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Petakh P, Oksenych V, Kamyshna I, Boisak I, Lyubomirskaya K, Kamyshnyi O. Exploring the complex interplay: gut microbiome, stress, and leptospirosis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1345684. [PMID: 38476949 PMCID: PMC10927737 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis, a re-emerging zoonotic disease, remains a significant global health concern, especially amid floods and disasters such as the Kakhovka Dam destruction. As is known, the stress that occurs in the conditions of military conflicts among civilian and military personnel significantly affects susceptibility to infectious diseases and possibly even influences their course. This review aims to explore how the gut microbiome and stress mediators (such as catecholamines and corticosteroids) might impact the leptospirosis disease course. The review opens new horizons for research by elucidating the connections between the gut microbiome, stress, and leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Petakh
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Iryna Kamyshna
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Iryna Boisak
- Department of Childhood Diseases, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | - Katerina Lyubomirskaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceuticals University, Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
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2
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Furgiuele A, Pereira FC, Martini S, Marino F, Cosentino M. Dopaminergic regulation of inflammation and immunity in Parkinson's disease: friend or foe? Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e1469. [PMID: 37781343 PMCID: PMC10540835 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting 7-10 million people worldwide. Currently, there is no treatment available to prevent or delay PD progression, partially due to the limited understanding of the pathological events which lead to the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in the brain, which is known to be the cause of PD symptoms. The current available treatments aim at compensating dopamine (DA) deficiency in the brain using its precursor levodopa, dopaminergic agonists and some indirect dopaminergic agents. The immune system is emerging as a critical player in PD. Therefore, immune-based approaches have recently been proposed to be used as potential antiparkinsonian agents. It has been well-known that dopaminergic pathways play a significant role in regulating immune responses in the brain. Although dopaminergic agents are the primary antiparkinsonian treatments, their immune regulatory effect has yet to be fully understood. The present review summarises the current available evidence of the immune regulatory effects of DA and its mimics and discusses dopaminergic agents as antiparkinsonian drugs. Based on the current understanding of their involvement in the regulation of neuroinflammation in PD, we propose that targeting immune pathways involved in PD pathology could offer a better treatment outcome for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Furgiuele
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Frederico C Pereira
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB)University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC)CoimbraPortugal
| | - Stefano Martini
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
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Xiao L, Li X, Fang C, Yu J, Chen T. Neurotransmitters: promising immune modulators in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1118637. [PMID: 37215113 PMCID: PMC10196476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1118637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is modified by its cellular or acellular components throughout the whole period of tumor development. The dynamic modulation can reprogram tumor initiation, growth, invasion, metastasis, and response to therapies. Hence, the focus of cancer research and intervention has gradually shifted to TME components and their interactions. Accumulated evidence indicates neural and immune factors play a distinct role in modulating TME synergistically. Among the complicated interactions, neurotransmitters, the traditional neural regulators, mediate some crucial regulatory functions. Nevertheless, knowledge of the exact mechanisms is still scarce. Meanwhile, therapies targeting the TME remain unsatisfactory. It holds a great prospect to reveal the molecular mechanism by which the interplay between the nervous and immune systems regulate cancer progression for laying a vivid landscape of tumor development and improving clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Xiao
- Department of General Surgery and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xunjun Li
- Department of General Surgery and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanfa Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Department of General Surgery and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of General Surgery and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal Tumor, Nanfang Hospital, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, Ganzhou Hospital-Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
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Channer B, Matt SM, Nickoloff-Bybel EA, Pappa V, Agarwal Y, Wickman J, Gaskill PJ. Dopamine, Immunity, and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:62-158. [PMID: 36757901 PMCID: PMC9832385 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function, regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also regulates critical functions in peripheral organs, such as blood pressure, renal activity, and intestinal motility. Beyond these functions, a growing body of evidence indicates that dopamine is an important immunoregulatory factor. Most types of immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins, and many immune cells take up, produce, store, and/or release dopamine, suggesting that dopaminergic immunomodulation is important for immune function. Targeting these pathways could be a promising avenue for the treatment of inflammation and disease, but despite increasing research in this area, data on the specific effects of dopamine on many immune cells and disease processes remain inconsistent and poorly understood. Therefore, this review integrates the current knowledge of the role of dopamine in immune cell function and inflammatory signaling across systems. We also discuss the current understanding of dopaminergic regulation of immune signaling in the CNS and peripheral tissues, highlighting the role of dopaminergic immunomodulation in diseases such as Parkinson's disease, several neuropsychiatric conditions, neurologic human immunodeficiency virus, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. Careful consideration is given to the influence of experimental design on results, and we note a number of areas in need of further research. Overall, this review integrates our knowledge of dopaminergic immunology at the cellular, tissue, and disease level and prompts the development of therapeutics and strategies targeted toward ameliorating disease through dopaminergic regulation of immunity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Canonically, dopamine is recognized as a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of movement, cognition, and reward. However, dopamine also acts as an immune modulator in the central nervous system and periphery. This review comprehensively assesses the current knowledge of dopaminergic immunomodulation and the role of dopamine in disease pathogenesis at the cellular and tissue level. This will provide broad access to this information across fields, identify areas in need of further investigation, and drive the development of dopaminergic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breana Channer
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Stephanie M Matt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Emily A Nickoloff-Bybel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Jason Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
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Mohamadian M, Mortazavi H, Makvand M, Ahangari F, Ahangari G. The Dopamine Gene Receptors (DRD 1-5) Expression Alteration in Psoriasis Patients. RECENT ADVANCES IN INFLAMMATION & ALLERGY DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 16:116-122. [PMID: 35770390 DOI: 10.2174/2772270816666220629112414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that is considered linked to genetic and environmental factors such as stress. Since the neurotransmitter dopamine has a close association with stress configuration, it can be a candidate for relieving psoriasis representation. In addition to the CNS, immune cells can play a decisive role in regulating immune functions through dopamine synthesis and the expression of its receptors. Altered response of immune cells to dopamine as well as a distorted expression of dopamine receptors (DRs) in immune cells have been reported in some chronic inflammatory conditions. OBJECTIVE This study aims the evaluation of dopamine receptor (DR1-DR5) gene expression in mononuclear blood cells of psoriatic patients in comparison with normal individuals. METHODS We isolated peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from blood samples followed by total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and real-time PCR using specific primer pairs. RESULTS We found that all types of DRs are expressed in the PBMCs of normal and psoriatic individuals. We also concluded that compared to controls, DR2 and DR4 were overexpressed in psoriasis patients while DR3 was low-expressed. CONCLUSION Increased expression of DR2 and DR4 along with decreased expression of DR3 in PBMCs of psoriasis patients not only provide new insight into the pathogenesis of psoriasis but may also be effective in designing future therapeutic strategies attributable to psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Mohamadian
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Mortazavi
- Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Makvand
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahangari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Ahangari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Division of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
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Chakroborty D, Goswami S, Fan H, Frankel WL, Basu S, Sarkar C. Neuropeptide Y, a paracrine factor secreted by cancer cells, is an independent regulator of angiogenesis in colon cancer. Br J Cancer 2022; 127:1440-1449. [PMID: 35902640 PMCID: PMC9553928 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance to anti-angiogenic therapies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) stems from VEGF-A independent angiogenesis mediated by other proangiogenic factors. Therefore identifying these factors in colon adenocarcinoma (CA) will reveal new therapeutic targets. METHODS Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Y2 receptor (Y2R) expressions in CA were studied by immunohistochemical analysis. Orthotopic HT29 with intact VEGF-A gene and VEGF-A knockdown (by CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technique) HT29 colon cancer-bearing mice were treated with specific Y2R antagonists, and the effects on angiogenesis and tumour growth were studied. The direct effect of NPY on angiogenesis and the underlying molecular mechanism was elucidated by the modulation of Y2R receptors expressed on colonic endothelial cells (CEC). RESULTS The results demonstrated that NPY and Y2R are overexpressed in human CA, orthotopic HT29, and most interestingly in VEGF-A-depleted orthotopic HT29 tumours. Treatment with Y2R antagonists inhibited angiogenesis and thereby HT29 tumour growth. Blocking /silencing Y2R abrogated NPY-induced angiogenic potential of CEC. Mechanistically, NPY regulated the activation of the ERK/MAPK signalling pathway in CEC. CONCLUSIONS NPY derived from cancer cells independently regulates angiogenesis in CA by acting through Y2R present on CEC. Targeting NPY/Y2R thus emerges as a novel potential therapeutic strategy in CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Chakroborty
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA.,Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Sandeep Goswami
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA.,Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Wendy L Frankel
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sujit Basu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chandrani Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36617, USA. .,Cancer Biology Program, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36604, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
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7
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Shao Y, Dong Y, Wang W, Chen Z, Hao C, Yang Y, Zhang J. The Function and Mechanism of Dopamine in the Activation of CD4 + T Cell. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2022; 44:410-420. [PMID: 35285388 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2022.2052894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shao
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China.
| | - Yongli Dong
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China.
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China.
| | - Zhengrong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuangli Hao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China.
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China.
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Stofkova A, Zloh M, Andreanska D, Fiserova I, Kubovciak J, Hejda J, Kutilek P, Murakami M. Depletion of Retinal Dopaminergic Activity in a Mouse Model of Rod Dysfunction Exacerbates Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis: A Role for the Gateway Reflex. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010453. [PMID: 35008877 PMCID: PMC8745287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gateway reflex is a mechanism by which neural inputs regulate chemokine expression at endothelial cell barriers, thereby establishing gateways for the invasion of autoreactive T cells into barrier-protected tissues. In this study, we hypothesized that rod photoreceptor dysfunction causes remodeling of retinal neural activity, which influences the blood–retinal barrier and the development of retinal inflammation. We evaluated this hypothesis using Gnat1rd17 mice, a model of night blindness with late-onset rod-cone dystrophy, and experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). Retinal remodeling and its effect on EAU development were investigated by transcriptome profiling, target identification, and functional validation. We showed that Gnat1rd17 mice primarily underwent alterations in their retinal dopaminergic system, triggering the development of an exacerbated EAU, which was counteracted by dopamine replacement with L-DOPA administered either systemically or locally. Remarkably, dopamine acted on retinal endothelial cells to inhibit NF-κB and STAT3 activity and the expression of downstream target genes such as chemokines involved in T cell recruitment. These results suggest that rod-mediated dopamine release functions in a gateway reflex manner in the homeostatic control of immune cell entry into the retina, and the loss of retinal dopaminergic activity in conditions associated with rod dysfunction increases the susceptibility to autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stofkova
- Department of Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 4, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.Z.); (D.A.); (I.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-224-902-718
| | - Miloslav Zloh
- Department of Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 4, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.Z.); (D.A.); (I.F.)
| | - Dominika Andreanska
- Department of Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 4, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.Z.); (D.A.); (I.F.)
| | - Ivana Fiserova
- Department of Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 4, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.Z.); (D.A.); (I.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruska 87, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kubovciak
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jan Hejda
- Department of Health Care and Population Protection, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna Sq. 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (P.K.)
| | - Patrik Kutilek
- Department of Health Care and Population Protection, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sitna Sq. 3105, 272 01 Kladno, Czech Republic; (J.H.); (P.K.)
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- Division of Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan;
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Li M, Zhou L, Sun X, Yang Y, Zhang C, Wang T, Fu F. Dopamine, a co-regulatory component, bridges the central nervous system and the immune system. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112458. [PMID: 34847478 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a crucial neurotransmitter that plays an important role in maintaining physiological function in human body. In the past, most studies focused on the relationship between the dopaminergic system and neurological-related diseases. However, it has been found recently that DA is an immunomodulatory mediator and many immune cells express dopamine receptors (DRs). Some immune cells can synthesize and secrete DA and then participate in regulating immune function. DRs agonists or antagonists can improve the dysfunction of immune system through classical G protein signaling pathways or other non-receptor-dependent pathways. This article will discuss the relationship between the dopaminergic system and the immune system. It will also review the use of DRs agonists or antagonists to treat chronic and acute inflammatory diseases and corresponding immunomodulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Yunqi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Ce Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China
| | - Tian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China.
| | - Fenghua Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong 264005, PR China.
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10
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Liu Z, Zhai XR, Du ZS, Xu FF, Huang Y, Wang XQ, Qiu YH, Peng YP. Dopamine receptor D2 on CD4 + T cells is protective against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 98:110-121. [PMID: 34403737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease. Recently, neuroinflammation driven by CD4+ T cells has been involved in PD pathophysiology. Human and murine lymphocytes express all the five subtypes of dopamine receptors (DRs), DRD1 to DRD5. However, roles of DRs particularly DRD2 expressed on CD4+ T cells in PD remain elucidated. Global Drd1- or Drd2-knockout (Drd1-/- or Drd2-/-) mice or CD4+ T cell-specific Drd2-knockout (Drd2fl/fl/CD4Cre) mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to induce PD with the different mutants. On the 7th day following MPTP injection, mice were assessed for dopaminergic neurodegeneration, locomotor impairments, microglial activation, as well as CD4+ T-cell differentiation and function. Furthermore, in vitro CD4+ T cells were exposed to DRD2 agonist and antagonist and then differentiation and function of the cells were determined. MPTP induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in the nigrostriatal system, motor coordinative and behavioral impairments, microglial activation, and CD4+ T-cell polarization to pro-inflammatory T-helper (Th)1 and Th17 phenotypes. Importantly, either Drd2-/- or Drd2fl/fl/CD4Cre mice manifested more severe dopaminergic neurodegeneration, motor deficits, microglial activation, and CD4+ T-cell bias towards Th1 and Th17 phenotypes in response to MPTP, but Drd1-/- did not further alter MPTP intoxication. DRD2 agonist sumanirole inhibited shift of CD4+ T cells obtained from MPTP-intoxicated mice to Th1 and Th17 phenotypes and DRD2 antagonist L-741,626 reversed sumanirole effects. These findings suggest that DRD2 expressed on CD4+ T cells is protective against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in PD. Thus, developing a therapeutic strategy of stimulating DRD2 may be promising for mitigation of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xiao-Run Zhai
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Zhong-Shuai Du
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Fen-Fen Xu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yi-Hua Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
| | - Yu-Ping Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China.
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11
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The role of dopamine receptors in lymphocytes and their changes in schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 12:100199. [PMID: 34589732 PMCID: PMC8474470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine and its 5 receptors, which are grouped into two families (D1-like and D2-like), modulate functions at a systemic level in both the central nervous system and periphery. The central nervous system and the immune system are the main adaptive systems, which participate in a continuous and functional crosstalk to guarantee homeostasis. On binding to its 5 dopamine receptors, dopamine acts as a co-regulator of the immune system, contributing to the interaction of the central nervous system and inflammatory events and as a source of communication between the different immune cells. Dopaminergic perturbations in the central nervous system are observed in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. Schizophrenia is one of the most common mental disorders with a poorly understood pathoaetiology that includes genetic and environmental components that promote alterations in the dopaminergic system. Interestingly, abnormalities in dopamine receptors expression in lymphocytes of schizophrenia patients have been reported, often significantly correlating with the severity of the psychotic illness. Here, we review the current literature regarding the dopaminergic system in human lymphocytes and its alterations in schizophrenia. The existence of DA in the bloodstream suggests the presence of dopaminergic components that modulate functions at a systemic level; therefore, its effects are not limited to the CNS and the signalling in the neuronal dopaminergic system should be independent from that of the peripheral systems. The effects by DA-mediated activation of different DRs on immune cells show different sensitivities to DA, but binding profiles of DA on T cells are similar to those in neuronal membranes, suggesting receptors act similarly to those found in neurons. All DRs are expressed on the LYM membrane. However, more detailed information is required on the expression patterns of DR in immune cells in healthy conditions and in pathologies. DA has been observed to influence LYM functions acting in a variety of important processes, like cytokine secretion, cell adhesion, chemotaxis, and cytotoxicity. In human LYM, DA on D1-like receptors decreases oxidative metabolism and apoptosis, activates the selective secretion of IL-10 and TNFα, and facilitates NK cells. In contrast, most of the immunostimulatory DA effects on LYM depend on stimulation of D2-like receptors including activation, proliferation, differentiation, and suppression of NK cells. To date, an altered expression or signalling of neurotransmitter receptors is observed in immune cells during psychiatric disorders and, consequently, these cells also markedly respond to antipsychotics. Numerous technologies have been used in search of biomarkers for SCZ. However, after a century of studying SCZ their application in psychiatry remains rare and there are currently no validated biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with SCZ or the prediction of treatment efficacy.
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12
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Liang Y, Li H, Gan Y, Tu H. Shedding Light on the Role of Neurotransmitters in the Microenvironment of Pancreatic Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:688953. [PMID: 34395421 PMCID: PMC8363299 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.688953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly lethal malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of less than 8%. The fate of PC is determined not only by the malignant behavior of the cancer cells, but also by the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), consisting of various cellular (cancer cells, immune cells, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and neurons) and non-cellular (cytokines, neurotransmitters, and extracellular matrix) components. The pancreatic TME has the unique characteristic of exhibiting increased neural density and altered microenvironmental concentration of neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters, produced by both neuron and non-neuronal cells, can directly regulate the biological behavior of PC cells via binding to their corresponding receptors on tumor cells and activating the intracellular downstream signals. On the other hand, the neurotransmitters can also communicate with other cellular components such as the immune cells in the TME to promote cancer growth. In this review, we will summarize the pleiotropic effects of neurotransmitters on the initiation and progression of PC, and particularly discuss the emerging mechanisms of how neurotransmitters influence the innate and adaptive immune responses in the TME in an autocrine or paracrine manner. A better understanding of the interplay between neurotransmitters and the immune cells in the TME might facilitate the development of new effective therapies for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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13
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Feng Y, Lu Y. Immunomodulatory Effects of Dopamine in Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:663102. [PMID: 33897712 PMCID: PMC8063048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) receptor, a significant G protein-coupled receptor, is classified into two families: D1-like (D1 and D5) and D2-like (D2, D3, and D4) receptor families, with further formation of homodimers, heteromers, and receptor mosaic. Increasing evidence suggests that the immune system can be affected by the nervous system and neurotransmitters, such as dopamine. Recently, the role of the DA receptor in inflammation has been widely studied, mainly focusing on NLRP3 inflammasome, NF-κB pathway, and immune cells. This article provides a brief review of the structures, functions, and signaling pathways of DA receptors and their relationships with inflammation. With detailed descriptions of their roles in Parkinson disease, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis, this article provides a theoretical basis for drug development targeting DA receptors in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Feng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Castellano F, Molinier-Frenkel V. Control of T-Cell Activation and Signaling by Amino-Acid Catabolizing Enzymes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:613416. [PMID: 33392202 PMCID: PMC7773816 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.613416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are essential for protein synthesis, epigenetic modification through the methylation of histones, and the maintenance of a controlled balance of oxidoreduction via the production of glutathione and are precursors of certain neurotransmitters. T lymphocytes are particularly sensitive to fluctuations in amino acid levels. During evolution, the production of amino-acid catabolizing enzymes by mainly antigen-presenting cells has become a physiological mechanism to control T-cell activation and polarization. The action of these enzymes interferes with TCR and co-stimulation signaling, allowing tuning of the T-cell response. These capacities can be altered in certain pathological conditions, with relevant consequences for the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Castellano
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Hopital Henri Mondor, Departement Immunologie-Hématologie, Creteil, France
| | - Valérie Molinier-Frenkel
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, Creteil, France.,AP-HP, Hopital Henri Mondor, Departement Immunologie-Hématologie, Creteil, France
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15
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Vidal PM, Pacheco R. The Cross-Talk Between the Dopaminergic and the Immune System Involved in Schizophrenia. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:394. [PMID: 32296337 PMCID: PMC7137825 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is one of the neurotransmitters whose transmission is altered in a number of neural pathways in the brain of schizophrenic patients. Current evidence indicates that these alterations involve hyperactive dopaminergic transmission in mesolimbic areas, striatum, and hippocampus, whereas hypoactive dopaminergic transmission has been reported in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients. Consequently, schizophrenia is associated with several cognitive and behavioral alterations. Of note, the immune system has been found to collaborate with the central nervous system in a number of cognitive and behavioral functions, which are dysregulated in schizophrenia. Moreover, emerging evidence has associated schizophrenia and inflammation. Importantly, different lines of evidence have shown dopamine as a major regulator of inflammation. In this regard, dopamine might exert strong regulation in the activity, migration, differentiation, and proliferation of immune cells that have been shown to contribute to cognitive functions, including T-cells, microglial cells, and peripheral monocytes. Thereby, alterations in dopamine levels associated to schizophrenia might affect inflammatory response of immune cells and consequently some behavioral functions, including reference memory, learning, social behavior, and stress resilience. Altogether these findings support the involvement of an active cross-talk between the dopaminergic and immune systems in the physiopathology of schizophrenia. In this review we summarize, integrate, and discuss the current evidence indicating the involvement of an altered dopaminergic regulation of immunity in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia M Vidal
- Department of Basic Science, Biomedical Science Research Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Hodo TW, de Aquino MTP, Shimamoto A, Shanker A. Critical Neurotransmitters in the Neuroimmune Network. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1869. [PMID: 32973771 PMCID: PMC7472989 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells rely on cell-cell communication to specify and fine-tune their responses. They express an extensive network of cell communication modes, including a vast repertoire of cell surface and transmembrane receptors and ligands, membrane vesicles, junctions, ligand and voltage-gated ion channels, and transporters. During a crosstalk between the nervous system and the immune system these modes of cellular communication and the downstream signal transduction events are influenced by neurotransmitters present in the local tissue environments in an autocrine or paracrine fashion. Neurotransmitters thus influence innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, immune cells send signals to the brain through cytokines, and are present in the brain to influence neural responses. Altered communication between the nervous and immune systems is emerging as a common feature in neurodegenerative and immunopathological diseases. Here, we present the mechanistic frameworks of immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects critical neurotransmitters - dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), substance P (trifluoroacetate salt powder), and L-glutamate - exert on lymphocytes and non-lymphoid immune cells. Furthermore, we discuss the possible roles neurotransmitter-driven neuroimmune networks play in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and outline potential clinical implications of balancing neuroimmune crosstalk by therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wesley Hodo
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.,School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Maria Teresa Prudente de Aquino
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Akiko Shimamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Anil Shanker
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.,School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, United States.,Host-Tumor Interactions Research Program, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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17
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Wang W, Cohen JA, Wallrapp A, Trieu KG, Barrios J, Shao F, Krishnamoorthy N, Kuchroo VK, Jones MR, Fine A, Bai Y, Ai X. Age-Related Dopaminergic Innervation Augments T Helper 2-Type Allergic Inflammation in the Postnatal Lung. Immunity 2019; 51:1102-1118.e7. [PMID: 31757673 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Young children are more susceptible to developing allergic asthma than adults. As neural innervation of the peripheral tissue continues to develop after birth, neurons may modulate tissue inflammation in an age-related manner. Here we showed that sympathetic nerves underwent a dopaminergic-to-adrenergic transition during post-natal development of the lung in mice and humans. Dopamine signaled through a specific dopamine receptor (DRD4) to promote T helper 2 (Th2) cell differentiation. The dopamine-DRD4 pathway acted synergistically with the cytokine IL-4 by upregulating IL-2-STAT5 signaling and reducing inhibitory histone trimethylation at Th2 gene loci. In murine models of allergen exposure, the dopamine-DRD4 pathway augmented Th2 inflammation in the lungs of young mice. However, this pathway operated marginally after sympathetic nerves became adrenergic in the adult lung. Taken together, the communication between dopaminergic nerves and CD4+ T cells provides an age-related mechanism underlying the susceptibility to allergic inflammation in the early lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Cohen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Antonia Wallrapp
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth G Trieu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juliana Barrios
- The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fengzhi Shao
- The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nandini Krishnamoorthy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew R Jones
- The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan Fine
- The Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; The West Roxbury Veteran's Hospital, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - Yan Bai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xingbin Ai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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18
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Elkhatib SK, Case AJ. Autonomic regulation of T-lymphocytes: Implications in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Res 2019; 146:104293. [PMID: 31176794 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nervous and immune systems both serve as essential assessors and regulators of physiological function. Recently, there has been a great interest in how the nervous and immune systems interact to modulate both physiological and pathological states. In particular, the autonomic nervous system has a direct line of communication with immune cells anatomically, and moreover, immune cells possess receptors for autonomic neurotransmitters. This circumstantial evidence is suggestive of a functional interplay between the two systems, and extensive research over the past few decades has demonstrated neurotransmitters such as the catecholamines (i.e. dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) and acetylcholine have potent immunomodulating properties. Furthermore, immune cells, particularly T-lymphocytes, have now been found to express the cellular machinery for both the synthesis and degradation of neurotransmitters, which suggests the ability for both autocrine and paracrine signaling from these cells independent of the nervous system. The details underlying the functional interplay of this complex network of neuroimmune communication are still unclear, but this crosstalk is suggestive of significant implications on the pathogenesis of a number of autonomic-dysregulated and inflammation-mediated diseases. In particular, it is widely accepted that numerous forms of cardiovascular diseases possess imbalanced autonomic tone as well as altered T-lymphocyte function, but a paucity of literature exists discussing the direct role of neurotransmitters in shaping the inflammatory microenvironment during the progression or therapeutic management of these diseases. This review seeks to provide a fundamental framework for this autonomic neuroimmune interaction within T-lymphocytes, as well as the implications this may have in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safwan K Elkhatib
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Adam J Case
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
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19
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Nasi G, Ahmed T, Rasini E, Fenoglio D, Marino F, Filaci G, Cosentino M. Dopamine inhibits human CD8+ Treg function through D 1-like dopaminergic receptors. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 332:233-241. [PMID: 30954278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T regulatory/suppressor cells (Treg) affect peripheral tolerance and may be involved in autoimmune diseases as well as in cancer. In view of our previous data showing the ability of DA to affect adaptive immune responses, we investigated the dopaminergic phenotype of human CD8+ Treg as well as the ability of DA to affect their generation and activity. Results show that CD8+ T cells express both D1-like and D2-like dopaminergic receptors (DR), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of DA, and vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) 2 and contain high levels of intracellular DA. Preferential upregulation of DR mRNA levels in the CD8+CD28- T cell compartment occurs during generation of CD8+ Treg, which is reduced by DA and by the D1-like DR agonist SKF-38393. DA and SKF-38393 also reduce the suppressive activity of CD8+ Treg on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Treg are crucial for tumor escape from the host immune system, thus the ability of DA to inhibits Treg function supports dopaminergic pathways as a druggable targets to develop original and innovative antitumor strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Nasi
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research/Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Immunology Unit, Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Biotherapy Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Tanzeel Ahmed
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rasini
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Fenoglio
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research/Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Immunology Unit, Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Biotherapy Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Gilberto Filaci
- Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research/Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Immunology Unit, Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Biotherapy Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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20
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Sarapultsev AP, Vassiliev PM, Sarapultsev PA, Chupakhin ON, Ianalieva LR, Sidorova LP. Immunomodulatory Action of Substituted 1,3,4-Thiadiazines on the Course of Myocardial Infarction. Molecules 2018; 23:E1611. [PMID: 30004445 PMCID: PMC6099947 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the biological action of the compounds from the group of substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazines on stress response and myocardial infarction. The aim of this review is to propose the possible mechanisms of action of 1,3,4-thiadiazines and offer prospectives in the development of new derivatives as therapeutic agents. It is known, that compounds that have biological effects similar to those used as antidepressants can down-regulate the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, up-regulate the release of anti-inflammatory ones and affect cell recruitment, which allows them to be considered immunomodulators as well. The results of pharmacological evaluation, in silico studies, and in vivo experiments of several compounds from the group of substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazines with antidepressant properties are presented. It is proposed that the cardioprotective effects of substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazines might be explained by the peculiarities of their multi-target action: the ability of the compounds to interact with various types of receptors and transporters of dopaminergic, serotonergic and acetylcholinergic systems and to block the kinase signal pathway PI3K-AKT. The described effects of substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazines suggest that it is necessary to search for a new agents for limiting the peripheral inflammatory/ischemic damage through the entral mechanisms of stress reaction and modifying pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling pathways in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey P Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of RAS, Pervomayskaya 106, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia.
| | - Pavel M Vassiliev
- Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Pavshikh Bortsov Square 1, Volgograd 400131, Russia.
| | - Petr A Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of RAS, Pervomayskaya 106, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia.
| | - Oleg N Chupakhin
- The IJ Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Ural Branch of RAS, Akademicheskaya/S. Kovalevskoi, 22/20, Ekaterinburg 620990, Russia.
- Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
| | - Laura R Ianalieva
- Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Pavshikh Bortsov Square 1, Volgograd 400131, Russia.
| | - Larisa P Sidorova
- Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
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21
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Talhada D, Rabenstein M, Ruscher K. The role of dopaminergic immune cell signalling in poststroke inflammation. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418774225. [PMID: 29774058 PMCID: PMC5952273 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418774225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon ischaemic stroke, brain-resident and peripheral immune cells accumulate in the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, these cells express pattern specific to neurotransmitter receptors and, therefore, seem to be susceptible to neurotransmitter stimulation, potentially modulating their properties and functions. One of the principal neurotransmitters in the CNS, dopamine, is involved in the regulation of processes of brain development, motor control and higher brain functions. It is constantly released in the brain and there is experimental and clinical evidence that dopaminergic signalling is involved in recovery of lost neurological function after stroke. Independent studies have revealed specific but different patterns of dopamine receptor subtypes on different populations of immune cells. Those patterns are dependent on the activation status of cells. Generally, exposure to dopamine or dopamine receptor agonists decreases detrimental actions of immune cells. In contrast, a reduction of dopaminergic inputs perpetuates a pro-inflammatory state associated with increased release of pro-inflammatory molecules. In addition, subsets of immune cells have been identified to synthesize and release dopamine, suggesting autoregulatory mechanisms. Evidence supports that inflammatory processes activated following ischaemic stroke are modulated by dopaminergic signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Talhada
- LUBIN Lab – Lund Brain Injury Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Universidade da Beira Interior, Portugal
| | - Monika Rabenstein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Lund Brain Injury Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A13, S-22184 Lund, Sweden
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22
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Mackie P, Lebowitz J, Saadatpour L, Nickoloff E, Gaskill P, Khoshbouei H. The dopamine transporter: An unrecognized nexus for dysfunctional peripheral immunity and signaling in Parkinson's Disease. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 70:21-35. [PMID: 29551693 PMCID: PMC5953824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The second-most common neurodegenerative disease, Parkinson's Disease (PD) has three hallmarks: dysfunctional dopamine transmission due, at least in part, to dopamine neuron degeneration; intracellular inclusions of α-synuclein aggregates; and neuroinflammation. The origin and interplay of these features remains a puzzle, as does the underlying mechanism of PD pathogenesis and progression. When viewed in the context of neuroimmunology, dopamine also plays a role in regulating peripheral immune cells. Intriguingly, plasma dopamine levels are altered in PD, suggesting collateral dysregulation of peripheral dopamine transmission. The dopamine transporter (DAT), the main regulator of dopaminergic tone in the CNS, is known to exist in lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages, but little is known about peripheral DAT biology or how DAT regulates the dopaminergic tone, much less how peripheral DAT alters immune function. Our review is guided by the hypothesis that dysfunctional peripheral dopamine signaling might be linked to the dysfunctional immune responses in PD and thereby suggests a potential bidirectional communication between central and peripheral dopamine systems. This review seeks to foster new perspectives concerning PD pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Mackie
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Joe Lebowitz
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Leila Saadatpour
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States
| | - Emily Nickoloff
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - Peter Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, United States
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
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Levite M, Marino F, Cosentino M. Dopamine, T cells and multiple sclerosis (MS). J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:525-542. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1640-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Inhibition of dopamine receptor D3 signaling in dendritic cells increases antigen cross-presentation to CD8 + T-cells favoring anti-tumor immunity. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 303:99-107. [PMID: 28077213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) display the unique ability for cross-presenting antigens to CD8+ T-cells, promoting their differentiation into cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), which play a pivotal role in anti-tumor immunity. Emerging evidence points to dopamine receptor D3 (D3R) as a key regulator of immunity. Accordingly, we studied how D3R regulates DCs function in anti-tumor immunity. The results show that D3R-deficiency in DCs enhanced expansion of CTLs in vivo and induced stronger anti-tumor immunity. Co-culture experiments indicated that D3R-inhibition in DCs potentiated antigen cross-presentation and CTLs activation. Our findings suggest that D3R in DCs constitutes a new therapeutic target to strengthen anti-tumor immunity.
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25
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Berberine and inflammatory bowel disease: A concise review. Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:592-599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Immunomodulatory Effects Mediated by Dopamine. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:3160486. [PMID: 27795960 PMCID: PMC5067323 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3160486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), has modulatory functions at the systemic level. The peripheral and central nervous systems have independent dopaminergic system (DAS) that share mechanisms and molecular machinery. In the past century, experimental evidence has accumulated on the proteins knowledge that is involved in the synthesis, reuptake, and transportation of DA in leukocytes and the differential expression of the D1-like (D1R and D5R) and D2-like receptors (D2R, D3R, and D4R). The expression of these components depends on the state of cellular activation and the concentration and time of exposure to DA. Receptors that are expressed in leukocytes are linked to signaling pathways that are mediated by changes in cAMP concentration, which in turn triggers changes in phenotype and cellular function. According to the leukocyte lineage, the effects of DA are associated with such processes as respiratory burst, cytokine and antibody secretion, chemotaxis, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity. In clinical conditions such as schizophrenia, Parkinson disease, Tourette syndrome, and multiple sclerosis (MS), there are evident alterations during immune responses in leukocytes, in which changes in DA receptor density have been observed. Several groups have proposed that these findings are useful in establishing clinical status and clinical markers.
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Kustrimovic N, Rasini E, Legnaro M, Bombelli R, Aleksic I, Blandini F, Comi C, Mauri M, Minafra B, Riboldazzi G, Sanchez-Guajardo V, Marino F, Cosentino M. Dopaminergic Receptors on CD4+ T Naive and Memory Lymphocytes Correlate with Motor Impairment in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33738. [PMID: 27652978 PMCID: PMC5031979 DOI: 10.1038/srep33738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta, α-synuclein (α-syn)-rich intraneuronal inclusions (Lewy bodies), and microglial activation. Emerging evidence suggests that CD4+ T lymphocytes contribute to neuroinflammation in PD. Since the mainstay of PD treatment is dopaminergic substitution therapy and dopamine is an established transmitter connecting nervous and immune systems, we examined CD4+ T naive and memory lymphocytes in PD patients and in healthy subjects (HS), with specific regard to dopaminergic receptor (DR) expression. In addition, the in vitro effects of α-syn were assessed on CD4+ T naive and memory cells. Results showed extensive association between DR expression in T lymphocytes and motor dysfunction, as assessed by UPDRS Part III score. In total and CD4+ T naive cells expression of D1-like DR decrease, while in T memory cells D2-like DR increase with increasing score. In vitro, α-syn increased CD4+ T memory cells, possibly to a different extent in PD patients and in HS, and affected DR expression with cell subset-specific patterns. The present results support the involvement of peripheral adaptive immunity in PD, and may contribute to develop novel immunotherapies for PD, as well as to better use of current dopaminergic antiparkinson drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kustrimovic
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rasini
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Legnaro
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Raffaella Bombelli
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Iva Aleksic
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino", National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marco Mauri
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Brigida Minafra
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, "C. Mondino", National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulio Riboldazzi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Vanesa Sanchez-Guajardo
- Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases group and AUidias pilot-center NEURODIN, department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Christiansen JR, Olesen MN, Otzen DE, Romero-Ramos M, Sanchez-Guajardo V. α-Synuclein vaccination modulates regulatory T cell activation and microglia in the absence of brain pathology. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:74. [PMID: 27055651 PMCID: PMC4825077 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Passive and active immunization with α-synuclein has been shown to be neuroprotective in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. We have previously shown that vaccination with α-synuclein, long before α-synuclein-induced brain pathology, prevents striatal degeneration by inducing regulatory T cell infiltration in parenchyma and antibody deposition on α-synuclein overexpressing neurons. However, the effect of peripheral α-synuclein on the immune system is unknown, as are the mechanistic changes induced in the CD4 T cell population during successful neuroprotective animal studies. We have studied the changes induced by vaccination with α-synuclein in the CD4 T cell pool and its impact on brain microglia to understand the immune mechanisms behind successful vaccination strategies in Parkinson’s disease animal models. Methods Mice were immunized with WT or nitrated α-synuclein at a dose equivalent to the one used in our previous successful vaccination strategy and at a higher dose to determine potential dose-dependent effects. Animals were re-vaccinated 4 weeks after and sacrificed 5 days later. These studies were conducted in naive animals in the absence of human α-synuclein expression. Results The CD4 T cell response was modulated by α-synuclein in a dose-dependent manner, in particular the regulatory T cell population. Low-dose α-synuclein induced expansion of naive (Foxp3 + CCR6-CD127lo/neg) and dopamine receptor type D3+ regulatory T cells, as well as an increase in Stat5 protein levels. On the other hand, high dose promoted activation of regulatory T cells (Foxp3CCR6 + CD127lo/neg), which were dopamine receptor D2+D3-, and induced up-regulation of Stat5 and production of anti-α-synuclein antibodies. These effects were specific to the variant of α-synuclein used as the pathology-associated nitrated form induced distinct effects at both doses. The changes observed in the periphery after vaccination with low-dose α-synuclein correlated with an increase in CD154+, CD103+, and CD54+ microglia and the reduction of CD200R+ microglia. This resulted in the induction of a polarized tolerogenic microglia population that was CD200R-CD54CD103CD172a+ (82 % of total microglia). Conclusions We have shown for the first time the mechanisms behind α-synuclein vaccination and, importantly, how we can modulate microglia’s phenotype by regulating the CD4 T cell pool, thus shedding invaluable light on the design of neuroimmunoregulatory therapies for Parkinson’s disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0532-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine R Christiansen
- Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases group, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,CNS Disease Modeling group, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH , Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,AU Ideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mads N Olesen
- Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases group, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,AU Ideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center - iNANO, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- CNS Disease Modeling group, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH , Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,AU Ideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vanesa Sanchez-Guajardo
- Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases group, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,AU Ideas Pilot Center NEURODIN, Department of Biomedicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Levite M. Dopamine and T cells: dopamine receptors and potent effects on T cells, dopamine production in T cells, and abnormalities in the dopaminergic system in T cells in autoimmune, neurological and psychiatric diseases. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 216:42-89. [PMID: 25728499 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine, a principal neurotransmitter, deserves upgrading to 'NeuroImmunotransmitter' thanks to its multiple, direct and powerful effects on most/all immune cells. Dopamine by itself is a potent activator of resting effector T cells (Teffs), via two independent ways: direct Teffs activation, and indirect Teffs activation by suppression of regulatory T cells (Tregs). The review covers the following findings: (i) T cells express functional dopamine receptors (DRs) D1R-D5R, but their level and function are dynamic and context-sensitive, (ii) DR membranal protein levels do not necessarily correlate with DR mRNA levels, (iii) different T cell types/subtypes have different DR levels and composition and different responses to dopamine, (iv) autoimmune and pro-inflammatory T cells and T cell leukaemia/lymphoma also express functional DRs, (v) dopamine (~10(-8) M) activates resting/naive Teffs (CD8(+) >>>CD4(+) ), (vi) dopamine affects Th1/Th2/Th17 differentiation, (vii) dopamine inhibits already activated Teffs (i.e. T cells that have been already activated by either antigen, mitogen, anti-CD3 antibodies cytokines or other molecules), (viii) dopamine inhibits activated Tregs in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Thus, dopamine 'suppresses the suppressors' and releases the inhibition they exert on Teffs, (ix) dopamine affects intracellular signalling molecules and cascades in T cells (e.g. ERK, Lck, Fyn, NF-κB, KLF2), (x) T cells produce dopamine (Tregs>>>Teffs), can release dopamine, mainly after activation (by antigen, mitogen, anti-CD3 antibodies, PKC activators or other), uptake extracellular dopamine, and most probably need dopamine, (xi) dopamine is important for antigen-specific interactions between T cells and dendritic cells, (xii) in few autoimmune diseases (e.g. multiple sclerosis/SLE/rheumatoid arthritis), and neurological/psychiatric diseases (e.g. Parkinson disease, Alzheimer's disease, Schizophrenia and Tourette), patient's T cells seem to have abnormal DRs expression and/or responses to dopamine or production of dopamine, (xiii) drugs that affect the dopaminergic system have potent effects on T cells (e.g. dopamine=Intropin, L-dopa, bromocriptine, haloperidol, quinpirole, reserpine, pergolide, ecopipam, pimozide, amantadine, tetrabenazine, nomifensine, butaclamol). Dopamine-induced activation of resting Teffs and suppression of Tregs seem beneficial for health and may also be used for immunotherapy of cancer and infectious diseases. Independently, suppression of DRs in autoimmune and pro-inflammatory T cells, and also in cancerous T cells, may be advantageous. The review is relevant to Immunologists, Neurologists, Neuroimmunologists, Hematologists, Psychiatrists, Psychologists and Pharmacologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Levite
- School of Pharmacy; Faculty of Medicine; The Hebrew University; Jerusalem Israel
- Institute of Gene Therapy; Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital; Jerusalem Israel
- School of Behavioral Sciences; Academic College of Tel-Aviv-Yaffo; Tel Aviv Israel
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30
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Wei L, Zhang C, Chen HY, Zhang ZJ, Ji ZF, Yue T, Dai XM, Zhu Q, Ma LL, He DY, Jiang LD. Dopamine receptor DR2 expression in B cells is negatively correlated with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Immunobiology 2014; 220:323-30. [PMID: 25468566 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dopamine receptor (DR) signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. We aimed to measure the expression levels of DR1-5 on B cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to analyze the relationship between DRs and clinical manifestations, inflammatory biomarkers, functional status and disease activity. METHODS A total of 29 patients with RA, 12 healthy donors and 12 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) were recruited in this study. Flow cytometry was used to measure the levels of DR1-5 expressed on B cells. The relationships between B cell DR expressions and clinical features in RA patients were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test. RESULTS The expression levels of B cell DR1-5 in both the RA and OA groups were lower than those in healthy controls. After 3 months of medication, all five receptors were elevated in RA patients, with DR2 and DR3 being significantly increased from the baseline. DR2 expression on B cells was negatively correlated with inflammatory biomarkers and disease activity. CONCLUSION RA patients had lower expression level of DR2 on B cells compared to the healthy controls, and the level of DR2 negatively correlated with the disease activity. DR2 and DR3 might be novel predictors of patient responses to disease modifying antirheumatic drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wei
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - H Y Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z J Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z F Ji
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - T Yue
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - X M Dai
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Q Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - L L Ma
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - D Y He
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - L D Jiang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Ferreira TB, Barros PO, Teixeira B, Cassano T, Centurião N, Kasahara TM, Hygino J, Vasconcelos CCF, Filho HA, Alvarenga R, Wing AC, Andrade RM, Andrade AF, Bento CAM. Dopamine favors expansion of glucocorticoid-resistant IL-17-producing T cells in multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 41:182-90. [PMID: 24882215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a neurotransmitter produced mainly in the central nervous system (CNS) that has immunomodulatory actions on T cells. As the multiple sclerosis (MS) has long been regarded as an autoimmune disease of CNS mediated by T cells, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of DA on in vitro functional status of T cells from relapsing-remitting (RR)-MS patients. Peripheral T-cells from RR-MS patients were activated by mitogens and cell proliferation and cytokine production were assayed by [(3)H]-thymidine uptake and ELISA, respectively. Our results demonstrated that DA enhanced in vitro T cell proliferation and Th17-related cytokines in MS-derived cell cultures. In addition, this catecholamine reduced Treg-related cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) release by activated CD4(+) T cells. These DA-induced effects on T cells were mainly dependent on IL-6 production by both polyclonally-activated CD4(+) T cells and LPS-stimulated monocytes. Furthermore, the production of IL-17 and IL-6 by MS-derived T cells was directly related with neurological disability (EDSS score), and the release of these cytokines was less sensitive to glucocorticoid inhibition in MS patients than in control group, mainly after DA addition. In conclusion, our data suggest that DA amplifies glucocorticoid-resistant Th17 phenotype in MS patients, and this phenomenon could be, at least in part, due to its ability to induce IL-6 production by monocytes and CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais B Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscila O Barros
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruna Teixeira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Cassano
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Newton Centurião
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taissa M Kasahara
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joana Hygino
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Helcio Alvarenga Filho
- Post-graduate Program in Neurology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Regina Alvarenga
- Post-graduate Program in Neurology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Wing
- Post-graduate Program in Neurology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Regis M Andrade
- Department of General Medicine, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo F Andrade
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cleonice A M Bento
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Post-graduate Program in Neurology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Capellino S, Cosentino M, Luini A, Bombelli R, Lowin T, Cutolo M, Marino F, Straub RH. Increased Expression of Dopamine Receptors in Synovial Fibroblasts From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: Inhibitory Effects of Dopamine on Interleukin-8 and Interleukin-6. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2685-93. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mikulak J, Bozzo L, Roberto A, Pontarini E, Tentorio P, Hudspeth K, Lugli E, Mavilio D. Dopamine inhibits the effector functions of activated NK cells via the upregulation of the D5 receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2792-800. [PMID: 25127864 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that dopamine (DA) plays a key role in the cross-talk between the nervous and immune systems. In this study, we disclose a novel immune-regulatory role for DA: inhibition of effector functions of activated NK lymphocytes via the selective upregulation of the D5 dopaminergic receptor in response to prolonged cell stimulation with rIL-2. Indeed, engagement of this D1-like inhibitory receptor following binding with DA suppresses NK cell proliferation and synthesis of IFN-γ. The inhibition of IFN-γ production occurs through blocking the repressor activity of the p50/c-REL dimer of the NF-κB complex. Indeed, the stimulation of the D5 receptor on rIL-2-activated NK cells inhibits the binding of p50 to the microRNA 29a promoter, thus inducing a de novo synthesis of this miRNA. In turn, the increased levels of microRNA 29a were inversely correlated with the ability of NK cells to produce IFN-γ. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that DA switches off activated NK cells, thus representing a checkpoint exerted by the nervous system to control the reactivity of these innate immune effectors in response to activation stimuli and to avoid the establishment of chronic and pathologic inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mikulak
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Luisa Bozzo
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Alessandra Roberto
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Elena Pontarini
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Paolo Tentorio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Kelly Hudspeth
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; and Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20089 Milan, Italy
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Towards Neuroimmunotherapy for Cancer: the Neurotransmitters Glutamate, Dopamine and GnRH-II augment substantially the ability of T cells of few Head and Neck cancer patients to perform spontaneous migration, chemotactic migration and migration towards the autologous tumor, and also elevate markedly the expression of CD3zeta and CD3epsilon TCR-associated chains. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:1007-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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35
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Kustrimovic N, Rasini E, Legnaro M, Marino F, Cosentino M. Expression of dopaminergic receptors on human CD4+ T lymphocytes: flow cytometric analysis of naive and memory subsets and relevance for the neuroimmunology of neurodegenerative disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:302-12. [PMID: 24682738 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a crucial transmitter in the neuroimmune network, where it contributes to the nervous system-immune system interplay as well as in the communication among immune cells. DA acts through five different dopaminergic receptors (DR) grouped into two families: the D1-like (D1 and D5) and the D2-like (D2, D3 and D4). By use of 5-color flow cytometric analysis, we examined the expression of DR on human CD4+ naive T lymphocytes (CD3+CD4+CD45RA+CCR7+), central memory (TCM, CD3+CD4+CD45RA-CCR7+) and effector memory T cells (TEM, CD3+CD4+CD45RA-CCR7-). In addition, in cultured CD4+ T cells we investigated the changes in DR expression induced by stimulation with antiCD3/antiCD28 antibodies. Results showed that CD4+ T cells always expressed all the five DR: D1-like DR were identified on average on 11.6-13.1 % and D2-like DR on 3.1-8.1 % of the cells. DR on CD4+ naive T cells, TCM, and TEM had distinct expression patterns: naive T cells expressed more D1-like than D2-like DR, which on the contrary were increased in TCM and TEM cells. In cultured CD4+ T cells stimulation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies increased the expression of D1-like DR by 71-84 % and of D2-like DR by 55-97 %. The frequency of DR was higher in apoptotic cells in comparison to viable cells, however stimulation increased all DR on viable cells, without affecting their expression on apoptotic cells. The present results contribute to unravel the complexity of dopaminergic pathways in human CD4+ T lymphocytes, suggesting their involvement in memory functions as well as in apoptotic processes. In view of the role of CD4+ memory T cells in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration during Parkinson's disease, the relevance of these findings must be assessed in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kustrimovic
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100, Varese, VA, Italy
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Romero-Ramos M, von Euler Chelpin M, Sanchez-Guajardo V. Vaccination strategies for Parkinson disease: induction of a swift attack or raising tolerance? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:852-67. [PMID: 24670306 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world, but there is currently no available cure for it. Current treatments only alleviate some of the symptoms for a few years, but they become ineffective in the long run and do not stop the disease. Therefore it is of outmost importance to develop therapeutic strategies that can prevent, stop, or cure Parkinson disease. A very promising target for these therapies is the peripheral immune system due to its probable involvement in the disease and its potential as a tool to modulate neuroinflammation. But for such strategies to be successful, we need to understand the particular state of the peripheral immune system during Parkinson disease in order to avoid its weaknesses. In this review we examine the available data regarding how dopamine regulates the peripheral immune system and how this regulation is affected in Parkinson disease; the specific cytokine profiles observed during disease progression and the alterations documented to date in patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We also review the different strategies used in Parkinson disease animal models to modulate the adaptive immune response to salvage dopaminergic neurons from cell death. After analyzing the evidence, we hypothesize the need to prime the immune system to restore natural tolerance against α-synuclein in Parkinson disease, including at the same time B and T cells, so that T cells can reprogram microglia activation to a beneficial pattern and B cell/IgG can help neurons cope with the pathological forms of α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Romero-Ramos
- CNS disease modeling group; Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus, Denmark; NEURODIN; Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marianne von Euler Chelpin
- CNS disease modeling group; Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus, Denmark; NEURODIN; Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus, Denmark; Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases group; Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vanesa Sanchez-Guajardo
- NEURODIN; Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus, Denmark; Neuroimmunology of Degenerative Diseases group; Department of Biomedicine; Aarhus University; Aarhus, Denmark
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Pacheco R, Contreras F, Zouali M. The dopaminergic system in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2014; 5:117. [PMID: 24711809 PMCID: PMC3968755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional interactions between the immune and the nervous systems are of considerable interest both for deciphering their functioning and for designing novel therapeutic strategies. The past decade has brought a burst of insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroimmune communications mediated by dopamine. Studies of dendritic cells (DCs) revealed that they express the whole machinery to synthesize and store dopamine, which may act in an autocrine manner to stimulate dopamine receptors (DARs). Depending on specific DARs stimulated on DCs and T cells, dopamine may differentially favor CD4+ T cell differentiation into Th1 or Th17 inflammatory cells. Regulatory T cells can also release high amounts of dopamine that acts in an autocrine DAR-mediated manner to inhibit their suppressive activity. These dopaminergic regulations could represent a driving force during autoimmunity. Indeed, dopamine levels are altered in the brain of mouse models of multiple sclerosis (MS) and lupus, and in inflamed tissues of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The distorted expression of DARs in peripheral lymphocytes of lupus and MS patients also supports the importance of dopaminergic regulations in autoimmunity. Moreover, dopamine analogs had beneficial therapeutic effects in animal models, and in patients with lupus or RA. We propose models that may underlie key roles of dopamine and its receptors in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Pacheco
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Fundación Ciencia & Vida , Santiago , Chile ; Programa de Biomedicina, Universidad San Sebastián , Santiago , Chile
| | - Francisco Contreras
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Fundación Ciencia & Vida , Santiago , Chile ; Universidad Andrés Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas , Santiago , Chile
| | - Moncef Zouali
- INSERM UMR 1132 , Paris , France ; University Paris Diderot , Paris , France
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Mignini F, Sabbatini M, Mattioli L, Cosenza M, Artico M, Cavallotti C. Neuro-immune modulation of the thymus microenvironment (review). Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:1392-400. [PMID: 24676230 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is the primary site for T-cell lympho-poiesis. Its function includes the maturation and selection of antigen specific T cells and selective release of these cells to the periphery. These highly complex processes require precise parenchymal organization and compartmentation where a plethora of signalling pathways occur, performing strict control on the maturation and selection processes of T lymphocytes. In this review, the main morphological characteristics of the thymus microenvironment, with particular emphasis on nerve fibers and neuropeptides were assessed, as both are responsible for neuro-immune‑modulation functions. Among several neurotransmitters that affect thymus function, we highlight the dopaminergic system as only recently has its importance on thymus function and lymphocyte physiology come to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenzo Mignini
- Human Anatomy, School of Drug and Health Products Science, University of Camerino, Ι-62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sabbatini
- Human Anatomy, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont ̔Amedeo Avogadro̓, I-28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Laura Mattioli
- Human Anatomy, School of Drug and Health Products Science, University of Camerino, Ι-62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Monica Cosenza
- Human Anatomy, School of Drug and Health Products Science, University of Camerino, Ι-62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Marco Artico
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Medico-legal and Locomotor System Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Ι-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Cavallotti
- Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Ι-00185 Rome, Italy
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González H, Contreras F, Prado C, Elgueta D, Franz D, Bernales S, Pacheco R. Dopamine receptor D3 expressed on CD4+ T cells favors neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson's disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:5048-56. [PMID: 23589621 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated that CD4(+) T cells infiltrate into the substantia nigra (SN) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and in animal models of PD. SN-infiltrated CD4(+) T cells bearing inflammatory phenotypes promote microglial activation and strongly contribute to neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Importantly, altered expression of dopamine receptor D3 (D3R) in PBLs from PD patients has been correlated with disease severity. Moreover, pharmacological evidence has suggested that D3R is involved in IFN-γ production by human CD4(+) T cells. In this study, we examined the role of D3R expressed on CD4(+) T cells in neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the SN using a mouse model of PD. Our results show that D3R-deficient mice are strongly protected against loss of dopaminergic neurons and microglial activation during 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD. Notably, D3R-deficient mice become susceptible to MPTP-induced neurodegeneration and microglial activation upon transfer of wild-type (WT) CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, RAG1 knockout mice, which are devoid of T cells and are resistant to MPTP-induced neurodegeneration, become susceptible to MPTP-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons when reconstituted with WT CD4(+) T cells but not when transferred with D3R-deficient CD4(+) T cells. In agreement, experiments analyzing activation and differentiation of CD4(+) T cells revealed that D3R favors both T cell activation and acquisition of the Th1 inflammatory phenotype. These findings indicate that D3R expressed on CD4(+) T cells plays a fundamental role in the physiopathology of MPTP-induced PD in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo González
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia y Vida, Ñuñoa 7780272, Santiago, Chile
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Gaskill PJ, Calderon TM, Coley JS, Berman JW. Drug induced increases in CNS dopamine alter monocyte, macrophage and T cell functions: implications for HAND. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:621-42. [PMID: 23456305 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) complications resulting from HIV infection remain a major public health problem as individuals live longer due to the success of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). As many as 70 % of HIV infected people have HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Many HIV infected individuals abuse drugs, such as cocaine, heroin or methamphetamine, that may be important cofactors in the development of HIV CNS disease. Despite different mechanisms of action, all drugs of abuse increase extracellular dopamine in the CNS. The effects of dopamine on HIV neuropathogenesis are not well understood, and drug induced increases in CNS dopamine may be a common mechanism by which different types of drugs of abuse impact the development of HAND. Monocytes and macrophages are central to HIV infection of the CNS and to HAND. While T cells have not been shown to be a major factor in HIV-associated neuropathogenesis, studies indicate that T cells may play a larger role in the development of HAND in HIV infected drug abusers. Drug induced increases in CNS dopamine may dysregulate functions of, or increase HIV infection in, monocytes, macrophages and T cells in the brain. Thus, characterizing the effects of dopamine on these cells is important for understanding the mechanisms that mediate the development of HAND in drug abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Jafari M, Ahangari G, Saberi M, Samangoui S, Torabi R, Zouali M. Distorted expression of dopamine receptor genes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunobiology 2012; 218:979-83. [PMID: 23266246 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Several observations suggest that alterations in the neurotransmitter dopamine and/or its receptors could be associated with the pathophysiology of lupus. We therefore assessed expression of the five dopamine receptor genes in a cohort of patients. We found that all receptors are expressed in lupus peripheral blood cells. We also discovered that dopamine receptor 2 gene (DR2) was underexpressed, and that DR4 was overexpressed in lupus patients, as compared to controls. Cell sorting of peripheral T- and B-lymphocytes disclosed that the altered DR2 and DR4 expressions were borne by T-cells. These distorted expressions of DR2 and DR4 could influence immune functions in lupus through several mechanisms. Since DR2 can be effective in regulating the activation and differentiation of naive CD4⁺ cells by promoting polarization toward regulatory T-cells, the underexpression of DR2 we have observed may account, at least in part, for the reduction of regulatory T-cell function and/or numbers in lupus. In addition to providing novel insight into disease pathogenesis, our findings may have therapeutic implications. Because DR4 can be effective in triggering T-cell quiescence, its overexpression on lupus T cells suggests that inducing quiescence using DR4-specific agonists may represent a useful strategy in the treatment of lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohieddin Jafari
- HSPH Proteomics Resource, Department of Genetics and Complex Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Buttarelli FR, Fanciulli A, Pellicano C, Pontieri FE. The dopaminergic system in peripheral blood lymphocytes: from physiology to pharmacology and potential applications to neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 9:278-88. [PMID: 22131937 PMCID: PMC3131719 DOI: 10.2174/157015911795596612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides its action on the nervous system, dopamine (DA) plays a role on neural-immune interactions. Here we review the current evidence on the dopaminergic system in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). PBL synthesize DA through the tyrosine-hydroxylase/DOPA-decarboxylase pathway, and express DA receptors and DA transporter (DAT) on their plasma membrane. Stimulation of DA receptors on PBL membrane contributes to modulate the development and initiation of immune responses under physiological conditions and in immune system pathologies such as autoimmunity or immunodeficiency. The characterization of DA system in PBL gave rise to a further line of research investigating the feasibility of PBL as a cellular model for studying DA derangement in neuropsychiatric disorders. Several reports showed changes of the expression of DAT and/or DA receptors in PBL from patients suffering from several neuropsychiatric disorders, in particular parkinsonian syndromes, schizophrenia and drug- or alcohol-abuse. Despite some methodological and theoretical limitations, these findings suggest that PBL may prove a cellular tool with which to identify the derangement of DA transmission in neuropsychiatric diseases, as well as to monitor the effects of pharmacological treatments.
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Gaskill PJ, Carvallo L, Eugenin EA, Berman JW. Characterization and function of the human macrophage dopaminergic system: implications for CNS disease and drug abuse. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:203. [PMID: 22901451 PMCID: PMC3488577 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perivascular macrophages and microglia are critical to CNS function. Drugs of abuse increase extracellular dopamine in the CNS, exposing these cells to elevated levels of dopamine. In rodent macrophages and human T-cells, dopamine was shown to modulate cellular functions through activation of dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins. The expression of these proteins and the effects of dopamine on human macrophage functions had not been studied. Methods To study dopaminergic gene expression, qRT-PCR was performed on mRNA from primary human monocyte derived macrophages (MDM). Expression and localization of dopaminergic proteins was examined by immunoblotting isolated plasma membrane, total membrane and cytosolic proteins from MDM. To characterize dopamine-mediated changes in cytokine production in basal and inflammatory conditions, macrophages were treated with different concentrations of dopamine in the presence or absence of LPS and cytokine production was assayed by ELISA. Statistical significance was determined using two-tailed Students’ T-tests or Wilcoxen Signed Rank tests. Results These data show that MDM express mRNA for all five subtypes of dopamine receptors, and that dopamine receptors 3 and 4 are expressed on the plasma membrane. MDM also express mRNA for the dopamine transporter (DAT), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). DAT is expressed on the plasma membrane, VMAT2 on cellular membranes and TH and AADC are in the cytosol. Dopamine also alters macrophage cytokine production in both untreated and LPS-treated cells. Untreated macrophages show dopamine mediated increases IL-6 and CCL2. Macrophages treated with LPS show increased IL-6, CCL2, CXCL8 and IL-10 and decreased TNF-α. Conclusions Monocyte derived macrophages express dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins through which dopamine may modulate macrophage functions. Thus, increased CNS dopamine levels due to drug abuse may exacerbate the development of neurological diseases including Alzheimer’s disease and HIV associated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Chen ML, Tsai TC, Wang LK, Lin YY, Tsai YM, Lee MC, Tsai FM. Clozapine inhibits Th1 cell differentiation and causes the suppression of IFN-γ production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2012; 34:686-94. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.651535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Chen ML, Tsai TC, Lin YY, Tsai YM, Wang LK, Lee MC, Tsai FM. Antipsychotic drugs suppress the AKT/NF-κB pathway and regulate the differentiation of T-cell subsets. Immunol Lett 2011; 140:81-91. [PMID: 21763349 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) are commonly used to ease the symptoms of schizophrenia; however, these same drugs also have an effect on the human immune system. Our previous studies have shown that risperidone and clozapine effectively decrease the production of IFN-γ for CD4(+) T-cells in PBMC. In contrast, haloperidol causes an increase in the production of IFN-γ for CD4(+) T-cells in PBMC. In this study we show that risperidone and clozapine can reduce Th1 cell differentiation and T-bet expression. The differentiation of Th1 cells was reduced in clozapine or risperidone treated PBMC by inhibiting the phosphorylation of AKT but not STAT-4. Typical APD, haloperidol, had the opposite effect in regulating T cell differentiation when compared with atypical APDs including risperidone and clozapine. Haloperidol decreased the expression of GATA-3, a Th2-related transcription factor, by inhibiting NF-κB activation rather than STAT-6 phosphorylation and thus decreased Th2 differentiation. In addition, chronic risperidone and clozapine treatment reduces the IFN-γ producing CD4(+) T-cell population within PBMC. In conclusion, this study suggests that APDs do indeed regulate the body's immune response and therefore all APDs should have their own patent in regulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Liang Chen
- Department of Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei Branch, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Alberio T, Anchieri C, Piacentini L, Gentile G, Simmaco M, Biasin M, Fasano M. Proteomic characterization of Jurkat T leukemic cells after dopamine stimulation: A model of circulating dopamine-sensitive cells. Biochimie 2011; 93:892-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Nakano K, Yamaoka K, Hanami K, Saito K, Sasaguri Y, Yanagihara N, Tanaka S, Katsuki I, Matsushita S, Tanaka Y. Dopamine induces IL-6-dependent IL-17 production via D1-like receptor on CD4 naive T cells and D1-like receptor antagonist SCH-23390 inhibits cartilage destruction in a human rheumatoid arthritis/SCID mouse chimera model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3745-52. [PMID: 21307293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A major neurotransmitter dopamine transmits signals via five different seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors termed D1-D5. Several studies have shown that dopamine not only mediates interactions into the nervous system, but can contribute to the modulation of immunity via receptors expressed on immune cells. We have previously shown an autocrine/paracrine release of dopamine by dendritic cells (DCs) during Ag presentation to naive CD4(+) T cells and found efficacious results of a D1-like receptor antagonist SCH-23390 in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model of multiple sclerosis and in the NOD mouse model of type I diabetes, with inhibition of Th17 response. This study aimed to assess the role of dopaminergic signaling in Th17-mediated immune responses and in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In human naive CD4(+) T cells, dopamine increased IL-6-dependent IL-17 production via D1-like receptors, in response to anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 mAb. Furthermore, dopamine was localized with DCs in the synovial tissue of RA patients and significantly increased in RA synovial fluid. In the RA synovial/SCID mouse chimera model, although a selective D2-like receptor antagonist haloperidol significantly induced accumulation of IL-6(+) and IL-17(+) T cells with exacerbated cartilage destruction, SCH-23390 strongly suppressed these responses. Taken together, these findings indicate that dopamine released by DCs induces IL-6-Th17 axis and causes aggravation of synovial inflammation of RA, which is the first time, to our knowledge, that actual evidence has shown the pathological relevance of dopaminergic signaling with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Nakano
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
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Löber S, Hübner H, Tschammer N, Gmeiner P. Recent advances in the search for D3- and D4-selective drugs: probes, models and candidates. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:148-57. [PMID: 21232805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D(2)-like receptors (including D(2), D(3) and D(4)) belong to the 'rhodopsin-like' family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which represent the largest group of targets for bioactive molecules. Due to their high sequence similarity, the design of subtype-selective ligands requires rational and effective strategies. The general formula of 1,4-disubstituted aromatic piperidines and piperazines (1,4-DAPs) was extracted from classical dopaminergic drugs. The biological properties of this compound family are encoded by an aromatic head group that controls intrinsic activity, an amine moiety and a lipophilic appendage. D(3)- and D(4)-selective molecular probes and drug candidates were generated from the general formula of 1,4-DAP. Formal structural rearrangement led to investigational drugs beyond the 1,4-DAP structure. The very recent publication of the X-ray crystal structure of D(3) should facilitate efficient discovery of unprecedented chemotypes. However, the development of D(3)-selective agonists, functionally selective ligands and the exploitation of homo- and heteromers remain challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Löber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Kawano M, Sawada K, Tsuru E, Nishihara M, Kato K, Honer WG, Shimodera S. Dopamine receptor D3R and D4R mRNA levels in peripheral lymphocytes in patients with schizophrenia correlate with severity of illness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpsych.2011.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Benish M, Ben-Eliyahu S. Surgery as a double-edged sword: a clinically feasible approach to overcome the metastasis-promoting effects of surgery by blunting stress and prostaglandin responses. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:1929-51. [PMID: 24281210 PMCID: PMC3840453 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2041929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery remains an essential therapeutic approach for most solid malignancies, including breast cancer. However, surgery also constitutes a risk factor for promotion of pre-existing micrometastases and the initiation of new metastases through several mechanisms, including the release of prostaglandins and stress hormones (e.g., catecholamines and glucocorticoids). However, the perioperative period also presents an opportunity for cell mediated immunity (CMI) and other mechanisms to eradicate or control minimal residual disease, provided that the deleterious effects of surgery are minimized. Here, we discuss the key role of endogenous stress hormones and prostaglandins in promoting the metastatic process through their direct impact on malignant cells, and through their deleterious impact on anti-cancer CMI. We further discuss the effects of anesthetic techniques, the extent of surgery, pain alleviation, and timing within the menstrual cycle with respect to their impact on tumor recurrence and physiological stress responses. Last, we suggest an attractive perioperative drug regimen, based on a combination of a cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor and a β-adrenergic blocker, which we found effective in attenuating immune suppression and the metastasis-promoting effects of surgery in several tumor models. This regimen is clinically applicable, and could potentially promote disease free survival in patients operated for breast and other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marganit Benish
- Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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