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Liu H, Wang H, Li Q, Wang Y, He Y, Li X, Sun C, Ergonul O, Can F, Pang Z, Zhang B, Hu Y. LPS adsorption and inflammation alleviation by polymyxin B-modified liposomes for atherosclerosis treatment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3817-3833. [PMID: 37719368 PMCID: PMC10501887 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is critical in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis (AS). The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) level in the circulation system is elevated in AS patients and animal models, which is correlated with the severity of AS. Inspired by the underlying mechanism that LPS could drive the polarization of macrophages toward the M1 phenotype, aggravate inflammation, and ultimately contribute to the exacerbation of AS, LPS in the circulation system was supposed to be the therapeutic target for AS treatment. In the present study, polymyxin (PMB) covalently conjugated to PEGylated liposomes (PLPs) were formulated to adsorb LPS through specific interactions between PMB and LPS. In vitro, the experiments demonstrated that PLPs could adsorb LPS, reduce the polarization of macrophages to M1 phenotype and inhibit the formation of foam cells. In vivo, the study revealed that PLPs treatment reduced the serum levels of LPS and pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreased the proportion of M1-type macrophages in AS plaque, stabilized AS plaque, and downsized the plaque burdens in arteries, which eventually attenuated the progression of AS. Our study highlighted LPS in the circulation system as the therapeutic target for AS and provided an alternative strategy for AS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Liu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Honglan Wang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qiyu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ying He
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuejing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunyan Sun
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Onder Ergonul
- Koç University Iş Bank Center for Infectious Diseases (KUISCID), Lnfectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Department, Koç University School of Medicine and American Hospital, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Füsun Can
- Koç University Iş Bank Center for Infectious Diseases (KUISCID), Lnfectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Department, Koç University School of Medicine and American Hospital, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Scott IL, Dominguez MJ, Snow A, Harsini FM, Williams J, Fuson KL, Thapa R, Bhattacharjee P, Cornwall GA, Keyel PA, Sutton RB. Pathogenic Mutations in the C2A Domain of Dysferlin form Amyloid that Activates the Inflammasome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.24.538129. [PMID: 37163031 PMCID: PMC10168229 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.24.538129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type-2B/2R is caused by mutations in the dysferlin gene ( DYSF ). This disease has two known pathogenic missense mutations that occur within dysferlin's C2A domain, namely C2A W52R and C2A V67D . Yet, the etiological rationale to explain the disease linkage for these two mutations is still unclear. In this study, we have presented evidence from biophysical, computational, and immunological experiments which suggest that these missense mutations interfere with dysferlin's ability to repair cells. The failure of C2A W52R and C2A V67D to initiate membrane repair arises from their propensity to form stable amyloid. The misfolding of the C2A domain caused by either mutation exposes β-strands, which are predicted to nucleate classical amyloid structures. When dysferlin C2A amyloid is formed, it triggers the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β. The present study suggests that the muscle dysfunction and inflammation evident in Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy types-2B/2R, specifically in cases involving C2A W52R and C2A V67D , as well as other C2 domain mutations with considerable hydrophobic core involvement, may be attributed to this mechanism.
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Thapa R, Keyel PA. Patch repair protects cells from the small pore-forming toxin aerolysin. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261018. [PMID: 36951121 PMCID: PMC10198622 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerolysin family pore-forming toxins damage the membrane, but membrane repair responses used to resist them, if any, remain controversial. Four proposed membrane repair mechanisms include toxin removal by caveolar endocytosis, clogging by annexins, microvesicle shedding catalyzed by MEK, and patch repair. Which repair mechanism aerolysin triggers is unknown. Membrane repair requires Ca2+, but it is controversial if Ca2+ flux is triggered by aerolysin. Here, we determined Ca2+ influx and repair mechanisms activated by aerolysin. In contrast to what is seen with cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs), removal of extracellular Ca2+ protected cells from aerolysin. Aerolysin triggered sustained Ca2+ influx. Intracellular Ca2+ chelation increased cell death, indicating that Ca2+-dependent repair pathways were triggered. Caveolar endocytosis failed to protect cells from aerolysin or CDCs. MEK-dependent repair did not protect against aerolysin. Aerolysin triggered slower annexin A6 membrane recruitment compared to CDCs. In contrast to what is seen with CDCs, expression of the patch repair protein dysferlin protected cells from aerolysin. We propose aerolysin triggers a Ca2+-dependent death mechanism that obscures repair, and the primary repair mechanism used to resist aerolysin is patch repair. We conclude that different classes of bacterial toxins trigger distinct repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Thapa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Peter A. Keyel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Li Y, Yao R, Ren M, Yuan K, Du Y, He Y, Kang H, Yuan S, Ju W, Qiao J, Xu K, Zeng L. Liposomes trigger bone marrow niche macrophage "foam" cell formation and affect hematopoiesis in mice. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100273. [PMID: 36084713 PMCID: PMC9587404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are the most widely used nanocarrier platform for the delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents, and a number of liposomes have been approved for use in clinical practice. After systemic administration, most liposomes are cleared by macrophages in the mononuclear phagocyte system, such as the liver and bone marrow (BM). However, the majority of studies have focused on investigating the therapeutic results of liposomal drugs, and too few studies have evaluated the potential side effects of empty nanocarriers on the functions of macrophages in the mononuclear phagocyte system. Here, we evaluate the potential effects of empty liposomes on the functions of BM niche macrophages. Following liposome administration, we observed lipid droplet (LD) accumulation in cultured primary macrophages and BM niche macrophages. We found that these LD-accumulating macrophages, similar to foam cells, exhibited increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-6. We further provided evidence that liposome deposition and degradation induced LD biogenesis on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and subsequently disturbed endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and activated the inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endoribonuclease 1α/NF-κB signaling pathway, which is responsible for the inflammatory activation of macrophages after liposome engulfment. Finally, we also showed the side effects of dysfunctional BM niche macrophages on hematopoiesis in mice, such as the promotion of myeloid-biased output and impairment of erythropoiesis. This study not only draws attention to the safety of liposomal drugs in clinical practice but also provides new directions for the design of lipid-based drug carriers in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ran Yao
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao Ren
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Yuan
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuwei Du
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan He
- School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiquan Kang
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengnan Yuan
- School of Medical Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Ju
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianlin Qiao
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingyu Zeng
- Blood Diseases Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Bone Marrow Stem Cell, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Department of Hematology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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5
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Ray S, Roth R, Keyel PA. Membrane repair triggered by cholesterol-dependent cytolysins is activated by mixed lineage kinases and MEK. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl6367. [PMID: 35294243 PMCID: PMC8926344 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl6367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Repair of plasma membranes damaged by bacterial pore-forming toxins, such as streptolysin O or perfringolysin O, during septic cardiomyopathy or necrotizing soft tissue infections is mediated by several protein families. However, the activation of these proteins downstream of ion influx is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that following membrane perforation by bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, calcium influx activates mixed lineage kinase 3 independently of protein kinase C or ceramide generation. Mixed lineage kinase 3 uncouples mitogen-activated kinase kinase (MEK) and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. MEK signals via an ERK-independent pathway to promote rapid annexin A2 membrane recruitment and enhance microvesicle shedding. This pathway accounted for 70% of all calcium ion-dependent repair responses to streptolysin O and perfringolysin O, but only 50% of repair to intermedilysin. We conclude that mixed lineage kinase signaling via MEK coordinates microvesicle shedding, which is critical for cellular survival against cholesterol-dependent cytolysins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharit Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Robyn Roth
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Peter A. Keyel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disorder that leads to severe joint deformities, negatively affecting the patient's quality of life. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include exosomes and ectosomes, act as intercellular communication mediators in several physiological and pathological processes in various diseases including RA. In contrast, EVs secreted by mesenchymal stem cells perform an immunomodulatory function and stimulate cartilage repair, showing promising therapeutic results in animal models of RA. EVs from other sources, including dendritic cells, neutrophils and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, also influence the biological function of immune and joint cells. This review describes the role of EVs in the pathogenesis of RA and presents evidence supporting future studies on the therapeutic potential of EVs from different sources. This information will contribute to a better understanding of RA development, as well as a starting point for exploring cell-free-based therapies for RA.
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Hasse S, Julien AS, Duchez AC, Zhao C, Boilard E, Fortin PR, Bourgoin SG. Red blood cell-derived phosphatidylserine positive extracellular vesicles are associated with past thrombotic events in patients with systemic erythematous lupus. Lupus Sci Med 2022; 9:9/1/e000605. [PMID: 35260475 PMCID: PMC8905995 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2021-000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by blood cells have proinflammation and procoagulant action. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) present high vascular inflammation and are prone to develop cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, we postulated that the EV populations found in blood, including platelet EVs (PEVs) and red blood cell EVs (REVs), are associated with SLE disease activity and SLE-associated cardiovascular accidents. Method We assessed autotaxin (ATX) plasma levels by ELISA, the platelet activation markers PAC1 and CD62P, ATX bound to platelets and the amounts of plasma PEVs and REVs by flow cytometry in a cohort of 102 patients with SLE, including 29 incident cases of SLE and 30 controls. Correlation analyses explored the associations with the clinical parameters. Result Platelet activation markers were increased in patients with SLE compared with healthy control, with the marker CD62P associated with the SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI). The incident cases show additional associations between platelet markers (CD62P/ATX and PAC1/CD62P) and the SLEDAI. Compared with controls, patients with SLE presented higher levels of PEVs, phosphatidylserine positive (PS+) PEVs, REVs and PS+ REVs, but there is no association with disease activity. When stratified according to the plasma level of PS+ REVs, the group of patients with SLE with a high level of PS+ REVs presented a higher number of past thrombosis events and higher ATX levels. Conclusion Incident and prevalent forms of SLE cases present similar levels of platelet activation markers, with CD62P correlating with disease activity. Though EVs are not associated with disease activity, the incidence of past thrombotic events is higher in patients with a high level of PS+ REVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Hasse
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre ARThrite de l'Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Julien
- Département de mathématiques et statistique, Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne-Claire Duchez
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre ARThrite de l'Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chenqi Zhao
- Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre ARThrite de l'Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Boilard
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et immunologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre ARThrite de l'Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul R Fortin
- Département de Médecine, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre ARThrite de l'Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain G Bourgoin
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et immunologie, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre ARThrite de l'Université Laval, Quebec city, Quebec, Canada
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Circulating Extracellular Vesicles As Biomarkers and Drug Delivery Vehicles in Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030388. [PMID: 33808038 PMCID: PMC8001426 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are composed of a lipid bilayer containing transmembrane and soluble proteins. Subtypes of EVs include ectosomes (microparticles/microvesicles), exosomes, and apoptotic bodies that can be released by various tissues into biological fluids. EV cargo can modulate physiological and pathological processes in recipient cells through near- and long-distance intercellular communication. Recent studies have shown that origin, amount, and internal cargos (nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids) of EVs are variable under different pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The early detection and management of CVD reduce premature morbidity and mortality. Circulating EVs have attracted great interest as a potential biomarker for diagnostics and follow-up of CVD. This review highlights the role of circulating EVs as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic follow-up of CVD, and also for drug delivery. Despite the great potential of EVs as a tool to study the pathophysiology of CVD, further studies are needed to increase the spectrum of EV-associated applications.
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9
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Sun SW, Tong WJ, Zheng GQ, Tuo QH, Lei XY, Liao DF. Pyroptotic cell-derived microparticle: An atherogenic factor in infectious diseases. Med Hypotheses 2020; 146:110370. [PMID: 33308934 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infection is considered a risk factor for atherosclerosis. The link between infectious agents and atherosclerosis is manifested by the presence of infection-induced pyroptotic cells in atherosclerotic lesions. Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death that occurs most frequently upon infection. However, inflammation is not the only cause by which pyroptosis involved in atherosclerosis. During pyroptosis, a large amount of microparticles are released from pyroptotic cells, which not only transfer inflammatory mediators to arterial vessel, but also mediate the interaction between a variety of cells, leading to endothelial injury, macrophage infiltration, vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, thereby accelerating atherosclerosis. Thus, we proposed hypothesis that pyroptotic cell-derived microparticle is an atherogenic factor in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Wei Sun
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Wen-Juan Tong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Gui-Qiong Zheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qin-Hui Tuo
- Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Lei
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Duan-Fang Liao
- Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China.
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10
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Konkoth A, Saraswat R, Dubrou C, Sabatier F, Leroyer AS, Lacroix R, Duchez AC, Dignat-George F. Multifaceted role of extracellular vesicles in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2020; 319:121-131. [PMID: 33261815 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by the majority of cells in response to cell activation or death stimuli. They are grouped as small EVs or exosomes, large EVs such as microvesicles (MVs) and apoptotic bodies, resulting from distinct mechanisms of generation. EVs are released into the extracellular space, in most human biological fluids and tissues, including atherosclerotic plaques. They transport complex cargo of bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids and genetic material and are therefore involved in pathophysiological pathways of cell-cell communication. Indeed, EVs are involved in several processes such as inflammation, coagulation, vascular dysfunction, angiogenesis and senescence, contributing to the initiation and progression of atherothrombotic diseases. Consequently, they behave as a determinant of atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability leading to major cardiovascular disorders. Over the last decade, the field of EVs research has grown, highlighting their involvement in atherosclerosis. However, limitations in both detection methodologies and standardisation have hindered implementation of EVs in the clinical settings. This review summarizes the effect of EVs in atherosclerosis development, progression and severity, with specific attention devoted to their ambivalent roles in senescence and hemostasis. This review will also highlight the role of MVs as multifaceted messengers, able to promote or to attenuate atherosclerosis progression. Finally, we will discuss the main technical challenges and prerequisites of standardization for driving EVs to the clinics and delineate their relevance as emergent biomarkers and innovative therapeutic approaches in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Konkoth
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Ronald Saraswat
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Cléa Dubrou
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France; Department of Hematology and Vascular Biology, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Sabatier
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France; Department of Hematology and Vascular Biology, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Romaric Lacroix
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France; Department of Hematology and Vascular Biology, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Francoise Dignat-George
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France; Department of Hematology and Vascular Biology, CHU La Conception, APHM, Marseille, France
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11
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Interaction of Macrophages and Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins: The Impact on Immune Response and Cellular Survival. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090531. [PMID: 32825096 PMCID: PMC7551085 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are key virulence factors involved in many lethal bacterial infections, including pneumonia, necrotizing soft tissue infections, bacterial meningitis, and miscarriage. Host responses to these diseases involve myeloid cells, especially macrophages. Macrophages use several systems to detect and respond to cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, including membrane repair, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling, phagocytosis, cytokine production, and activation of the adaptive immune system. However, CDCs also promote immune evasion by silencing and/or destroying myeloid cells. While there are many common themes between the various CDCs, each CDC also possesses specific features to optimally benefit the pathogen producing it. This review highlights host responses to CDC pathogenesis with a focus on macrophages. Due to their robust plasticity, macrophages play key roles in the outcome of bacterial infections. Understanding the unique features and differences within the common theme of CDCs bolsters new tools for research and therapy.
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12
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Zhou QD, Chi X, Lee MS, Hsieh WY, Mkrtchyan JJ, Feng AC, He C, York AG, Bui VL, Kronenberger EB, Ferrari A, Xiao X, Daly AE, Tarling EJ, Damoiseaux R, Scumpia PO, Smale ST, Williams KJ, Tontonoz P, Bensinger SJ. Interferon-mediated reprogramming of membrane cholesterol to evade bacterial toxins. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:746-755. [PMID: 32514064 PMCID: PMC7778040 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0695-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membranes of animal cells are enriched for cholesterol. Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) are pore-forming toxins secreted by bacteria that target membrane cholesterol for their effector function. Phagocytes are essential for clearance of CDC-producing bacteria; however, the mechanisms by which these cells evade the deleterious effects of CDCs are largely unknown. Here, we report that interferon (IFN) signals convey resistance to CDC-induced pores on macrophages and neutrophils. We traced IFN-mediated resistance to CDCs to the rapid modulation of a specific pool of cholesterol in the plasma membrane of macrophages without changes to total cholesterol levels. Resistance to CDC-induced pore formation requires the production of the oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), inhibition of cholesterol synthesis and redistribution of cholesterol to an esterified cholesterol pool. Accordingly, blocking the ability of IFN to reprogram cholesterol metabolism abrogates cellular protection and renders mice more susceptible to CDC-induced tissue damage. These studies illuminate targeted regulation of membrane cholesterol content as a host defense strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan D Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xun Chi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Min Sub Lee
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei Yuan Hsieh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan J Mkrtchyan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - An-Chieh Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cuiwen He
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Autumn G York
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Viet L Bui
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eliza B Kronenberger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alessandra Ferrari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xu Xiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allison E Daly
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Tarling
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Damoiseaux
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen T Smale
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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13
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Peng M, Liu X, Xu G. Extracellular Vesicles as Messengers in Atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2019; 13:121-130. [PMID: 31664614 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-019-09923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases. Most cells involved in atherosclerosis can shed extracellular vesicles (EVs). Both atherogenic factors, such as hypoxia and oxidative stress, and atheroprotective factors, such as laminar blood flow, can influence the production of EV shedding. EVs can carry protein, DNA, mRNA, and noncoding RNA and act as mediators or messengers for cell-to-cell communications. EVs have been proven to promote or inhibit atherogenesis under particular circumstances. Therefore, EVs might be targeted for preventing or treating atherosclerotic diseases. The level of circulating EVs has been associated with the presence, progressiveness, or severity of atherosclerosis. Therefore, EVs may be utilized as indexes for diagnosing and grading atherosclerosis. Here, we reviewed the progress concerning the involvements of EVs in atherogenesis and atheroprotection. We also discussed the potential applications of EVs in managing atherosclerotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengna Peng
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Gelin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China.
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14
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Magoro T, Dandekar A, Jennelle LT, Bajaj R, Lipkowitz G, Angelucci AR, Bessong PO, Hahn YS. IL-1β/TNF-α/IL-6 inflammatory cytokines promote STAT1-dependent induction of CH25H in Zika virus-infected human macrophages. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14591-14602. [PMID: 31375561 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV)3 is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family that has emerged as a public health threat because of its global transmission and link to microcephaly. Currently there is no vaccine for this virus. Conversion of cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol by cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) has been shown to have broad antiviral properties. However, the molecular basis of induction of CH25H in humans is not known. Elucidation of signaling and transcriptional events for induction of CH25H expression is critical for designing therapeutic antiviral agents. In this study, we show that CH25H is induced by ZIKV infection or Toll-like receptor stimulation. Interestingly, CH25H is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-6, and this induction depends on the STAT1 transcription factor. Additionally, we observed that cAMP-dependent transcription factor (ATF3) weakly binds to the CH25H promoter, suggesting cooperation with STAT1. However, ZIKV-induced CH25H was independent of type I interferon. These findings provide important information for understanding how the Zika virus induces innate inflammatory responses and promotes the expression of anti-viral CH25H protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshifhiwa Magoro
- HIV/AIDS and Global Health Research Program, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Aditya Dandekar
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Lucas T Jennelle
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Rohan Bajaj
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Gabriel Lipkowitz
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Angelina R Angelucci
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Pascal O Bessong
- HIV/AIDS and Global Health Research Program, Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - Young S Hahn
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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15
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Kim H, Jeon EH, Park BC, Kim SJ. Dudleya brittonii extract promotes survival rate and M2-like metabolic change in porcine 3D4/31 alveolar macrophages. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2019; 32:1789-1800. [PMID: 31208190 PMCID: PMC6817779 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Although alveolar macrophages play a key role in the respiratory immunity of livestock, studies on the mechanism of differentiation and survival of alveolar macrophages are lacking. Therefore, we undertook to investigate changes in the lipid metabolism and survival rate, using 3D4/31 macrophages and Dudleya brittonii which has been used as a traditional asthma treatment. Methods 3D4/31 macrophages were used as the in vitro porcine alveolar macrophages model. The cells were activated by exposure to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Dudleya brittonii extraction was performed with distilled water. For evaluating the cell survival rate, we performed the water-soluble tetrazolium salt cell viability assay and growth curve analysis. To confirm cell death, cell cycle and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using flow cytometric analysis by applying fluorescence dye dichlorofluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide. Furthermore, we also evaluated cellular lipid accumulation with oil red O staining, and fatty acid synthesis related genes expression levels using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with SYBR green dye. Glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle related gene expression levels were measured using qPCR after exposure to Dudleya brittonii extract (DB) for 12 h. Results The ROS production and cell death were induced by PMA treatment, and exposure to DB reduced the PMA induced downregulation of cell survival. The PMA and DB treatments upregulated the lipid accumulation, with corresponding increase in the acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha, fatty acid synthase mRNA expressions. DB-PMA co-treatment reduced the glycolysis genes expression, but increased the expressions of fatty acid oxidation and TCA cycle genes. Conclusion This study provides new insights and directions for further research relating to the immunity of porcine respiratory system, by employing a model based on alveolar macrophages and natural materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungkuen Kim
- Division of Cosmetics and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan 31499, Korea
| | - Eek Hyung Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Park
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Sung-Jo Kim
- Division of Cosmetics and Biotechnology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Hoseo University, Baebang, Asan 31499, Korea
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16
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Paone S, Baxter AA, Hulett MD, Poon IKH. Endothelial cell apoptosis and the role of endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles in the progression of atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1093-1106. [PMID: 30569278 PMCID: PMC11105274 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To maintain physiological homeostasis, cell turnover occurs every day in the body via a form of programmed cell death called apoptosis. During apoptosis, cells undergo distinct morphological changes culminating in the disassembly of the dying cell into smaller fragments known as apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs). Dysregulation of apoptosis is associated with diseases including infection, cancer and atherosclerosis. Although the development of atherosclerosis is largely attributed to the accumulation of lipids and inflammatory debris in vessel walls, it is also associated with apoptosis of macrophages, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells. During cellular activation and apoptosis, endothelial cells can release several types of membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes, microvesicles (MVs)/microparticles and ApoBDs. Emerging evidence in the field suggests that these endothelial cell-derived EVs (EndoEVs) can contribute to intercellular communication during the development of atherosclerosis via the transfer of cellular contents such as protein and microRNA, which may prevent or promote disease progression depending on the context. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the known causes and consequences of endothelial cell death during atherosclerosis along with highlighting current methodological approaches to studying EndoEVs and the potential roles of EndoEVs in atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Paone
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Amy A Baxter
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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17
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Yang Y, Luo H, Zhou C, Zhang R, Liu S, Zhu X, Ke S, Liu H, Lu Z, Chen M. Regulation of capillary tubules and lipid formation in vascular endothelial cells and macrophages via extracellular vesicle-mediated microRNA-4306 transfer. J Int Med Res 2018; 47:453-469. [PMID: 30477383 PMCID: PMC6384455 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518809255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to examine regulation of capillary tubules and lipid formation in vascular endothelial cells and macrophages via extracellular vesicle-mediated microRNA (miRNA)-4306 transfer Methods Whole blood samples (12 mL) were collected from 53 patients, and miR-4306 levels in extracellular vesicles (EVs) were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Human coronary artery vascular endothelial cells (HCAECs) and human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) were transfected with a scrambled oligonucleotide, an miR-4306 mimic, or an anti-miR-4306 inhibitor. The direct effect of miR-4306 on the target gene was analyzed by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results EV-contained miR-4306 released from HMDMs was significantly upregulated in coronary artery disease. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-stimulated HMDM-derived EVs inhibited proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis abilities of HCAECs in vitro. However, ox-LDL-stimulated HCAEC-derived EVs enhanced lipid formation of HMDMs. The possible mechanism of these findings was partly due to EV-mediated miR-4306 upregulation of the Akt/nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Conclusions Paracrine cellular crosstalk between HCAECs and HMDMs probably supports the pro-atherosclerotic effects of EVs under ox-LDL stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- 1 Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Hui Luo
- 2 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Can Zhou
- 1 Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Rongyi Zhang
- 3 Department of Cardiology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Si Liu
- 3 Department of Cardiology, Nanchong Central Hospital, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- 1 Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Sha Ke
- 1 Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Hui Liu
- 1 Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Zhan Lu
- 1 Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Mao Chen
- 4 Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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18
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Hafiane A, Daskalopoulou SS. Extracellular vesicles characteristics and emerging roles in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Metabolism 2018; 85:213-222. [PMID: 29727628 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The term extracellular vesicles (EVs) describes membrane vesicles released into the extracellular space by most cell types. EVs have been recognized to play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. They are known to contain various bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Although the nomenclature of EVs is not entirely standardized, they are considered to include exosomes, microparticles or microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. EVs are believed to play important roles in a wide range of biological processes. Although the pathogenic roles of EVs are largely documented, their protective roles are not as well established. Cardiovascular disease represents one of the most relevant and rapidly growing areas of the EV research. Circulating EVs released from platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and endothelial cells may contain potentially valuable biological information for biomarker development in cardiovascular disease and could serve as a vehicle for therapeutic use. Herein, we provide an overview of the current knowledge in EV in cardiovascular disease, including a discussion on challenges in EV research, EV properties in various cell types, and their importance in atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouar Hafiane
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stella S Daskalopoulou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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19
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Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins impair pro-inflammatory macrophage responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6458. [PMID: 29691463 PMCID: PMC5915385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing soft tissue infections are lethal polymicrobial infections. Two key microbes that cause necrotizing soft tissue infections are Streptococcus pyogenes and Clostridium perfringens. These pathogens evade innate immunity using multiple virulence factors, including cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs). CDCs are resisted by mammalian cells through the sequestration and shedding of pores during intrinsic membrane repair. One hypothesis is that vesicle shedding promotes immune evasion by concomitantly eliminating key signaling proteins present in cholesterol-rich microdomains. To test this hypothesis, murine macrophages were challenged with sublytic CDC doses. CDCs suppressed LPS or IFNγ-stimulated TNFα production and CD69 and CD86 surface expression. This suppression was cell intrinsic. Two membrane repair pathways, patch repair and intrinsic repair, might mediate TNFα suppression. However, patch repair did not correlate with TNFα suppression. Intrinsic repair partially contributed to macrophage dysfunction because TLR4 and the IFNγR were partially shed following CDC challenge. Intrinsic repair was not sufficient for suppression, because pore formation was also required. These findings suggest that even when CDCs fail to kill cells, they may impair innate immune signaling responses dependent on cholesterol-rich microdomains. This is one potential mechanism to explain the lethality of S. pyogenes and C. perfringens during necrotizing soft tissue infections.
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20
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Garcia-Romero N, Esteban-Rubio S, Rackov G, Carrión-Navarro J, Belda-Iniesta C, Ayuso-Sacido A. Extracellular vesicles compartment in liquid biopsies: Clinical application. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 60:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Haemmig S, Simion V, Feinberg MW. Long Non-Coding RNAs in Vascular Inflammation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:22. [PMID: 29662883 PMCID: PMC5890095 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Less than 2% of the genome encodes for proteins. Accumulating studies have revealed a diverse set of RNAs derived from the non-coding genome. Among them, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have garnered widespread attention over recent years as emerging regulators of diverse biological processes including in cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, our knowledge of their mechanisms by which they control CVD-related gene expression and cell signaling pathways is still limited. Furthermore, only a handful of lncRNAs has been functionally evaluated in the context of vascular inflammation, an important process that underlies both acute and chronic disease states. Because some lncRNAs may be expressed in cell- and tissue-specific expression patterns, these non-coding RNAs hold great promise as novel biomarkers and as therapeutic targets in health and disease. Herein, we review those lncRNAs implicated in pro- and anti-inflammatory processes of acute and chronic vascular inflammation. An improved understanding of lncRNAs in vascular inflammation may provide new pathophysiological insights in CVD and opportunities for the generation of a new class of RNA-based biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Haemmig
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Viorel Simion
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark W Feinberg
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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22
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Frank-Bertoncelj M, Pisetsky DS, Kolling C, Michel BA, Gay RE, Jüngel A, Gay S. TLR3 Ligand Poly(I:C) Exerts Distinct Actions in Synovial Fibroblasts When Delivered by Extracellular Vesicles. Front Immunol 2018; 9:28. [PMID: 29434584 PMCID: PMC5797482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) can modulate the responses of cells to toll-like receptor (TLR) ligation; conversely, TLR ligands such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can enhance the release of EV and influence of the composition and functions of EV cargos. Inflamed synovial joints in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are rich in EV and extracellular RNA; besides, RNA released from necrotic synovial fluid cells can activate the TLR3 signaling in synovial fibroblasts (SFs) from patients with RA. Since EV occur prominently in synovial joints in RA and may contribute to the pathogenesis, we questioned whether EV can interact with dsRNA, a TLR3 ligand, and modify its actions in arthritis. We have used as model the effects on RA SFs, of EV released from monocyte U937 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells upon stimulation with Poly(I:C), a synthetic analog of dsRNA. We show that EV released from unstimulated cells and Poly(I:C)-stimulated U937 cells [Poly(I:C) EV] differ in size but bind similar amounts of Annexin V and express comparable levels of MAC-1, the receptor for dsRNA, on the vesicular membranes. Specifically, Poly(I:C) EV contain or associate with Poly(I:C) and at least partially protect Poly(I:C) from RNAse III degradation. Poly(I:C) EV shuttle Poly(I:C) to SFs and reproduce the proinflammatory and antiviral gene responses of SFs to direct stimulation with Poly(I:C). Poly(I:C) EV, however, halt the death receptor-induced apoptosis in SFs, thereby inverting the proapoptotic nature of Poly(I:C). These prosurvival effects sharply contrast with the high toxicity of cationic liposome-delivered Poly(I:C) and may reflect the route of Poly(I:C) delivery via EV or the fine-tuning of Poly(I:C) actions by molecular cargo in EV. The demonstration that EV may safeguard extracellular dsRNA and allow dsRNA to exert antiapoptotic effects on SFs highlights the potential of EV to amplify the pathogenicity of dsRNA in arthritis beyond inflammation (by concurrently enhancing the expansion of the invasive synovial stroma).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Frank-Bertoncelj
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - David S Pisetsky
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Medical Research Service, Durham VA Medical Center (VHA), Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Beat A Michel
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Renate E Gay
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Jüngel
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Gay
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
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23
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van der Vorst EPC, de Jong RJ, Donners MMPC. Message in a Microbottle: Modulation of Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis by Extracellular Vesicles. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:2. [PMID: 29404342 PMCID: PMC5786527 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a novel intercellular communication system. By carrying bioactive lipids, miRNAs and proteins they can modulate target cell functions and phenotype. Circulating levels of EVs are increased in inflammatory conditions, e.g., cardiovascular disease patients, and their functional contribution to atherosclerotic disease development is currently heavily studied. This review will describe how EVs can modulate vascular cell functions relevant to vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, particularly highlighting the role of EV-associated proteolytic activity and effector proteins involved. Furthermore, we will discuss key questions and challenges, especially for EV-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiel P C van der Vorst
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Renske J de Jong
- Center of Allergy Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Center, TU Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marjo M P C Donners
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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24
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Badimon L, Suades R, Arderiu G, Peña E, Chiva-Blanch G, Padró T. Microvesicles in Atherosclerosis and Angiogenesis: From Bench to Bedside and Reverse. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:77. [PMID: 29326946 PMCID: PMC5741657 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AT) is a progressive chronic disease involving lipid accumulation, fibrosis, and inflammation in medium and large-sized arteries, and it is the main cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). AT is caused by dyslipidemia and mediated by both innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite lipid-lowering drugs have shown to decrease the risk of cardiovascular events (CVEs), there is a significant burden of AT-related morbidity and mortality. Identification of subjects at increased risk for CVE as well as discovery of novel therapeutic targets for improved treatment strategies are still unmet clinical needs in CVD. Microvesicles (MVs), small extracellular plasma membrane particles shed by activated and apoptotic cells have been widely linked to the development of CVD. MVs from vascular and resident cells by facilitating exchange of biological information between neighboring cells serve as cellular effectors in the bloodstream and play a key role in all stages of disease progression. This article reviews the current knowledge on the role of MVs in AT and CVD. Attention is focused on novel aspects of MV-mediated regulatory mechanisms from endothelial dysfunction, vascular wall inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis to coagulation and thrombosis in the progression and development of atherothrombosis. MV contribution to vascular remodeling is also discussed, with a particular emphasis on the effect of MVs on the crosstalk between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, and their role regulating the active process of AT-driven angiogenesis and neovascularization. This review also highlights the latest findings and main challenges on the potential prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic value of cell-derived MVs in CVD. In summary, MVs have emerged as new regulators of biological functions in atherothrombosis and might be instrumental in cardiovascular precision medicine; however, significant efforts are still needed to translate into clinics the latest findings on MV regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center (ICCC) and CiberCV, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Research Chair, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Suades
- Cardiovascular Research Center (ICCC) and CiberCV, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Arderiu
- Cardiovascular Research Center (ICCC) and CiberCV, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Peña
- Cardiovascular Research Center (ICCC) and CiberCV, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Chiva-Blanch
- Cardiovascular Research Center (ICCC) and CiberCV, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Research Center (ICCC) and CiberCV, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
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Intrinsic repair protects cells from pore-forming toxins by microvesicle shedding. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:798-808. [PMID: 28186501 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins (PFTs) are used by both the immune system and by pathogens to disrupt cell membranes. Cells attempt to repair this disruption in various ways, but the exact mechanism(s) that cells use are not fully understood, nor agreed upon. Current models for membrane repair include (1) patch formation (e.g., fusion of internal vesicles with plasma membrane defects), (2) endocytosis of the pores, and (3) shedding of the pores by blebbing from the cell membrane. In this study, we sought to determine the specific mechanism(s) that cells use to resist three different cholesterol-dependent PFTs: Streptolysin O, Perfringolysin O, and Intermedilysin. We found that all three toxins were shed from cells by blebbing from the cell membrane on extracellular microvesicles (MVs). Unique among the cells studied, we found that macrophages were 10 times more resistant to the toxins, yet they shed significantly smaller vesicles than the other cells. To examine the mechanism of shedding, we tested whether toxins with engineered defects in pore formation or oligomerization were shed. We found that oligomerization was necessary and sufficient for membrane shedding, suggesting that calcium influx and patch formation were not required for shedding. However, pore formation enhanced shedding, suggesting that calcium influx and patch formation enhance repair. In contrast, monomeric toxins were endocytosed. These data indicate that cells use two interrelated mechanisms of membrane repair: lipid-dependent MV shedding, which we term 'intrinsic repair', and patch formation by intracellular organelles. Endocytosis may act after membrane repair is complete by removing inactivated and monomeric toxins from the cell surface.
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Abstract
Membrane vesicles released in the extracellular space are composed of a lipid bilayer enclosing soluble cytosolic material and nuclear components. Extracellular vesicles include apoptotic bodies, exosomes, and microvesicles (also known previously as microparticles). Originating from different subcellular compartments, the role of extracellular vesicles as regulators of transfer of biological information, acting locally and remotely, is now acknowledged. Circulating vesicles released from platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and endothelial cells contain potential valuable biological information for biomarker discovery in primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. Extracellular vesicles also accumulate in human atherosclerotic plaques, where they affect major biological pathways, including inflammation, proliferation, thrombosis, calcification, and vasoactive responses. Extracellular vesicles also recapitulate the beneficial effect of stem cells to treat cardiac consequences of acute myocardial infarction, and now emerge as an attractive alternative to cell therapy, opening new avenues to vectorize biological information to target tissues. Although interest in microvesicles in the cardiovascular field emerged about 2 decades ago, that for extracellular vesicles, in particular exosomes, started to unfold a decade ago, opening new research and therapeutic avenues. This Review summarizes current knowledge on the role of extracellular vesicles in coronary artery disease, and their emerging potential as biomarkers and therapeutic agents.
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TRIF is a regulator of TLR2-induced foam cell formation. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3329-35. [PMID: 27572666 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) stimulates foam cell formation, which is a key early event in the process of atherosclerosis. In the present study, the role of toll/interleukin-1 receptor-domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) in TLR2-mediated foam cell formation was investigated, and the importance of monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1 (MCP‑1), tissue factor (TF) and lectin‑like oxidized low‑density lipoprotein receptor‑1 (Lox‑1) were examined. Treatment of Raw 264.7 cells with the TLR2 agonist. Pam3CSK4, increased the gene expression of TRIF in a time‑dependent manner (RT‑PCR). The induced gene expression of TRIF stimulated by TLR2 was not observed in TLR2‑knockout mice‑derived bone marrow‑derived macrophages (BMDMs). Pam3CSK4 increased the mRNA expression of TRIF in the wild‑type BMDMs, but not in the TLR2‑knockout BMDMs. Knockdown of the expression of TRIF using small interfering RNA decreased Pam3CSK4‑induced foam cell formation (combination of oil‑red O and hematoxylin staining), suggesting a role of TRIF. Stimulation of TLR2 increased the expression levels of various genes, which are known to control atherosclerosis, including MCP‑1, TF and Lox‑1. The knockdown of TRIF also attenuated the Pam3CSK4‑induced expression of these genes. In addition, a reduction in TRIF affected the Pam3CSK4‑induced protein expression of MCP‑1 (EIA). Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that TRIF regulated foam cell formation via regulation of the expression levels of MCP‑1, TF and Lox‑1.
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York AG, Williams KJ, Argus JP, Zhou QD, Brar G, Vergnes L, Gray EE, Zhen A, Wu NC, Yamada DH, Cunningham CR, Tarling EJ, Wilks MQ, Casero D, Gray DH, Yu AK, Wang ES, Brooks DG, Sun R, Kitchen SG, Wu TT, Reue K, Stetson DB, Bensinger SJ. Limiting Cholesterol Biosynthetic Flux Spontaneously Engages Type I IFN Signaling. Cell 2015; 163:1716-29. [PMID: 26686653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellular lipid requirements are achieved through a combination of biosynthesis and import programs. Using isotope tracer analysis, we show that type I interferon (IFN) signaling shifts the balance of these programs by decreasing synthesis and increasing import of cholesterol and long chain fatty acids. Genetically enforcing this metabolic shift in macrophages is sufficient to render mice resistant to viral challenge, demonstrating the importance of reprogramming the balance of these two metabolic pathways in vivo. Unexpectedly, mechanistic studies reveal that limiting flux through the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway spontaneously engages a type I IFN response in a STING-dependent manner. The upregulation of type I IFNs was traced to a decrease in the pool size of synthesized cholesterol and could be inhibited by replenishing cells with free cholesterol. Taken together, these studies delineate a metabolic-inflammatory circuit that links perturbations in cholesterol biosynthesis with activation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn G York
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kevin J Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Joseph P Argus
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Quan D Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gurpreet Brar
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Laurent Vergnes
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Gray
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Box 358059, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nicholas C Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Douglas H Yamada
- Immuno-Oncology Discovery Research; Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Cameron R Cunningham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Tarling
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Moses Q Wilks
- Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David Casero
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David H Gray
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amy K Yu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eric S Wang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Immune Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Scott G Kitchen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daniel B Stetson
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, 750 Republican Street, Box 358059, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Steven J Bensinger
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Quillard T, Araújo HA, Franck G, Shvartz E, Sukhova G, Libby P. TLR2 and neutrophils potentiate endothelial stress, apoptosis and detachment: implications for superficial erosion. Eur Heart J 2015; 36:1394-404. [PMID: 25755115 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Superficial erosion of atheromata causes many acute coronary syndromes, but arises from unknown mechanisms. This study tested the hypothesis that Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) activation contributes to endothelial apoptosis and denudation and thus contributes to the pathogenesis of superficial erosion. METHODS AND RESULTS Toll-like receptor-2 and neutrophils localized at sites of superficially eroded human plaques. In vitro, TLR2 ligands (including hyaluronan, a matrix macromolecule abundant in eroded lesions) induced endothelial stress, characterized by reactive oxygen species production, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis. Co-incubation of neutrophils with endothelial cells (ECs) potentiated these effects and induced EC apoptosis and detachment. We then categorized human atherosclerotic plaques (n = 56) based on morphologic features associated with superficial erosion, 'stable' fibrotic, or 'vulnerable' lesions. Morphometric analyses of the human atheromata localized neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) near clusters of apoptotic ECs in smooth muscle cell (SMC)-rich plaques. The number of luminal apoptotic ECs correlated with neutrophil accumulation, amount of NETs, and TLR2 staining in SMC-rich plaques, but not in 'vulnerable' atheromata. CONCLUSION These in vitro observations and analyses of human plaques indicate that TLR2 stimulation followed by neutrophil participation may render smooth muscle cell-rich plaques susceptible to superficial erosion and thrombotic complications by inducing ER stress, apoptosis, and favouring detachment of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Quillard
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA INSERM, UMR957, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, EA3822, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, Nantes 44035, France
| | - Haniel Alves Araújo
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gregory Franck
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eugenia Shvartz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Galina Sukhova
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Greineisen WE, Speck M, Shimoda LMN, Sung C, Phan N, Maaetoft-Udsen K, Stokes AJ, Turner H. Lipid body accumulation alters calcium signaling dynamics in immune cells. Cell Calcium 2014; 56:169-80. [PMID: 25016314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There is well-established variability in the numbers of lipid bodies (LB) in macrophages, eosinophils, and neutrophils. Similarly to the steatosis observed in adipocytes and hepatocytes during hyperinsulinemia and nutrient overload, immune cell LB hyper-accumulate in response to bacterial and parasitic infection and inflammatory presentations. Recently we described that hyperinsulinemia, both in vitro and in vivo, drives steatosis and phenotypic changes in primary and transformed mast cells and basophils. LB reach high numbers in these steatotic cytosols, and here we propose that they could dramatically impact the transcytoplasmic signaling pathways. We compared calcium release and influx responses at the population and single cell level in normal and steatotic model mast cells. At the population level, all aspects of FcɛRI-dependent calcium mobilization, as well as activation of calcium-dependent downstream signaling targets such as NFATC1 phosphorylation are suppressed. At the single cell level, we demonstrate that LB are both sources and sinks of calcium following FcɛRI cross-linking. Unbiased analysis of the impact of the presence of LB on the rate of trans-cytoplasmic calcium signals suggest that LB enrichment accelerates calcium propagation, which may reflect a Bernoulli effect. LB abundance thus impacts this fundamental signaling pathway and its downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Greineisen
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Mark Speck
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Lori M N Shimoda
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Carl Sung
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Nolwenn Phan
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Kristina Maaetoft-Udsen
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Alexander J Stokes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, United States
| | - Helen Turner
- Laboratory of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Chaminade University, Honolulu, HI, United States; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, United States.
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Effect of the cytokine levels in serum on osteosarcoma. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1023-8. [PMID: 23999825 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumor in patients under 20 years old. Studies have shown that cytokines play important roles in regulating immune responses in OS. In the current study, we investigated the effect of cytokines on OS by assessing serum cytokine profiles. Serum levels of 11 cytokines were measured by multiplex protein arrays in 58 patients with OS and 72 healthy controls. Results showed that serum levels of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were significantly increased in patients than in controls (2.5-fold, 2.4-fold, 2.7-fold, and 2.1-fold, respectively). When comparing the expression of cytokines in OS patients with different clinical parameters, cases with osteoblastic subtype revealed increased level of IL-6 than patients with other subtypes (p < 0.05); cases with metastasis demonstrated significantly higher level of TNF-α than those without metastasis (p < 0.05), whereas OS patients whose tumor size were bigger than 8 cm presented elevated levels of IL-8 and TNF-α than those with small tumor size (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively). These data indicated that IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α were associated with increased risk of OS, in which IL-8 and TNF-α may be further correlated with the progression of this disease.
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