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Guy TV, Terry AM, McGuire HM, Shklovskaya E, Fazekas de St Groth B. MHCII restriction demonstrates B cells have very limited capacity to activate tumour-specific CD4 + T cells in vivo. Oncoimmunology 2023; 13:2290799. [PMID: 38125720 PMCID: PMC10730170 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2290799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the role of B cells in antitumour immunity and potential use in adoptive cellular therapies. To date, the success of such therapies is limited. The intrinsic capacity of B cells to specifically activate tumour-specific CD4+ T cells in vivo via TCR-dependent interactions remains poorly defined. We have developed an in vivo tumour model that utilizes MHCII I-E restriction which limits antigen presentation to tumour-specific CD4 T cells to either tumour-specific B cells or host myeloid antigen presenting cells (APCs) in lymphopenic RAG-/-mice. We have previously shown that these naive tumour-specific CD4+ T cells can successfully eradicate established tumours in this model when activated by host APCs. When naïve tumour-specific B cells are the only source of I-E+ APC, very limited proliferation of naïve CD4+ T cells is observed, whereas host I-E+ APCs are potent T cell activators. B cells pre-activated with an anti-CD40 agonistic antibody in vivo support increased T cell proliferation, although far less than host APCs. CD4+ T cells that have already differentiated to an effector/central memory phenotype proliferate more readily in response to naïve B cells, although still 100-fold less than in response to host APCs. This study demonstrates that even in a significantly lymphopenic environment, myeloid APCs are the dominant primary activators of tumour-specific T cells, in contrast to the very limited capacity of tumour-specific B cells. This suggests that future anti-tumour therapies that incorporate activated B cells should also include mechanisms that activate host APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V. Guy
- T cell Biology Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Pillai Labratory, Ragon Institute of MGH, Harvard and MIT, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra M. Terry
- T cell Biology Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Genmab, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen M. McGuire
- T cell Biology Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elena Shklovskaya
- T cell Biology Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barbara Fazekas de St Groth
- T cell Biology Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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2
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The Unique Immunoregulatory Function of Staphylococcus Aureus Lipoteichoic Acid in Dendritic Cells. J 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/j2030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives: Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is a structural component of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) that induces severe infection disease and skin inflammation such as atopic dermatitis (AD); the biological function of LTA is still unclear. Dendritic cells (DC) are important regulators in the immune system, and the cells ectopically recognize agents that have an influence on the host immune response. We aimed to reveal the DC-based immune response against LTA to understand the novel mechanism in S. aureus related acute skin inflammation. Materials and Methods: Different doses of LTA were applied on the epidermal barrier dysfunction mice in order to evaluate the epidermal thickness, DC activation, and subsequent immunological response such as effector T-cell (Teff) activation. In addition, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were also treated with LTA, and the immunoregulatory mechanism was investigated. Results: A low dose of LTA did not induce skin inflammation at all; however, a high dose of LTA induced severe skin inflammation on epidermalba rrier dysfunction mice. Those symptoms were correlated with the DC and Teff activation status. The low-dose treatment of LTA showed a suppressive effect in pro-inflammatory cytokine production via a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dominant manner, and the effect was significant regarding the co-treatment with another stimulatory signal such as TLR4 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Meanwhile, a high-dose treatment of LTA completely abolished the suppressive effect of a low-dose treatment. This phenomenon was based on C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), because the high dose of LTA greatly enhanced the expression of CLRs in the activated DCs. Conclusions: DCs sensed the dose difference of LTA, and the mechanism contributed to regulating immune responses such as effector T-cell activation, which was directly correlated with inflammatory response. This finding might provide an understanding for the novel immunological effect of LTA and S. aureus pathogenesis under inflammation, as well as the mechanism of symbiosis.
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3
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Solmaz G, Puttur F, Francozo M, Lindenberg M, Guderian M, Swallow M, Duhan V, Khairnar V, Kalinke U, Ludewig B, Clausen BE, Wagner H, Lang KS, Sparwasser TD. TLR7 Controls VSV Replication in CD169 + SCS Macrophages and Associated Viral Neuroinvasion. Front Immunol 2019; 10:466. [PMID: 30930901 PMCID: PMC6428728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an insect-transmitted rhabdovirus that is neurovirulent in mice. Upon peripheral VSV infection, CD169+ subcapsular sinus (SCS) macrophages capture VSV in the lymph, support viral replication, and prevent CNS neuroinvasion. To date, the precise mechanisms controlling VSV infection in SCS macrophages remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that Toll-like receptor-7 (TLR7), the main sensing receptor for VSV, is central in controlling lymph-borne VSV infection. Following VSV skin infection, TLR7−/− mice display significantly less VSV titers in the draining lymph nodes (dLN) and viral replication is attenuated in SCS macrophages. In contrast to effects of TLR7 in impeding VSV replication in the dLN, TLR7−/− mice present elevated viral load in the brain and spinal cord highlighting their susceptibility to VSV neuroinvasion. By generating novel TLR7 floxed mice, we interrogate the impact of cell-specific TLR7 function in anti-viral immunity after VSV skin infection. Our data suggests that TLR7 signaling in SCS macrophages supports VSV replication in these cells, increasing LN infection and may account for the delayed onset of VSV-induced neurovirulence observed in TLR7−/− mice. Overall, we identify TLR7 as a novel and essential host factor that critically controls anti-viral immunity to VSV. Furthermore, the novel mouse model generated in our study will be of valuable importance to shed light on cell-intrinsic TLR7 biology in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülhas Solmaz
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Franz Puttur
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcela Francozo
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Lindenberg
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Guderian
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Maxine Swallow
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Vikas Duhan
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vishal Khairnar
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute of Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Björn E Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hermann Wagner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology of the University Hospital in Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tim D Sparwasser
- Institute of Infection Immunology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Hannover, Germany.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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4
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Cho SW, Zhang YL, Ko YK, Shin JM, Lee JH, Rhee CS, Kim DY. Intranasal Treatment With 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Alleviates Allergic Rhinitis Symptoms in a Mouse Model. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2019; 11:267-279. [PMID: 30661318 PMCID: PMC6340801 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2019.11.2.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin D is a potent immunomodulator. However, its role in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis is unclear. METHODS The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiallergic effect of intranasally applied vitamin D in an allergic rhinitis mouse model. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and alum before they were intranasally challenged with OVA. Then, they were intranasally administered 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (0.02 μg) or solvent. Allergic symptom scores, eosinophil infiltration, cytokine mRNA levels (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 and interferon-γ) in the nasal tissue, and serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and OVA-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2a were analyzed and compared with negative and positive control groups. Cervical lymph nodes (LNs) were harvested for flow cytometry analysis and cell proliferation assay. RESULTS In the treatment group, allergic symptom scores, eosinophil infiltration, and mRNA levels of IL-4 and IL-13 were significantly lower in the nasal tissue than in the positive control group. The IL-5 mRNA level, serum total IgE, and OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 levels decreased in the treatment group; however, the difference was not significant. In the cervical LNs, CD86 expression had been down-regulated in CD11c⁺major histocompatibility complex II-high (MHCIIhigh) in the treatment group. Additionally, IL-4 secretion in the lymphocyte culture from cervical LNs significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS The results confirm the antiallergic effect of intranasal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. It decreases CD 86 expression among CD11c⁺MHCIIhigh cells and T-helper type 2-mediated inflammation in the cervical LNs. Therefore, topically applied 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 can be a future therapeutic agent for allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Woo Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yu Lian Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.,Center of Morphological Experiment, Medical College of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Young Kyung Ko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Min Shin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chae Seo Rhee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Young Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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5
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Tordesillas L, Lozano-Ojalvo D, Dunkin D, Mondoulet L, Agudo J, Merad M, Sampson HA, Berin MC. PDL2 + CD11b + dermal dendritic cells capture topical antigen through hair follicles to prime LAP + Tregs. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5238. [PMID: 30531969 PMCID: PMC6286332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin immune system must discriminate between innocuous antigens and pathogens. Antigen applied topically using a Viaskin® patch elicits immune tolerance that can suppress colitis and food allergy. Here we show how topical antigen is acquired and presented by dendritic cells in the skin. Topical antigen is acquired by Langerhans cells (LC) and CD11b+ cDC2s but not cDC1s, and both LCs and CD11b+ cDC2s reaching the lymph node can prime T cells and expand LAP+ Tregs. However, LCs are neither required nor sufficient for T cell priming, and have no role in tolerance induction. Conversely, IRF-4-dependent cDC2s are required for T cell priming. Acquisition of antigen in the dermis, delivery to the draining lymph node, and generation of tolerance are all absent in hairless mice. These results indicate an important function for hair follicle niche and CD11b+ cDC2s in antigen acquisition, and in generation of primary immune tolerance to topical antigens. Antigen present and presented in the structures of the skin can result in immune responses that elicit tolerance, protective immunity or allergy, depending on the immunological context. Here the authors describe a key role for the hair follicle and CD11b+ dendritic cells in the priming of local antigenic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Tordesillas
- Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA.,Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo
- Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA.,Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - David Dunkin
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | - Judith Agudo
- Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA
| | - Hugh A Sampson
- Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA.,Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA.,DBV Technologies, Montrouge, 90120, France
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Pediatric Allergy & Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA. .,Immunology Institute. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 10029, NY, USA.
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6
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Hirai KE, Silva LM, de Sousa JR, de Souza J, Dias LB, Oliveira Carneiro FR, de Souza Aarão TL, Quaresma JAS. Langerin (CD207)-positive cells in leprosy: Possible implications for pathogenesis of the disease with special emphasis on dermal immunoreactivity. Microb Pathog 2018; 124:1-4. [PMID: 30118799 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which is characterized by two distinct poles, the tuberculoid pole and the lepromatous pole, depending on the immune response to the bacillus. Langerin-positive cells are dendritic cells that appear to play an essential role in the development of the disease. These cells are specialized in the processing and presentation of antigens, exerting an important function in the activation of the immune system. To evaluate the expression of langerin-positive cells (CD207+) in skin lesion fragments of patients with a diagnosis of M. leprae infection and to associate the expression of these cells with the polar forms of the disease. Langerin-positive cells were detected in larger numbers in lesions of patients with the tuberculoid form compared to those with the lepromatous form. The presence of a larger number of these cells in patients with the tuberculoid form suggests an important participation of langerin-positive cells, capturing antigens and favoring an effective immune response to infection with M. leprae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Emi Hirai
- Center of Biological and Health Science, State University of Para, Belem, Brazil
| | - Luciana Mota Silva
- Center of Biological and Health Science, State University of Para, Belem, Brazil
| | | | - Juarez de Souza
- Center of Biological and Health Science, State University of Para, Belem, Brazil
| | - Leônidas Braga Dias
- Center of Biological and Health Science, State University of Para, Belem, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma
- Center of Biological and Health Science, State University of Para, Belem, Brazil; Tropical Medicine Center, Federal Do Para University, Belem, Brazil.
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7
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Lee JS, Jeong SJ, Kim S, Chalifour L, Yun TJ, Miah MA, Li B, Majdoubi A, Sabourin A, Keler T, Guimond JV, Haddad E, Choi EY, Epelman S, Choi JH, Thibodeau J, Oh GT, Cheong C. Conventional Dendritic Cells Impair Recovery after Myocardial Infarction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1784-1798. [PMID: 30097529 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic myocardial injury results in sterile cardiac inflammation that leads to tissue repair, two processes controlled by mononuclear phagocytes. Despite global burden of cardiovascular diseases, we do not understand the functional contribution to pathogenesis of specific cardiac mononuclear phagocyte lineages, in particular dendritic cells. To address this limitation, we used detailed lineage tracing and genetic studies to identify bona fide murine and human CD103+ conventional dendritic cell (cDC)1s, CD11b+ cDC2s, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) in the heart of normal mice and immunocompromised NSG mice reconstituted with human CD34+ cells, respectively. After myocardial infarction (MI), the specific depletion of cDCs, but not pDCs, improved cardiac function and prevented adverse cardiac remodeling. Our results showed that fractional shortening measured after MI was not influenced by the absence of pDCs. Interestingly, however, depletion of cDCs significantly improved reduction in fractional shortening. Moreover, fibrosis and cell areas were reduced in infarcted zones. This correlated with reduced numbers of cardiac macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells, indicating a blunted inflammatory response. Accordingly, mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IFN-γ were reduced. Collectively, our results demonstrate the unequivocal pathological role of cDCs following MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seong Lee
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Se-Jin Jeong
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Sinai Kim
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Lorraine Chalifour
- Lady Davis Institute, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Tae Jin Yun
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Mohammad Alam Miah
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Bin Li
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Abdelilah Majdoubi
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Antoine Sabourin
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Jean V Guimond
- Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux Jeanne-Mance, Montreal, Quebec H2T 2R9, Canada
| | - Elie Haddad
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Eui-Young Choi
- Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, South Korea
| | - Slava Epelman
- Peter Munk Cardiac Center, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2N2, Canada.,Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada; and
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Jacques Thibodeau
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada; .,Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives, Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea;
| | - Cheolho Cheong
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.,Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
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8
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Cook SJ, Lee Q, Wong ACH, Spann BC, Vincent JN, Wong JJL, Schlitzer A, Gorrell MD, Weninger W, Roediger B. Differential chemokine receptor expression and usage by pre-cDC1 and pre-cDC2. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:1131-1139. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Cook
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Quintin Lee
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Alex CH Wong
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Benjamin C Spann
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Jonathan N Vincent
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Justin JL Wong
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Andreas Schlitzer
- Myeloid Cell Biology; LIMES-Institute; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Mark D Gorrell
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology; Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; NSW Australia
- Department of Dermatology; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Camperdown NSW Australia
| | - Ben Roediger
- Centenary Institute; Newtown NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; University of Sydney; Camperdown NSW Australia
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9
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West HC, Bennett CL. Redefining the Role of Langerhans Cells As Immune Regulators within the Skin. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1941. [PMID: 29379502 PMCID: PMC5770803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) are a unique population of tissue-resident macrophages that form a network of cells across the epidermis of the skin, but which have the ability to migrate from the epidermis to draining lymph nodes (LN). Their location at the skin barrier suggests a key role as immune sentinels. However, despite decades of research, the role of LC in skin immunity is unclear; ablation of LC results in neither fatal susceptibility to skin infection nor overt autoimmunity due to lack of immune regulation. Our understanding of immune processes has traditionally been centered on secondary lymphoid organs as sites of lymphocyte priming and differentiation, which is exemplified by LC, initially defined as a paradigm for tissue dendritic cells that migrate to draining LN on maturation. But, more recently, an awareness of the importance of the tissue environment in shaping effector immunity has emerged. In this mini-review, we discuss whether our lack of understanding of LC function stems from our lymph node-centric view of these cells, and question whether a focus on LC as immune regulators in situ in the skin may reveal clearer answers about their function in cutaneous immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C. West
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Studies, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare L. Bennett
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Studies, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Guy TV, Terry AM, Bolton HA, Hancock DG, Zhu E, Brink R, McGuire HM, Shklovskaya E, Fazekas de St. Groth B. Collaboration between tumor-specific CD4+ T cells and B cells in anti-cancer immunity. Oncotarget 2017; 7:30211-29. [PMID: 27121060 PMCID: PMC5058675 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of B cells and antibodies in anti-tumor immunity is controversial, with both positive and negative effects reported in animal models and clinical studies. We developed a murine B16.F10 melanoma model to study the effects of collaboration between tumor-specific CD4+ T cells and B cells on tumor control. By incorporating T cell receptor transgenic T cells and B cell receptor isotype switching B cells, we were able to track the responses of tumor-reactive T and B cells and the development of anti-tumor antibodies in vivo. In the presence of tumor-specific B cells, the number of tumor-reactive CD4+ T cells was reduced in lymphoid tissues and the tumor itself, and this correlated with poor tumor control. B cells had little effect on the Th1 bias of the CD4+ T cell response, and the number of induced FoxP3+ regulatory cells (iTregs) generated from within the original naive CD4+ T cell inoculum was unrelated to the degree of B cell expansion. In response to CD4+ T cell help, B cells produced a range of isotype-switched anti-tumor antibodies, principally IgG1, IgG2a/c and IgG2b. In the absence of CD4+ T cells, B cells responded to agonistic anti-CD40 administration by switching to production of IgG2a/c and, to a lesser extent, IgG1, IgG3, IgA and IgE, which reduced the number of lung metastases after i.v. tumor inoculation but had no effect on the growth of subcutaneous tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Guy
- T Cell Biology Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra M Terry
- T Cell Biology Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Holly A Bolton
- T Cell Biology Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David G Hancock
- T Cell Biology Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- T Cell Biology Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- B Cell Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Helen M McGuire
- T Cell Biology Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elena Shklovskaya
- T Cell Biology Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barbara Fazekas de St. Groth
- T Cell Biology Laboratory, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Clayton K, Vallejo AF, Davies J, Sirvent S, Polak ME. Langerhans Cells-Programmed by the Epidermis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1676. [PMID: 29238347 PMCID: PMC5712534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) reside in the epidermis as a dense network of immune system sentinels. These cells determine the appropriate adaptive immune response (inflammation or tolerance) by interpreting the microenvironmental context in which they encounter foreign substances. In a normal physiological, "non-dangerous" situation, LCs coordinate a continuous state of immune tolerance, preventing unnecessary and harmful immune activation. Conversely, when they sense a danger signal, for example during infection or when the physical integrity of skin has been compromised as a result of a trauma, they instruct T lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system to mount efficient effector responses. Recent advances investigating the molecular mechanisms underpinning the cross talk between LCs and the epidermal microenvironment reveal its importance for programming LC biology. This review summarizes the novel findings describing LC origin and function through the analysis of the transcriptomic programs and gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Review and meta-analysis of publicly available datasets clearly delineates LCs as distinct from both conventional dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, suggesting a primary role for the epidermal microenvironment in programming LC biology. This concept is further supported by the analysis of the effect of epidermal pro-inflammatory signals, regulating key GRNs in human and murine LCs. Applying whole transcriptome analyses and in silico analysis has advanced our understanding of how LCs receive, integrate, and process signals from the steady-state and diseased epidermis. Interestingly, in homeostasis and under immunological stress, the molecular network in LCs remains relatively stable, reflecting a key evolutionary need related to tissue localization. Importantly, to fulfill their key role in orchestrating antiviral adaptive immune responses, LC share specific transcriptomic modules with other DC types able to cross-present antigens to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, pointing to a possible evolutionary convergence mechanism. With the development of more advanced technologies allowing delineation of the molecular networks at the level of chromatin organization, histone modifications, protein translation, and phosphorylation, future "omics" investigations will bring in-depth understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underpinning human LC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalum Clayton
- Systems Immmunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andres F Vallejo
- Systems Immmunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - James Davies
- Systems Immmunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Sirvent
- Systems Immmunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marta E Polak
- Systems Immmunology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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12
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Cho Y, Kwon D, Kang SJ. The Cooperative Role of CD326 + and CD11b + Dendritic Cell Subsets for a Hapten-Induced Th2 Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3137-3146. [PMID: 28972093 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in directing immune responses. Previous studies have identified a variety of DC subsets and elucidated their context-dependent functions that parallel those of effector Th cell subsets. However, little is known about the DC subsets responsible for differentiation of Th2 cells governing allergic contact dermatitis. In this study, we sought to determine the DC subset(s) that mediate Th2 priming in hapten-sensitized mice. We induced hapten-specific Th2 differentiation by sensitizing the mice with a single application of FITC dissolved in acetone:dibutyl phthalate, and traced the immune cells responsible for inducing the Th2 differentiation process at the primary stimulation, enabling us to track Th2 priming in vivo and to delete basophils and specific DC subsets. Our analysis revealed that IL-4 was produced in vivo as early as day 3 from CD4+ T cells with a single application of FITC. Basophils, despite producing IL-4 1 d earlier than T cells, were found to be dispensable for Th2 differentiation. Instead, we demonstrated that CD326+ dermal DCs and Langerhans cells were redundantly required for FITC-induced Th2 differentiation in vivo. Moreover, the cooperation of CD326+ Langerhans cells and CD11b+ DCs differentiated naive T cells into Th2 cells in vitro. Collectively, our findings highlight at least two DC subsets that play a critical role in polarizing naive CD4+ T cells to Th2 cells and support a two-hit model for Th2 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyeong Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Jo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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13
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Döhler A, Schneider T, Eckert I, Ribechini E, Andreas N, Riemann M, Reizis B, Weih F, Lutz MB. RelB + Steady-State Migratory Dendritic Cells Control the Peripheral Pool of the Natural Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:726. [PMID: 28690613 PMCID: PMC5479892 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus-derived natural Foxp3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells (nTregs) play a key role in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune disease. Several studies indicate that dendritic cells (DCs) are critically involved in the maintenance and proliferation of nTregs. However, the mechanisms how DCs manage to keep the peripheral pool at constant levels remain poorly understood. Here, we describe that the NF-κB/Rel family transcription factor RelB controls the frequencies of steady-state migratory DCs (ssmDCs) in peripheral lymph nodes and their numbers control peripheral nTreg homeostasis. DC-specific RelB depletion was investigated in CD11c-Cre × RelBfl/fl mice (RelBDCko), which showed normal frequencies of resident DCs in lymph nodes and spleen while the subsets of CD103− Langerin− dermal DCs (dDCs) and Langerhans cells but not CD103+ Langerin+ dDC of the ssmDCs in skin-draining lymph nodes were increased. Enhanced frequencies and proliferation rates were also observed for nTregs and a small population of CD4+ CD44high CD25low memory-like T cells (Tml). Interestingly, only the Tml but not DCs showed an increase in IL-2-producing capacity in lymph nodes of RelBDCko mice. Blocking of IL-2 in vivo reduced the frequency of nTregs but increased the Tml frequencies, followed by a recovery of nTregs. Taken together, by employing RelBDCko mice with increased frequencies of ssmDCs our data indicate a critical role for specific ssmDC subsets for the peripheral nTreg and IL-2+ Tml frequencies during homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Döhler
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Schneider
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ina Eckert
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eliana Ribechini
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nico Andreas
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Riemann
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Boris Reizis
- Department of Pathology, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Falk Weih
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Deckers J, Sichien D, Plantinga M, Van Moorleghem J, Vanheerswynghels M, Hoste E, Malissen B, Dombrowicz D, Guilliams M, De Bosscher K, Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. Epicutaneous sensitization to house dust mite allergen requires interferon regulatory factor 4-dependent dermal dendritic cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1364-1377.e2. [PMID: 28189772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to allergens, such as house dust mite (HDM), through the skin often precedes allergic inflammation in the lung. It was proposed that TH2 sensitization through the skin occurs when skin barrier function is disrupted by, for example, genetic predisposition, mechanical damage, or the enzymatic activity of allergens. OBJECTIVE We sought to study how HDM applied to unmanipulated skin leads to TH2 sensitization and to study which antigen-presenting cells mediate this process. METHODS HDM was applied epicutaneously by painting HDM on unmanipulated ear skin or under an occlusive tape. HDM challenge was through the nose. Mouse strains lacking different dendritic cell (DC) populations were used, and 1-DER T cells carrying a transgenic T-cell receptor reactive to Der p 1 allergen were used as a readout for antigen presentation. The TH2-inducing capacity of sorted skin-derived DC subsets was determined by means of adoptive transfer to naive mice. RESULTS Epicutaneous HDM application led to TH2 sensitization and eosinophilic airway inflammation upon intranasal HDM challenge. Skin sensitization did not require prior skin damage or enzymatic activity within HDM extract, yet was facilitated by applying the allergen under an occlusive tape. Primary proliferation of 1-DER T cells occurred only in the regional skin-draining lymph nodes. Epicutaneous sensitization was found to be driven by 2 variants of interferon regulatory factor 4-dependent dermal type 2 conventional DC subsets and not by epidermal Langerhans cells. CONCLUSION These findings identify skin type 2 conventional DCs as crucial players in TH2 sensitization to common inhaled allergens that enter the body through the skin and can provoke features of allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Deckers
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dorine Sichien
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maud Plantinga
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Justine Van Moorleghem
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Manon Vanheerswynghels
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Esther Hoste
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - David Dombrowicz
- INSERM U1011, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Martin Guilliams
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hamida Hammad
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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15
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Lee CH, Chen JS, Chiu HC, Hong CH, Liu CY, Ta YC, Wang LF. Differential activation behavior of dermal dendritic cells underlies the strain-specific Th1 responses to single epicutaneous immunization. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 84:248-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Bollampalli VP, Nylén S, Rothfuchs AG. A CFSE-based Assay to Study the Migration of Murine Skin Dendritic Cells into Draining Lymph Nodes During Infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27768071 PMCID: PMC5092184 DOI: 10.3791/54620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are important for initiating immune responses, in part through their ability to acquire and shuttle antigen to the draining lymph node (DLN). The mobilization of DCs to the DLN is complex and remains to be fully elucidated during infection. Herein described is the use of an innovative, simple assay that relies on the fluorochrome 5- and 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to track the migration of DCs during footpad infection with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in C57BL/6 mice. This assay enables the characterization of skin DC sub-populations that actively relocate to the draining, popliteal LN in response to BCG. This protocol originates from a BCG model where migratory skin DCs were identified by flow cytometry. The assay is amiable to the study and identification of DCs or other cells that home to the popliteal LN after inoculation of microbes, their metabolites or other inflammatory stimuli in the footpad, and consequently to study factors that regulate the migration of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Nylén
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet
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17
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Shklovskaya E, Terry AM, Guy TV, Buckley A, Bolton HA, Zhu E, Holst J, Fazekas de St. Groth B. Tumour-specific CD4 T cells eradicate melanoma via indirect recognition of tumour-derived antigen. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:593-603. [PMID: 26837456 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The importance of CD4 T cells in tumour immunity has been increasingly recognised, with recent reports describing robust CD4 T cell-dependent tumour control in mice whose immune-regulatory mechanisms have been disturbed by irradiation, chemotherapy, immunomodulatory therapy and/or constitutive immunodeficiency. Tumour control in such models has been attributed in large part to direct Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II-dependent CD4 T cell killing of tumour cells. To test whether CD4 T cells can eradicate tumours without directly killing tumour cells, we developed an animal model in which tumour-derived antigen could be presented to T-cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic CD4 T cells by host but not tumour MHC class II molecules. In I-E(+) mice bearing I-E(null) tumours, naive I-E-restricted CD4 T cells proliferated locally in tumour-draining lymph nodes after recognising tumour-derived antigen on migratory dendritic cells. In lymphopaenic but not immunosufficient hosts, CD4 T cells differentiated into polarised T helper type 1 (Th1) cells expressing interferon gamma (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin (IL)-2 but little IL-17, and cleared established tumours. Tumour clearance was enhanced by higher TCR affinity for tumour antigen-MHC class II and was critically dependent on IFNγ, as demonstrated by early tumour escape in animals treated with an IFNγ blocking antibody. Thus, CD4 T cells and IFNγ can control tumour growth without direct T-cell killing of tumour cells, and without requiring additional adaptive immune cells such as CD8 T cells and B cells. Our results support a role for effective CD4 T cell-dependent tumour immunity against MHC class II-negative tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Shklovskaya
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra M Terry
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas V Guy
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adrian Buckley
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Holly A Bolton
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- Origins of Cancer Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Barbara Fazekas de St. Groth
- T Cell Biology Research Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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Lin JY, Ta YC, Liu IL, Chen HW, Wang LF. Suppressive effects of primed eosinophils on single epicutaneous sensitization through regulation of dermal dendritic cells. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:548-52. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Lin
- Department of Dermatology; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Keelung Taiwan
- Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Yng-Cun Ta
- Department of Dermatology; National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - I-Lin Liu
- Department of Dermatology; Taipei City Hospital Heping Fuyou branch; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Wen Chen
- Department of Dermatology; National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Li-Fang Wang
- Department of Dermatology; National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
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19
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Siddhapura K, Harde H, Jain S. Immunostimulatory effect of tetanus toxoid loaded chitosan nanoparticles following microneedles assisted immunization. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:213-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Shankar SP, Griffith M, Forrester JV, Kuffová L. Dendritic cells and the extracellular matrix: A challenge for maintaining tolerance/homeostasis. World J Immunol 2015; 5:113-130. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v5.i3.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in contributing to structural, mechanical, functional and tissue-specific features in the body is well appreciated. While the ECM was previously considered to be a passive bystander, it is now evident that it plays active, dynamic and flexible roles in shaping cell survival, differentiation, migration and death to varying extents depending on the specific site in the body. Dendritic cells (DCs) are recognized as potent antigen presenting cells present in many tissues and in blood, continuously scrutinizing the microenvironment for antigens and mounting local and systemic host responses against harmful agents. DCs also play pivotal roles in maintaining homeostasis to harmless self-antigens, critical for preventing autoimmunity. What is less understood are the complex interactions between DCs and the ECM in maintaining this balance between steady-state tissue residence and DC activation during inflammation. DCs are finely tuned to inflammation-induced variations in fragment length, accessible epitopes and post-translational modifications of individual ECM components and correspondingly interpret these changes appropriately by adjusting their profiles of cognate binding receptors and downstream immune activation. The successful design and composition of novel ECM-based mimetics in regenerative medicine and other applications rely on our improved understanding of DC-ECM interplay in homeostasis and the challenges involved in maintaining it.
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21
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Ono S, Kabashima K. Novel insights into the role of immune cells in skin and inducible skin-associated lymphoid tissue (iSALT). ALLERGO JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s15007-015-0911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Vachiery N, Puech C, Cavelier P, Rodrigues V, Aprelon R, Lefrançois T, Martinez D, Epardaud M. An in vitro model to assess the immunosuppressive effect of tick saliva on the mobilization of inflammatory monocyte-derived cells. Vet Res 2015; 46:117. [PMID: 26412247 PMCID: PMC4586012 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens cause potent infections. These pathogens benefit from molecules contained in tick saliva that have evolved to modulate host innate and adaptive immune responses. This is called “saliva-activated transmission” and enables tick-borne pathogens to evade host immune responses. Ticks feed on their host for relatively long periods; thus, mechanisms counteracting the inflammation-driven recruitment and activation of innate effector cells at the bite site, are an effective strategy to escape the immune response. Here, we developed an original in vitro model to evaluate and to characterize the immunomodulatory effects of tick saliva that prevent the establishment of a local inflammatory immune response. This model mimics the tick bite and enables the assessment of the effect of saliva on the inflammatory-associated dynamic recruitment of cells from the mononuclear phagocyte system. Using this model, we were able to recapitulate the dual effect of tick saliva on the mobilization of inflammatory monocyte-derived cells, i.e. (i) impaired recruitment of monocytes from the blood to the bite wound; and (ii) poor mobilization of monocyte-derived cells from the skin to the draining lymph node. This simple tool reconstitutes the effect of tick saliva in vivo, which we characterized in the mouse, and should enable the identification of important factors facilitating pathogen infection. Furthermore, this model may be applied to the characterization of any pathogen-derived immunosuppressive molecule affecting the establishment of the inflammatory immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vachiery
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France.
| | - Carinne Puech
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - Patricia Cavelier
- UMR C5535 Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Valérie Rodrigues
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - Rosalie Aprelon
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-97170, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France.
| | - Thierry Lefrançois
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - Dominique Martinez
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| | - Mathieu Epardaud
- INRA-CIRAD, UMR 1309 Contrôle des maladies animales, exotiques et émergentes, F-34398, Montpellier, France. .,INRA, UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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Novel insights into the role of immune cells in skin and inducible skin-associated lymphoid tissue (iSALT). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 24:170-179. [PMID: 27069837 PMCID: PMC4792357 DOI: 10.1007/s40629-015-0065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The skin is equipped with serial barriers that provide rapid and efficient protection against external intruders. Beneath the epidermal physical barriers of the stratum corneum and the tight junctions, the integrated immune systems in both the epidermis and the dermis act in a coordinated manner to protect the host. This “immunological” barrier is composed of various cells, including skin-resident cells, such as keratinocytes, dendritic cells, tissue-resident macrophages, resident memory T cells, mast cells, and innate lymphoid cells. Additionally, infiltrating memory T cells, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are recruited in support of the host immunity. In addition to discussing the role of each of these cellular populations, we describe the concept of skin associated lymphoid tissue (SALT), which reminds us that the skin is an important component of the lymphatic system. We further describe the newly discovered phenomenon of multiple cell gathering under skin inflammation, which can be referred to as inducible SALT (iSALT). iSALT contributes to our understanding of SALT by highlighting the importance of direct cell-cell interaction in skin immunity.
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24
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Phenotypic and functional analysis of CD1a+ dendritic cells from cats chronically infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 42:53-9. [PMID: 26385493 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies suggest dendritic cell (DC) dysfunction is central to the dysregulated immune response during HIV infection; however, in vivo studies are lacking. In the present study we used feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection of cats as a model for HIV-1 infection to assess the maturation and function of dendritic cells, in vivo and in vitro. We compared CD1a+ DC migration, surface phenotype, endocytosis, mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) and regulatory T cell (Treg) phenotype induction by CD1a+ cells isolated from lymph nodes of FIV-infected and control cats. Results showed that resident CD1a+ DC in lymph nodes of chronically FIV-infected cats are phenotypically mature, can stimulate normal primary T cell proliferation, override Treg suppression and do not skew toward Treg induction. In contrast, FIV infection had deleterious effects on antigen presentation and migratory capacity of CD1a+ cells in tissues.
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25
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Terhorst D, Fossum E, Baranska A, Tamoutounour S, Malosse C, Garbani M, Braun R, Lechat E, Crameri R, Bogen B, Henri S, Malissen B. Laser-assisted intradermal delivery of adjuvant-free vaccines targeting XCR1+ dendritic cells induces potent antitumoral responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5895-902. [PMID: 25941327 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The development of vaccines inducing efficient CD8(+) T cell responses is the focus of intense research. Dendritic cells (DCs) expressing the XCR1 chemokine receptor, also known as CD103(+) or CD8α(+) DCs, excel in the presentation of extracellular Ags to CD8(+) T cells. Because of its high numbers of DCs, including XCR1(+) DCs, the skin dermis is an attractive site for vaccine administration. By creating laser-generated micropores through the epidermis, we targeted a model protein Ag fused to XCL1, the ligand of XCR1, to dermal XCR1(+) DCs and induced Ag-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses. Efficient immunization required the emigration of XCR1(+) dermal DCs to draining lymph nodes and occurred irrespective of TLR signaling. Moreover, a single intradermal immunization protected mice against melanoma tumor growth in prophylactic and therapeutic settings, in the absence of exogenous adjuvant. The mild inflammatory milieu created in the dermis by skin laser microporation itself most likely favored the development of potent T cell responses in the absence of exogenous adjuvants. The existence of functionally equivalent XCR1(+) dermal DCs in humans should permit the translation of laser-assisted intradermal delivery of a tumor-specific vaccine targeting XCR1(+) DCs to human cancer immunotherapy. Moreover, considering that the use of adjuvants in vaccines is often associated with safety issues, the possibility of inducing protective responses against melanoma tumor growth independently of the administration of exogenous adjuvants should facilitate the development of safer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Terhorst
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; INSERM U1104, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Department of Dermatology, Charité University Medicine, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Even Fossum
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, University of Oslo, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Anna Baranska
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; INSERM U1104, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Samira Tamoutounour
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; INSERM U1104, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Camille Malosse
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; INSERM U1104, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Mattia Garbani
- Department of Molecular Allergology, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich, Davos 7270, Switzerland
| | | | - Elmira Lechat
- Pantec Biosolutions, 9491 Ruggell, Liechtenstein; and
| | - Reto Crameri
- Department of Molecular Allergology, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich, Davos 7270, Switzerland
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, University of Oslo, Oslo 0424, Norway; Center for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo 0424 Norway
| | - Sandrine Henri
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; INSERM U1104, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France;
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; INSERM U1104, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7280, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France;
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26
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Abstract
In the 40 years since their discovery, dendritic cells (DCs) have been recognized as central players in immune regulation. DCs sense microbial stimuli through pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs) and decode, integrate, and present information derived from such stimuli to T cells, thus stimulating immune responses. DCs can also regulate the quality of immune responses. Several functionally specialized subsets of DCs exist, but DCs also display functional plasticity in response to diverse stimuli. In addition to sensing pathogens via PRRs, emerging evidence suggests that DCs can also sense stress signals, such as amino acid starvation, through ancient stress and nutrient sensing pathways, to stimulate adaptive immunity. Here, I discuss these exciting advances in the context of a historic perspective on the discovery of DCs and their role in immune regulation. I conclude with a discussion of emerging areas in DC biology in the systems immunology era and suggest that the impact of DCs on immunity can be usefully contextualized in a hierarchy-of-organization model in which DCs, their receptors and signaling networks, cell-cell interactions, tissue microenvironment, and the host macroenvironment represent different levels of the hierarchy. Immunity or tolerance can then be represented as a complex function of each of these hierarchies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bali Pulendran
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329;
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27
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Abstract
DNA vaccination is an attractive vaccination method. First, the production of plasmid DNA as a vaccine is considerably more cheap and simple than the production of recombinant protein. Second, the expression cassette of DNA vaccines can readily be modified, making DNA vaccines highly flexible. Finally, in animal models, DNA vaccination is able to induce potent cellular immune responses. Over the past decade, the focus in the DNA vaccination field has in large part moved from intramuscular immunization towards dermal administration. As a natural "porte d'entrée" for pathogens, the skin is rich in antigen-presenting cells, which are required for generating an efficient antigen-specific immune response. This chapter describes a DNA vaccination protocol that utilizes a simple tattooing device for the dermal delivery of plasmid DNA. This technique, called DNA tattooing, is capable of generating high frequencies of antigen-reactive T cells in mice and macaques.
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28
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Abstract
Immune cell populations in the skin are predominantly comprised of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. A lack of consensus regarding how to define these cell types has hampered research in this area. In this Review, we focus on recent advances that, based on ontogeny and global gene-expression profiles, have succeeded in discriminating DCs from macrophages in the skin. We discuss how these studies have enabled researchers to revisit the origin, diversity and T cell-stimulatory properties of these cells, and have led to unifying principles that extend across tissues and species. By aligning the DC and macrophage subsets that are found in mouse skin with those that are present in human skin, these studies also provide crucial information for developing intradermal vaccines and for managing inflammatory skin conditions.
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29
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Ochiai S, Roediger B, Abtin A, Shklovskaya E, Fazekas de St. Groth B, Yamane H, Weninger W, Le Gros G, Ronchese F. CD326loCD103loCD11blo Dermal Dendritic Cells Are Activated by Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin during Contact Sensitization in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2504-11. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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30
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Russo E, Nitschké M, Halin C. Dendritic cell interactions with lymphatic endothelium. Lymphat Res Biol 2014; 11:172-82. [PMID: 24044757 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2013.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Afferent lymphatic vessels fulfill essential immune functions by transporting leukocytes and lymph-borne antigen to draining lymph nodes (dLNs). An important cell type migrating through lymphatic vessels are dendritic cells (DCs). DCs reside in peripheral tissues like the skin, where they take up antigen and transport it via the lymphatic vascular network to dLNs for subsequent presentation to T cells. As such, DCs play a key role in the induction of adaptive immune responses during infection and vaccination, but also for the maintenance of tolerance. Although the migratory pattern of DCs has been known for long time, interactions between DCs and lymphatic vessels are only now starting to be unraveled at the cellular level. In particular, new tools for visualizing lymphatic vessels in combination with time-lapse microscopy have recently generated valuable insights into the process of DC migration to dLNs. In this review we summarize and discuss current approaches for visualizing DCs and lymphatic vessels in tissues for imaging applications. Furthermore, we review the current state of knowledge about DC migration towards, into and within lymphatic vessels, particularly focusing on the cellular interactions that take place between DCs and the lymphatic endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Russo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Nizza ST, Campbell JJ. CD11b+ migratory dendritic cells mediate CD8 T cell cross-priming and cutaneous imprinting after topical immunization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91054. [PMID: 24618819 PMCID: PMC3949685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Topical antigen application is a focus of current vaccine research. This immunization route mimics natural antigen exposure across a barrier tissue and generates T cells imprinted for skin-selective homing. Soluble antigens introduced through this route require cross-presentation by DC to generate CD8 T cell responses. Here we have explored the relative contribution of various skin-derived DC subsets to cross-priming and skin-selective imprinting. In our model, DC acquire soluble Ag in vivo from immunized murine skin for cross-presentation to naïve CD8 T cells ex vivo. We find CD11b+ migratory DC to be the relevant cross-priming DC in this model. Both Langerin+ and Langerin- CD11b+ migratory DC can cross-present antigen in our system, but only the Langerin+ subset can induce expression of the skin-selective addressin E-selectin ligand. Thus, the CD11b+ Langerin+ migratory DC population, comprised primarily of Langerhans cells, both cross-primes naïve CD8 T cells and imprints them with skin-homing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne T. Nizza
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James J. Campbell
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Rattanapak T, Birchall JC, Young K, Kubo A, Fujimori S, Ishii M, Hook S. Dynamic visualization of dendritic cell-antigen interactions in the skin following transcutaneous immunization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89503. [PMID: 24586830 PMCID: PMC3933627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of vaccines into the skin provides many advantages over traditional parenteral vaccination and is a promising approach due to the abundance of antigen presenting cells (APC) residing in the skin including Langerhans cells (LC) and dermal dendritic cells (DDC). However, the main obstacle for transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is the effective delivery of the vaccine through the stratum corneum (SC) barrier to the APC in the deeper skin layers. This study therefore utilized microneedles (MN) and a lipid-based colloidal delivery system (cubosomes) as a synergistic approach for the delivery of vaccines to APC in the skin. The process of vaccine uptake and recruitment by specific types of skin APC was investigated in real-time over 4 hours in B6.Cg-Tg (Itgax-EYFP) 1 Mnz/J mice by two-photon microscopy. Incorporation of the vaccine into a particulate delivery system and the use of MN preferentially increased vaccine antigen uptake by a highly motile subpopulation of skin APC known as CD207⁺ DC. No uptake of antigen or any response to immunisation by LC could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James C Birchall
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Young
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Atsuko Kubo
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sayumi Fujimori
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Ishii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Frontier Biosciences and Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sarah Hook
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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33
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Chopin M, Nutt SL. Establishing and maintaining the Langerhans cell network. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 41:23-9. [PMID: 24513231 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are the unique antigen-presenting cell of the epidermis. LCs have long been depicted in textbooks as the archetypical dendritic cell that alerts the immune system upon pathogen induced skin barrier breakage, however recent findings argue instead for a more tolerogenic function. While the LCs that populate the epidermis in steady-state arise from progenitors that seed the skin during embryogenesis, it is now apparent that a second pathway generating LCs from a bone marrow derived progenitor is active in inflammatory settings. This review emphasizes the determinants underpinning the establishment of the LC network in steady-state and under inflammatory conditions, as well as the transcriptional machinery governing their differentiation. The dual origin of LCs raises important questions about the functional differences between these subsets in balancing the epidermal immune response between immunity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Chopin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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34
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Taking the lymphatic route: dendritic cell migration to draining lymph nodes. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:261-74. [PMID: 24402708 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to leukocyte migration through blood vessels, trafficking via lymphatic vessels (LVs) is much less well characterized. An important cell type migrating via this route is antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs), which are key for the induction of protective immunity as well as for the maintenance of immunological tolerance. In this review, we will summarize and discuss current knowledge of the cellular and molecular events that control DC migration from the skin towards, into, and within LVs, followed by DC arrival and migration in draining lymph nodes. Finally, we will discuss potential strategies to therapeutically target this migratory step to modulate immune responses.
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35
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Abstract
The skin provides an effective physical and biological barrier against environmental and pathogenic insults whilst ensuring tolerance against commensal microbes. This protection is afforded by the unique anatomy and cellular composition of the skin, particularly the vast network of skin-associated immune cells. These include the long-appreciated tissue-resident macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells, as well as the more recently described dermal γδ T cells and innate lymphoid cells. Collectively, these cells orchestrate the defense against a wide range of pathogens and environmental challenges, but also perform a number of homeostatic functions. Here, we review recent developments in our understanding of the various roles that leukocyte subsets play in cutaneous immunobiology, and introduce the newer members of the skin immune system. Implications for human disease are discussed.
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36
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Kitajima M, Ziegler SF. Cutting edge: identification of the thymic stromal lymphopoietin-responsive dendritic cell subset critical for initiation of type 2 contact hypersensitivity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4903-7. [PMID: 24123684 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has been implicated in the initiation and progression of allergic inflammation through its ability to activate dendritic cells (DCs). However, the identity of the DC subset that responds to TSLP is not known. In this study we use a CCL17 reporter strain to identify the TSLP-responsive DC subset. In vitro, TSLP induced CD11b(high) DCs to express CCL17, to increase CCR7-mediated migration activity, and to drive Th2 differentiation of naive CD4 T cells. In vivo, following skin sensitization, we found that a subset of Ag-bearing CCL17(+)CD11b(high) migratory DCs, but not Ag-bearing CCL17(-) migratory DCs, in skin lymph nodes were capable of driving Th2 differentiation and were dramatically reduced in TSLPR-deficient mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that TSLP activated a subset of CD11b(+) DCs in the skin to produce CCL17, upregulate CCR7, and migrate to the draining lymph node to initiate Th2 differentiation.
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37
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Matsuo K, Hirobe S, Okada N, Nakagawa S. Frontiers of transcutaneous vaccination systems: novel technologies and devices for vaccine delivery. Vaccine 2013; 31:2403-15. [PMID: 23523401 PMCID: PMC7125630 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) systems that use the skin's immune function are promising needle-free, easy-to-use, and low-invasive vaccination alternative to conventional, injectable vaccination methods. To develop effective TCI systems, it is essential to establish fundamental techniques and technologies that deliver antigenic proteins to antigen-presenting cells in the epidermis and dermis while overcoming the barrier function of the stratum corneum. In this review, we provide an outline of recent trends in the development of techniques for the delivery of antigenic proteins and of the technologies used to enhance TCI systems. We also introduce basic and clinical research involving our TCI systems that incorporate several original devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Matsuo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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38
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Hancock DG, Guy TV, Shklovskaya E, Fazekas de St Groth B. Experimental models to investigate the function of dendritic cell subsets: challenges and implications. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 171:147-54. [PMID: 23286941 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The dendritic cell (DC) lineage is remarkably heterogeneous. It has been postulated that specialized DC subsets have evolved in order to select and support the multitude of possible T cell differentiation pathways. However, defining the function of individual DC subsets has proven remarkably difficult, and DC subset control of key T cell fates such as tolerance, T helper cell commitment and regulatory T cell induction is still not well understood. While the difficulty in assigning unique functions to particular DC subsets may be due to sharing of functions, it may also reflect a lack of appropriate physiological in-vivo models for studying DC function. In this paper we review the limitations associated with many of the current DC models and highlight some of the underlying difficulties involved in studying the function of murine DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Hancock
- Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology and the Discipline of Dermatology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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39
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Jain R, Weninger W. Shedding light on cutaneous innate immune responses: the intravital microscopy approach. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 91:263-70. [PMID: 23459295 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The skin is under constant assault by environmental factors and microbes. Innate immune cells in epidermis and dermis regulate immune responses against pathogens while maintaining tolerance against commensal bacteria and autoantigens. The introduction of intravital imaging approaches, in particular multiphoton microscopy, has enabled studying the cellular and molecular regulation of cutaneous immunity in real time within intact skin. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of innate immune cell behaviour in the skin, as unravelled by intravital microscopy, with emphasis on the function of myeloid cells, including dendritic cells, neutrophils and monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Jain
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
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40
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Concurrent exposure to a dectin-1 agonist suppresses the Th2 response to epicutaneously introduced antigen in mice. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:1. [PMID: 23286586 PMCID: PMC3563454 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epicutaneous sensitization with protein allergen that induces predominant Th2 responses is an important sensitization route in atopic dermatitis. Fungal components have been shown to modulate Th cell differentiation. However, the effects of fungal components on epicutaneous sensitization are unclear. Results In this study, we showed that co-administration of curdlan, a dectin-1 agonist, during epicutaneous ovalbumin sensitization of BALB/c mice decreased the IL-5 and IL-13 levels in supernatants of lymph node cell ovalbumin reactivation cultures. Mechanistically, curdlan co-administration decreased IL-4 and IL-1β expressions in draining lymph nodes. Curdlan co-administration also lower the migration of langerin+ CD103- epidermal Langerhans cells into draining lymph nodes at 96 hours post-sensitization which might be attributed to decreased expressions of IL-18 and IL-1β in patched skin. Moreover, adoptive transfer of CFSE-labeled transgenic CD4 T cells confirmed that curdlan co-administration decreased the proliferation and IL-4-production of ovalbumin -specific T cells primed by epidermal Langerhans cells. Conclusions These results indicated that concurrent exposure to a dectin-1 agonist suppresses the epicutaneously induced Th2 response by modulating the cytokine expression profiles in draining LNs and the migration of epidermal Langerhans cells. These results highlight the effects of fungal components on epicutaneous allergen sensitization in atopic diseases.
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41
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Abstract
Histiocytic disorders represent a group of complex pathologies characterized by the accumulation of histiocytes, an old term for tissue-resident macrophages and dendritic cells. Langerhans cell histiocytosis is the most frequent of histiocytosis in humans and has been thought to arise from the abnormal accumulation of epidermal dendritic cells called Langerhans cells. In this chapter, we discuss the origin and differentiation of Langerhans cells and dendritic cells and present accumulated evidence that suggests that Langerhans cell histiocytosis does not result from abnormal Langerhans cell homeostasis but rather is a consequence of misguided differentiation programs of myeloid dendritic cell precursors. We propose reclassification of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, juvenile xanthogranuloma, and Erdheim-Chester disease as inflammatory myeloid neoplasias.
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42
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Bajaña S, Roach K, Turner S, Paul J, Kovats S. IRF4 promotes cutaneous dendritic cell migration to lymph nodes during homeostasis and inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3368-77. [PMID: 22933627 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Migration of resident dendritic cells (DC) from the skin to local lymph nodes (LN) triggers T cell-mediated immune responses during cutaneous infection, autoimmune disease, and vaccination. In this study, we investigated whether the development and migration of skin-resident DC were regulated by IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), a transcription factor that is required for the development of CD11b(+) splenic DC. We found that the skin of naive IRF4(-/-) mice contained normal numbers of epidermal Langerhans cells (eLC) and increased numbers of CD11b(+) and CD103(+) dermal DC (dDC) populations, indicating that tissue DC development and skin residency is not disrupted by IRF4 deficiency. In contrast, numbers of migratory eLC and CD11b(+) dDC were significantly reduced in the cutaneous LN of IRF4(-/-) mice, suggesting a defect in constitutive migration from the dermis during homeostasis. Upon induction of skin inflammation, CD11b(+) dDC in IRF4(-/-) mice did not express the chemokine receptor CCR7 and failed to migrate to cutaneous LN, whereas the migration of eLC was only mildly impaired. Thus, although dispensable for their development, IRF4 is crucial for the CCR7-mediated migration of CD11b(+) dDC, a predominant population in murine and human skin that plays a vital role in normal and pathogenic cutaneous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bajaña
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Karande P, Mitragotri S. Transcutaneous immunization: an overview of advantages, disease targets, vaccines, and delivery technologies. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2012; 1:175-201. [PMID: 22432578 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-073009-100948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Skin is an immunologically active tissue composed of specialized cells and agents that capture and process antigens to confer immune protection. Transcutaneous immunization takes advantage of the skin immune network by inducing a protective immune response against topically applied antigens. This mode of vaccination presents a novel and attractive approach for needle-free immunization that is safe, noninvasive, and overcomes many of the limitations associated with needle-based administrations. In this review we will discuss the developments in the field of transcutaneous immunization in the past decade with special emphasis on disease targets and vaccine delivery technologies. We will also briefly discuss the challenges that need to be overcome to translate early laboratory successes in transcutaneous immunization into the development of effective clinical prophylactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Karande
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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Lee CH, Hong CH, Yu CL, Wang LF, Clausen BE, Liao WT, Huang SK, Chen GS, Yu HS. Arsenic mobilizes Langerhans cell migration and induces Th1 response in epicutaneous protein sensitization via CCL21: A plausible cause of decreased Langerhans cells in arsenic-induced intraepithelial carcinoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1290-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Gomez de Agüero M, Vocanson M, Hacini-Rachinel F, Taillardet M, Sparwasser T, Kissenpfennig A, Malissen B, Kaiserlian D, Dubois B. Langerhans cells protect from allergic contact dermatitis in mice by tolerizing CD8(+) T cells and activating Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:1700-11. [PMID: 22523067 DOI: 10.1172/jci59725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis is the most frequent occupational disease in industrialized countries. It is caused by CD8(+) T cell-mediated contact hypersensitivity (CHS) reactions triggered at the site of contact by a variety of chemicals, also known as weak haptens, present in fragrances, dyes, metals, preservatives, and drugs. Despite the myriad of potentially allergenic substances that can penetrate the skin, sensitization is relatively rare and immune tolerance to the substance is often induced by as yet poorly understood mechanisms. Here we show, using the innocuous chemical 2,4-dinitrothiocyanobenzene (DNTB), that cutaneous immune tolerance in mice critically depends on epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), which capture DNTB and migrate to lymph nodes for direct presentation to CD8(+) T cells. Depletion and adoptive transfer experiments revealed that LCs conferred protection from development of CHS by a mechanism involving both anergy and deletion of allergen-specific CD8(+) T cells and activation of a population of T cells identified as ICOS(+)CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs. Our findings highlight the critical role of LCs in tolerance induction in mice to the prototype innocuous hapten DNTB and suggest that strategies targeting LCs might be valuable for prevention of cutaneous allergy.
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Förster R, Braun A, Worbs T. Lymph node homing of T cells and dendritic cells via afferent lymphatics. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:271-80. [PMID: 22459312 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The continuous migration of immune cells is of utmost importance for the induction of both protective immunity as well as immunological tolerance. However, relatively little is known about the molecular cues that regulate the entry of immune cells from peripheral, nonlymphoid tissues into afferent lymph vessels and, in particular, their subsequent transmigration from afferent lymphatics into the parenchyma of draining lymph nodes (LNs). Here, we review the requirements for T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) to enter initial afferent lymph vessels of the skin. We discuss how these cells subsequently gain access to the paracortex of draining lymph nodes; a location that allows for efficient interaction between both cell populations, providing the right environment for the induction of immunity as well as tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Benichou G, Yamada Y, Yun SH, Lin C, Fray M, Tocco G. Immune recognition and rejection of allogeneic skin grafts. Immunotherapy 2012; 3:757-70. [PMID: 21668313 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of allogeneic skin grafts is associated with a potent inflammatory immune response leading to the destruction of donor cells and the rejection of the graft. Shortly after transplantation, skin dendritic cells (DCs) migrate out of the graft through lymphatic vessels and infiltrate the recipient's draining lymph nodes where they present donor antigens via two mechanisms: the direct pathway, in which T cells recognize intact donor MHC antigens on donor DCs; and the indirect pathway, involving T-cell recognition of donor peptides bound to self-MHC molecules on recipient DCs. Some recent studies have suggested that T cells can become activated via recognition of donor MHC molecules transferred on recipient antigen-presenting cells (semidirect pathway). Activation of T cells via direct or indirect allorecognition is sufficient to trigger acute rejection of allogeneic skin grafts. In addition, allospecific antibodies contribute to the rejection process either by killing allogeneic targets in a complement-dependent fashion or by opsonizing donor cells and forming immune complexes. Finally, several studies demonstrate that NK cells, activated due to missing self-MHC class I molecules on allogeneic cells, are involved in allogeneic skin graft rejection via direct killing of donor cells and through the production of proinflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ and TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Benichou
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Unit & Wellman Photomedicine Center Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Flacher V, Tripp CH, Haid B, Kissenpfennig A, Malissen B, Stoitzner P, Idoyaga J, Romani N. Skin langerin+ dendritic cells transport intradermally injected anti-DEC-205 antibodies but are not essential for subsequent cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2146-55. [PMID: 22291181 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1004120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of Ags by dendritic cells (DCs) increases when Ags are targeted to endocytic receptors by mAbs. We have previously demonstrated in the mouse that mAbs against C-type lectins administered intradermally are taken up by epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs), dermal Langerin(neg) DCs, and dermal Langerin(+) DCs in situ. However, the relative contribution of these skin DC subsets to the induction of immune responses after Ag targeting has not been addressed in vivo. We show in this study that murine epidermal LCs and dermal DCs transport intradermally injected mAbs against the lectin receptor DEC-205/CD205 in vivo. Skin DCs targeted in situ with mAbs migrated through lymphatic vessels in steady state and inflammation. In the skin-draining lymph nodes, targeting mAbs were found in resident CD8α(+) DCs and in migrating skin DCs. More than 70% of targeted DCs expressed Langerin, including dermal Langerin(+) DCs and LCs. Numbers of targeted skin DCs in the nodes increased 2-3-fold when skin was topically inflamed by the TLR7 agonist imiquimod. Complete removal of the site where OVA-coupled anti-DEC-205 had been injected decreased endogenous cytotoxic responses against OVA peptide-loaded target cells by 40-50%. Surprisingly, selective ablation of all Langerin(+) skin DCs in Langerin-DTR knock-in mice did not affect such responses independently of the adjuvant chosen. Thus, in cutaneous immunization strategies where Ag is targeted to DCs, Langerin(+) skin DCs play a major role in transport of anti-DEC-205 mAb, although Langerin(neg) dermal DCs and CD8α(+) DCs are sufficient to subsequent CD8(+) T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Flacher
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Kaplan DH, Igyártó BZ, Gaspari AA. Early immune events in the induction of allergic contact dermatitis. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:114-24. [PMID: 22240625 DOI: 10.1038/nri3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The skin is a barrier site that is exposed to a wide variety of potential pathogens. As in other organs, pathogens that invade the skin are recognized by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Recently, it has been recognized that PRRs are also engaged by chemical contact allergens and, in susceptible individuals, this elicits an inappropriate immune response that results in allergic contact dermatitis. In this Review, we focus on how contact allergens promote inflammation by activating the innate immune system. We also examine how innate immune cells in the skin, including mast cells and dendritic cells, cooperate with each other and with T cells and keratinocytes to initiate and drive early responses to contact allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Kaplan
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, MBB 3-146, 2101 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, USA.
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Tan SY, Cavanagh LL, d'Advigor W, Shackel N, Fazekas de St Groth B, Weninger W. Phenotype and functions of conventional dendritic cells are not compromised in aged mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2012; 90:722-32. [PMID: 22231652 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aging has profound effects on the immune system, including thymic involution, reduced diversity of the T cell receptor repertoire, reduced effector T cell and B cell function and chronic increase of proinflammatory cytokine production by innate immune cells. The precise effects of aging on conventional dendritic cells (cDC), the main antigen presenting cells of the immune system, however, are not well understood. We found that in aged mice the number of cDC in the spleen and lymph nodes remained stable, whereas the number of cDC in the lungs increased with age. Whereas cDC in mice showed similar cycling kinetics in all organs tested, cDC reconstitution by aged bone marrow precursors was relatively higher than that of their young counterparts. With the exception of CD86, young and aged cDC did not differ in their expression of co-stimulatory molecules at steady state. Most toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands induced comparable upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD86 and B7H1 on young and aged cDC, whereas TLR2 and TLR5 stimulation resulted in reduced upregulation of CD80 and CD86 on aged cDC in vitro. In vivo, influenza infection-induced upregulation of CD86, but not other co-stimulatory molecules, was lower in aged DC. Young and aged DC were equally capable of direct and cross presentation of antigens in vitro. Transcriptome analysis did not reveal any significant difference between young and aged cDC. These data show that unlike T and B cells, the maintenance of cDC throughout the life of a healthy animal is relatively robust during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sioh-Yang Tan
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute for Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
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