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Starosz A, Jamiołkowska-Sztabkowska M, Głowińska-Olszewska B, Moniuszko M, Bossowski A, Grubczak K. Immunological balance between Treg and Th17 lymphocytes as a key element of type 1 diabetes progression in children. Front Immunol 2022; 13:958430. [PMID: 36091019 PMCID: PMC9449530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.958430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of pancreatic islets. Due to complexity of that disease, the mechanisms leading to the tolerance breakdown are still not fully understood. Previous hypothesis of imbalance in the Th1 and Th2 cells as the main contributing factor has been recently changed towards role of other lymphocytes – regulatory (Treg) and IL-17A-producing (Th17). Our study aims to assess changes within Treg and Th17 cells in newly diagnosed T1D pediatric patients and their association with disease remission. Flow cytometry implementation allowed for Treg and Th17 analysis in studied groups and further combination with clinical and laboratory data. In addition, expression of diabetes-related genes was tested and evaluated in context of their association with studied lymphocytes. Initial results revealed that Treg and ratio Treg/Th17 are significantly higher in T1D than in healthy controls. Moreover, patients with lower HbA1c and daily insulin requirements demonstrated higher levels of Tregs. Similar tendency for insulin intake was also observed in reference to Th17 cells, together with high levels of these cells in patients demonstrating higher values for c-peptide after 2 years. In low-level Treg patients, that subset correlates with the c-peptide in the admission stage. In addition, higher levels of IL-10 were associated with its correlation with HbA1c and insulin dosage. In the context of gene expression, moderate associations were demonstrated in T1D subjects inter alia between CTLA4 and Treg or ratio Treg/Th17. Cumulatively, our data indicate a possible novel role of Treg and Th17 in mechanism of type 1 diabetes. Moreover, potential prognostic value of these populations has been shown in reference to diabetes remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Starosz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Milena Jamiołkowska-Sztabkowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Barbara Głowińska-Olszewska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Artur Bossowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology with Cardiology Division, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Kamil Grubczak, ; Artur Bossowski,
| | - Kamil Grubczak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Kamil Grubczak, ; Artur Bossowski,
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2
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Shi Z, Li Y, Jaberi-Douraki M. Hybrid computational modeling demonstrates the utility of simulating complex cellular networks in type 1 diabetes. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009413. [PMID: 34570760 PMCID: PMC8496846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent destruction of pancreatic β-cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from multifaceted pancreatic cellular interactions in various phase progressions. Owing to the inherent heterogeneity of coupled nonlinear systems, computational modeling based on T1D etiology help achieve a systematic understanding of biological processes and T1D health outcomes. The main challenge is to design such a reliable framework to analyze the highly orchestrated biology of T1D based on the knowledge of cellular networks and biological parameters. We constructed a novel hybrid in-silico computational model to unravel T1D onset, progression, and prevention in a non-obese-diabetic mouse model. The computational approach that integrates mathematical modeling, agent-based modeling, and advanced statistical methods allows for modeling key biological parameters and time-dependent spatial networks of cell behaviors. By integrating interactions between multiple cell types, model results captured the individual-specific dynamics of T1D progression and were validated against experimental data for the number of infiltrating CD8+T-cells. Our simulation results uncovered the correlation between five auto-destructive mechanisms identifying a combination of potential therapeutic strategies: the average lifespan of cytotoxic CD8+T-cells in islets; the initial number of apoptotic β-cells; recruitment rate of dendritic-cells (DCs); binding sites on DCs for naïve CD8+T-cells; and time required for DCs movement. Results from therapy-directed simulations further suggest the efficacy of proposed therapeutic strategies depends upon the type and time of administering therapy interventions and the administered amount of therapeutic dose. Our findings show modeling immunogenicity that underlies autoimmune T1D and identifying autoantigens that serve as potential biomarkers are two pressing parameters to predict disease onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Shi
- 1DATA Consortium, Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Yang Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China
| | - Majid Jaberi-Douraki
- 1DATA Consortium, Kansas State University Olathe, Olathe, Kansas, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
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3
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Pagni PP, Chaplin J, Wijaranakula M, Wesley JD, Granger J, Cracraft J, O'Brien C, Perdue N, Kumar V, Li S, Ratliff SS, Roach A, Misquith A, Chan CL, Coppieters K, von Herrath M. Multicomponent Plasmid Protects Mice From Spontaneous Autoimmune Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 71:db210327. [PMID: 34389610 PMCID: PMC8763876 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which insulin-secreting β-cells are destroyed, leading to a life-long dependency on exogenous insulin. There are no approved disease-modifying therapies available, and future immunotherapies would need to avoid generalized immune suppression. We developed a novel plasmid expressing preproinsulin2 and a combination of immune-modulatory cytokines (transforming growth factor-beta-1, interleukin [IL] 10 and IL-2) capable of near-complete prevention of autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Efficacy depended on preproinsulin2, suggesting antigen-specific tolerization, and on the cytokine combination encoded. Diabetes suppression was achieved following either intramuscular or subcutaneous injections. Intramuscular plasmid treatment promoted increased peripheral levels of endogenous IL-10 and modulated myeloid cell types without inducing global immunosuppression. To prepare for first-in-human studies, the plasmid was modified to allow for selection without the use of antibiotic resistance; this modification had no impact on efficacy. This pre-clinical study demonstrates that this multi-component, plasmid-based antigen-specific immunotherapy holds potential for inducing self-tolerance in persons at risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Importantly, the study also informs on relevant cytokine and immune cell biomarkers that may facilitate clinical trials. This therapy is currently being tested for safety and tolerability in a phase 1 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04279613).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe P Pagni
- Type 1 Diabetes & Kidney Disease, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Jay Chaplin
- Type 1 Diabetes & Kidney Disease, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Michael Wijaranakula
- Type 1 Diabetes & Kidney Disease, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Johnna D Wesley
- Type 1 Diabetes & Kidney Disease, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Jaimie Granger
- Type 1 Diabetes & Kidney Disease, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Justen Cracraft
- Type 1 Diabetes & Kidney Disease, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Conor O'Brien
- Type 1 Diabetes & Kidney Disease, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Nikole Perdue
- Type 1 Diabetes & Kidney Disease, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Vijetha Kumar
- Type 1 Diabetes & Kidney Disease, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Shangjin Li
- Type 1 Diabetes & Kidney Disease, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | | | - Allie Roach
- Type 1 Diabetes & Kidney Disease, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Ayesha Misquith
- Discovery Biologics, Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Chung-Leung Chan
- Discovery Biologics, Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc., Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Ken Coppieters
- Project and Alliance Management, Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Matthias von Herrath
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Global Chief Medical Office, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark
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4
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Verhoeff K, Marfil-Garza BA, Shapiro AMJ. Update on islet cell transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2021; 26:397-404. [PMID: 34148980 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic diabetes-related complications continue to exert a rapidly growing and unsustainable pressure on healthcare systems worldwide. In type 1 diabetes, glycemic control is particularly challenging, as intensive management substantially increase the risk of severe hypoglycemic episodes. Alternative approaches to address this issue are required. Islet cell transplantation offers the best approach to reduce hypoglycemic risks and glycemic lability, while providing optimal glycemic control. Although ongoing efforts have improved clinical outcomes, the constraints in tissue sources and the need for chronic immunosuppression limit the application of islet cell transplantation as a curative therapy for diabetes. This review provides an update on islet cell transplantation, focusing on recent clinical experience, ongoing research, and future challenges. RECENT FINDINGS Current evidence demonstrates advances in terms of long-term glycemic control, improved insulin independence rates, and novel approaches to eliminate chronic immunosuppression requirements after islet cell transplantation. Advances in stem cell-based therapies provide a promising path towards truly personalized regenerative therapies, solving both tissue supply shortage and the need for lifelong immunosuppression, enabling widespread use of this potentially curative treatment. However, as these therapies enter the clinical realm, regional access variability and ethical questions regarding commercialization are becoming increasingly important and require a collaborative solution. SUMMARY In this state-of-the-art review, we discuss current clinical evidence and discuss key aspects on the present and future of islet cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Verhoeff
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Braulio A Marfil-Garza
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City
- CHRISTUS-LatAm Hub - Excellence and Innovation Center, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - A M James Shapiro
- Department of Surgery and Clinical Islet Transplant Programme, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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5
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Huang J, Tan Q, Tai N, Pearson JA, Li Y, Chao C, Zhang L, Peng J, Xing Y, Zhang L, Hu Y, Zhou Z, Wong FS, Wen L. IL-10 Deficiency Accelerates Type 1 Diabetes Development via Modulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells and Gut Microbiota in BDC2.5 NOD Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702955. [PMID: 34394099 PMCID: PMC8362616 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease caused by T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β cells. BDC2.5 T cells in BDC2.5 CD4+ T cell receptor transgenic Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice (BDC2.5+ NOD mice) can abruptly invade the pancreatic islets resulting in severe insulitis that progresses rapidly but rarely leads to spontaneous diabetes. This prevention of diabetes is mediated by T regulatory (Treg) cells in these mice. In this study, we investigated the role of interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the inhibition of diabetes in BDC2.5+ NOD mice by generating Il-10-deficient BDC2.5+ NOD mice (BDC2.5+Il-10-/- NOD mice). Our results showed that BDC2.5+Il-10-/- NOD mice displayed robust and accelerated diabetes development. Il-10 deficiency in BDC2.5+ NOD mice promoted the generation of neutrophils in the bone marrow and increased the proportions of neutrophils in the periphery (blood, spleen, and islets), accompanied by altered intestinal immunity and gut microbiota composition. In vitro studies showed that the gut microbiota from BDC2.5+Il-10-/- NOD mice can expand neutrophil populations. Moreover, in vivo studies demonstrated that the depletion of endogenous gut microbiota by antibiotic treatment decreased the proportion of neutrophils. Although Il-10 deficiency in BDC2.5+ NOD mice had no obvious effects on the proportion and function of Treg cells, it affected the immune response and activation of CD4+ T cells. Moreover, the pathogenicity of CD4+ T cells was much increased, and this significantly accelerated the development of diabetes when these CD4+ T cells were transferred into immune-deficient NOD mice. Our study provides novel insights into the role of IL-10 in the modulation of neutrophils and CD4+ T cells in BDC2.5+ NOD mice, and suggests important crosstalk between gut microbiota and neutrophils in type 1 diabetes development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Qiyuan Tan
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningwen Tai
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - James Alexander Pearson
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Yangyang Li
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chen Chao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lucy Zhang
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jian Peng
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yanpeng Xing
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Youjia Hu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - F. Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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6
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Verhoeff K, Henschke SJ, Marfil-Garza BA, Dadheech N, Shapiro AMJ. Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Potential Cure for Diabetes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020278. [PMID: 33573247 PMCID: PMC7911560 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last century, diabetes has been treated with subcutaneous insulin, a discovery that enabled patients to forego death from hyperglycemia. Despite novel insulin formulations, patients with diabetes continue to suffer morbidity and mortality with unsustainable costs to the health care system. Continuous glucose monitoring, wearable insulin pumps, and closed-loop artificial pancreas systems represent an advance, but still fail to recreate physiologic euglycemia and are not universally available. Islet cell transplantation has evolved into a successful modality for treating a subset of patients with ‘brittle’ diabetes but is limited by organ donor supply and immunosuppression requirements. A novel approach involves generating autologous or immune-protected islet cells for transplant from inducible pluripotent stem cells to eliminate detrimental immune responses and organ supply limitations. In this review, we briefly discuss novel mechanisms for subcutaneous insulin delivery and define their shortfalls. We describe embryological development and physiology of islets to better understand their role in glycemic control and, finally, discuss cell-based therapies for diabetes and barriers to widespread use. In response to these barriers, we present the promise of stem cell therapy, and review the current gaps requiring solutions to enable widespread use of stem cells as a potential cure for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Verhoeff
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-984-1836
| | - Sarah J. Henschke
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada;
| | | | - Nidheesh Dadheech
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada;
| | - Andrew Mark James Shapiro
- FRCS (Eng) FRCSC MSM FCAHS, Clinical Islet Transplant Program, Alberta Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, Canadian National Transplant Research Program, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada;
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7
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Ghoneum MH, Gimzewski JK, Ghoneum AD, Agrawal S. Potential role of MRN-100, an iron-based compound, in upregulating production of cytokine IL-10 in human dendritic cells to promote an anti-inflammatory response in vitro. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2019; 33:2058738419844932. [PMID: 30994016 PMCID: PMC6472165 DOI: 10.1177/2058738419844932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydroferrate fluid MRN-100, an iron-based compound with potent antioxidant characteristics, was examined to identify its possible anti-inflammatory effects on human dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro. Human monocyte-derived DCs were treated with MRN-100 at two concentrations (50 and 100 μL/mL) for 24 h and then stimulated with or without lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The expression of DC maturation markers was assessed by flow cytometry and the production of cytokines was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Functional assay was performed by co-culturing MRN-100-treated and untreated DCs with allogeneic naïve CD4+ T cells and assaying the T cells' cytokine production. Results show that treatment with MRN-100 significantly upregulated the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 and increased human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) though not significantly. MRN-100 treatment also significantly increased the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10. On the other hand, MRN-100 significantly induced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 only at high concentrations. Furthermore, DCs pretreated with MRN-100 and either stimulated or not with LPS were able to prime CD4+ T cells to secrete significant amounts of IL-10 while inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. These results indicate that MRN-100 is a powerful anti-inflammatory agent that promotes the generation of an anti-inflammatory immune response in vitro. MRN-100 could be beneficial for treating patients with inflammatory diseases, including arthritis and type 1 diabetes, and its potential benefits should be examined in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdooh H Ghoneum
- 1 Department of Surgery, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James K Gimzewski
- 2 Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,3 California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aya D Ghoneum
- 2 Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sudhanshu Agrawal
- 4 Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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8
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Husseiny MI, Du W, Mbongue J, Lenz A, Rawson J, Kandeel F, Ferreri K. Factors affecting Salmonella-based combination immunotherapy for prevention of type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Vaccine 2018; 36:8008-8018. [PMID: 30416020 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported the development of an oral vaccine for diabetes based on live attenuated Salmonella-expressing preproinsulin (PPI) as the autoantigen. When combined with host cell-expressed TGFβ, the vaccine prevented the onset of diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Herein, we investigated factors that could affect vaccine efficacy including vaccination number, optimization of the autoantigen codon sequence, Salmonella SPI2-TTSS promoter/effector combinations, concurrent short-course low-dose anti-CD3. We also evaluated autoantigen GAD65 and cytokine IL10 treatment upon vaccine efficacy. T-cells we employed to elucidate the mechanism of the vaccine action. Our results showed that GAD65+TGFβ or PPI+TGFβ+IL10 prevented the onset of diabetes in the NOD mice and maintained glucose tolerance. However, increasing the number of vaccine doses, codon-optimization of the autoantigen(s) or use of other Salmonella promoter/effector combinations had no in vivo effect. Interestingly, two doses of vaccine (PPI+TGFβ+IL10) combined with a sub-therapeutic dose of anti-CD3 prevented diabetes and decreased hyperglycemia in mice. The combined therapy also increased splenic Tregs and local Tregs in pancreatic lymph nodes (PLN) and increased regulatory (IL10 and IL2) but reduced inflammatory (IFNγ and TNFα) cytokines. Together, these results indicate that the combination of low vaccine dose number, less vaccine autoantigen expression and short-course low-dose anti-CD3 can increase regulatory mechanisms and suppress autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Husseiny
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute. Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA; Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Weiting Du
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute. Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Jacques Mbongue
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute. Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Ayelet Lenz
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute. Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rawson
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute. Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Fouad Kandeel
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute. Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Kevin Ferreri
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute. Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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9
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Immunomodulatory Effects of Taiwanese Neolitsea Species on Th1 and Th2 Functionality. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:3529859. [PMID: 28781969 PMCID: PMC5525079 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3529859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neolitsea species, medicinal plants belonging to Lauraceae, contain rich alkaloids, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, and triterpenoids which possess antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory bioactivities. However, species differences in the immunomodulatory effects and evidence pertaining to the effects of Neolitsea species on adaptive immunity are scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory properties of ten Taiwanese Neolitsea plants on T helper (Th) cell functionality, especially Th1 and Th2. Most of the 29 crude extracts of Neolitsea were not toxic to splenocytes, except N. buisanensis roots. N. aciculata and N. villosa leaf extracts possessed differential immunomodulatory effects on Th1/Th2 balance. N. aciculata var. variabillima and N. hiiranensis leaf extracts attenuated both Th1 and Th2 cytokines while N. konishii dramatically suppressed IFN-γ production. As N. aciculata var. variabillima and N. konishii leaf extracts significantly attenuated Th1 functionality, we further evaluated their effects on CD4 cells under CD3/CD28 stimulation. N. aciculata var. variabillima significantly suppressed IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-17, demonstrating the broad suppressive effects on T helper cells; N. konishii significantly suppressed IFN-γ and IL-10 production, while the production of IL-17 was not altered. Collectively, these data demonstrated that leaf extracts of Taiwanese Neolitsea species contain phytochemicals with potentials to be developed as selective immunomodulators.
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10
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Wallet MA, Santostefano KE, Terada N, Brusko TM. Isogenic Cellular Systems Model the Impact of Genetic Risk Variants in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:276. [PMID: 29093700 PMCID: PMC5651267 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
At least 57 independent loci within the human genome confer varying degrees of risk for the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The majority of these variants are thought to contribute to overall genetic risk by modulating host innate and adaptive immune responses, ultimately resulting in a loss of immunological tolerance to β cell antigens. Early efforts to link specific risk variants with functional alterations in host immune responses have employed animal models or genotype-selected individuals from clinical bioresource banks. While some notable genotype:phenotype associations have been described, there remains an urgent need to accelerate the discovery of causal variants and elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which susceptible alleles alter immune functions. One significant limitation has been the inability to study human T1D risk loci on an isogenic background. The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and genome-editing technologies have made it possible to address a number of these outstanding questions. Specifically, the ability to drive multiple cell fates from iPSC under isogenic conditions now facilitates the analysis of causal variants in multiple cellular lineages. Bioinformatic analyses have revealed that T1D risk genes cluster within a limited number of immune signaling pathways, yet the relevant immune cell subsets and cellular activation states in which candidate risk genes impact cellular activities remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize the functional impact of several candidate risk variants on host immunity in T1D and present an isogenic disease-in-a-dish model system for interrogating risk variants, with the goal of expediting precision therapeutics in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Wallet
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Katherine E. Santostefano
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Naohiro Terada
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Todd M. Brusko
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Todd M. Brusko,
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11
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Chang TT, Chen JW. Emerging role of chemokine CC motif ligand 4 related mechanisms in diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease: friends or foes? Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:117. [PMID: 27553774 PMCID: PMC4995753 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are critical components in pathology. The roles of chemokine CC motif ligand 4 (CCL4) and its receptor are associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) and atherosclerosis cardiovascular diseases. However, due to the complexity of these diseases, the specific effects of CCL4 remain unclear, although recent reports have suggested that multiple pathways are related to CCL4. In this review, we provide an overview of the role and potential mechanisms of CCL4 and one of its major receptors, fifth CC chemokine receptor (CCR5), in DM and cardiovascular diseases. CCL4-related mechanisms, including CCL4 and CCR5, might provide potential therapeutic targets in DM and/or atherosclerosis cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Chang
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jaw-Wen Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Division of Clinical Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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12
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Akbarpour M, Goudy KS, Cantore A, Russo F, Sanvito F, Naldini L, Annoni A, Roncarolo MG. Insulin B chain 9-23 gene transfer to hepatocytes protects from type 1 diabetes by inducing Ag-specific FoxP3+ Tregs. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:289ra81. [PMID: 26019217 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa3032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance in type 1 diabetes (T1D) in human has not been achieved yet. Targeting lentiviral vector (LV)-mediated gene expression to hepatocytes induces active tolerance toward the encoded Ag. The insulin B chain 9-23 (InsB9-23) is an immunodominant T cell epitope in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. To determine whether auto-Ag gene transfer to hepatocytes induces tolerance and control of T1D, NOD mice were treated with integrase-competent LVs (ICLVs) that selectively target the expression of InsB9-23 to hepatocytes. ICLV treatment induced InsB9-23-specific effector T cells but also FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), which halted islet immune cell infiltration, and protected from T1D. Moreover, ICLV treatment combined with a single suboptimal dose of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) is effective in T1D reversal. Splenocytes from LV.InsB9-23-treated mice, but not from LV.OVA (ovalbumin)-treated control mice, stopped diabetes development, demonstrating that protection is Ag-specific. Depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T cells led to diabetes progression, indicating that Ag-specific FoxP3(+) Tregs mediate protection. Integrase-defective LVs (IDLVs).InsB9-23, which alleviate the concerns for insertional mutagenesis and support transient transgene expression in hepatocytes, were also efficient in protecting from T1D. These data demonstrate that hepatocyte-targeted auto-Ag gene expression prevents and resolves T1D and that stable integration of the transgene is not required for this protection. Gene transfer to hepatocytes can be used to induce Ag-specific tolerance in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahzad Akbarpour
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Kevin S Goudy
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Alessio Cantore
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Fabio Russo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Francesca Sanvito
- Pathology Unit, Department of Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Andrea Annoni
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Roncarolo
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy. Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy. Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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13
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Hotta-Iwamura C, Tarbell KV. Type 1 diabetes genetic susceptibility and dendritic cell function: potential targets for treatment. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:65-80. [PMID: 26792821 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr1115-500r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results from the defective induction or maintenance of T cell tolerance against islet β cell self-antigens. Under steady-state conditions, dendritic cells with tolerogenic properties are critical for peripheral immune tolerance. Tolerogenic dendritic cells can induce T cell anergy and deletion and, in some contexts, induce or expand regulatory T cells. Dendritic cells contribute to both immunomodulatory effects and triggering of pathogenesis in type 1 diabetes. This immune equilibrium is affected by both genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the development of type 1 diabetes. Genome-wide association studies and disease association studies have identified >50 polymorphic loci that lend susceptibility or resistance to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In parallel, diabetes susceptibility regions known as insulin-dependent diabetes loci have been identified in the nonobese diabetic mouse, a model for human type 1 diabetes, providing a better understanding of potential immunomodulatory factors in type 1 diabetes risk. Most genetic candidates have annotated immune cell functions, but the focus has been on changes to T and B cells. However, it is likely that some of the genomic susceptibility in type 1 diabetes directly interrupts the tolerogenic potential of dendritic cells in the pathogenic context of ongoing autoimmunity. Here, we will review how gene polymorphisms associated with autoimmune diabetes may influence dendritic cell development and maturation processes that could lead to alterations in the tolerogenic function of dendritic cells. These insights into potential tolerogenic and pathogenic roles for dendritic cells have practical implications for the clinical manipulation of dendritic cells toward tolerance to prevent and treat type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hotta-Iwamura
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristin V Tarbell
- Immune Tolerance Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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14
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Méndez-Samperio P, de-la-Rosa-Arana JL. Prevention of Type 1 diabetes through parasite infection. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:595-8. [PMID: 26098783 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Méndez-Samperio
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala, México DF 11340, México
| | - Jorge Luis de-la-Rosa-Arana
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Departamento de Investigaciones, Inmunológicas, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, México
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15
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XU AIJING, ZHU WEI, LI TANG, LI XIUZHEN, CHENG JING, LI CUILING, YI PENG, LIU LI. Interleukin-10 gene transfer into insulin-producing β cells protects against diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3881-3889. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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16
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Kleffel S, Vergani A, Tezza S, Ben Nasr M, Niewczas MA, Wong S, Bassi R, D'Addio F, Schatton T, Abdi R, Atkinson M, Sayegh MH, Wen L, Wasserfall CH, O'Connor KC, Fiorina P. Interleukin-10+ regulatory B cells arise within antigen-experienced CD40+ B cells to maintain tolerance to islet autoantigens. Diabetes 2015; 64:158-71. [PMID: 25187361 PMCID: PMC4274804 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Impaired regulatory B cell (Breg) responses are associated with several autoimmune diseases in humans; however, the role of Bregs in type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains unclear. We hypothesized that naturally occurring, interleukin-10 (IL-10)-producing Bregs maintain tolerance to islet autoantigens, and that hyperglycemic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and T1D patients lack these potent negative regulators. IgVH transcriptome analysis revealed that islet-infiltrating B cells in long-term normoglycemic (Lnglc) NOD, which are naturally protected from diabetes, are more antigen-experienced and possess more diverse B-cell receptor repertoires compared to those of hyperglycemic (Hglc) mice. Importantly, increased levels of Breg-promoting CD40(+) B cells and IL-10-producing B cells were found within islets of Lnglc compared to Hglc NOD. Likewise, healthy individuals showed increased frequencies of both CD40(+) and IL-10(+) B cells compared to T1D patients. Rituximab-mediated B-cell depletion followed by adoptive transfer of B cells from Hglc mice induced hyperglycemia in Lnglc human CD20 transgenic NOD mouse models. Importantly, both murine and human IL-10(+) B cells significantly abrogated T-cell-mediated responses to self- or islet-specific peptides ex vivo. Together, our data suggest that antigen-matured Bregs may maintain tolerance to islet autoantigens by selectively suppressing autoreactive T-cell responses, and that Hglc mice and individuals with T1D lack this population of Bregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kleffel
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrea Vergani
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Transplant Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Tezza
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Moufida Ben Nasr
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Monika A Niewczas
- Section on Genetics and Epidemiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Susan Wong
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K
| | - Roberto Bassi
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Francesca D'Addio
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Transplant Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | - Tobias Schatton
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Nephrology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mark Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Mohamed H Sayegh
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Clive H Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Paolo Fiorina
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Transplant Medicine, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
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17
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Yuan Y, Yan D, Han G, Gu G, Ren J. Complement C3 depletion links to the expansion of regulatory T cells and compromises T-cell immunity in human abdominal sepsis: a prospective pilot study. J Crit Care 2014; 28:1032-8. [PMID: 24216332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Complement depletion commonly occurred in septic patients, but this problem was often underestimated during the treatment process. This study was designed to determine the association between complement depletion and T-cell immunosuppression. METHODS From November 2011 to March 2012, patients with severe abdominal sepsis were prospectively enrolled in a single center. The baseline levels of complement C3 were used to stratify subjects into 2 groups. Plasma levels of complement components, percentage of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and T-cell immunity indexes were monitored at times after admission. The relationship between C3 depletion and T-cell response was investigated, with clinical outcomes explored meanwhile. RESULTS A total of 60 patients aged 43.9 ± 11.3 years were included within the period. C3 depletion, occurring in 65% of enrolled subjects, was strongly correlated with Treg expansion (P = .001) and decreased CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio (P = .008). This depletion was also related to prolonged hospital stay (P = .001), delayed time to operation (P < .001), increased postoperative complications (P = .036), and hospital expenditure (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Complement C3 depletion was found to be linked to the expansion of Tregs during abdominal sepsis. Such depletion and associated immunosuppression should be paid close attention in the critical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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18
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Husseiny MI, Rawson J, Kaye A, Nair I, Todorov I, Hensel M, Kandeel F, Ferreri K. An oral vaccine for type 1 diabetes based on live attenuated Salmonella. Vaccine 2014; 32:2300-7. [PMID: 24631074 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a metabolic disease that is initiated by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells that is accompanied by the development of antigen-specific antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Several studies have shown that vaccination with diabetic autoantigens provides some protection against this process. In this report we describe a new oral vaccine that utilizes live attenuated Salmonella for simultaneous delivery of autoantigens in conjunction with immunomodulatory cytokine genes to immune cells in the gut mucosa. Recent data showed that live attenuated Salmonella is a safe, simple and effective vector for expression of antigens and cytokines by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT). This novel strategy was tested by fusion of the diabetic autoantigen preproinsulin with Salmonella secretory effector protein (SseF) of pathogenicity island-2 (SPI2). In this way the autoantigen is only expressed inside the host immune cells and translocated to the host cell cytosol. In addition Salmonella was used to deliver the gene for the immunomodulatory cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) for host cell expression. Oral co-vaccination of 8 week-old non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice with three weekly doses of both the autoantigen and cytokine significantly reduced the development of diabetes, improved the response to glucose challenge, preserved beta cell mass, and reduced the severity of insulitis compared with controls and autoantigen alone. Combination therapy also resulted in increased circulating levels of IL10 four weeks post-vaccination and IL2 for 12 weeks post-vaccination, but without effect on proinflammatory cytokines IL6, IL12(p70), IL17 and IFNγ. However, in non-responders there was a significant rise in IL12 compared with responders. Future studies will examine the mechanism of this vaccination strategy in more detail. In conclusion, Salmonella-based oral vaccines expressing autoantigens combined with imunomodulatory cytokines appears to be a promising therapy for prevention of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Husseiny
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA; Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jeffrey Rawson
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
| | - Alexander Kaye
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
| | - Indu Nair
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
| | - Ivan Todorov
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Fouad Kandeel
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA
| | - Kevin Ferreri
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010-3000, USA.
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19
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Th17 cells in immunity and autoimmunity. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:986789. [PMID: 24454481 PMCID: PMC3886602 DOI: 10.1155/2013/986789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Th17 and IL-17 play important roles in the clearance of extracellular bacterial and fungal infections. However, strong evidence also implicates the Th17 lineage in several autoimmune disorders including multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and asthma. The Th17 subset has also been connected with type I diabetes, although whether it plays a role in the pathogenicity of or protection from the disease remains a controversial issue. In this review we have provided a comprehensive overview of Th17 pathogenicity and function, including novel evidence for a protective role of Th17 cells in conjunction with the microbiota gut flora in T1D onset and progression.
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20
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Xu D, Prasad S, Miller SD. Inducing immune tolerance: a focus on Type 1 diabetes mellitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 3:415-426. [PMID: 24505231 DOI: 10.2217/dmt.13.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tolerogenic strategies that specifically target diabetogenic immune cells in the absence of complications of immunosuppression are the desired treatment for the prevention or even reversal of Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Antigen (Ag)-based therapies must not only suppress disease-initiating diabetogenic T cells that are already activated, but, more importantly, prevent activation of naive auto-Ag-specific T cells that may become autoreactive through epitope spreading as a result of Ag liberation from damaged islet cells. Therefore, identification of auto-Ags relevant to T1D initiation and progression is critical to the design of effective Ag-specific therapies. Animal models of T1D have been successfully employed to identify potential diabetogenic Ags, and have further facilitated translation of Ag-specific tolerance strategies into human clinical trials. In this review, we highlight important advances using animal models in Ag-specific T1D immunotherapies, and the application of the preclinical findings to human subjects. We provide an up-to-date overview of the strengths and weaknesses of various tolerance-inducing strategies, including infusion of soluble Ags/peptides by various routes of delivery, genetic vaccinations, cell- and inert particle-based tolerogenic approaches, and various other strategies that target distinct tolerance-inducing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology & Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Suchitra Prasad
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology & Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology & Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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21
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Alkhamis T, Barbic J, Crnogorac-Jurcevic T, Greenlaw RE, Peakman M, Jurcevic S. Antibody combination therapy targeting CD25, CD70 and CD8 reduces islet inflammation and improves glycaemia in diabetic mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 170:139-48. [PMID: 23039884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Destruction of pancreatic islets in type 1 diabetes is caused by infiltrating, primed and activated T cells. In a clinical setting this autoimmune process is already in an advanced stage before intervention therapy can be administered. Therefore, an effective intervention needs to reduce islet inflammation and preserve any remaining islet function. In this study we have investigated the role of targeting activated T cells in reversing autoimmune diabetes. A combination therapy consisting of CD25-, CD70- and CD8-specific monoclonal antibodies was administered to non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice with either new-onset diabetes or with advanced diabetes. In NOD mice with new-onset diabetes antibody combination treatment reversed hyperglycaemia and achieved long-term protection from diabetes (blood glucose <13·9 mmol/l) in >50% of mice. In contrast, in the control, untreated group blood glucose levels continued to increase and none of the mice were protected from diabetes (P < 0·0001). Starting therapy early when hyperglycaemia was relatively mild proved critical, as the mice with advanced diabetes showed less efficient control of blood glucose and shorter life span. Histological analysis (insulitis score) showed islet preservation and reduced immune infiltration in all treated groups, compared to their controls. In conclusion, antibody combination therapy that targets CD25, CD70 and CD8 results in decreased islet infiltration and improved blood glucose levels in NOD mice with established diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alkhamis
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, King's Health Partners Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
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22
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Polyak S, Mach A, Porvasnik S, Dixon L, Conlon T, Erger KE, Acosta A, Wright AJ, Campbell-Thompson M, Zolotukhin I, Wasserfall C, Mah C. Identification of adeno-associated viral vectors suitable for intestinal gene delivery and modulation of experimental colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G296-308. [PMID: 22114116 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00562.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective gene transfer with sustained gene expression is an important adjunct to the study of intestinal inflammation and future therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are ideal for gene transfer and long-term transgene expression. The purpose of our study was to identify optimal AAV pseudotypes for transduction of the epithelium in the small intestine and colon, which could be used for studies in experimental colitis. The tropism and transduction efficiencies of AAV pseudotypes 1-10 were examined in murine small intestine and colon 8 wk after administration by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The clinical and histopathological effects of IL-10-mediated intestinal transduction delivered by AAVrh10 were examined in the murine IL-10⁻/⁻ enterocolitis model. Serum IL-10 levels and IL-10 expression were followed by ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. AAV pseudotypes 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10 demonstrated optimal intestinal transduction. Transgene expression was sustained 8 wk after administration and was frequently observed in enteroendocrine cells. Long-term IL-10 gene expression and serum IL-10 levels were observed following AAV transduction in an IL-10-/- model of enterocolitis. Animals treated with AAVrh10-IL-10 had lower disease activity index scores, higher colon weight-to-length ratios, and lower microscopic inflammation scores. This study identifies novel AAV pseudotypes with small intestine and colon tropism and sustained transgene expression capable of modulating mucosal inflammation in a murine model of enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Polyak
- Univ. of Iowa College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Dr., JCP4574, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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23
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IFN-γ induced by IL-12 administration prevents diabetes by inhibiting pathogenic IL-17 production in NOD mice. J Autoimmun 2012; 38:20-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Caramalho I, Rodrigues-Duarte L, Perez A, Zelenay S, Penha-Gonçalves C, Demengeot J. Regulatory T cells contribute to diabetes protection in lipopolysaccharide-treated non-obese diabetic mice. Scand J Immunol 2011; 74:585-95. [PMID: 21916921 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that viral, parasitic or bacterial infections can prevent type 1 diabetes (T1D) occurrence in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. On the other hand, defects in CD4(+) Regulatory T cell (Treg) numbers and/or function contribute to T1D aetiology in NOD mice and in humans. In this work, we formally tested whether the protective role of the bacterial product lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on diabetes incidence results from enhanced Treg activity. We first report that weekly administration of LPS to young prediabetic NOD mice, presenting or not insulitis at the time of treatment, afforded full protection from diabetes. Taking advantage from the high but incomplete penetrance of diabetes in NOD mice raised in specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions we compared untreated disease-free old animals with gender- and age-matched LPS-treated mice. Histological and flow cytometry analysis indicated that LPS treatment did not prevent islet infiltration or priming of diabetogenic T cells but increased Foxp3(+) and CD103(+) Treg frequency and numbers. By performing adoptive transfer experiments into alymphoid NOD/SCID recipients, we further demonstrated that CD25(+) cells from LPS-treated NOD mice, but not from naturally protected animals, maintained diabetogenic cells at check. Our study suggests that T cell regulation represents a cellular mechanism to explain the 'hygiene hypothesis' and reinforces the notion that immune activity consolidates dominant tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Caramalho
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
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Michels AW, Ostrov DA, Zhang L, Nakayama M, Fuse M, McDaniel K, Roep BO, Gottlieb PA, Atkinson MA, Eisenbarth GS. Structure-based selection of small molecules to alter allele-specific MHC class II antigen presentation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5921-30. [PMID: 22043012 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Class II major histocompatibility molecules are the primary susceptibility locus for many autoimmune disorders, including type 1 diabetes. Human DQ8 and I-A(g7), in the NOD mouse model of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes, confers diabetes risk by modulating presentation of specific islet peptides in the thymus and periphery. We used an in silico molecular docking program to screen a large "druglike" chemical library to define small molecules capable of occupying specific structural pockets along the I-A(g7) binding groove, with the objective of influencing presentation to T cells of the autoantigen insulin B chain peptide consisting of amino acids 9-23. In this study we show, using both murine and human cells, that small molecules can enhance or inhibit specific TCR signaling in the presence of cognate target peptides, based upon the structural pocket targeted. The influence of compounds on the TCR response was pocket dependent, with pocket 1 and 6 compounds inhibiting responses and molecules directed at pocket 9 enhancing responses to peptide. At nanomolar concentrations, the inhibitory molecules block the insulin B chain peptide consisting of amino acids 9-23, endogenous insulin, and islet-stimulated T cell responses. Glyphosine, a pocket 9 compound, enhances insulin peptide presentation to T cells at concentrations as low as 10 nM, upregulates IL-10 secretion, and prevents diabetes in NOD mice. These studies present a novel method for identifying small molecules capable of both stimulating and inhibiting T cell responses, with potentially therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W Michels
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Montane J, Bischoff L, Soukhatcheva G, Dai DL, Hardenberg G, Levings MK, Orban PC, Kieffer TJ, Tan R, Verchere CB. Prevention of murine autoimmune diabetes by CCL22-mediated Treg recruitment to the pancreatic islets. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3024-8. [PMID: 21737880 DOI: 10.1172/jci43048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the pancreatic islets by effector T cells. Tregs, defined by the markers CD4 and FoxP3, regulate immune responses by suppressing effector T cells and are recruited to sites of action by the chemokine CCL22. Here, we demonstrate that production of CCL22 in islets after intrapancreatic duct injection of double-stranded adeno-associated virus encoding CCL22 recruits endogenous Tregs to the islets and confers long-term protection from autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. In addition, adenoviral expression of CCL22 in syngeneic islet transplants in diabetic NOD recipients prevented β cell destruction by autoreactive T cells and thereby delayed recurrence of diabetes. CCL22 expression increased the frequency of Tregs, produced higher levels of TGF-β in the CD4+ T cell population near islets, and decreased the frequency of circulating autoreactive CD8+ T cells and CD8+ IFN-γ–producing T cells. The protective effect of CCL22 was abrogated by depletion of Tregs with a CD25-specific antibody. Our results indicate that islet expression of CCL22 recruits Tregs and attenuates autoimmune destruction of β cells. CCL22-mediated recruitment of Tregs to islets may be a novel therapeutic strategy for type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Montane
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Singh B, Nikoopour E, Huszarik K, Elliott JF, Jevnikar AM. Immunomodulation and regeneration of islet Beta cells by cytokines in autoimmune type 1 diabetes. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2011; 31:711-9. [PMID: 21851268 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2011.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile or type 1 diabetes (T1D) involves autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Lack of insulin prevents the absorption and metabolism of glucose throughout the body by interfering with cell signaling. Cytokines have been shown to play a key role in β cell destruction and regulation of autoimmunity in T1D. The multiple roles of cytokines in T1D pathogenesis, regulation, and regeneration of β cells presents both promise and challenge for their use in immunotherapy. We found that mycobacterial adjuvants induce various regulatory T cells in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D. Cytokines produced by these cells not only regulate innate and adaptive immunity but also prevent the development of diabetes and partially restored normoglycemia in diabetic NOD mice. We discovered that adjuvant immunotherapy upregulated Regenerating (Reg) genes in the islets and induced interleukin 22 (IL-22)-producing Th17 cells. IL-22 is known to upregulate Reg gene expression in islets and could potentially induce regeneration of β cells and prevent their apoptosis. Therefore, cytokines both induce and regulate T1D and have the potential to regenerate and preserve insulin-producing β cells in the islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagirath Singh
- Centre for Human Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Galipeau HJ, Rulli NE, Jury J, Huang X, Araya R, Murray JA, David CS, Chirdo FG, McCoy KD, Verdu EF. Sensitization to gliadin induces moderate enteropathy and insulitis in nonobese diabetic-DQ8 mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4338-46. [PMID: 21911598 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is frequently diagnosed in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and T1D patients can exhibit Abs against tissue transglutaminase, the auto-antigen in CD. Thus, gliadin, the trigger in CD, has been suggested to have a role in T1D pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate whether gliadin contributes to enteropathy and insulitis in NOD-DQ8 mice, an animal model that does not spontaneously develop T1D. Gliadin-sensitized NOD-DQ8 mice developed moderate enteropathy, intraepithelial lymphocytosis, and barrier dysfunction, but not insulitis. Administration of anti-CD25 mAbs before gliadin-sensitization induced partial depletion of CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells and led to severe insulitis, but did not exacerbate mucosal dysfunction. CD4(+) T cells isolated from pancreatic lymph nodes of mice that developed insulitis showed increased proliferation and proinflammatory cytokines after incubation with gliadin but not with BSA. CD4(+) T cells isolated from nonsensitized controls did not response to gliadin or BSA. In conclusion, gliadin sensitization induced moderate enteropathy in NOD-DQ8 mice. However, insulitis development required gliadin-sensitization and partial systemic depletion of CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells. This humanized murine model provides a mechanistic link to explain how the mucosal intolerance to a dietary protein can lead to insulitis in the presence of partial regulatory T cell deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Galipeau
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
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NOD dendritic cells stimulated with Lactobacilli preferentially produce IL-10 versus IL-12 and decrease diabetes incidence. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:630187. [PMID: 21716731 PMCID: PMC3119457 DOI: 10.1155/2011/630187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) from NOD mice produced high levels of IL-12 that induce IFNγ-producing T cells involved in diabetes development. We propose to utilize the microorganism ability to induce tolerogenic DCs to abrogate the proinflammatory process and prevent diabetes development. NOD DCs were stimulated with Lactobacilli (nonpathogenic bacteria targeting TLR2) or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Staphylococcus aureus (TLR2 agonist). LTA-treated DCs produced much more IL-12 than IL-10 and accelerated diabetes development when transferred into NOD mice. In contrast, stimulation of NOD DCs with L. casei favored the production of IL-10 over IL-12, and their transfer decreased disease incidence which anti-IL-10R antibodies restored. These data indicated that L. casei can induce NOD DCs to develop a more tolerogenic phenotype via production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Evaluation of the relative production of IL-10 and IL-12 by DCs may be a very useful means of identifying agents that have therapeutic potential.
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Tai N, Yasuda H, Xiang Y, Zhang L, Rodriguez-Pinto D, Yokono K, Sherwin R, Wong FS, Nagata M, Wen L. IL-10-conditioned dendritic cells prevent autoimmune diabetes in NOD and humanized HLA-DQ8/RIP-B7.1 mice. Clin Immunol 2011; 139:336-49. [PMID: 21458378 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This study was to determine whether BMDCs cultured in the presence of IL-10 (G/10-DCs) could promote T cell tolerance and prevent autoimmune diabetes in two different animal models of T1D. Our results showed that G/10-DCs suppressed both insulitis and spontaneous diabetes in NOD and HLA-DQ8/RIP-B7.1 mice. The suppression was likely to be mediated by T cells, as we found that regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) cells were significantly increased in G/10-DC treated animals. In vivo, the G/10-DCs inhibited diabetogenic T cell proliferation; in vitro, they had reduced expression of costimulatory molecules and produced little IL-12/23 p40 or IL-6 but a large amount of IL-10 when compared with DCs matured in the presence of IL-4 (G/4-DC). We conclude that IL-10-treated DCs are tolerogenic and induce islet-directed immune tolerance, which was likely to be mediated by T regulatory cells. This non-antigen-specific DC-based approach offers potential for a new therapeutic intervention in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningwen Tai
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, USA
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Donaldson DS, Tong KK, Williams NA. Mucosal administration of the B subunit of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin promotes the development of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:227-38. [PMID: 20944556 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the processes by which certain mucosal pathogens and their products induce regulatory T cells (Tregs) is important in determining mechanisms of pathogenicity and may point toward their use in treating immunological disorders. Accordingly, we have studied the events that follow mucosal administration of the B subunit of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (EtxB). EtxB modulates the response to co-administered antigens and can prevent autoimmune disease. Our data show that EtxB translocates across the nasal epithelium, modulating the expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β(1) (TGF-β(1)). The modulated microenvironment drives an increase in Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)-positive T cells, predominantly in the CD4(+)CD25(-) subset. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that enhanced Foxp3 expression was particularly evident in recently activated T cells by concomitant unrelated antigen challenge, and was both TGF-β(1) and IL-10 dependent. This ability to alter T-cell differentiation pathways following mucosal delivery explains how EtxB may modify mucosal immune environments and prevent unwanted pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Donaldson
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Goudy KS, Johnson MC, Garland A, Li C, Samulski RJ, Wang B, Tisch R. Inducible adeno-associated virus-mediated IL-2 gene therapy prevents autoimmune diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3779-86. [PMID: 21317396 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-2 and TGF-β1 play key roles in the immunobiology of Foxp3-expressing CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells (Foxp3(+)Treg). Administration of these cytokines offers an appealing approach to manipulate the Foxp3(+)Treg pool and treat T cell-mediated autoimmunity such as type 1 diabetes. However, efficacy of cytokine treatment is dependent on the mode of application, and the potent pleiotropic effects of cytokines like IL-2 may lead to severe side effects. In the current study, we used a gene therapy-based approach to assess the efficacy of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors expressing inducible IL-2 or TGF-β1 transgenes to suppress ongoing β cell autoimmunity in NOD mice. Intramuscular vaccination of recombinant adeno-associated virus to 10-wk-old NOD female mice and a subsequent 3 wk induction of IL-2 was sufficient to prevent diabetes and block the progression of insulitis. Protection correlated with an increased frequency of Foxp3(+)Treg in the periphery as well as in the draining pancreatic lymph nodes and islets. IL-2 induced a shift in the ratio favoring Foxp3(+)Treg versus IFN-γ-expressing T cells infiltrating the islets. Induction of IL-2 had no systemic effect on the frequency or activational status of T cells and NK cells. Induction of TGF-β1 had no effect on the Foxp3(+)Treg pool or the progression of β cell autoimmunity despite induced systemic levels of activated TGF-β1 that were comparable to IL-2. These results demonstrate that inducible IL-2 gene therapy is an effective and safe approach to manipulate Foxp3(+)Treg and suppress T cell-mediated autoimmunity and that under the conditions employed, IL-2 is more potent than TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Goudy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Bertin-Maghit S, Pang D, O'Sullivan B, Best S, Duggan E, Paul S, Thomas H, Kay TW, Harrison LC, Steptoe R, Thomas R. Interleukin-1β produced in response to islet autoantigen presentation differentiates T-helper 17 cells at the expense of regulatory T-cells: Implications for the timing of tolerizing immunotherapy. Diabetes 2011; 60:248-57. [PMID: 20980463 PMCID: PMC3012178 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effectiveness of tolerizing immunotherapeutic strategies, such as anti-CD40L or dendritic cells (DCs), is greater when administered to young nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice than at peak insulitis. RelB(lo) DCs, generated in the presence of an nuclear factor-κB inhibitor, induce T-regulatory (Treg) cells and suppress inflammation in a model of rheumatoid arthritis. Interleukin (IL)-1β is overexpressed in humans and mice at risk of type 1 diabetes, dysregulates Treg cells, and accelerates diabetes in NOD mice. We investigated the relationship between IL-1β production and the response to RelB(lo) DCs in the prediabetic period. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We injected RelB(lo) DCs subcutaneously into 4- or 14-week-old NOD mice and tracked the incidence of diabetes and effect on Treg cell function. We measured the expression of proinflammatory cytokines by stimulated splenocytes and unstimulated islets from mice of different ages and strains and proliferative and cytokine responses of T effectors to Treg in vitro. RESULTS Tolerizing RelB(lo) DCs significantly inhibited diabetes progression when administered to 4-week-old but not 14-week-old mice. IL-1β production by NOD splenocytes and mRNA expression by islets increased from 6 to 16 weeks of age when major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted islet antigen presentation to autoreactive T-cells occurred. IL-1 reduced the capacity of Treg cells to suppress effector cells and promoted their conversion to Th17 cells. RelB(lo) DCs exacerbated the IL-1-dependent decline in Treg function and promoted Th17 conversion. CONCLUSIONS IL-1β, generated by islet-autoreactive cells in MHC-susceptible mice, accelerates diabetes by differentiating Th17 at the expense of Treg. Tolerizing DC therapies can regulate islet autoantigen priming and prevent diabetes, but progression past the IL-1β/IL-17 checkpoint signals the need for other strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Bertin-Maghit
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dimeng Pang
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brendan O'Sullivan
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shannon Best
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emily Duggan
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sanjoy Paul
- Queensland Clinical Trials and Biostatistics Centre, School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen Thomas
- Islet Biology Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas W.H. Kay
- Autoimmunity and Transplantation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leonard C. Harrison
- Autoimmunity and Transplantation Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Raymond Steptoe
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Corresponding author: Ranjeny Thomas,
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Johnson MC, Wang B, Tisch R. Genetic vaccination for re-establishing T-cell tolerance in type 1 diabetes. HUMAN VACCINES 2011; 7:27-36. [PMID: 21157183 DOI: 10.4161/hv.7.1.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease resulting in the destruction of the insulin-secreting β cells. Currently, there is no established clinical approach to effectively suppress long-term the diabetogenic response. Genetic-based vaccination offers a general strategy to reestablish β-cell specific tolerance within the T-cell compartment. The transfer of genes encoding β-cell autoantigens, anti-inflammatory cytokines and/or immunomodulatory proteins has proven to be effective at preventing and suppressing the diabetogenic response in animal models of T1D. The current review will discuss genetic approaches to prevent and treat T1D with an emphasis on plasmid DNA- and adeno-associated virus-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Intramuscular delivery of a naked DNA plasmid encoding proinsulin and pancreatic regenerating III protein ameliorates type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacol Res 2010; 63:320-7. [PMID: 21185938 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of pancreatic islets and destruction of β cells. Up to now, there is still no cure for this devastating disease and alternative approach should be developed. To explore a novel gene therapy strategy combining immunotherapy and β cell regeneration, we constructed a non-viral plasmid encoding proinsulin (PI) and pancreatic regenerating (Reg) III protein (pReg/PI). Therapeutic potentials of this plasmid for T1DM were investigated. Intramuscular delivery of pReg/PI resulted in a significant reduction in hyperglycemia and diabetes incidence, with an increased insulin contents in the serum of T1DM mice model induced by STZ. Treatment with pReg/PI also restored the balance of Th1/Th2 cytokines and expanded CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells, which may attribute to the establishment of self-immune tolerance. Additionally, in comparison to the mice treated with empty vector pBudCE4.1 (pBud), attenuated insulitis and apoptosis achieved by inhibiting activation of NF-κB in the pancreas of pReg/PI treated mice were observed. In summary, these results indicate that intramuscular delivery of pReg/PI distinctly ameliorated STZ-induced T1DM by reconstructing the immunological self-tolerance and promoting the regeneration of β cells, which might be served as a promising candidate for the gene therapy of T1DM.
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Isayama K, Murao Y, Saito F, Hirakawa A, Nakatani T. Effects of hypertonic saline on CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells after hemorrhagic shock in relation to iNOS and cytokines. J Surg Res 2010; 172:137-45. [PMID: 20888597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2010.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation induce immunosuppression. CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T Cells (Foxp3(+) Tregs), iNOS and cytokines may affect these severe conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. Foxp3(+) Tregs have been described to be specific and play a key role in the control of the immune system. Immune condition may be restored by hypertonic saline resuscitation that inhibits pro-inflammatory effects of cytokine. Our aim was to investigate how hypertonic saline resuscitation affected Foxp3(+) Tregs after hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation in relation to iNOS and cytokines. METHODS Male C57BL6/J and B6.129P2- NOS2(tm1Lau)/J (iNOS gene knockout) mice were used in creating hemorrhagic shock model. Mice were divided into two groups, each according to the type of resuscitation. (1) Wild HS: resuscitation with hypertonic saline (4 mL/Kg of 7.5% NaCl) and the shed blood (SB); (2) wild 2LR: resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution and the SB; (3) iNOS knockout HS: similarly resuscitated as wild HS; (4) iNOS knockout 2LR: similarly resuscitated as wild 2LR. Samples of thymus and spleen were harvested at 2, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after resuscitation. CD4(+) T cells and Foxp3(+) Tregs were analyzed at 24, 48, and 72 h. At 2, 6, 24, and 48 h, plasma cytokines were assayed and expression of iNOS (NOS2) was also measured by immunofluorescence. RESULTS NOS2 of HS and 2LR wild groups at 2 and 6 h in spleen increased compared with the control group. At 6h, NOS2 in HS wild group was significantly lower than in 2LR wild group. Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-6, TNF- α, MCP-1, and IL-10 increased at 2 h. Both in wild type and iNOS knockout mice, hypertonic saline resuscitation decreased plasma IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 levels at 2 h; CD4(+) T cells in spleen and thymus decreased at 24, 48, and 72 h, and Foxp3(+) Tregs in spleen at 48 h increased, however, hypertonic saline resuscitation did not affect the Foxp3(+). CONCLUSIONS These results show that in early phase, the inflammatory cytokines in plasma might affect iNOS expression and cytokines. Further, this study showed that hypertonic saline resuscitation and suppression of iNOS might improve immunosuppressive reaction after hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Isayama
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) strains expressing the immunomodulatory cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) fused to the autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) or the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) were independently able to generate only low levels of immune suppression of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Here we suggest that a vaccinia virus (VV)-mediated combination of CTB::GAD fusion and IL-10 proteins promises a effective and durable immunotherapeutic strategy for T1DM. METHODS To explore this hypothesis, a CTB::GAD fusion gene was co-delivered with a gene encoding IL-10 by rVV infection (rVV-CTB::GAD + rVV-IL10) into 5-7-week-old non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. The mice were assessed for vaccine protection against development of hyperglycemia from 12 to 64 weeks of age by assessment of pancreatic inflammation (insulitis) and splenocyte-secreted interferon-gamma and IL-10 cytokine levels. RESULTS By 36 weeks of age, from 54% to 80% of the mice in the negative control animal groups (either mock-infected or inoculated with unrelated plasmid or VV) had developed hyperglycemia. Similarly, no statistically significant improvement in protection against diabetes onset was achieved by inoculation with VV expressing CTB::GAD or IL-10 independently. Surprisingly, only 20% of mice co-inoculated with rVV-CTB::GAD + rVV-IL10 developed hyperglycemia by 28 weeks of age. Other treatment groups developed hyperglycemia by 32-36 weeks. After 36 weeks, diabetes incidence no longer increased in any groups until the end of experiment at 64 weeks of age. Histological analysis of pancreatic tissues of hyperglycemic mice revealed high levels of intra-islet insulitis. Analysis of insulitis at termination of the experiment showed that euglycemic mice co-inoculated with VV expressing CTB::GAD and IL-10 had more effectively reduced inflammation in comparison with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS A combinatorial vaccination strategy based on VV co-delivery of genes encoding the immunoenhanced autoantigen CTB::GAD and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 can maintain effective and durable euglycemia and immunological homeostasis in NOD mice with prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Dénes
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
- Department of Immunology, Central Veterinary Institute, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Fodor
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - William H.R. Langridge
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
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Burton OT, Zaccone P, Phillips JM, De La Peña H, Fehérvári Z, Azuma M, Gibbs S, Stockinger B, Cooke A. Roles for TGF-beta and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 in regulatory T cell expansion and diabetes suppression by zymosan in nonobese diabetic mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2754-62. [PMID: 20675590 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Zymosan is a complex fungal component shown to be capable of both promoting and suppressing the development of autoimmune disorders in mice. In this study, we show that a single injection of zymosan just prior to diabetes onset can significantly delay the progression of disease in NOD mice. Zymosan treatment of NOD mice induced the production of biologically active TGF-beta from cells infiltrating the pancreas and was associated with expansion of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1(+)TGF-beta(+) macrophages and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in vivo. Neutralization of either TGF-beta or programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 abrogated the protective effects of zymosan. Zymosan acted through TLR2 as well as ERK and p38 MAPK to induce macrophage secretion of TGF-beta and promotion of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver T Burton
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Lin M, Stoica-Nazarov C, Surls J, Kehl M, Bona C, Olsen C, Brumeanu TD, Casares S. Reversal of type 1 diabetes by a new MHC II-peptide chimera: “Single-epitope-mediated suppression” to stabilize a polyclonal autoimmune T-cell process. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:2277-88. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200940094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Yu Y, Sun L, Ma L, Li J, Hu L, Liu J. Investigation of the immunosuppressive activity of Physalin H on T lymphocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 10:290-7. [PMID: 19951747 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Physalis angulata is an annual herb widely used in folk medicine. It is mainly used for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Following bioactivity-guided isolation, a representative immunosuppressive compound, Physalin H was been identified from this herb medicine. The purpose of this work was to assess the immunosuppressive activity of Physalin H on T cells and to explore its potential mode of action. The results showed that Physalin H in a dose-dependent manner significantly inhibited the proliferation of T cells induced by concanavalin A (ConA) and by the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction (MLR). This inhibitive activity was mainly due to interfering DNA replication in G1 stages. In vivo experiments showed that, administration of Physalin H dose-dependently suppressed CD4(+) T cell mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions, and suppressed antigen-specific T-cell response in ovalbumin (OVA) immunized mice. Further study indicated that Physalin H could modulate Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and induce the production of immune regulation target Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in T-cells in vitro. In this study, we demonstrated the immunosuppressive effect of Physalin H on T cells both in vitro and in vivo, and the immunosuppressive activity might be attributed to the suppression of T cell activation and proliferation, the modulation of Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and the induction of HO-1 in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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41
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Regulation of type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma by parasites. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 88:27-38. [PMID: 19844667 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infection is a worldwide health problem. In addition to directly causing disease, helminthic infection also affects the incidence and progression of other diseases by exerting immune modulatory effects. In animal models, infection with helminthic parasites can prevent autoimmune diseases and allergic inflammatory diseases, but worsens protective immunity to certain infectious pathogens. In this review, we summarize current findings regarding the effects of helminth infection on type 1 diabetes, tuberculosis, and asthma and discuss possible mechanisms through which helminthic parasites modulate host immunity. Investigating these mechanisms could lead to treatment strategies that specifically modulate the immune response as well as address fundamental questions in immunobiology.
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42
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Nayak S, Cao O, Hoffman BE, Cooper M, Zhou S, Atkinson MA, Herzog RW. Prophylactic immune tolerance induced by changing the ratio of antigen-specific effector to regulatory T cells. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:1523-32. [PMID: 19583824 PMCID: PMC2981868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene and protein replacement therapies for inherited protein deficiencies such as hemophilia or lysosomal storage disorders are limited by deleterious immune responses directed against their respective therapeutic proteins. Therefore, the development of protocols preventing such responses is key to providing successful long-term therapy. OBJECTIVES We sought to develop a protocol, utilizing a drug/peptide cocktail, that would effectively shift the antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell population, tipping the balance from effector T cells (Teffs) towards regulatory T cells (Tregs). METHODS Treg-deficient (DO11.10-tg Rag2(-/-)) BALB/c mice were used to screen for an optimal protocol addressing the aforementioned goal and to study the mechanisms underlying in vivo changes in T-cell populations. Muscle-directed gene transfer to hemophilia B mice was also performed in order to test the optimal protocol in a therapeutically relevant setting. RESULTS Specific antigen administration (4-week repeated dosing) combined with rapamycin and interleukin-10 led to substantial reductions in Teffs, via activation-induced cell death, and induced CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs to a large extent in multiple organs. The proportion of apoptotic T cells also increased over time, whereas Teffs and Tregs were differentially affected. When applied to a model of protein deficiency (gene therapy for hemophilia B), the protocol successfully prevented inhibitor formation, whereas non-specific immunosuppression was only marginally effective. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to provide a short-term, prophylactic protocol allowing for the induction of immune tolerance. This protocol may provide a marked advance in efforts seeking to improve clinical outcomes in disorders involving therapeutic protein replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nayak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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43
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Abstract
A major effort has been on-going to develop immunotherapies to prevent and/or treat type 1 diabetes (T1D). This autoimmune disease is characterized by the selective loss of the insulin-producing beta cells via the cumulative effects of autoantigen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, autoantibodies, and activated antigen-presenting cells. To be applicable in a clinical setting, immunotherapies must suppress established beta-cell autoimmunity. Preclinical studies and recent clinical findings suggest that antigen-specific and systemic-based strategies can be effective in this regard. However, either approach alone may not be sufficient to block the diabetogenic response and establish long-term protection in the clinic. In this review, we will discuss the importance of both strategies and how a combinatorial approach to treat T1D is appealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Goudy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
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44
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Effects of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+regulatory T cells on earlyPlasmodium yoelii17XL infection in BALB/c mice. Parasitology 2009; 136:1107-20. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009990370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe outcome ofPlasmodium yoelii17XL-infected BALB/c and DBA/2 mice, ranging from death to spontaneous cure, respectively, depends largely on the establishment of effective pro-inflammatory type 1 responses during the early stages of infection and associates with CD4+CD25+Foxp3+regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here, effects of Tregs were analysed on earlyP. yoelii17XL infection in BALB/c and DBA/2 mice.In vivodepletion of Tregs significantly reversed the inhibited establishment of effective pro-inflammatory type 1 responses in BALB/c mice, indicating that this cell population contributed to the suppression of T-cell function in malaria. Moreover, the proportion and absolute numbers of IL-10-secreting Tregs in BALB/c mice were significantly higher than that found in DBA/2 mice by intracytoplasmic staining, and IL-10 production was correlated with the Tregs population. In addition,in vivoTregs depletion decreased the production of IL-10 and the apoptosis of CD4+T cells. Consistently, IL-10R blockade also had the same effect as that of Tregs depletion inP. yoelii17XL-infected BALB/c mice. Our data demonstrate that Tregs perhaps have an important role in regulating pro-inflammatory type 1 responses in an IL-10-dependent manner and induce CD4+T cell apoptosis during the early stage ofP. yoelii17XL infection.
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease in which the insulin producing beta cells are destroyed. Antigen-based immunotherapy provides an approach to selectively tolerize pathogenic beta cell-specific T cells, while leaving the remainder of the immune system intact. In this article, we discuss our group's experience in defining the parameters that impact the efficacy of beta cell antigen "vaccination" for the prevention and treatment of T1D.
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Park L, Lee E, Lee S, Lim M, Hong H, Shin G, Park Y. TGFbeta plasmid construction and delivery for the prevention of type 1 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1150:177-82. [PMID: 19120290 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1447.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies of animals with spontaneous autoimmune diabetes have revealed that autoreactive T cells that mediate islet beta cell destruction can be manipulated by the administration of Th(2) cytokines. Using gene delivery to express the targeted protein, we can overcome the need for frequent administration of cytokines on account of their short half-lives. In this study, the effect of hTGFbeta gene delivery was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo using an adenovirus vector (Ad) constructed with an hTGFbeta cDNA. In vitro transfection assays of the construct in HepG2, beta cell lines, and islets showed good expression levels of hTGFbeta and activation of smad3. Ad-hTGFbeta enhanced differentiation and proliferation in the beta cell line or islets without causing apoptosis. Of interest, Ad-hTGFbeta transduction in CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells resulted in a significant enhanced expression of CD25 and a regulatory T cell-specific transcription factor, Foxp3. To evaluate in vivo efficacy, Ad-hTGFbeta was intravenously injected into 7-week-old NOD mice and compared to the transduction using the vector only. The Ad-hTGFbeta group had persistent gene expression for longer than 5 weeks, and high TGFbeta serum level was secreted. There was no difference in the degree of insulitis between the Ad-hTGFbeta group and controls. Although we found favorable in vitro results, such as decrease in islet apoptosis, enhanced proliferation and differentiation, and increase in the level of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells, there was no difference in reduction of the development of T1D between controls and Ad-hTGFbeta-injected mice. Nevertheless, if we find the appropriate mode and timing of TGFbeta gene transduction, Ad-hTGFbeta gene therapy might be useful in therapeutic cytokine delivery for the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leejin Park
- Department of Internal Medicine & Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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47
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Zhao Y, Lin B, Darflinger R, Zhang Y, Holterman MJ, Skidgel RA. Human cord blood stem cell-modulated regulatory T lymphocytes reverse the autoimmune-caused type 1 diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4226. [PMID: 19156219 PMCID: PMC2627485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The deficit of pancreatic islet β cells caused by autoimmune destruction is a crucial issue in type 1 diabetes (T1D). It is essential to fundamentally control the autoimmunity for treatment of T1D. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in maintaining self-tolerance through their inhibitory impact on autoreactive effector T cells. An abnormality of Tregs is associated with initiation of progression of T1D. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we report that treatment of established autoimmune-caused diabetes in NOD mice with purified autologous CD4+CD62L+ Tregs co-cultured with human cord blood stem cells (CB-SC) can eliminate hyperglycemia, promote islet β-cell regeneration to increase β-cell mass and insulin production, and reconstitute islet architecture. Correspondingly, treatment with CB-SC-modulated CD4+CD62L+ Tregs (mCD4CD62L Tregs) resulted in a marked reduction of insulitis, restored Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in blood, and induced apoptosis of infiltrated leukocytes in pancreatic islets. Conclusions/Significance These data demonstrate that treatment with mCD4CD62L Tregs can reverse overt diabetes, providing a novel strategy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes as well as other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
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Shah S, Qiao L. Resting B cells expand a CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg population via TGF-beta3. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2488-98. [PMID: 18792402 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200838201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play critical roles in maintaining tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. It is not fully clear how these cells are generated and maintained. Here, we show that resting B cells are able to expand Treg. This expansion requires TGF-beta3 and signaling through the TCR and CD28. Upon activation, B cells express less TGF-beta3, which reduces their capacity to expand Treg and which also results in increased Treg death. This may ensure that B cells can function as potent professional antigen presenting cells during infections. However, in the absence of any infection, we find that B-cell-deficient microMT mice have decreased percentages of Treg in the periphery. Our data suggest that resting B cells, which may be presenting self-antigens to T cells, can expand and maintain specific Treg and thus might be involved in the prevention of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanee Shah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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The pros and cons of immunomodulatory IL-10 gene therapy with recombinant AAV in a Cftr-/- -dependent allergy mouse model. Gene Ther 2008; 16:172-83. [PMID: 18818669 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients have decreased levels of lung epithelial interleukin (IL)-10 and increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-4, IL-8 and IL-6). This has also been documented in Cftr (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator)-deficient mice (Cftr 489X(-/-), FABP-hCFTR(+/+)). Our laboratory has recently characterized a peculiar hyper-IgE phenotype in these mice, in response to Aspergillus fumigatus crude protein extract (Af-cpe). Thus, we hypothesized that sustained systemic circulating IL-10 levels achieved through skeletal muscle transduction with recombinant adeno-associated vectors expressing IL-10 (rAAV1-IL-10) would serve to downregulate Th1 and Th2 cytokine production. This in turn would dampen the allergic response in the Cftr(-/-)-dependent mouse model of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. After Af-cpe sensitization and airway challenge, mice treated with rAAV1-IL-10 had markedly lower IgE levels when compared to the control-treated rAAV1-GFP group. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in the levels of IL-5, IL-4 and IL-13 in the lung compartment. The lower lung cytokine profiles resulted in a near absence of eosinophil recruitment in the lung and a lower inflammatory response in the lung tissue of mice receiving rAAV1-IL-10. Unfortunately, sustained secretion of IL-10 from transduced muscle did lead to thrombocytopenia and splenomegaly in mice injected with rAAV1-IL-10. These results highlight that while IL-10 gene therapy is very effective for treating allergic responses caution must be taken with the prolonged secretion of IL-10.
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50
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Wang B, Tisch R. Parameters influencing antigen-specific immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes. Immunol Res 2008; 41:175-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-008-8020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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