1
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Ogura H, Gohda J, Lu X, Yamamoto M, Takesue Y, Son A, Doi S, Matsushita K, Isobe F, Fukuda Y, Huang TP, Ueno T, Mambo N, Murakami H, Kawaguchi Y, Inoue JI, Shirai K, Yamasaki S, Hirata JI, Ishido S. Dysfunctional Sars-CoV-2-M protein-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in patients recovering from severe COVID-19. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7063. [PMID: 36526616 PMCID: PMC9758236 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the importance of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in virus clearance is evident in COVID-19, the characteristics of virus-specific CTLs related to disease severity have not been fully explored. Here we show that the phenotype of virus-specific CTLs against immunoprevalent epitopes in COVID-19 convalescents might differ according to the course of the disease. We establish a cellular screening method that uses artificial antigen presenting cells, expressing HLA-A*24:02, the costimulatory molecule 4-1BBL, SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins S, M, and N and non-structural proteins ORF3a and nsp6/ORF1a. The screen implicates SARS-CoV-2 M protein as a frequent target of IFNγ secreting CD8+ T cells, and identifies M198-206 as an immunoprevalent epitope in our cohort of HLA-A*24:02 positive convalescent COVID-19 patients recovering from mild, moderate and severe disease. Further exploration of M198-206-specific CD8+ T cells with single cell RNA sequencing reveals public TCRs in virus-specific CD8+ T cells, and shows an exhausted phenotype with less differentiated status in cells from the severe group compared to cells from the moderate group. In summary, this study describes a method to identify T cell epitopes, indicate that dysfunction of virus-specific CTLs might be an important determinant of clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ogura
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Microbiology, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jin Gohda
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XResearch Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiuyuan Lu
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yamamoto
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XResearch Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takesue
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Infection Control and Prevention, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan ,Tokoname City Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Aoi Son
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Microbiology, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sadayuki Doi
- grid.513274.60000 0004 0569 8532Kawanishi City Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | - Fumitaka Isobe
- Kyowa Marina Hospital/Wellhouse Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | | | - Takamasa Ueno
- grid.274841.c0000 0001 0660 6749Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Mambo
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiromoto Murakami
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XResearch Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDivision of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Inoue
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XResearch Platform Office, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Shirai
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan ,grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Division of Molecular Design, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan ,grid.136304.30000 0004 0370 1101Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hirata
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ishido
- grid.272264.70000 0000 9142 153XDepartment of Microbiology, Hyogo Medical University, Hyogo, Japan
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2
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A bead-based method for high-throughput mapping of the sequence- and force-dependence of T cell activation. Nat Methods 2022; 19:1295-1305. [PMID: 36064771 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity relies on T lymphocytes that use αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) to discriminate among peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHCs). Identifying pMHCs capable of inducing robust T cell responses will not only enable a deeper understanding of the mechanisms governing immune responses but could also have broad applications in diagnosis and treatment. T cell recognition of sparse antigenic pMHCs in vivo relies on biomechanical forces. However, in vitro screening methods test potential pMHCs without force and often at high (nonphysiological) pMHC densities and thus fail to predict potent agonists in vivo. Here, we present a technology termed BATTLES (biomechanically assisted T cell triggering for large-scale exogenous-pMHC screening) that uses biomechanical force to initiate T cell triggering for peptides and cells in parallel. BATTLES displays candidate pMHCs on spectrally encoded beads composed of a thermo-responsive polymer capable of applying shear loads to T cells, facilitating exploration of the force- and sequence-dependent landscape of T cell responses. BATTLES can be used to explore basic T cell mechanobiology and T cell-based immunotherapies.
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3
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Kobayashi E, Jin A, Hamana H, Shitaoka K, Tajiri K, Kusano S, Yokoyama S, Ozawa T, Obata T, Muraguchi A, Kishi H. Rapid cloning of antigen-specific T-cell receptors by leveraging the cis activation of T cells. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:806-818. [PMID: 35393565 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly understood that T cells are activated via trans interactions between antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) and antigenic peptides presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on antigen-presenting cells. By analysing a large number of T cells at the single-cell level on a microwell array, we show that T-cell activation can occur via cis interactions (where TCRs on the T cell interact with the antigenic peptides presented on MHC class-I molecules on the same cell), and that such cis activation can be used to detect antigen-specific T cells and clone their TCR within 4 d. We used the detection-and-cloning system to clone a tumour-antigen-specific TCR from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors. TCR cloning by leveraging the cis activation of T cells may facilitate the development of TCR-engineered T cells for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Aishun Jin
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Immunology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hiroshi Hamana
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Shitaoka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuto Tajiri
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Seisuke Kusano
- RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yokoyama
- RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Obata
- Toyama Industrial Technology Research and Development Center, Takaoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Muraguchi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
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4
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Zhao X, Kolawole EM, Chan W, Feng Y, Yang X, Gee MH, Jude KM, Sibener LV, Fordyce PM, Germain RN, Evavold BD, Garcia KC. Tuning T cell receptor sensitivity through catch bond engineering. Science 2022; 376:eabl5282. [PMID: 35389803 PMCID: PMC9513562 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl5282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy using engineered T cell receptors (TCRs) is a promising approach for targeting cancer antigens, but tumor-reactive TCRs are often weakly responsive to their target ligands, peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHCs). Affinity-matured TCRs can enhance the efficacy of TCR-T cell therapy but can also cross-react with off-target antigens, resulting in organ immunopathology. We developed an alternative strategy to isolate TCR mutants that exhibited high activation signals coupled with low-affinity pMHC binding through the acquisition of catch bonds. Engineered analogs of a tumor antigen MAGE-A3-specific TCR maintained physiological affinities while exhibiting enhanced target killing potency and undetectable cross-reactivity, compared with a high-affinity clinically tested TCR that exhibited lethal cross-reactivity with a cardiac antigen. Catch bond engineering is a biophysically based strategy to tune high-sensitivity TCRs for T cell therapy with reduced potential for adverse cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Waipan Chan
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yinnian Feng
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xinbo Yang
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marvin H Gee
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin M Jude
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leah V Sibener
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Polly M Fordyce
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg BioHub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Lymphocyte Biology Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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5
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Egan JR, Abu-Shah E, Dushek O, Elliott T, MacArthur BD. Fluctuations in T cell receptor and pMHC interactions regulate T cell activation. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210589. [PMID: 35135295 PMCID: PMC8833104 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses depend on interactions between T cell receptors (TCRs) and peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligands located on the surface of T cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs), respectively. As TCRs and pMHCs are often only present at low copy numbers their interactions are inherently stochastic, yet the role of stochastic fluctuations on T cell function is unclear. Here, we introduce a minimal stochastic model of T cell activation that accounts for serial TCR-pMHC engagement, reversible TCR conformational change and TCR aggregation. Analysis of this model indicates that it is not the strength of binding between the T cell and the APC cell per se that elicits an immune response, but rather the information imparted to the T cell from the encounter, as assessed by the entropy rate of the TCR-pMHC binding dynamics. This view provides an information-theoretic interpretation of T cell activation that explains a range of experimental observations. Based on this analysis, we propose that effective T cell therapeutics may be enhanced by optimizing the inherent stochasticity of TCR-pMHC binding dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Egan
- Mathematical Sciences, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Centre for Cancer Immunology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Enas Abu-Shah
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.,Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Tim Elliott
- Institute for Life Sciences, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Centre for Cancer Immunology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Ben D MacArthur
- Mathematical Sciences, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.,Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK
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6
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Shakiba M, Zumbo P, Espinosa-Carrasco G, Menocal L, Dündar F, Carson SE, Bruno EM, Sanchez-Rivera FJ, Lowe SW, Camara S, Koche RP, Reuter VP, Socci ND, Whitlock B, Tamzalit F, Huse M, Hellmann MD, Wells DK, Defranoux NA, Betel D, Philip M, Schietinger A. TCR signal strength defines distinct mechanisms of T cell dysfunction and cancer evasion. J Exp Med 2022; 219:212936. [PMID: 34935874 PMCID: PMC8704919 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) signal strength is a key determinant of T cell responses. We developed a cancer mouse model in which tumor-specific CD8 T cells (TST cells) encounter tumor antigens with varying TCR signal strength. High-signal-strength interactions caused TST cells to up-regulate inhibitory receptors (IRs), lose effector function, and establish a dysfunction-associated molecular program. TST cells undergoing low-signal-strength interactions also up-regulated IRs, including PD1, but retained a cell-intrinsic functional state. Surprisingly, neither high- nor low-signal-strength interactions led to tumor control in vivo, revealing two distinct mechanisms by which PD1hi TST cells permit tumor escape; high signal strength drives dysfunction, while low signal strength results in functional inertness, where the signal strength is too low to mediate effective cancer cell killing by functional TST cells. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated fine-tuning of signal strength to an intermediate range improved anti-tumor activity in vivo. Our study defines the role of TCR signal strength in TST cell function, with important implications for T cell-based cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojdeh Shakiba
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Paul Zumbo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY.,Applied Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Laura Menocal
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Friederike Dündar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY.,Applied Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Sandra E Carson
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Emmanuel M Bruno
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Scott W Lowe
- Cancer Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Steven Camara
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Richard P Koche
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Vincent P Reuter
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Nicholas D Socci
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Benjamin Whitlock
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Fella Tamzalit
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY
| | - Matthew D Hellmann
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA.,Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Daniel K Wells
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Doron Betel
- Applied Bioinformatics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY.,Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY.,Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Mary Philip
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Andrea Schietinger
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY
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7
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Mehdizadeh M, Karami S, Ghaffari Nazari H, Sankanian G, Hamidpour M, Hajifathali A. Immunotherapy with adoptive cytomegalovirus-specific T cells transfer: Summarizing latest gene engineering techniques. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e322. [PMID: 34263085 PMCID: PMC8264956 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains a major complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). T cell response plays a critical role in inducing long-term immunity against CMV infection/reactivation that impairs during HSCT. Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) via transferring CMV-specific T cells from a seropositive donor to the recipient can accelerate virus-specific immune reconstitution. ACT, as an alternative approach, can restore protective antiviral T cell immunity in patients. Different manufacturing protocols have been introduced to isolate and expand specific T cells for the ACT clinical setting. Nevertheless, HLA restriction, long-term manufacturing process, risk of alloreactivity, and CMV seropositive donor availability have limited ACT broad applicability. Genetic engineering has developed new strategies to produce TCR-modified T cells for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of infectious disease. In this review, we presented current strategies required for ACT in posttransplant CMV infection. We also introduced novel gene-modified T cell discoveries in the context of ACT for CMV infection. It seems that these innovations are enabling to improvement and development of ACT utilization to combat posttransplant CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Mehdizadeh
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Samira Karami
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Haniyeh Ghaffari Nazari
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ghazaleh Sankanian
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mohsen Hamidpour
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Abbas Hajifathali
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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8
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Moysi E, Darko S, Gea-Mallorquí E, Petrovas C, Almeida JR, Wolinsky D, Peng Y, Jaye A, Stewart-Jones G, Douek DC, Koup RA, Dong T, Rowland-Jones S. Clonotypic architecture of a Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell response in chronic human HIV-2 infection. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2485-2500. [PMID: 34369597 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of T-cell receptor (TCR) selection in chronic HIV-1 infection, and its association with clinical outcome, is well documented for an array of MHC-peptide complexes and disease stages. However, the factors that may contribute to the selection and expansion of CD8+ T-cells in chronic HIV-2 infection, especially at clonal level remain unclear. To address this question, we undertook a detailed molecular characterization of the clonotypic architecture of an HLA-B*3501 restricted Gag -specific CD8+ T-cell response in donors chronically infected with HIV-2 using a combination of flow cytometry, tetramer-specific CD8+ TCR clonotyping and in vitro assays. We show that the response to the NY9 epitope is hierarchical and narrow in terms of T-cell receptor alpha (TCRA) and beta (TCRB) gene usage yet clonotypically diverse. Furthermore, clonotypic dominance in shared origin cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones was associated with a greater magnitude of cytokine production and antigen sensitivity at limiting antigen dilution as well as enhanced cross-reactivity for known HIV-2 variants. Hence, our data suggest that effector mobilization and expansion in human chronic HIV-2 infection may be linked to the qualitative features of specific CD8+ T-cell clonotypes, which could have implications for viral control and disease outcome. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Moysi
- Tissue Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Centre, Bethesda, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Samuel Darko
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ester Gea-Mallorquí
- Viral Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Centre, Bethesda, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jorge R Almeida
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David Wolinsky
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yanchun Peng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Assan Jaye
- MRC Laboratories, The Gambia, PO Box 273, West Africa
| | - Guillaume Stewart-Jones
- Structural Biology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tao Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Rowland-Jones
- Viral Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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9
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Wang JH. Why the Outcome of Anti-Tumor Immune Responses is Heterogeneous: A Novel Idea in the Context of Immunological Heterogeneity in Cancers. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000024. [PMID: 32767371 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The question as to why some hosts can eradicate their tumors while others succumb to tumor-progression remains unanswered. Here, a provocative concept is proposed that intrinsic differences in the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of individuals may influence the outcome of anti-tumor immunity by affecting the frequency and/or variety of tumor-reactive CD8 and/or CD4 tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This idea implicates that the TCR repertoire in a given patient might not provide sufficiently different TCR clones that can recognize tumor antigens, namely, "a hole in the TCR repertoire" might exist. This idea may provide a novel perspective to further dissect the mechanisms underlying heterogeneous anti-tumor immune responses in different hosts. Besides tumor-intrinsic heterogeneity and host microbiome, the various factors that may constantly shape the dynamic TCR repertoire are also discussed. Elucidating mechanistic differences in different individuals' immune systems will allow to better harness immune system to design new personalized cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing H Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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10
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In vivo clonal expansion and phenotypes of hypocretin-specific CD4 + T cells in narcolepsy patients and controls. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5247. [PMID: 31748512 PMCID: PMC6868281 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with narcolepsy suffer from abnormal sleep patterns due to loss of neurons that uniquely supply hypocretin (HCRT). Previous studies found associations of narcolepsy with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ6 allele and T-cell receptor α (TRA) J24 gene segment and also suggested that in vitro-stimulated T cells can target HCRT. Here, we present evidence of in vivo expansion of DQ6-HCRT tetramer+/TRAJ24+/CD4+ T cells in DQ6+ individuals with and without narcolepsy. We identify related TRAJ24+ TCRαβ clonotypes encoded by identical α/β gene regions from two patients and two controls. TRAJ24-G allele+ clonotypes only expand in the two patients, whereas a TRAJ24-C allele+ clonotype expands in a control. A representative tetramer+/G-allele+ TCR shows signaling reactivity to the epitope HCRT87–97. Clonally expanded G-allele+ T cells exhibit an unconventional effector phenotype. Our analysis of in vivo expansion of HCRT-reactive TRAJ24+ cells opens an avenue for further investigation of the autoimmune contribution to narcolepsy development. T cells from narcolepsy patients were recently reported to recognize hypocretin, a wakefulness-promoting neurohormone, suggesting autoimmune origin of the disease. Here the authors show that hypocretin-specific T cells expand both in healthy controls and in narcolepsy patients, and identify preliminary features that may distinguish them.
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11
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The Cellular Immunotherapy Revolution: Arming the Immune System for Precision Therapy. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:292-309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Sibener LV, Fernandes RA, Kolawole EM, Carbone CB, Liu F, McAffee D, Birnbaum ME, Yang X, Su LF, Yu W, Dong S, Gee MH, Jude KM, Davis MM, Groves JT, Goddard WA, Heath JR, Evavold BD, Vale RD, Garcia KC. Isolation of a Structural Mechanism for Uncoupling T Cell Receptor Signaling from Peptide-MHC Binding. Cell 2018; 174:672-687.e27. [PMID: 30053426 PMCID: PMC6140336 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
TCR-signaling strength generally correlates with peptide-MHC binding affinity; however, exceptions exist. We find high-affinity, yet non-stimulatory, interactions occur with high frequency in the human T cell repertoire. Here, we studied human TCRs that are refractory to activation by pMHC ligands despite robust binding. Analysis of 3D affinity, 2D dwell time, and crystal structures of stimulatory versus non-stimulatory TCR-pMHC interactions failed to account for their different signaling outcomes. Using yeast pMHC display, we identified peptide agonists of a formerly non-responsive TCR. Single-molecule force measurements demonstrated the emergence of catch bonds in the activating TCR-pMHC interactions, correlating with exclusion of CD45 from the TCR-APC contact site. Molecular dynamics simulations of TCR-pMHC disengagement distinguished agonist from non-agonist ligands based on the acquisition of catch bonds within the TCR-pMHC interface. The isolation of catch bonds as a parameter mediating the coupling of TCR binding and signaling has important implications for TCR and antigen engineering for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah V Sibener
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ricardo A Fernandes
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Catherine B Carbone
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Darren McAffee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael E Birnbaum
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xinbo Yang
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laura F Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wong Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shen Dong
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marvin H Gee
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin M Jude
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jay T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - William A Goddard
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - James R Heath
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Tan MP, Gerry AB, Brewer JE, Melchiori L, Bridgeman JS, Bennett AD, Pumphrey NJ, Jakobsen BK, Price DA, Ladell K, Sewell AK. T cell receptor binding affinity governs the functional profile of cancer-specific CD8+ T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:255-70. [PMID: 25496365 PMCID: PMC4408161 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer via patient-derived T cells is an attractive approach to cancer therapy, with the potential to circumvent immune regulatory networks. However, high-affinity tumour-specific TCR clonotypes are typically deleted from the available repertoire during thymic selection because the vast majority of targeted epitopes are derived from autologous proteins. This process places intrinsic constraints on the efficacy of T cell-based cancer vaccines and therapeutic strategies that employ naturally generated tumour-specific TCRs. In this study, we used altered peptide ligands and lentivirus-mediated transduction of affinity-enhanced TCRs selected by phage display to study the functional properties of CD8(+) T cells specific for three different tumour-associated peptide antigens across a range of binding parameters. The key findings were: (i) TCR affinity controls T cell antigen sensitivity and polyfunctionality; (ii) supraphysiological affinity thresholds exist, above which T cell function cannot be improved; and (iii) T cells transduced with very high-affinity TCRs exhibit cross-reactivity with self-derived peptides presented by the restricting human leucocyte antigen. Optimal system-defined affinity windows above the range established for natural tumour-specific TCRs therefore allow the enhancement of T cell effector function without off-target effects. These findings have major implications for the rational design of novel TCR-based biologics underpinned by rigorous preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Tan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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14
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15
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Osuna CE, Gonzalez AM, Chang HH, Hung AS, Ehlinger E, Anasti K, Alam SM, Letvin NL. TCR affinity associated with functional differences between dominant and subdominant SIV epitope-specific CD8+ T cells in Mamu-A*01+ rhesus monkeys. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004069. [PMID: 24743648 PMCID: PMC3990730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the factors that contribute to CD8+ T cell immunodominance hierarchies during viral infection are known. However, the functional differences that exist between dominant and subdominant epitope-specific CD8+ T cells remain poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the phenotypic and functional differences between dominant and subdominant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) epitope-specific CD8+ T cells restricted by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I allele Mamu-A*01 during acute and chronic SIV infection. Whole genome expression analyses during acute infection revealed that dominant SIV epitope-specific CD8+ T cells had a gene expression profile consistent with greater maturity and higher cytotoxic potential than subdominant epitope-specific CD8+ T cells. Flow-cytometric measurements of protein expression and anti-viral functionality during chronic infection confirmed these phenotypic and functional differences. Expression analyses of exhaustion-associated genes indicated that LAG-3 and CTLA-4 were more highly expressed in the dominant epitope-specific cells during acute SIV infection. Interestingly, only LAG-3 expression remained high during chronic infection in dominant epitope-specific cells. We also explored the binding interaction between peptide:MHC (pMHC) complexes and their cognate TCRs to determine their role in the establishment of immunodominance hierarchies. We found that epitope dominance was associated with higher TCR:pMHC affinity. These studies demonstrate that significant functional differences exist between dominant and subdominant epitope-specific CD8+ T cells within MHC-restricted immunodominance hierarchies and suggest that TCR:pMHC affinity may play an important role in determining the frequency and functionality of these cell populations. These findings advance our understanding of the regulation of T cell immunodominance and will aid HIV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa E. Osuna
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana Maria Gonzalez
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hsun-Hsien Chang
- Children's Hospital Informatics Program, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amy Shi Hung
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Ehlinger
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kara Anasti
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Duke University of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Norman L. Letvin
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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16
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Kobayashi E, Kishi H, Ozawa T, Horii M, Hamana H, Nagai T, Muraguchi A. Retroviral vectors for homologous recombination provide efficient cloning and expression in mammalian cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 444:319-24. [PMID: 24462869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination technologies enable high-throughput cloning and the seamless insertion of any DNA fragment into expression vectors. Additionally, retroviral vectors offer a fast and efficient method for transducing and expressing genes in mammalian cells, including lymphocytes. However, homologous recombination cannot be used to insert DNA fragments into retroviral vectors; retroviral vectors contain two homologous regions, the 5'- and 3'-long terminal repeats, between which homologous recombination occurs preferentially. In this study, we have modified a retroviral vector to enable the cloning of DNA fragments through homologous recombination. To this end, we inserted a bacterial selection marker in a region adjacent to the gene insertion site. We used the modified retroviral vector and homologous recombination to clone T-cell receptors (TCRs) from single Epstein Barr virus-specific human T cells in a high-throughput and comprehensive manner and to efficiently evaluate their function by transducing the TCRs into a murine T-cell line through retroviral infection. In conclusion, the modified retroviral vectors, in combination with the homologous recombination method, are powerful tools for the high-throughput cloning of cDNAs and their efficient functional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
| | - Tatsuhiko Ozawa
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masae Horii
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamana
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Terumi Nagai
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Muraguchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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17
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Bahr GM. Immune deficiency in HIV-1 infection: novel therapeutic approaches targeting innate and adaptive responses. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 1:529-47. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.4.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Kobayashi E, Mizukoshi E, Kishi H, Ozawa T, Hamana H, Nagai T, Nakagawa H, Jin A, Kaneko S, Muraguchi A. A new cloning and expression system yields and validates TCRs from blood lymphocytes of patients with cancer within 10 days. Nat Med 2013; 19:1542-6. [PMID: 24121927 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cell therapy, or T cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy, is a promising immunotherapy for infectious diseases and cancers. However, a suitable rapid and direct screening system for antigen-specific TCRs is not available. Here, we report an efficient cloning and functional evaluation system to determine the antigen specificity of TCR cDNAs derived from single antigen-specific human T cells within 10 d. Using this system, we cloned and analyzed 380 Epstein-Barr virus-specific TCRs from ten healthy donors with latent Epstein-Barr virus infection and assessed the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) carrying these TCRs against antigenic peptide-bearing target cells. We also used this system to clone tumor antigen-specific TCRs from peptide-vaccinated patients with cancer. We obtained 210 tumor-associated antigen-specific TCRs and demonstrated the cytotoxic activity of CTLs carrying these TCRs against peptide-bearing cells. This system may provide a fast and powerful approach for TCR gene therapy for infectious diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kobayashi
- 1] Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan. [2]
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19
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Modulation of tumor immunity by soluble and membrane-bound molecules at the immunological synapse. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:450291. [PMID: 23533456 PMCID: PMC3606757 DOI: 10.1155/2013/450291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To circumvent pathology caused by infectious microbes and tumor growth, the host immune system must constantly clear harmful microorganisms and potentially malignant transformed cells. This task is accomplished in part by T-cells, which can directly kill infected or tumorigenic cells. A crucial event determining the recognition and elimination of detrimental cells is antigen recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR) expressed on the surface of T cells. Upon binding of the TCR to cognate peptide-MHC complexes presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs), a specialized supramolecular structure known as the immunological synapse (IS) assembles at the T cell-APC interface. Such a structure involves massive redistribution of membrane proteins, including TCR/pMHC complexes, modulatory receptor pairs, and adhesion molecules. Furthermore, assembly of the immunological synapse leads to intracellular events that modulate and define the magnitude and characteristics of the T cell response. Here, we discuss recent literature on the regulation and assembly of IS and the mechanisms evolved by tumors to modulate its function to escape T cell cytotoxicity, as well as novel strategies targeting the IS for therapy.
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20
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Functional avidity: a measure to predict the efficacy of effector T cells? Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:153863. [PMID: 23227083 PMCID: PMC3511839 DOI: 10.1155/2012/153863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The functional avidity is determined by exposing T-cell populations in vitro to different amounts of cognate antigen. T-cells with high functional avidity respond to low antigen doses. This in vitro measure is thought to correlate well with the in vivo effector capacity of T-cells. We here present the multifaceted factors determining and influencing the functional avidity of T-cells. We outline how changes in the functional avidity can occur over the course of an infection. This process, known as avidity maturation, can occur despite the fact that T-cells express a fixed TCR. Furthermore, examples are provided illustrating the importance of generating T-cell populations that exhibit a high functional avidity when responding to an infection or tumors. Furthermore, we discuss whether criteria based on which we evaluate an effective T-cell response to acute infections can also be applied to chronic infections such as HIV. Finally, we also focus on observations that high-avidity T-cells show higher signs of exhaustion and facilitate the emergence of virus escape variants. The review summarizes our current understanding of how this may occur as well as how T-cells of different functional avidity contribute to antiviral and anti-tumor immunity. Enhancing our knowledge in this field is relevant for tumor immunotherapy and vaccines design.
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21
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Suchard MS. Missing: a diagnostic technique to enumerate antigen-specific T cells. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 83:276-82. [PMID: 22137827 PMCID: PMC3496851 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are responsible for immune responses against pathogens, immune surveillance against cancer and maintenance of tolerance to self. While techniques available to detect antigen-specific T cells have been well described, there is a missing technique in our repertoire. While fluorescent multimers can be used for limited research applications, there is no existing technique suitable for detection of antigen-specific T cells in a diagnostic setting. The absence of such a technology has inhibited the search for "correlates of protection" against infectious, autoimmune or malignant disease. This critical review of existing methods will highlight the limitations of the data on which our current understanding of the immune system is based, in an effort to stimulate development of improved techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Shelley Suchard
- Molecular Medicine and Haematology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, 7 York Road Parktown, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa.
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22
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Daniel-Meshulam I, Ya'akobi S, Ankri C, Cohen CJ. How (specific) would like your T-cells today? Generating T-cell therapeutic function through TCR-gene transfer. Front Immunol 2012; 3:186. [PMID: 22783259 PMCID: PMC3390604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cells are central players in the immune response against both pathogens and cancer. Their specificity is solely dictated by the T-cell receptor (TCR) they clonally express. As such, the genetic modification of T lymphocytes using pathogen- or cancer-specific TCRs represents an appealing strategy to generate a desired immune response from peripheral blood lymphocytes. Moreover, notable objective clinical responses were observed in terminally ill cancer patients treated with TCR-gene modified cells in several clinical trials conducted recently. Nevertheless, several key aspects of this approach are the object of intensive research aimed at improving the reliability and efficacy of this strategy. Herein, we will survey recent studies in the field of TCR-gene transfer dealing with the improvement of this approach and its application for the treatment of malignant, autoimmune, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Daniel-Meshulam
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences , Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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MART-1- and gp100-expressing and -non-expressing melanoma cells are equally proliferative in tumors and clonogenic in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:365-74. [PMID: 21993558 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
MART-1 and gp100 are prototypical melanoma antigen (Ag), but their clinical use as vaccines or as targets of cytotoxic lymphocytes achieved modest success. Possible explanations could be that as MART-1 and gp100 are melanocyte differentiation Ag, clonogenic Ag-non-expressing cells would be spared by immune effectors, or that clonogenic cells would be intrinsically resistant to cytotoxic lymphocytes. We therefore analyzed the proliferative status of MART-1/gp100-expressing and -non-expressing cells in biopsies, and the clonogenicity and sensitiveness to cytotoxic lymphocytes of the human cutaneous melanoma cell lines MEL-XY1 and MEL-XY3. Analysis of MART-1/gp100 and Ki-67 expression in 22 melanoma tumors revealed that MART-1/gp100-expressing and -non-expressing cells proliferated competitively. MART-1, gp100, tyrosinase, and CD271 expression were studied in MEL-XY1 and MEL-XY3 colonies. At 7 days, colonies displayed positive, negative, and mixed expression patterns. By 14 days, colonies of different sizes developed, showing cells with different clonogenic potential, and Ag were downregulated, suggesting Ag plasticity. Subcloning of MEL-XY1 colonies showed that Ag expression varied with time without interfering with clonogenicity. Finally, clonogenic, MART-1/gp100-expressing cells were lysed by specific CD8 lymphocytes. Thus, MART-1 and gp100 expression and plasticity would not interfere with proliferation or clonogenicity, and clonogenic cells may be lysed by cytotoxic lymphocytes.
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Carreño LJ, González PA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Modulation of the dendritic cell-T-cell synapse to promote pathogen immunity and prevent autoimmunity. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:6-11. [PMID: 21524159 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular interactions occurring at the interface between dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells play an important role in the immune surveillance against infectious agents, as well as in autoimmune pathogenesis. Therefore, regulation of this interaction arises as an important tool for the prevention and treatment of immune disorders and to improve the protection against pathogens without causing detrimental inflammation. Some of the molecular interactions defining the outcome of the DC-T cell interaction are: T-cell receptor (TCR) binding to the pMHC on the DC surface, which is responsible for the antigenic specificity; and the ratio of activating/inhibitory receptor pairs on the surface of DCs and T cells, which modulate DC immunogenicity and T-cell function, respectively. An alteration in the proper function of these molecules could lead to unbalanced DC-T-cell synapses that either cause a failure to control infections or exacerbated inflammation. Furthermore, some pathogens have developed molecular strategies to impair the function of the synapse to evade adaptive immunity. In this article, we will discuss recent work relative to the molecular mechanisms controlling DC-T-cell synapse and their implications on immunoregulation to control autoimmunity and potentiate pathogen immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro J Carreño
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
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25
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Mwimanzi P, Hasan Z, Tokunaga M, Gatanaga H, Oka S, Ueno T. Naturally arising HIV-1 Nef variants conferring escape from cytotoxic T lymphocytes influence viral entry co-receptor expression and susceptibility to superinfection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 403:422-7. [PMID: 21093412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef is a key factor for pathogenesis and is known to down-regulate functionally important molecules, including viral entry co-receptor CCR5 and CXCR4, from the surface of HIV-infected cells. Some of these Nef activities are mediated by the well-conserved proline-rich region of Nef, and this region is highly targeted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In the present study, we asked whether Nef variants selected under CTL-mediated selective pressure in vivo may constrain these important Nef activities. The analysis of autologous nef sequences isolated from a cohort of total 235 subjects in Japan revealed that the subjects showing amino acid variations, such as Arg75Thr and Tyr85Phe, located within the proline-rich region were significantly over-represented by those having HLA-B*3501. CTL assays corroborated that these mutations conferred escape from HLA-B(∗)3501-restricted CTLs. The Arg75Thr variant Nef selectively impaired CCR5, but not CXCR4, down-regulation activity from the cell surface; whereas the Tyr85Phe variant Nef affected neither CCR5 nor CXCR4 down-regulation activity. Moreover, the cells expressing the Arg75Thr variant Nef significantly impaired protection from superinfection by CCR5-tropic, but not CXCR4-tropic, viruses. These results highlighted the importance of certain Nef-specific CTLs in modulation of viral co-receptor down-regulation activity and protection from HIV-1 superinfection, providing us with additional insight into vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Mwimanzi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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26
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Moxley KM, Golden-Mason L, Hughes MG, Liu T, Heemskerk MHM, Rosen HR, Nishimura MI. Transduction of human T cells with a novel T-cell receptor confers anti-HCV reactivity. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001018. [PMID: 20686664 PMCID: PMC2912399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a major public health concern, with no effective vaccines currently available and 3% of the world's population being infected. Despite the existence of both B- and T-cell immunity in HCV-infected patients, chronic viral infection and HCV-related malignancies progress. Here we report the identification of a novel HCV TCR from an HLA-A2-restricted, HCV NS3:1073-1081-reactive CTL clone isolated from a patient with chronic HCV infection. We characterized this HCV TCR by expressing it in human T cells and analyzed the function of the resulting HCV TCR-transduced cells. Our results indicate that both the HCV TCR-transduced CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells recognized the HCV NS3:1073-1081 peptide-loaded targets and HCV(+) hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC) in a polyfunctional manner with cytokine (IFN-gamma, IL-2, and TNF-alpha) production as well as cytotoxicity. Tumor cell recognition by HCV TCR transduced CD8(-) Jurkat cells and CD4(+) PBL-derived T cells indicated this TCR was CD8-independent, a property consistent with other high affinity TCRs. HCV TCR-transduced T cells may be promising for the treatment of patients with chronic HCV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yeuying Liu
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kelly M. Moxley
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lucy Golden-Mason
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Hepatitis C Center & Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Hughes
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tongxin Liu
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mirjam H. M. Heemskerk
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo R. Rosen
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Hepatitis C Center & Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael I. Nishimura
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
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27
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Motozono C, Mwimanzi P, Ueno T. Dynamic interplay between viral adaptation and immune recognition during HIV-1 infection. Protein Cell 2010; 1:514-9. [PMID: 21204005 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections usually lead to death from AIDS, although the rate of the disease progression varies widely among individuals. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, which is restricted by highly polymorphic MHC class I alleles, plays a central role in controlling HIV replication. It is now recognized that the antiviral efficacy of CTLs at the single cell level is dependent on their antigen specificity and is important in determining the quality of host response to viruses so that the individual will remain asymptomatic. However, because of the extreme mutational plasticity of HIV, HIV-specific CTL responses are continuously and dynamically changing. In order to rationally design an effective vaccine, the questions as to what constitutes an effective antiviral CTL response and what characterizes a potent antigenic peptide to induce such responses are becoming highlighted as needing to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Motozono
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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28
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Carreño LJ, Riquelme EM, González PA, Espagnolle N, Riedel CA, Valitutti S, Kalergis AM. T-cell antagonism by short half-life pMHC ligands can be mediated by an efficient trapping of T-cell polarization toward the APC. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:210-5. [PMID: 20075022 PMCID: PMC2806700 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911258107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation results from productive T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement by a cognate peptide-MHC (pMHC) complex on the antigen presenting cell (APC) surface, a process leading to the polarization of the T-cell secretory machinery toward the APC interface. We have previously shown that the half-life of the TCR/pMHC interaction and the density of pMHC on the APC are two parameters determining T-cell activation. However, whether the half-life of the TCR/pMHC interaction can modulate the efficiency of T-cell secretory machinery polarization toward an APC still remains unclear. Here, by using altered peptide ligands conferring different half-lives to the TCR/pMHC interaction, we have tested how this parameter can control T-cell polarization. We observed that only TCR/pMHC interactions with intermediate half-lives can promote the assembly of synapses that lead to T-cell activation. Strikingly, intermediate half-life interactions can be competed out by short half-life interactions, which can efficiently promote T-cell polarization and antagonize T-cell activation that was induced by activating intermediate half-life interactions. However, short TCR/pMHC interactions fail at promoting phosphorylation of signaling molecules at the T-cell-APC contact interface, which are needed for T-cell activation. Our data suggest that although intermediate half-life pMHC ligands promote assembly of activating synapses, this process can be inhibited by short half-life antagonistic pMHC ligands, which promote the assembly of non activating synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro J. Carreño
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Erick M. Riquelme
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | | | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas and
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; and
| | | | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
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29
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Walker LJ, Sewell AK, Klenerman P. T cell sensitivity and the outcome of viral infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 159:245-55. [PMID: 19968665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of CD8(+) T cells in the control of viral infections is well established. However, what differentiates CD8(+) T cell responses in individuals who control infection and those who do not is not well understood. 'Functional sensitivity' describes an important quality of the T cell response and is determined in part by the affinity of the T cell receptor for antigen. A more sensitive T cell response is generally believed to be more efficient and associated with better control of viral infection, yet may also drive viral mutation and immune escape. Various in vitro techniques have been used to measure T cell sensitivity; however, rapid ex vivo analysis of this has been made possible by the application of the 'magic' tetramer technology. Such tools have potentially important applications in the design and evaluation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Walker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Programme, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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30
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Riquelme E, Carreño LJ, González PA, Kalergis AM. The duration of TCR/pMHC interactions regulates CTL effector function and tumor-killing capacity. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2259-69. [PMID: 19637198 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Effector CTL contribute to tumoral immunity by killing tumor cells through secretion of cytotoxic granules and cytokines. Activation of CTL requires specific recognition of cognate peptide-MHC-I (pMHC) complexes on the tumor cell surface by the CTL TCR. It has been suggested that the half-life (t(1/2)) of the TCR/pMHC interaction modulates the activation of naïve CD8(+) T cells; however, it remains unknown whether CTL effector function can also be regulated by the TCR/pMHC t(1/2). Here, we have studied CTL activity in response to tumor cells loaded with pMHC that bind the TCR with different t(1/2). We observed that the TCR/pMHC t(1/2) can differentially regulate CTL effector function during the interaction with tumor cells and defines the nature of anti-tumoral CTL responses in vivo. Although prolonged TCR/pMHC t(1/2) promoted only partial expression of cytotoxic molecules, short t(1/2) induced partial polarization of lytic machinery toward target cells. In contrast, intermediate TCR/pMHC t(1/2) induced strong expression of cytotoxic molecules, efficient polarization of lytic machinery and subsequent release of toxic granules by CTL that killed tumor cells. Consistently, efficient in vivo CTL-mediated tumor clearance was only observed for tumors expressing intermediate t(1/2) pMHC ligands. These data suggest that there is an optimal TCR/pMHC t(1/2) for efficient CTL activity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tumor Burden/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Riquelme
- Millennium Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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31
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Almeida JR, Sauce D, Price DA, Papagno L, Shin SY, Moris A, Larsen M, Pancino G, Douek DC, Autran B, Sáez-Cirión A, Appay V. Antigen sensitivity is a major determinant of CD8+ T-cell polyfunctionality and HIV-suppressive activity. Blood 2009; 113:6351-60. [PMID: 19389882 PMCID: PMC2710928 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-02-206557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells are major players in the immune response against HIV. However, recent failures in the development of T cell-based vaccines against HIV-1 have emphasized the need to reassess our basic knowledge of T cell-mediated efficacy. CD8(+) T cells from HIV-1-infected patients with slow disease progression exhibit potent polyfunctionality and HIV-suppressive activity, yet the factors that unify these properties are incompletely understood. We performed a detailed study of the interplay between T-cell functional attributes using a bank of HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell clones isolated in vitro; this approach enabled us to overcome inherent difficulties related to the in vivo heterogeneity of T-cell populations and address the underlying determinants that synthesize the qualities required for antiviral efficacy. Conclusions were supported by ex vivo analysis of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells from infected donors. We report that attributes of CD8(+) T-cell efficacy against HIV are linked at the level of antigen sensitivity. Highly sensitive CD8(+) T cells display polyfunctional profiles and potent HIV-suppressive activity. These data provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying CD8(+) T-cell efficacy against HIV, and indicate that vaccine strategies should focus on the induction of HIV-specific T cells with high levels of antigen sensitivity to elicit potent antiviral efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R Almeida
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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32
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Motozono C, Yanaka S, Tsumoto K, Takiguchi M, Ueno T. Impact of intrinsic cooperative thermodynamics of peptide-MHC complexes on antiviral activity of HIV-specific CTL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:5528-36. [PMID: 19380801 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The antiviral activity of HIV-specific CTL is not equally potent but rather is dependent on their specificity. But what characteristic of targeted peptides influences CTL antiviral activity remains elusive. We addressed this issue based on HLA-B35-restricted CTLs specific for two overlapping immunodominant Nef epitopes, VY8 (VPLRPMTY) and RY11 (RPQVPLRPMTY). VY8-specific CTLs were more potently cytotoxic toward HIV-infected primary CD4(+) cells than RY11-specific CTLs. Reconstruction of their TCR revealed no substantial difference in their functional avidity toward cognate Ags. Instead, the decay analysis of the peptide-MHC complex (pMHC) revealed that the VY8/HLA-B35 complex could maintain its capacity to sensitize T cells much longer than its RY11 counterpart. Corroboratively, the introduction of a mutation in the epitopes that substantially delayed pMHC decay rendered Nef-expressing target cells more susceptible to CTL killing. Moreover, by using differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroism analyses, we found that the susceptible pMHC ligands for CTL killing showed interdependent and cooperative, rather than separate or sequential, transitions within their heterotrimer components under the thermally induced unfolding process. Collectively, our results highlight the significant effects of intrinsic peptide factors that support cooperative thermodynamics within pMHC on the efficient CTL killing of HIV-infected cells, thus providing us better insight into vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Motozono
- Division of Viral Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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33
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Beal AM, Anikeeva N, Varma R, Cameron TO, Norris PJ, Dustin ML, Sykulev Y. Protein kinase C theta regulates stability of the peripheral adhesion ring junction and contributes to the sensitivity of target cell lysis by CTL. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4815-24. [PMID: 18802085 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.7.4815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Destruction of virus-infected cells by CTL is an extremely sensitive and efficient process. Our previous data suggest that LFA-1-ICAM-1 interactions in the peripheral supramolecular activation cluster (pSMAC) of the immunological synapse mediate formation of a tight adhesion junction that might contribute to the sensitivity of target cell lysis by CTL. Herein, we compared more (CD8(+)) and less (CD4(+)) effective CTL to understand the molecular events that promote efficient target cell lysis. We found that abrogation of the pSMAC formation significantly impaired the ability of CD8(+) but not CD4(+) CTL to lyse target cells despite having no effect of the amount of released granules by both CD8(+) and CD4(+) CTL. Consistent with this, CD4(+) CTL break their synapses more often than do CD8(+) CTL, which leads to the escape of the cytolytic molecules from the interface. CD4(+) CTL treatment with a protein kinase Ctheta inhibitor increases synapse stability and sensitivity of specific target cell lysis. Thus, formation of a stable pSMAC, which is partially controlled by protein kinase Ctheta, functions to confine the released lytic molecules at the synaptic interface and to enhance the effectiveness of target cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Beal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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34
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Plesa G, Snook AE, Waldman SA, Eisenlohr LC. Derivation and fluidity of acutely induced dysfunctional CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:5300-8. [PMID: 18390711 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.8.5300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional CD8(+) T (T(CD8(+))) cells lacking cytokine production have been identified in many viral infections, but their genesis is not well understood. Established results indicate that such cells could be either high avidity that enter a refractory state due to overstimulation or low avidity that are only partially stimulated. Using an acute, resolving infection model that results in rapid production of dysfunctional cells, we show that this IL2 unresponsive phenotype emerges from the low end of the avidity spectrum and is characterized by broad TCR usage and a reduced proliferation rate. Furthermore, the dysfunctional population is extremely fluid, being sustained by high Ag dose but virtually eliminated following low dose boosting. Together, these results suggest that persistence of dysfunctional cells generated in this manner depends upon continual exposure to high Ag levels and that such cells may ultimately predominate if functional cells become exhausted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Plesa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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35
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Ueno T, Motozono C, Dohki S, Mwimanzi P, Rauch S, Fackler OT, Oka S, Takiguchi M. CTL-Mediated Selective Pressure Influences Dynamic Evolution and Pathogenic Functions of HIV-1 Nef. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1107-16. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.2.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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McMahan RH, Slansky JE. Mobilizing the low-avidity T cell repertoire to kill tumors. Semin Cancer Biol 2007; 17:317-29. [PMID: 17651986 PMCID: PMC2040124 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Optimally, T cells destroy infected and transformed cells of the host. To be effective the T cell repertoire must have a sufficiently diverse number of T cell receptors (TCRs) to recognize the abundance of foreign and tumor antigens presented by MHC molecules. The T cell repertoire must also not be reactive toward self-antigens on healthy cells to prevent autoimmunity. Unlike antigens derived from pathogens, most tumor-associated antigens (TAA) are also self-antigens. Therefore, central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms delete or inhibit tumor-reactive T cells. Although there are T cells within the peripheral repertoire that recognize TAA, these T cells are not sufficient to prevent growth of clinically relevant tumors. We will discuss how this dysfunction results, in part, from the low functional avidity of T cells for tumor, or antigen presenting cells (APC) displaying TAA. We discuss the limitations of these low-avidity tumor-reactive T cells and review current immunotherapies aimed at enhancing the avidity and antitumor activity of the tumor-specific T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. McMahan
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Jill E. Slansky
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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37
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Ueno T, Idegami Y, Motozono C, Oka S, Takiguchi M. Altering effects of antigenic variations in HIV-1 on antiviral effectiveness of HIV-specific CTLs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5513-23. [PMID: 17442933 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mutational escape of HIV-1 from established CTL responses is becoming evident. However, it is not yet clear whether antigenic variations of HIV-1 may have an additional effect on the differential antiviral effectiveness of HIV-specific CTLs. Herein, we characterized HIV-specific CTL responses toward Pol, Env, and Nef optimal epitopes presented by HLA-B*35 during a chronic phase of HIV-1 infection. We found CTL escape variants within Pol and Nef epitopes that affected recognition by TCRs, although there was no mutation within the Env epitope. An analysis of peptide-HLA tetrameric complexes revealed that CD8 T cells exclusively specific for the Nef variant were generated following domination by the variant viruses. The variant-specific cells were capable of killing target cells and producing antiviral cytokines but showed impaired Ag-specific proliferation ex vivo, whereas wild-type specific cells had potent activities. Moreover, clonotypic CD8 T cells specific for the Pol variant showed diminished proliferation, whereas Env-specific ones had no functional heterogeneity. Taken together, our data indicate that antigenic variations that abolished TCR recognition not only resulted in escape from established CTL responses but also eventually generated another subset of variant-specific CTLs having decreased antiviral activity, causing an additional negative effect on antiviral immune responses during a chronic HIV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigenic Variation
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Gene Products, env/chemistry
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Gene Products, nef/chemistry
- Gene Products, nef/genetics
- Gene Products, nef/immunology
- Gene Products, pol/chemistry
- Gene Products, pol/genetics
- Gene Products, pol/immunology
- HIV Antigens/genetics
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HLA-B35 Antigen/analysis
- HLA-B35 Antigen/immunology
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Ueno
- Division of Viral Immunology, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan.
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38
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Decrion AZ, Varin A, Drobacheff C, Estavoyer JM, Herbein G. A subset of functional effector-memory CD8+ T lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Immunology 2007; 121:405-15. [PMID: 17376193 PMCID: PMC2265947 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells provide protective immune responses via both cytolytic and non-cytolytic mechanisms in subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the present study, we investigated the CD28 expression of CD8(+) T cells present in the peripheral blood lymphocyte subset isolated from chronically HIV-infected subjects. Using flow cytometric analysis, a continuous spectrum of CD28 intensity ranging from negative to high, which could be separated into CD28-negative, intermediate (int) and high, was seen for CD8(+) T cells. Our study focused mostly on the CD28(int) CD8(+) T cells. The CD28(int) CD8(+) T cells are CD57(-) CD27(+) CD45RO(+) CD45RA(-) CCR7(low) CD62L(int). The proliferative capacity of CD28(int) CD8(+) T cells was intermediate between those of CD28(-) CD8(+) T cells and CD28(high) CD8(+) T cells. The CD28(int) CD8(+) T cells are specific for HIV, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens as measured by human leucocyte antigen pentamer binding and produce both intracellular interferon-gamma and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in response to their cognate viral peptides. The CD28(int) CD8(+) T cells have HIV-specific, CMV-specific and EBV-specific cytotoxic activity in response to their cognate viral peptides. These findings indicate that a subset of functional effector-memory CD8(+) T cells specific for HIV, CMV and EBV antigens may contribute to an efficient immune response in HIV-infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Zélie Decrion
- Department of Virology, Franche-Comte School of Medicine, Besançon, France
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39
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Carreño LJ, Bueno SM, Bull P, Nathenson SG, Kalergis AM. The half-life of the T-cell receptor/peptide-major histocompatibility complex interaction can modulate T-cell activation in response to bacterial challenge. Immunology 2007; 121:227-37. [PMID: 17313485 PMCID: PMC2265936 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation results from engagement of the T-cell receptor (TCR) by cognate peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) complexes on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APC). Previous studies have provided evidence supporting the notion that the half-life of the TCR/pMHC interaction and the density of pMHC on the APC are two parameters that can influence T-cell activation. However, whether the half-life of the TCR/pMHC interaction can modulate T-cell activation in response to a pathogen challenge remains unknown. To approach this question, we generated strains of bacteria expressing variants of the ovalbumin (OVA) antigen, carrying point mutations in the SIINFEKL sequence. When bound to H-2K(b), this peptide is the cognate ligand for the OT-I TCR. Variants of the H-2K(b)/SIINFEKL bind to the OT-I TCR with distinct half-lives. Here we show that dendritic cells (DCs) infected with bacteria expressing OVA variants were incapable of activating OT-I T cells when the half-life of the TCR/H-2K(b)/OVA interaction was excessively short. Consistent with these data, T-cell activation was only observed in mice infected with bacteria expressing OVA variants that bound to OT-I with a half-life above a certain threshold. Considered together, our data suggest that the half-life of TCR/pMHC interaction can significantly modulate T-cell activation in vivo, as well as influence recognition of antigens expressed by bacteria. These observations underscore the importance of the TCR/pMHC half-life on the clearance of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro J Carreño
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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González PA, Carreño LJ, Figueroa CA, Kalergis AM. Modulation of immunological synapse by membrane-bound and soluble ligands. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:19-31. [PMID: 17344089 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient adaptive immune response should prevent pathogen infections and tumor growth without causing significant damage to host constituents. A crucial event determining the balance between tolerance and immunity is antigen recognition by T cells on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC). Several molecular contacts at the interface between T cells and APCs contribute to define the nature of the adaptive immune response against a particular antigen. Upon TCR engagement by a peptide-MHC complex (pMHC) on the surface of an APC, a specialized supra-molecular structure known as immunological synapse (IS) assembles at the interface between these two cells. This structure involves massive re-distribution of membrane proteins, including TCR and pMHC complexes, as well as co-stimulatory and adhesion molecules. Furthermore, IS assembly leads to several important intracellular events necessary for T cell activation, such as recruitment of signaling molecules and cytoskeleton rearrangements. Because IS assembly leads to major consequences on the function of T cells, several studies have attempted to identify both soluble and membrane-bound molecules that could contribute to modulate the IS function. Here we describe recent literature on the regulation of IS assembly and modulation by TCR/pMHC binding kinetics, chemokines and cytokines focusing on their role at controlling the balance between adaptive immunity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A González
- Millenniun Nucleus on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
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Johnson LA, Heemskerk B, Powell DJ, Cohen CJ, Morgan RA, Dudley ME, Robbins PF, Rosenberg SA. Gene transfer of tumor-reactive TCR confers both high avidity and tumor reactivity to nonreactive peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6548-59. [PMID: 17056587 PMCID: PMC2174608 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based antitumor immunity is driven by CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells bearing TCR that recognize specific tumor-associated peptides bound to class I MHC molecules. Of several cellular proteins involved in T cell:target-cell interaction, the TCR determines specificity of binding; however, the relative amount of its contribution to cellular avidity remains unknown. To study the relationship between TCR affinity and cellular avidity, with the intent of identifying optimal TCR for gene therapy, we derived 24 MART-1:27-35 (MART-1) melanoma Ag-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) clones from the tumors of five patients. These MART-1-reactive clones displayed a wide variety of cellular avidities. alpha and beta TCR genes were isolated from these clones, and TCR RNA was electroporated into the same non-MART-1-reactive allogeneic donor PBMC and TIL. TCR recipient cells gained the ability to recognize both MART-1 peptide and MART-1-expressing tumors in vitro, with avidities that closely corresponded to the original TCR clones (p = 0.018-0.0003). Clone DMF5, from a TIL infusion that mediated tumor regression clinically, showed the highest avidity against MART-1 expressing tumors in vitro, both endogenously in the TIL clone, and after RNA electroporation into donor T cells. Thus, we demonstrated that the TCR appeared to be the core determinant of MART-1 Ag-specific cellular avidity in these activated T cells and that nonreactive PBMC or TIL could be made tumor-reactive with a specific and predetermined avidity. We propose that inducing expression of this highly avid TCR in patient PBMC has the potential to induce tumor regression, as an "off-the-shelf" reagent for allogeneic melanoma patient gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven A. Rosenberg
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Steven A. Rosenberg, Surgery Branch, Clinical Research Center, Room 3-3940, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1201, Bethesda, MD 20892-1201. E-mail address:
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McMahan RH, McWilliams JA, Jordan KR, Dow SW, Wilson DB, Slansky JE. Relating TCR-peptide-MHC affinity to immunogenicity for the design of tumor vaccines. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2543-51. [PMID: 16932807 PMCID: PMC1551931 DOI: 10.1172/jci26936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach to enhancing the T cell response to tumors is vaccination with mimotopes, mimics of tumor epitopes. While mimotopes can stimulate proliferation of T cells that recognize tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), this expansion does not always correlate with control of tumor growth. We hypothesized that vaccination with mimotopes of optimal affinity in this interaction will improve antitumor immunity. Using a combinatorial peptide library and a cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone that recognizes a TAA, we identified a panel of mimotopes that, when complexed with MHC, bound the TAA-specific TCR with a range of affinities. As expected, in vitro assays showed that the affinity of the TCR-peptide-MHC (TCR-pMHC) interaction correlated with activity of the T cell clone. However, only vaccination with mimotopes in the intermediate-affinity range elicited functional T cells and provided protection against tumor growth in vivo. Vaccination with mimotopes with the highest-affinity TCR-pMHC interactions elicited TAA-specific T cells to the tumor, but did not control tumor growth at any of the peptide concentrations tested. Further analysis of these T cells showed functional defects in response to the TAA. Thus, stimulation of an antitumor response by mimotopes may be optimal with peptides that increase but do not maximize the affinity of the TCR-pMHC interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. McMahan
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jennifer A. McWilliams
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kimberly R. Jordan
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Steven W. Dow
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Darcy B. Wilson
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jill E. Slansky
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, California, USA
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Carreño LJ, González PA, Kalergis AM. Modulation of T cell function by TCR/pMHC binding kinetics. Immunobiology 2006; 211:47-64. [PMID: 16446170 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the T cell receptor (TCR) and the peptide-MHC complex (pMHC) at the interface between the T cell and the antigen presenting cell (APC) is the main event controlling the specificity of antigen recognition by T cells. It is thought that TCR/pMHC binding kinetics are critical for the selection of the T cell repertoire in the thymus, as well as the activation of mature T cells in the periphery. One of the binding parameters that conditions T cell activation by pMHC ligands is the half-life of the TCR/pMHC interaction. This kinetic parameter is highly significant for the regulation of T cell activation and therefore determines the capacity of T cells to respond against pathogen- and tumor-derived antigens, avoiding self-reactivity. Several studies support the notion that T cells are activated only by TCR/pMHC interactions that are above a threshold of half-life. pMHC complexes that bind TCRs with half-lives below that threshold behave as null or antagonistic ligands. However, since prolonged half-lives can also impair T cell activation, there seems to be a ceiling for the TCR/pMHC half life that leads to efficient activation of T cells. According to these observations, efficient T cell activation would require an optimal half-life of TCR/pMHC interaction. These kinetic restrictions for T cell activation are important to generate a protective adaptive immune response minimizing cross-reactivity against self-constituents. The nature of the TCR/pMHC interaction defines in the thymus whether a thymocyte develops into a mature T cell or is eliminated by apoptosis. In addition, the kinetics of TCR/pMHC binding can determine the type of response shown by mature T cells in the periphery. Although several studies have focused on the modulation of T cell function by the affinity of the TCR/pMHC interaction, the binding kinetics rules governing T cell activation remain poorly understood. Here we review recent data and propose a new model for the regulation of T cell function by TCR/pMHC binding kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro J Carreño
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda #340, Santiago, Chile
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Iruretagoyena M, Lezana JP, Kalergis A. Interactions at the Dendritic Cell / T-Cell Interface Define the Balance between Immunity and Tolerance. Transfus Med Hemother 2005. [DOI: 10.1159/000089127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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González PA, Carreño LJ, Coombs D, Mora JE, Palmieri E, Goldstein B, Nathenson SG, Kalergis AM. T cell receptor binding kinetics required for T cell activation depend on the density of cognate ligand on the antigen-presenting cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:4824-9. [PMID: 15772168 PMCID: PMC555720 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500922102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells recognize peptides of eight to nine amino acid residues long in the context of MHC class I molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This recognition event is highly sensitive, as evidenced by the fact that T cells can be activated by cognate peptide/MHC complex (pMHC) at extremely low densities (1-50 molecules). High sensitivity is particularly valuable for detection of antigens at low density, such as those derived from tumor cells and intracellular pathogens, which can down-modulate cognate pMHCs from the surface of APCs to evade recognition by the adaptive immune system. T cell activation is only triggered in response to interactions between the T cell receptor (TCR) and the pMHC ligand that reach a specific half-life threshold. However, interactions with excessively long half-lives result in impaired T cell activation. Thus, efficient T cell activation by pMHC on the surface of APCs requires an optimal dwell time of TCR-pMHC interaction. Here, we show that, although this is a requirement at low cognate pMHC density on the APC surface, at high epitope density there is no impairment of T cell activation by extended TCR-pMHC dwell times. This observation was predicted by mathematical simulations for T cell activation by pMHC at different densities and supported by experiments performed on APCs selected for varied expression of cognate pMHC. According to these results, effective T cell activation depends on a complex interplay between inherent TCR-pMHC binding kinetics and the epitope density on the APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A González
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
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