PMCID: PMC4305028 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2014.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation of multiple organ systems and dysregulated interferon responses. SLE is both genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous, greatly reducing the power of case-control studies in SLE. Elevated circulating interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is a stable, heritable trait in SLE, which has been implicated in primary disease pathogenesis. About 40-50% of patients have high IFN-α, and high levels correspond with clinical differences. To study genetic heterogeneity in SLE, we performed a case-case study comparing patients with high vs low IFN-α in over 1550 SLE cases, including genome-wide association study and replication cohorts. In meta-analysis, the top associations in European ancestry were protein kinase, cyclic GMP-dependent, type I (PRKG1) rs7897633 (P(Meta) = 2.75 × 10(-8)) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) rs1049564 (P(Meta) = 1.24 × 10(-7)). We also found evidence for cross-ancestral background associations with the ankyrin repeat domain 44 (ANKRD44) and pleckstrin homology domain containing, family F member 2 gene (PLEKHF2) loci. These loci have not been previously identified in case-control SLE genetic studies. Bioinformatic analyses implicated these loci functionally in dendritic cells and natural killer cells, both of which are involved in IFN-α production in SLE. As case-control studies of heterogeneous diseases reach a limit of feasibility with respect to subject number and detectable effect size, the study of informative pathogenic sub-phenotypes becomes an attractive strategy for genetic discovery in complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jessica M. Dorschner
- Department of Immunology and Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Beverly S. Chrabot
- Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Jennifer A. Kelly
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Betty P. Tsao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer / University of Granada / Andalusian Regional Government
| | - Chaim O. Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lindsey A. Criswell
- Rosalind Russell / Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kathy L. Sivils
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - John B. Harley
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Cincinnati VA Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Andrew D. Skol
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Timothy B. Niewold
- Department of Immunology and Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Oliveira L, Sinicato NA, Postal M, Appenzeller S, Niewold TB. Dysregulation of antiviral helicase pathways in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Genet 2014; 5:418. [PMID: 25505487 PMCID: PMC4243696 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), our normal antiviral defenses are inappropriately activated, resulting in over-activity of the type I interferon (IFN) pathway. This increased activity of the type I IFN pathway is an important primary pathogenic factor in the disease. Emerging evidence has implicated the antiviral helicases in this process. The antiviral helicases normally function as nucleic acid receptors in viral immunity. Genetic variations in antiviral helicase genes have been associated with SLE, supporting the idea that helicase pathways are involved in the primary pathogenesis of SLE. Studies have documented functional consequences of these genetic variations within the type I IFN pathway in human cell lines and SLE patients. In this review, we summarize the function of helicases in the anti-viral immune response, and how this response is dysregulated in SLE patients. In particular, we will focus on known functional genetic polymorphisms in the IFIH1 (MDA5) and mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein genes which have been implicated in human SLE. These data provide fascinating evidence for dysregulation of helicase-mediated innate immunity in SLE, and may support novel therapeutic strategies in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Oliveira
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nailú A Sinicato
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mariana Postal
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil
| | - Simone Appenzeller
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas Campinas, Brazil
| | - Timothy B Niewold
- Mayo Clinic, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Immunology Rochester, MN, USA
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15
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Autoimmune disease genetics 2013. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:487643. [PMID: 25165727 PMCID: PMC4140134 DOI: 10.1155/2014/487643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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16
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Genetic variation near IRF8 is associated with serologic and cytokine profiles in systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2013; 14:471-8. [PMID: 23965942 PMCID: PMC3856198 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alleles of IRF8 are associated with susceptibility to both systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and multiple sclerosis (MS). While high type I interferon (IFN) is thought to be causal in SLE, type I IFN is used as a therapy in MS. We investigated whether IRF8 alleles were associated with type I IFN levels or serologic profiles in SLE and MS. Alleles which have been previously associated with SLE or MS were genotyped in SLE and MS patients. The MS-associated rs17445836G allele was associated with anti-dsDNA autoantibodies in SLE patients (meta-analysis OR=1.92). The same allele was associated with decreased serum IFN activity in SLE patients with anti-dsDNA antibodies, and with decreased type I IFN-induced gene expression in PBMC from anti-dsDNA negative SLE patients. In secondary progressive MS patients, rs17445836G was associated with decreased serum type I IFN. Rs17445836G was associated with increased IRF8 expression in SLE patient B cells. In summary, IRF8 rs17445836G is associated with human autoimmune disease characterized by low type I IFN levels, and this may have pharmacogenetic relevance as type I IFN is modulated in SLE and MS. The association with autoantibodies and increased IRF8 expression in B cells supports a role for rs17445836G in humoral tolerance.
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17
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Interferon regulatory factor 5 in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:780436. [PMID: 23251221 PMCID: PMC3509422 DOI: 10.1155/2012/780436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by multiple genetic risk factors, high levels of interferon alpha (IFN-α), and the production of autoantibodies against components of the cell nucleus. Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a transcription factor which induces the transcription of IFN-α and other cytokines, and genetic variants of IRF5 have been strongly linked to SLE pathogenesis. IRF5 functions downstream of Toll-like receptors and other microbial pattern-recognition receptors, and immune complexes made up of SLE-associated autoantibodies seem to function as a chronic endogenous stimulus to this pathway. In this paper, we discuss the physiologic role of IRF5 in immune defense and the ways in which IRF5 variants may contribute to the pathogenesis of human SLE. Recent data regarding the role of IRF5 in both serologic autoimmunity and the overproduction of IFN-α in human SLE are summarized. These data support a model in which SLE-risk variants of IRF5 participate in a “feed-forward” mechanism, predisposing to SLE-associated autoantibody formation, and subsequently facilitating IFN-α production downstream of Toll-like receptors stimulated by immune complexes composed of these autoantibodies.
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18
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Jensen MA, Patterson KC, Kumar AA, Kumabe M, Franek BS, Niewold TB. Functional genetic polymorphisms in ILT3 are associated with decreased surface expression on dendritic cells and increased serum cytokines in lupus patients. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 72:596-601. [PMID: 22904259 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperactivity of the type I interferon (IFN) pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Immunoglobulin like transcript (ILT3) is an immunohibitory transmembrane molecule which is induced by type I IFNs. ILT3 is expressed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs), monocytoid dendritic cells (MDCs), and monocytes/macrophages. Given the pathogenic role of IFN in SLE, we hypothesised that the IFN-induced immunosuppressive ILT3 receptor may be dysfunctional in human SLE. METHODS 132 European-derived and 79 Hispanic-American SLE patients were genotyped for two coding-change single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) predicted to interfere with protein folding in ILT3 (rs11540761 and rs1048801). 116 control DNA samples and sera from healthy controls were also studied. We detected associations between ILT3 genotype and serum cytokine profiles. ILT3 expression levels on PDCs and MDCs from 18 patients and 10 controls were studied by flow cytometry. RESULTS The rs11540761 SNP in the extracellular region was associated with decreased cell surface expression of ILT3 on circulating MDCs and to a lesser extent PDCs in SLE patients. The cytoplasmically located rs1048801 SNP was not associated with a change in dendritic cells expression of ILT3. Both SNPs were significantly and independently associated with increased levels of serum type I IFN activity in SLE patients. The rs1048801 SNP was also associated with increased serum levels of TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS Loss-of-function polymorphisms in ILT3 are associated with increased inflammatory cytokine levels in SLE, supporting a biological role for ILT3 in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Jensen
- Correspondence to Professor Timothy B Niewold, Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC0930 Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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19
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Belot A, Cimaz R. Monogenic forms of systemic lupus erythematosus: new insights into SLE pathogenesis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2012; 10:21. [PMID: 22883345 PMCID: PMC3489560 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-10-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is complex and remains poorly understood. Infectious triggers, genetic background, immunological abnormalities and environmental factors are all supposed to interact for the disease development. Familial SLE as well as early-onset juvenile SLE studies make it possible to identify monogenic causes of SLE. Identification of these rare inherited conditions is of great interest to understand both SLE pathogenesis and molecular human tolerance mechanisms. Complement deficiencies, genetic overproduction of interferon-α and apoptosis defects are the main situations that can lead to monogenic SLE.Here, we review the different genes involved in monogenic SLE and highlight their importance in SLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Belot
- Pediatric nephrology and rheumatology Unit, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Lyon, Bron, Université de Lyon, Lyon, CNRS UMR5239, France.
| | - Rolando Cimaz
- Rheumatology Unit, Anna Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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20
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2012; 24:586-94. [PMID: 22871955 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32835793df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Gene-expression-guided selection of candidate loci and molecular phenotype analyses enhance genetic discovery in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:682018. [PMID: 22988468 PMCID: PMC3439981 DOI: 10.1155/2012/682018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a highly heterogeneous autoimmune disorder characterized by differences in autoantibody profiles, serum cytokines, and clinical manifestations. We have previously conducted a case-case genome-wide association study (GWAS) of SLE patients to detect associations with autoantibody profile and serum interferon alpha (IFN-α). In this study, we used public gene expression data sets to rationally select additional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for validation. The top 200 GWAS SNPs were searched in a database which compares genome-wide expression data to genome-wide SNP genotype data in HapMap cell lines. SNPs were chosen for validation if they were associated with differential expression of 15 or more genes at a significance of P < 9 × 10(-5). This resulted in 11 SNPs which were genotyped in 453 SLE patients and 418 matched controls. Three SNPs were associated with SLE-associated autoantibodies, and one of these SNPs was also associated with serum IFN-α (P < 4.5 × 10(-3) for all). One additional SNP was associated exclusively with serum IFN-α. Case-control analysis was insensitive to these molecular subphenotype associations. This study illustrates the use of gene expression data to rationally select candidate loci in autoimmune disease, and the utility of stratification by molecular phenotypes in the discovery of additional genetic associations in SLE.
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22
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Wang S, Adrianto I, Wiley GB, Lessard CJ, Kelly JA, Adler AJ, Glenn SB, Williams AH, Ziegler JT, Comeau ME, Marion MC, Wakeland BE, Liang C, Kaufman KM, Guthridge JM, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Alarcón GS, Anaya JM, Bae SC, Kim JH, Joo YB, Boackle SA, Brown EE, Petri MA, Ramsey-Goldman R, Reveille JD, Vilá LM, Criswell LA, Edberg JC, Freedman BI, Gilkeson GS, Jacob CO, James JA, Kamen DL, Kimberly RP, Martin J, Merrill JT, Niewold TB, Pons-Estel BA, Scofield RH, Stevens AM, Tsao BP, Vyse TJ, Langefeld CD, Harley JB, Wakeland EK, Moser KL, Montgomery CG, Gaffney PM. A functional haplotype of UBE2L3 confers risk for systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes Immun 2012; 13:380-7. [PMID: 22476155 PMCID: PMC3411915 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with diverse clinical manifestations characterized by the development of pathogenic autoantibodies manifesting in inflammation of target organs such as the kidneys, skin and joints. Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic variants in the UBE2L3 region that are associated with SLE in subjects of European and Asian ancestry. UBE2L3 encodes an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, UBCH7, involved in cell proliferation and immune function. In this study, we sought to further characterize the genetic association in the region of UBE2L3 and use molecular methods to determine the functional effect of the risk haplotype. We identified significant associations between variants in the region of UBE2L3 and SLE in individuals of European and Asian ancestry that exceeded a Bonferroni-corrected threshold (P<1 × 10(-4)). A single risk haplotype was observed in all associated populations. Individuals harboring the risk haplotype display a significant increase in both UBE2L3 mRNA expression (P=0.0004) and UBCH7 protein expression (P=0.0068). The results suggest that variants carried on the SLE-associated UBE2L3 risk haplotype influence autoimmunity by modulating UBCH7 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Wang
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Indra Adrianto
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Graham B. Wiley
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Christopher J. Lessard
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Jennifer A. Kelly
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Adam J. Adler
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Stuart B. Glenn
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Adrienne H. Williams
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Julie T. Ziegler
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mary E. Comeau
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Miranda C. Marion
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Benjamin E. Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Chaoying Liang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kenneth M. Kaufman
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Joel M. Guthridge
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
- Centro de Genómica e Investigaciones Oncológicas (GENyO), Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucía Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bin Joo
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Susan A. Boackle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Elizabeth E. Brown
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Michelle A. Petri
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - John D. Reveille
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Luis M. Vilá
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Lindsey A. Criswell
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jeffrey C. Edberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Barry I. Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Gary S. Gilkeson
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Chaim O. Jacob
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Judith A. James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Diane L. Kamen
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Robert P. Kimberly
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Javier Martin
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Joan T. Merrill
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Timothy B. Niewold
- Section of Rheumatology and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - R. Hal Scofield
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Anne M. Stevens
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Betty P. Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Timothy J. Vyse
- Divisions of Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Diseases, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - John B. Harley
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Edward K. Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kathy L. Moser
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Courtney G. Montgomery
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Patrick M. Gaffney
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
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23
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Guerra SG, Vyse TJ, Cunninghame Graham DS. The genetics of lupus: a functional perspective. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:211. [PMID: 22640752 PMCID: PMC3446495 DOI: 10.1186/ar3844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with a strong genetic component and is characterized by chronic inflammation and the production of anti-nuclear auto-antibodies. In the era of genome-wide association studies (GWASs), elucidating the genetic factors present in SLE has been a very successful endeavor; 28 confirmed disease susceptibility loci have been mapped. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the genetics of lupus and focus on the strongest associated risk loci found to date (P <1.0 × 10−8). Although these loci account for less than 10% of the genetic heritability and therefore do not account for the bulk of the disease heritability, they do implicate important pathways, which contribute to SLE pathogenesis. Consequently, the main focus of the review is to outline the genetic variants in the known associated loci and then to explore the potential functional consequences of the associated variants. We also highlight the genetic overlap of these loci with other autoimmune diseases, which indicates common pathogenic mechanisms. The importance of developing functional assays will be discussed and each of them will be instrumental in furthering our understanding of these associated variants and loci. Finally, we indicate that performing a larger SLE GWAS and applying a more targeted set of methods, such as the ImmunoChip and next generation sequencing methodology, are important for identifying additional loci and enhancing our understanding of the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra G Guerra
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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